822Now Cordova.
822Now Cordova.
823Now Ecija.
823Now Ecija.
824Now Seville.
824Now Seville.
825TheRomancolonies or colonies “civium Romanorum” are those here meant. The colonists in such case enjoyed all the rights of Roman citizens, the town in which they lived being founded under the supervision of the Roman magistracy.
825TheRomancolonies or colonies “civium Romanorum” are those here meant. The colonists in such case enjoyed all the rights of Roman citizens, the town in which they lived being founded under the supervision of the Roman magistracy.
826“Municipia.” These were towns in conquered countries which werenotfounded by the Romans, but whose inhabitants retained their original institutions, at the same time receiving certain of the rights of Roman citizens; most frequently, immunity to a greater or less degree from payment of tribute.
826“Municipia.” These were towns in conquered countries which werenotfounded by the Romans, but whose inhabitants retained their original institutions, at the same time receiving certain of the rights of Roman citizens; most frequently, immunity to a greater or less degree from payment of tribute.
827“Latium;” also called “Jus Latii” and “Latinitas.” This was the name given to those circumscribed or limited rights as Roman citizens which were at first bestowed upon the conquered states of Italy, before the time of the Social War. Indeed theLatinusheld a kind of intermediate state between theCivis Romanuswith all his rights, and theperegrinusor foreigner with all his disabilities. These Latin rights were afterwards extended to the people of other countries, but retained their original name.
827“Latium;” also called “Jus Latii” and “Latinitas.” This was the name given to those circumscribed or limited rights as Roman citizens which were at first bestowed upon the conquered states of Italy, before the time of the Social War. Indeed theLatinusheld a kind of intermediate state between theCivis Romanuswith all his rights, and theperegrinusor foreigner with all his disabilities. These Latin rights were afterwards extended to the people of other countries, but retained their original name.
828The free towns were those, the inhabitants of which were at liberty to enjoy their ancient institutions and modes of internal government, though at the same time they enjoyed none of the privileges of Roman citizens.
828The free towns were those, the inhabitants of which were at liberty to enjoy their ancient institutions and modes of internal government, though at the same time they enjoyed none of the privileges of Roman citizens.
829“Fœderati civitates;” the inhabitants of which were called ‘fœderati’ or ‘socii.’ They were in alliance with the Romans, but in some cases paid them tribute in the same manner as the ‘stipendiaria’ next mentioned. In some instances they also enjoyed the Latin rights.
829“Fœderati civitates;” the inhabitants of which were called ‘fœderati’ or ‘socii.’ They were in alliance with the Romans, but in some cases paid them tribute in the same manner as the ‘stipendiaria’ next mentioned. In some instances they also enjoyed the Latin rights.
830From the numerous creeks or æstuaries with which the coast is here indented. Commentators are at a loss for the site of the town of Onoba (or Ossonoba according to some readings). D’Anville considers it to be the same with the present town of Moguer; other commentators have suggested Gibraleon, and the vicinity of Palos.
830From the numerous creeks or æstuaries with which the coast is here indented. Commentators are at a loss for the site of the town of Onoba (or Ossonoba according to some readings). D’Anville considers it to be the same with the present town of Moguer; other commentators have suggested Gibraleon, and the vicinity of Palos.
831The Odiel and the Tinto; the Urium being supposed to be the same with the Tinto of the present day.
831The Odiel and the Tinto; the Urium being supposed to be the same with the Tinto of the present day.
832Some readings have “Hareni montes,” and others “Arenæ montes,” the “mountains of sand.” There is no doubt that the sandy heights or downs on this coast are here meant, which are called at the present day “Dunes” by the French, and by the natives “Arenas gordas.”
832Some readings have “Hareni montes,” and others “Arenæ montes,” the “mountains of sand.” There is no doubt that the sandy heights or downs on this coast are here meant, which are called at the present day “Dunes” by the French, and by the natives “Arenas gordas.”
833Probably the line of sea-shore between Roia and the city of Cadiz, skirting the Bay of Cadiz. Hardouin however thinks that the coast between the Guadalquivir and the Guadalete is meant, now occupied in part by the town of San Lucar de Barameda.
833Probably the line of sea-shore between Roia and the city of Cadiz, skirting the Bay of Cadiz. Hardouin however thinks that the coast between the Guadalquivir and the Guadalete is meant, now occupied in part by the town of San Lucar de Barameda.
834In the Fourth Book, c.36.
834In the Fourth Book, c.36.
835The present Cape Trafalgar.
835The present Cape Trafalgar.
836Hardouin says that the present Vejer is the place meant, while others have suggested Puerto de Santa Maria, or Cantillana. Others again identify it with Bejer de la Frontera, though that place probably lies too far inland. The Roman ruins near Porto Barbato were probably its site.
836Hardouin says that the present Vejer is the place meant, while others have suggested Puerto de Santa Maria, or Cantillana. Others again identify it with Bejer de la Frontera, though that place probably lies too far inland. The Roman ruins near Porto Barbato were probably its site.
837Hardouin and other commentators suggest that the site of the present Tarifa is here meant; it is more probable however that D’Anville is right in suggesting the now deserted town of Bolonia.
837Hardouin and other commentators suggest that the site of the present Tarifa is here meant; it is more probable however that D’Anville is right in suggesting the now deserted town of Bolonia.
838Probably the present Tarifa.
838Probably the present Tarifa.
839The exact site of Carteia is unknown; but it is generally supposed to have stood upon the bay which opens out of the straits on the west of the Rock of Gibraltar, now called the Bay of Algesiras or Gibraltar; and upon the hill at the head of the bay of El Rocadillo, about half-way between Algesiras and Gibraltar.
839The exact site of Carteia is unknown; but it is generally supposed to have stood upon the bay which opens out of the straits on the west of the Rock of Gibraltar, now called the Bay of Algesiras or Gibraltar; and upon the hill at the head of the bay of El Rocadillo, about half-way between Algesiras and Gibraltar.
840We learn also from Strabo, that Tartessus was the same place as Carteia; it is not improbable that the former was pretty nearly the Phœnician name of the place, and the latter a Roman corruption of it, and that in it originated the ‘Tarshish’ of Scripture, an appellation apparently given to the whole of the southern part of the Spanish peninsula. Probably the Greeks preserved the appellation of the place more in conformity with the original Phœnician name.
840We learn also from Strabo, that Tartessus was the same place as Carteia; it is not improbable that the former was pretty nearly the Phœnician name of the place, and the latter a Roman corruption of it, and that in it originated the ‘Tarshish’ of Scripture, an appellation apparently given to the whole of the southern part of the Spanish peninsula. Probably the Greeks preserved the appellation of the place more in conformity with the original Phœnician name.
841By the “inland sea” Pliny means the Mediterranean, in contradistinction to the Atlantic Ocean without the Straits of Cadiz.
841By the “inland sea” Pliny means the Mediterranean, in contradistinction to the Atlantic Ocean without the Straits of Cadiz.
842The ruins of this place, probably, are still to be seen on the east bank of the river Guadiaro, here alluded to.
842The ruins of this place, probably, are still to be seen on the east bank of the river Guadiaro, here alluded to.
843With its river flowing by it. This place is probably the present Marbella, situate on the Rio Verde.
843With its river flowing by it. This place is probably the present Marbella, situate on the Rio Verde.
844Probably the present Castillo de Torremolinos, or else Castillo de Fuengirola.
844Probably the present Castillo de Torremolinos, or else Castillo de Fuengirola.
845The present city of Malaga. Hardouin thinks that the river Guadalquivirejo is here meant, but as that is some miles distant from the city, it is more probable that Guadalmedina, which is much nearer to it, is the stream alluded to.
845The present city of Malaga. Hardouin thinks that the river Guadalquivirejo is here meant, but as that is some miles distant from the city, it is more probable that Guadalmedina, which is much nearer to it, is the stream alluded to.
846Not improbably Velez Malaga, upon a river of the same name. Hardouin thinks that the place is the modern Torrox on the Fiu Frio, and D’Anville the present city of Almunecar, on the Rio Verde.
846Not improbably Velez Malaga, upon a river of the same name. Hardouin thinks that the place is the modern Torrox on the Fiu Frio, and D’Anville the present city of Almunecar, on the Rio Verde.
847Most probably the present Almunecar, but it is uncertain. D’Anville says the present Torre de Banas; others have suggested the town of Motril.
847Most probably the present Almunecar, but it is uncertain. D’Anville says the present Torre de Banas; others have suggested the town of Motril.
848Now Salobrena.
848Now Salobrena.
849Either the present Adra or Abdera: it is uncertain which.
849Either the present Adra or Abdera: it is uncertain which.
850Probably the present Mujacar. D’Anville suggests Almeria.
850Probably the present Mujacar. D’Anville suggests Almeria.
851Also called Bastitani, a mixed race, partly Iberian and partly Phœnician.
851Also called Bastitani, a mixed race, partly Iberian and partly Phœnician.
852The GreekΛύσσα, “frantic rage” or “madness.” The etymologies here suggested are puerile in the extreme.
852The GreekΛύσσα, “frantic rage” or “madness.” The etymologies here suggested are puerile in the extreme.
853Plutarch, quoting from the Twelfth Book of the Iberica of Sosthenes, tells us that, “After Bacchus had conquered Iberia [the present Spain], he left Pan to act as his deputy, and he changed its name and called the countryPania, after himself, which afterwards became corrupted intoSpania.”
853Plutarch, quoting from the Twelfth Book of the Iberica of Sosthenes, tells us that, “After Bacchus had conquered Iberia [the present Spain], he left Pan to act as his deputy, and he changed its name and called the countryPania, after himself, which afterwards became corrupted intoSpania.”
854He alludes to the expedition of Hercules into Spain, of which Diodorus Siculus makes mention; also his courtship of the nymph Pyrene, the daughter of Bebryx, who was buried by him on the Pyrenæan mountains, which thence derived their name.
854He alludes to the expedition of Hercules into Spain, of which Diodorus Siculus makes mention; also his courtship of the nymph Pyrene, the daughter of Bebryx, who was buried by him on the Pyrenæan mountains, which thence derived their name.
855It is unknown where this town was situate; Hardouin and D’Anville think it was on the site of the present village of San Thome, once an episcopal see, now removed to Jaen. The people of Mentisa, mentioned in c.4, were probably inhabitants of a different place. D’Anville in his map has two Mentisas, one ‘Oretana,’ the other ‘Bastitana.’
855It is unknown where this town was situate; Hardouin and D’Anville think it was on the site of the present village of San Thome, once an episcopal see, now removed to Jaen. The people of Mentisa, mentioned in c.4, were probably inhabitants of a different place. D’Anville in his map has two Mentisas, one ‘Oretana,’ the other ‘Bastitana.’
856According to D’Anville, the place now called Toia.
856According to D’Anville, the place now called Toia.
857Now the Segura.
857Now the Segura.
858‘Nova’ or ‘New’ Carthage, so called from having been originally founded by a colony of CarthaginiansB.C.242. It was situate a little to the west of the Saturni Promontorium, or Promontory of Palos. It was taken by Scipio Africanus the elderB.C.210.
858‘Nova’ or ‘New’ Carthage, so called from having been originally founded by a colony of CarthaginiansB.C.242. It was situate a little to the west of the Saturni Promontorium, or Promontory of Palos. It was taken by Scipio Africanus the elderB.C.210.
859The present Lorca.
859The present Lorca.
860This place is even now called by the inhabitants Sepulcro de Scipion. Cneius Cornelius Scipio Calvus, after the defeat of his brother P. Cornelius Scipio, in the yearB.C.211, by the forces of Asdrubal and Mago, fled to a tower at this spot, which was set fire to by the troops of Asdrubal, and he perished in the flames.
860This place is even now called by the inhabitants Sepulcro de Scipion. Cneius Cornelius Scipio Calvus, after the defeat of his brother P. Cornelius Scipio, in the yearB.C.211, by the forces of Asdrubal and Mago, fled to a tower at this spot, which was set fire to by the troops of Asdrubal, and he perished in the flames.
861So called from the town of Ossigi afterwards mentioned.
861So called from the town of Ossigi afterwards mentioned.
862It is unknown where this place stood; Medina Sidonia has been suggested.
862It is unknown where this place stood; Medina Sidonia has been suggested.
863Probably the present Fuentes del Rey, between Andujar and Jaen, according to Pinet.
863Probably the present Fuentes del Rey, between Andujar and Jaen, according to Pinet.
864D’Anville suggests that this is the present Arjona; but more probably it was the village of Arjonilla, two leagues south of Andujar. Gruter has an inscription found here, “MUNIC. ALBENSE URGANON.”
864D’Anville suggests that this is the present Arjona; but more probably it was the village of Arjonilla, two leagues south of Andujar. Gruter has an inscription found here, “MUNIC. ALBENSE URGANON.”
865There were five cities of this name in Spain. Hardouin thinks that this is the modern Alcala la Real, between Granada and Cordova.
865There were five cities of this name in Spain. Hardouin thinks that this is the modern Alcala la Real, between Granada and Cordova.
866Most probably the modern Sierra de Elvira, though some writers have suggested the city of Granada.
866Most probably the modern Sierra de Elvira, though some writers have suggested the city of Granada.
867Probably near the modern Montilla. Hardouin takes it to be the present Granada.
867Probably near the modern Montilla. Hardouin takes it to be the present Granada.
868Poinsinet thinks that this is the present Ecija, but other writers take it to be Alhama, between Granada and Malaga.
868Poinsinet thinks that this is the present Ecija, but other writers take it to be Alhama, between Granada and Malaga.
869Perhaps the present Archidona. Some writers have suggested the modern Faventia and Velez.
869Perhaps the present Archidona. Some writers have suggested the modern Faventia and Velez.
870Probably near the present Puente de Don Gonzalo, on the banks of the Rio Genil.
870Probably near the present Puente de Don Gonzalo, on the banks of the Rio Genil.
871Probably near Aguilar on the river Cabra; or else the present Teba, between Osuna and Antequera.
871Probably near Aguilar on the river Cabra; or else the present Teba, between Osuna and Antequera.
872Agla the Less.
872Agla the Less.
873Probably the present Cabra. The sites of the two preceding towns are not known.
873Probably the present Cabra. The sites of the two preceding towns are not known.
874“The Encampment in the Vineyards.” Probably this was the same as the Castra Postumiana mentioned by Hirtius in his Book on the Spanish War as being four miles from Attegua. It appears to be the present Castro, or Castro el Rio, situate on the banks of the river Guadajoz.
874“The Encampment in the Vineyards.” Probably this was the same as the Castra Postumiana mentioned by Hirtius in his Book on the Spanish War as being four miles from Attegua. It appears to be the present Castro, or Castro el Rio, situate on the banks of the river Guadajoz.
875In some readings “Episibrium.” Probably the present Espeja.
875In some readings “Episibrium.” Probably the present Espeja.
876Its present site is unknown.
876Its present site is unknown.
877According to D’Anville, the present Puente de Pinos, six leagues north of Granada. Others take it to be Illora, south of Alcala la Real.
877According to D’Anville, the present Puente de Pinos, six leagues north of Granada. Others take it to be Illora, south of Alcala la Real.
878The present Huesca, according to Hardouin; more probably, however, Huector, on the banks of the river Genil.
878The present Huesca, according to Hardouin; more probably, however, Huector, on the banks of the river Genil.
879Perhaps Escusar, five leagues from Granada. But according to some it is the same as Truelo or Eruelo.
879Perhaps Escusar, five leagues from Granada. But according to some it is the same as Truelo or Eruelo.
880Called Ucubis by Hirtius. Morales suggests that it is Sierra la Ronda, but Pinet says Stoponda.
880Called Ucubis by Hirtius. Morales suggests that it is Sierra la Ronda, but Pinet says Stoponda.
881The sites of this and the preceding place are unknown.
881The sites of this and the preceding place are unknown.
882In relation to the ‘conventus juridicus,’ we may here observe that under the Roman sway, in order to facilitate the administration of justice, a province was divided into a number of districts or circuits, each of which was so called, as also ‘forum’ or ‘jurisdictio’. At certain times of the year fixed by the proconsul or chief magistrate, the people assembled in the chief town of the district (whence the name ‘conventus’), upon which judges were selected to try the causes of litigant parties.
882In relation to the ‘conventus juridicus,’ we may here observe that under the Roman sway, in order to facilitate the administration of justice, a province was divided into a number of districts or circuits, each of which was so called, as also ‘forum’ or ‘jurisdictio’. At certain times of the year fixed by the proconsul or chief magistrate, the people assembled in the chief town of the district (whence the name ‘conventus’), upon which judges were selected to try the causes of litigant parties.
883Probably near the town at the present day called Espelui. Strabo, in Book iii., tells us that Laconian institutions and customs were prevalent in some parts of Spain.
883Probably near the town at the present day called Espelui. Strabo, in Book iii., tells us that Laconian institutions and customs were prevalent in some parts of Spain.
884This place was ravaged by fire and levelled with the ground by the troops of Scipio, in consequence of the vigorous defence they had made, and the losses they had caused to the Roman army. It probably stood about four miles from the present city of Baeza.
884This place was ravaged by fire and levelled with the ground by the troops of Scipio, in consequence of the vigorous defence they had made, and the losses they had caused to the Roman army. It probably stood about four miles from the present city of Baeza.
885The sites of this place and the next are unknown.
885The sites of this place and the next are unknown.
886Most probably the present town of Porcuna. Ubeda or Ubedos has also been suggested.
886Most probably the present town of Porcuna. Ubeda or Ubedos has also been suggested.
887The present town of Montoro.
887The present town of Montoro.
888Now Alcoorrucen, near Perabad.
888Now Alcoorrucen, near Perabad.
889Ansart suggests that the reading is not Sacili of the Martiales, but Onoba of the Martiales, to distinguish it from Onoba Æstuaria, previously mentioned. It is not improbable that the place was so called from the Martian or Martial legion having originally colonized it. The site of Onoba is unknown.
889Ansart suggests that the reading is not Sacili of the Martiales, but Onoba of the Martiales, to distinguish it from Onoba Æstuaria, previously mentioned. It is not improbable that the place was so called from the Martian or Martial legion having originally colonized it. The site of Onoba is unknown.
890Cordova was so called from the great number of patricians, who were among the original colonists, when it was founded by Marcellus. To the present day it is noted for the pride of its nobles. The Great Captain Gonzalo de Cordova used to say, that “other towns might be better to live in, but there was none better to be born in.” It was the birth-place of Lucan and the two Senecas.
890Cordova was so called from the great number of patricians, who were among the original colonists, when it was founded by Marcellus. To the present day it is noted for the pride of its nobles. The Great Captain Gonzalo de Cordova used to say, that “other towns might be better to live in, but there was none better to be born in.” It was the birth-place of Lucan and the two Senecas.
891The site of these two places is unknown at the present day.
891The site of these two places is unknown at the present day.
892Now called by the similar name of Genil or Xenil.
892Now called by the similar name of Genil or Xenil.
893Perhaps the present Alcolea.
893Perhaps the present Alcolea.
894Perhaps the Cantillana of the present day: there is, however, the greatest uncertainty as to the sites of these places.
894Perhaps the Cantillana of the present day: there is, however, the greatest uncertainty as to the sites of these places.
895According to Hardouin, the modern city of Penaflor: D’Anville places it about two leagues thence, and near the city of Lora.
895According to Hardouin, the modern city of Penaflor: D’Anville places it about two leagues thence, and near the city of Lora.
896Now Sevilla la Vieja, or Old Seville; called by the lower classes Santi-pone.
896Now Sevilla la Vieja, or Old Seville; called by the lower classes Santi-pone.
897Now Seville. This colony was founded by Julius Cæsar, and also bore the name of Julia Romula.
897Now Seville. This colony was founded by Julius Cæsar, and also bore the name of Julia Romula.
898Or north side of the river.
898Or north side of the river.
899Probably on the site of the present Alcala del Rio.
899Probably on the site of the present Alcala del Rio.
900‘The [good] genius of Julius,’ probably meaning Cæsar. Nothing seems to be known of its site.
900‘The [good] genius of Julius,’ probably meaning Cæsar. Nothing seems to be known of its site.
901Caura may be the present Coria, a town three leagues from Seville.
901Caura may be the present Coria, a town three leagues from Seville.
902Probably the Rio Guadalete.
902Probably the Rio Guadalete.
903Either the present Sebrija, or in the vicinity of the city of San Lucar.
903Either the present Sebrija, or in the vicinity of the city of San Lucar.
904Probably the present Bonania.
904Probably the present Bonania.
905Probably between Trebujena and the city of Xeres. It was the usual place of meeting for the people of the territory of Gades; and its importance may be judged from its appellation ‘Regia’ or ‘royal,’ and its numerous coins. Its ruins are still to be seen on a hill there.
905Probably between Trebujena and the city of Xeres. It was the usual place of meeting for the people of the territory of Gades; and its importance may be judged from its appellation ‘Regia’ or ‘royal,’ and its numerous coins. Its ruins are still to be seen on a hill there.
906It is not improbable that this was the present city of Xeres. Some geographers however take it to be that of Medina Sidonia, and look upon Xeres as the site of the ancient Asta.
906It is not improbable that this was the present city of Xeres. Some geographers however take it to be that of Medina Sidonia, and look upon Xeres as the site of the ancient Asta.
907Now Ecija. It stood on the plain of the Bætis, some distance south of the river, on its tributary the Singulis or Xenil.
907Now Ecija. It stood on the plain of the Bætis, some distance south of the river, on its tributary the Singulis or Xenil.
908The site of this place is unknown. It probably obtained its name from being a colony of one of the legions, the 7th, 10th, 13th or 14th; which were called ‘geminæ’ or ‘gemellæ,’ from being composed of the men of two legions originally.
908The site of this place is unknown. It probably obtained its name from being a colony of one of the legions, the 7th, 10th, 13th or 14th; which were called ‘geminæ’ or ‘gemellæ,’ from being composed of the men of two legions originally.
909“The Valour of Julius.” Sanson places it not far from Miragenil.
909“The Valour of Julius.” Sanson places it not far from Miragenil.
910“The Fame of Julius.” Perhaps the present Olivera, or else Teba, six leagues to the south of Estepa.
910“The Fame of Julius.” Perhaps the present Olivera, or else Teba, six leagues to the south of Estepa.
911The present city of Ossuna. “Genua Urbanorum” would seem to mean “the knees of the citizens.” Though all the MSS. agree in this reading, it probably is an error for “gemina Urbanorum,” and it may have been a colony of one of the legions called ‘geminæ’ or ‘gemellæ,’ as previously mentioned. The other part of its appellation may possibly have originated in the fact of its first inhabitants being all natives of the city of Rome.
911The present city of Ossuna. “Genua Urbanorum” would seem to mean “the knees of the citizens.” Though all the MSS. agree in this reading, it probably is an error for “gemina Urbanorum,” and it may have been a colony of one of the legions called ‘geminæ’ or ‘gemellæ,’ as previously mentioned. The other part of its appellation may possibly have originated in the fact of its first inhabitants being all natives of the city of Rome.
912The use of the wordfuit, ‘was,’ implies that the place had been destroyed. Cneius Pompeius, the eldest son of Pompey the Great, was defeated at Munda, in the yearB.C.45, and the town destroyed. Pompey escaped from the battle, but was taken a short time after and put to death. The site of the ancient town is very generally supposed to be the modern village of Monda, S.W. of Malaga, and about three leagues from the sea. It is more probable however that it was in the vicinity of Cordova, and there are ruins of ancient walls and towers between Martos, Alcandete, Espejo and Baena, which are supposed to denote its site.
912The use of the wordfuit, ‘was,’ implies that the place had been destroyed. Cneius Pompeius, the eldest son of Pompey the Great, was defeated at Munda, in the yearB.C.45, and the town destroyed. Pompey escaped from the battle, but was taken a short time after and put to death. The site of the ancient town is very generally supposed to be the modern village of Monda, S.W. of Malaga, and about three leagues from the sea. It is more probable however that it was in the vicinity of Cordova, and there are ruins of ancient walls and towers between Martos, Alcandete, Espejo and Baena, which are supposed to denote its site.
913Now Alameda; eight leagues from the other Astiji or Ecija.
913Now Alameda; eight leagues from the other Astiji or Ecija.
914Now Estepa, six leagues from Ecija.
914Now Estepa, six leagues from Ecija.
915Perhaps Mancloua, between the towns of Ecija and Carmona; the sites of all the other places here mentioned appear to be quite unknown.
915Perhaps Mancloua, between the towns of Ecija and Carmona; the sites of all the other places here mentioned appear to be quite unknown.
916Sanson supposes the Alostigi to have inhabited the territory near Almagia, between Malaga and Antiqueira.
916Sanson supposes the Alostigi to have inhabited the territory near Almagia, between Malaga and Antiqueira.
917The Celtici are supposed to have inhabited the country between the Guadiana and Guadalquivir, the eastern parts of Alentejo and the west of Estremadura, as far as the city of Badajoz.
917The Celtici are supposed to have inhabited the country between the Guadiana and Guadalquivir, the eastern parts of Alentejo and the west of Estremadura, as far as the city of Badajoz.
918Probably part of Estremadura, and the vicinity of Badajoz in an easterly direction.
918Probably part of Estremadura, and the vicinity of Badajoz in an easterly direction.
919The exact meaning of this passage is somewhat obscure, but he probably means to say that the Celtici have an identity of sacred rites, language, and names of towns with the Celtiberians; though it had become the usage in Bætica more generally to distinguish the towns by their Roman names.
919The exact meaning of this passage is somewhat obscure, but he probably means to say that the Celtici have an identity of sacred rites, language, and names of towns with the Celtiberians; though it had become the usage in Bætica more generally to distinguish the towns by their Roman names.
920“The Fame of Julius.” Its site is not known.
920“The Fame of Julius.” Its site is not known.
921“The Concord of Julius.” Probably the same as the modern Valera la Vega, near Frejenal.
921“The Concord of Julius.” Probably the same as the modern Valera la Vega, near Frejenal.
922Probably meaning “Restored by Julius.” Nothing is known of its site.
922Probably meaning “Restored by Julius.” Nothing is known of its site.
923According to an authority quoted by Hardouin, this may possibly be Medina de las Torres.
923According to an authority quoted by Hardouin, this may possibly be Medina de las Torres.
924Probably Constantina in Andalusia, to the north of Penaflor.
924Probably Constantina in Andalusia, to the north of Penaflor.
925The tribe or nation of the Tereses are supposed to have dwelt in the vicinity of the modern San Nicolo del Puerto.
925The tribe or nation of the Tereses are supposed to have dwelt in the vicinity of the modern San Nicolo del Puerto.
926Calentum was their town; probably the present Cazalla near Alaniz. This place will be found mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxv. c. 14.
926Calentum was their town; probably the present Cazalla near Alaniz. This place will be found mentioned by Pliny in B. xxxv. c. 14.
927The ruins two leagues north of Ronda la Vieja are supposed to be those of this place. There are the remains of an aqueduct and theatre, and numerous coins are found here.
927The ruins two leagues north of Ronda la Vieja are supposed to be those of this place. There are the remains of an aqueduct and theatre, and numerous coins are found here.
928Probably the present Ronda la Vieja.
928Probably the present Ronda la Vieja.
929Identified by inscriptions with the present Aroche. The sites of several of the following places are unknown.
929Identified by inscriptions with the present Aroche. The sites of several of the following places are unknown.
930The Azuaga of modern times; but, according to Hardouin, Argallen.
930The Azuaga of modern times; but, according to Hardouin, Argallen.
931According to Hardouin this was on the site of the modern Fuente de la Ovejuna, fourteen leagues from Cordova.
931According to Hardouin this was on the site of the modern Fuente de la Ovejuna, fourteen leagues from Cordova.
932This has been identified by inscriptions with the modern Villa de Capilla.
932This has been identified by inscriptions with the modern Villa de Capilla.
933According to Hardouin, the modern Almaden de la Plata.
933According to Hardouin, the modern Almaden de la Plata.
934Probably the same as the modern Monte Major.
934Probably the same as the modern Monte Major.
935The ruins of this place are probably those seen at Carixa, near Bornos, in the vicinity of Seville.
935The ruins of this place are probably those seen at Carixa, near Bornos, in the vicinity of Seville.
936According to Hardouin, the same as the modern Las Cabezas, not far from Lebrija.
936According to Hardouin, the same as the modern Las Cabezas, not far from Lebrija.
937The sites of these two towns are unknown. Bæsippo, Barbesula and Callet have been already mentioned.
937The sites of these two towns are unknown. Bæsippo, Barbesula and Callet have been already mentioned.
938The ruins of Saguntia are to be seen between Arcos and Xeres della Frontera, on the river Guadalete; they bear their ancient name under the form of Cigonza. Mela, B. iii. c.1, says that Oleastro was a grove near the Bay of Cadiz. Brana was probably the same place that is mentioned by Ptolemy under the name of Urbona.
938The ruins of Saguntia are to be seen between Arcos and Xeres della Frontera, on the river Guadalete; they bear their ancient name under the form of Cigonza. Mela, B. iii. c.1, says that Oleastro was a grove near the Bay of Cadiz. Brana was probably the same place that is mentioned by Ptolemy under the name of Urbona.
939We may here mention for the more correct information of the reader that the Roman mile consisted of 1000 paces, each pace being five English feet. Hence its length was 1618 English yards (taking the Roman foot at 11·6496 English inches), or 142 yards less than the English statute mile.
939We may here mention for the more correct information of the reader that the Roman mile consisted of 1000 paces, each pace being five English feet. Hence its length was 1618 English yards (taking the Roman foot at 11·6496 English inches), or 142 yards less than the English statute mile.
940Nova Carthago, or New Carthage.
940Nova Carthago, or New Carthage.
941Now Cazlona, on the confines of New Castile and the kingdom of Granada. It was a place of great importance, and the chief town of the Oretani. Himilce, the rich wife of Hannibal, was a native of this place.
941Now Cazlona, on the confines of New Castile and the kingdom of Granada. It was a place of great importance, and the chief town of the Oretani. Himilce, the rich wife of Hannibal, was a native of this place.
942This was the ‘porticus Octaviæ,’ which, having been commenced by his sister Octavia, the wife of Marcellus and Antony, was completed by Augustus. It lay between the Circus Flaminius and the Theatre of Marcellus, occupying the site of the former portico, which had been built by Q. Cæcilius Metellus, and enclosing the two temples of Juno and of Jupiter Stator. It contained a public library, in which the Senate often met, and it was in this probably that the map or plan, mentioned by Pliny, was deposited. It also contained a great number of statues, paintings, and other works of art, which, with the library, were destroyed by fire in the reign of Titus.
942This was the ‘porticus Octaviæ,’ which, having been commenced by his sister Octavia, the wife of Marcellus and Antony, was completed by Augustus. It lay between the Circus Flaminius and the Theatre of Marcellus, occupying the site of the former portico, which had been built by Q. Cæcilius Metellus, and enclosing the two temples of Juno and of Jupiter Stator. It contained a public library, in which the Senate often met, and it was in this probably that the map or plan, mentioned by Pliny, was deposited. It also contained a great number of statues, paintings, and other works of art, which, with the library, were destroyed by fire in the reign of Titus.
943Nova Carthago or New Carthage, now Carthagena.
943Nova Carthago or New Carthage, now Carthagena.
944Now Zaragoza or Saragossa, on the right bank of the river Ebro. Its original name was Salduba, but it was changed in honour of Augustus, who colonized it after the Cantabrian war,B.C.25.
944Now Zaragoza or Saragossa, on the right bank of the river Ebro. Its original name was Salduba, but it was changed in honour of Augustus, who colonized it after the Cantabrian war,B.C.25.
945This was the most remote place of any consideration in Celtiberia, on the west. Its ruins are still to be seen on the summit of a hill surrounded with rocks, forming a natural wall between Corunna del Conde and Pennalda de Castro.
945This was the most remote place of any consideration in Celtiberia, on the west. Its ruins are still to be seen on the summit of a hill surrounded with rocks, forming a natural wall between Corunna del Conde and Pennalda de Castro.
946This was Asturica Augusta, the chief city of the nation of the Astures, and situate on one of the tributaries of the Astura, now Esta. On its site is situate the present Astorga: its ruins are very extensive.
946This was Asturica Augusta, the chief city of the nation of the Astures, and situate on one of the tributaries of the Astura, now Esta. On its site is situate the present Astorga: its ruins are very extensive.
947Now Lugo.
947Now Lugo.
948Or Bracara Augusta, now Braga. Among the ruins of the ancient city there are the remains of an aqueduct and amphitheatre.
948Or Bracara Augusta, now Braga. Among the ruins of the ancient city there are the remains of an aqueduct and amphitheatre.
949Probably the present town of Vera near Muxacra.
949Probably the present town of Vera near Muxacra.
950The “Promontory of Saturn,” now Cabo de Palos.
950The “Promontory of Saturn,” now Cabo de Palos.
951D’Anville takes this place to be the port of Vacur; if so, the distance from Cape Palos is exactly 170 miles.
951D’Anville takes this place to be the port of Vacur; if so, the distance from Cape Palos is exactly 170 miles.
952Now Segura.
952Now Segura.
953The modern town of Elche was probably built from the ruins of this place.
953The modern town of Elche was probably built from the ruins of this place.
954Now called the Gulf of Alicant.
954Now called the Gulf of Alicant.
955With the ArabianElprefixed, this has formed the name of the famous port of Alicant.
955With the ArabianElprefixed, this has formed the name of the famous port of Alicant.
956Now Denia, a thriving town.
956Now Denia, a thriving town.
957Now called the Xucar.
957Now called the Xucar.
958Now called Albufera.
958Now called Albufera.
959The present city of Valencia.
959The present city of Valencia.
960Or Turia, now the Guadalaviar.
960Or Turia, now the Guadalaviar.
961Or Saguntus, famed for the fidelity of its inhabitants to the Roman cause: after a siege of nine months, rather than submit to the Carthaginians under Hannibal, they set fire to their town and perished in the flames,B.C.219. It was rebuilt eight years afterwards and made a Roman colony. The ruins of the ancient town, which was said to have been originally founded by Greeks from Zacynthus, are still to be seen, and the ancient walls (muri veteres) give name to the present Murviedro, which is built on its site.
961Or Saguntus, famed for the fidelity of its inhabitants to the Roman cause: after a siege of nine months, rather than submit to the Carthaginians under Hannibal, they set fire to their town and perished in the flames,B.C.219. It was rebuilt eight years afterwards and made a Roman colony. The ruins of the ancient town, which was said to have been originally founded by Greeks from Zacynthus, are still to be seen, and the ancient walls (muri veteres) give name to the present Murviedro, which is built on its site.
962Now the Murviedro, which flows past the city of that name and the town of Segorbe.
962Now the Murviedro, which flows past the city of that name and the town of Segorbe.
963Dertosa, the present Tortosa, is supposed to have been inhabited by them.
963Dertosa, the present Tortosa, is supposed to have been inhabited by them.