Chapter 258

2981The inhabitants of the district called the Haut Rhin or Higher Rhine.

2982The inhabitants of the west of Switzerland.

2983Or the “Equestrian Colony,” probably founded by the Roman Equites. It is not known where this colony was situate, but it is suggested by Cluver and Monetus that it may have been on the lake of Geneva, in the vicinity of the modern town of Nyon.

2984Littré, in a note, remarks that Rauriaca is a barbarism, and that the reading properly is “Raurica.”

2985Spire was their chief city, in the province of the Rhine.

2986They are supposed to have occupied Strasbourg, and the greater part of the department of the Lower Rhine.

2987They dwelt in the modern Grand Duchy of Hesse Darmstadt; Worms was their chief city.

2988That is, nearer the mouths of the Rhine.

2989They originally dwelt on the right bank of the Rhine, but were transported across the river by Agrippa inB.C.37, at their own request, from a wish to escape the attacks of the Suevi.

2990Now known as the city of Cologne. It took its name from Agrippina, the wife of Claudius and the mother of Nero, who was born there, and who, as Tacitus says, to show off her power to the allied nations, planted a colony of veteran soldiers in her native city, and gave to it her own name.

2991Their district was in the modern circle of Clèves, in the province of Juliers-Berg-Clèves.

2992Dwelling in the Insula Batavorum, mentioned in C.29of the present Book.

2993He first speaks of the nations on the coast, and then of those more in the interior.

2994Dwelling in the west of the department of Calvados, and the east of the department of the Eure. From them Lisieux takes its name.

2995They occupied the department of the Lower Seine.

2996They are supposed to have dwelt in the vicinity of Lillebonne, in the department of the Lower Seine.

2997They gave name to the town of Vannes in the department of Morbihan.

2998From them the city of Avranches, in the department of La Manche, derives its name.

2999They occupied the modern department of Finisterre.

3000The Loire.

3001This spot is placed by D’Anville near the modern city of Saint Brieuc. He refers here to the peninsula of Brittany, which ends in Finisterre.

3002Ansart remarks that the circuit of the peninsula from Saint Brieuc to the mouth of the river Vilaine is only 450 miles, but that if taken from the city of Avranches to the mouth of the Loire, it is 650.

3003Ansart states that from Avranches to the mouth of the Loire, in a straight line, is twenty miles less than the distance here given by Pliny.

3004Inhabitants of the department of the Lower Loire or Loire Inférieure.

3005This extensive people inhabited the present departments of the Saone et Loire, Allier, Nievre, Rhone nord, and Loire nord. Autun and Chalons-sur-Marne stand on the site of their ancient towns.

3006They inhabited the departments of the Eure et Loire, and portions of those of the Seine et Oise, of the Loire et Cher, and of the Loiret. Chartres occupies the site of their town.

3007They occupied a part of the department of the Allier. Moulins stands on the site of their chief town.

3008Sens, in the department of the Yonne, stands on the site of their chief town.

3009The chief town of the Aulerci Eburovices was on the site of the present Passy-sur-Eure, called by the inhabitants Old Evreux, in the department of the Eure.

3010They dwelt in the vicinity of the city of Le Mans, in the department of the Sarthe.

3011Meaux, in the department of the Seine et Marne, denotes the site of their principal town.

3012Paris, anciently Lutetia, denotes their locality.

3013The city of Troyes, in the department of the Aube, denotes their locality.

3014Their chief town stood on the site of Angers, in the department of the Maine et Loire.

3015D’Anville says that their chief town stood on the spot now known as Vieux, two leagues from Caen, in the department of Calvados.

3016The reading here is not improbably “Vadicasses.” If so, they were a people situate at a great distance from the other tribes here mentioned by Pliny. They dwelt in the department De l’Oise, in the district formerly known as Valois, their chief town or city occupying the site of Vez, not far from Villers Cotterets.

3017D’Anville assigns to the Venelli, or Unelli, as some readings have it, the former district of Cotantin, now called the department of La Manche.

3018According to D’Anville, Corseuil, two leagues from Dinan, in the department of the Côtes du Nord, denotes the site of their chief town. Hardouin takes Quimper to mark the locality.

3019They are supposed by Ansart to have occupied that part of the department of La Mayenne where we find the village of Jublains, two leagues from the city of Mayenne.

3020D’Anville assigns to them the greater part of the department of the Ile et Vilaine, and is of opinion that the city of Rennes occupies the site of Condate, their chief town.

3021Tours, in the department of the Indre et Loire, marks the site of their chief town.

3022They are supposed to have occupied a portion of the department of the Loire.

3023They probably occupied a part of the department of the Loire, as also of that of the Rhone. Their town, Forum Secusianorum, stood on the site of the present Feurs, in the department of the Loire.

3024The city of Lyons occupies the site of ancient Lugdunum. It is suggested by Hardouin, that the name Lugdunum is a corruption of “Lucudunum,” a compound of the Latin wordlucus, “a grove,” and the Celticdun, “a hill” or “mountain.”

3025They are mentioned by Cæsar (B. C. iii. 9), in conjunction with the Nannetes, Morini, and others, but nothing can be inferred as to the precise position they occupied.

3026Their locality also is unknown, but it is supposed that they dwelt in the vicinity of the department of La Vendée.

3027From them ancient Poitou received its name. They are supposed to have occupied the department of the Haute-Vienne, and portions of the departments of La Vendée, the Loire Inférieure, the Maine et Loire, the Deux-Sèvres, and La Vienne.

3028They gave name to the former Saintonge, now the department of Charente and Charente Inférieure. The town of Saintes occupies the site of their chief town.

3029They occupied the modern department of the Gironde. The city of Bordeaux occupies the site of their chief town.

3030They gave name to Aquitaine, which became corrupted into Guyenne. Pliny is the only author that makes the Aquitani a distinct people of the province of Aquitanica. The Tarusates are supposed to have afterwards occupied the site here referred to by him, with Atures for their chief town, afterwards called Aire, in the department of the Landes.

3031Their locality is unknown, but it has been suggested that they occupied the departments of the Basses Pyrénées, or Lower Pyrenees.

3032So called from the Latin verbconvenire, “to assemble” or “meet together.” They are said to have received this name from the circumstance that Ptolemy, after the close of the Sertorian war, finding a pastoral people of predatory habits inhabiting the range of the Pyrenees, ordered them to unite together and form a community in a town or city. From them the present town of Saint Bertrand de Comminges, in the S.W. of the department of the Haute Garonne, derives its Latin name “Lugdunum Convenarum.”

3033By Cæsar called the Bigerriones. Their name was preserved in that of the district of Bigorre, now the department of the Hautes-Pyrénées. Their chief town was Turba, now Tarbes.

3034By calling the TarbelliQuatuorsignani, he seems to imply that their chief town was a place garrisoned by four maniples of soldiers, each with asignumor standard. Aquæ Tarbellicæ was their chief town, the modern Acqs or Dax, in the S.W. of the department of the Landes.

3035Their chief town was probably garrisoned by sixsignaor maniples. Cocosa, or Coequosa, as it is written in the Antonine Itinerary, is the first place on a road from Aquæ Tarbellicæ or Dax to Burdegala or Bordeaux, now called Marensin. Their locality was in the southern part of the department of the Landes, the inhabitants of which are still divided into two classes, the Bouges, those of the north, or of the Tête de Buch; and the Cousiots, those of the south.

3036Their locality is unknown.

3037D’Anville would read “Onobusates,” and thinks that they dwelt in the district called Nébousan, in the department of the Hautes Pyrénées. He is also of opinion that their town stood on the site of the modern Cioutat, between the rivers Adour and Neste.

3038They occupied the southern part of the department of the Gironde.

3039From them Hardouin suggests that Moneins, in the department of the Basses Pyrénées, takes its name.

3040D’Anville is of opinion that they inhabited and gave name to the Vallée d’Ossun, between the Pyrenees and the city of Oléron in the department of the Basses Pyrénées.

3041D’Anville places them in the Vallée de Soule, in the department of the Basses Pyrénées.

3042From them Campon, a place in the department of the Hautes Pyrénées, is supposed to have received its name.

3043Biscarosse, not far from Tête de Buch in the department of the Landes, is supposed to derive its name from this tribe.

3044Nothing whatever is known of them.

3045The more general reading is “Sassumini.” Ansart suggests that the town of Sarrum, between Cognac and Périgueux, in the department of the Dordogne, may have received its name from them.

3046Ansart suggests that Rieumes, in the department of the Haute Garonne, occupies the site of Ryesium, their chief town, mentioned by Ptolemy.

3047They are supposed to have given name to Tournay, in the department of the Hautes Pyrénées.

3048Supposed to be the same as the Consuarini, mentioned in B. iii. c.5.

3049They probably gave name to Auch, in the department of Gers.

3050Their chief town occupied the site of Euse or Eause, in the department of Gers.

3051Their locality is marked by Soz, in the department of the Lot-et-Garonne.

3052Or “Oscidates of the Plains.” They probably gave name to Ossun, two miles from Tarbes, in the department of the Hautes Pyrénées.

3053From them the village of Cestas, three leagues from Bordeaux, in the department of the Gironde, is supposed to derive its name.

3054The village of Tursan, in the department of the Landes, probably derived its name from this tribe.

3055Their town was Cossio, afterwards Vasates, now Bazas, in the department of the Gironde.

3056The site of the Vassei and the Sennates appears to be unknown.

3057D’Anville is of opinion that this tribe gave name to Aisenay or Azenay, a village four leagues distant from Bourbon-Vendée, in the department of La Vendée.

3058They occupied the district formerly known as Berry, but now the departments of the Indre, the Cher, and the west of the department of the Allier. Their chief town was Avaricum, now Bourges.

3059They inhabited the district formerly known as the Limosin, now the departments of the Creuse, the Haute Vienne, and the Corrèze. Their chief town was Augustoritum, afterwards Lemovices, now Limoges.

3060They occupied the district formerly known as Auvergne, forming the present department of the Allier, and the southern part of the Puy de Dôme and the Cantal. Augustonemetum was their chief town, now Clermont.

3061Situate in the district formerly known as Gevaudan, now the department of La Lozère. Their chief town stood on the site of the present small town of Javoulx, four leagues from Mende.

3062They are supposed to have occupied the former district of Rouergue, now known as the department of Aveyron. Their chief town was Segodunum, afterwards Ruteni, now known as Rhodez.

3063They occupied the former district of Querci, the present department of Lot and Lot-et-Garonne. Divona, afterwards Cadurci, now Cahors, was their principal town.

3064According to Ptolemy their town was Aginnum, probably the modern Agen, in the present department of Lot-et-Garonne. “Antobroges,” however, is the more common reading.

3065They occupied the district formerly known as Périgord, in the department of the Dordogne; their town was Vesanna, afterwards Petrocori, now Périgueux.

3066Ansart says they are about 200 in number, consisting of Belle Isle, Groaix, Houat, Hoedic, and others. Also probably Morbihan.

3067The Isle of Oleron, the fountain-head of the maritime laws of Europe.

3068He means to say that it gradually increases in breadth after leaving the narrow neck of the Pyrenees and approaching the confines of Lusitania.

3069B. iii. c.3.

3070From Ruscino to Gades.

3071In the province now known as Guipuzcoa.

3072Supposed to be the present Cabo de la Higuera.

3073Probably inhabiting the eastern part of the provinces of Biscay and Alava, the eastern portion of Navarre, and, perhaps, a part of the province of Guipuzcoa.

3074According to Hardouin the modern San Sebastian occupies the site of their town.

3075On the same site as the modern Bermeo, according to Mannert. Hardouin thinks, however, and with greater probability, that it was situate at the mouth of the river Orio.

3076D’Anville considers this to be the site of the city of Bermeo.

3077Poinsinet thinks that this is Flavio in Bilbao, D’Anville calls it Portugalette, and Mannert thinks that it is the same as Santander, with which opinion Ansart agrees.

3078According to Ptolemy, the Cantabri possessed the western part of the province of La Montana, and the northern parts of the provinces of Palencia and Toro.

3079Most probably the present Rio de Suancès, by Mannert called the Saya, into which the Besanga flows. Hardouin however calls it the Nervio.

3080Ansart suggests that this is the modern San Vicente de la Barquera. If the river Sauga is the same with the Suancès, this cannot be the port of Santander, as has been suggested.

3081Or Ebro.

3082According to Ansart, this is either the modern Ensenada de Ballota or else the Puerta de Pô.

3083According to Ansart, the Orgenomesci occupied the same territory which Ptolemy has assigned to the Cantabri in general. See Note3078above.

3084Hardouin takes this to be Villaviciosa. Ansart thinks that Ria de Cella occupies its site.

3085They are supposed to have occupied the greater part of the principality of the Asturias and the province of Leon.

3086Hardouin and Mannert consider this to be identical with Navia or Nava, six miles to the east of Oviedo, an obscure place in the interior. Ansart however would identify it with Villaviciosa.

3087No doubt the headland now known as the Cabo de Penas.

3088Now Lugo in Gallicia.

3089Supposed by Ansart to be the Rio Caneiro, into which the Rio Labio discharges itself.

3090Supposed by Ansart to have dwelt in the vicinity of the Celtic promontory, now Cabo de Finisterra or Cape Finisterre. Of the Egovarri and Iadoni nothing whatever is known.

3091Their towns are mentioned by Ptolemy as being situate on a bay near Nerium or the promontory of Cape Finisterre.

3092Mannert thinks that the Nelo is the same as the Rio Allones; the Florius seems not to have been identified.

3093The inhabitants of Cape Finisterre.

3094Dwelling on the banks of the river which from them takes its modern name of Tambre.

3095Mannert and Ansart are of opinion that this peninsula was probably the modern Cabo Taurinan or Cabo Villano, most probably the latter.

3096On the occasion probably of his expedition against the Cantabri.

3097Their towns, Iria Flavia and Lacus Augusti, lay in the interior, on the sites of the present Santiago de Compostella and Lugo.

3098Probably the modern Noya.

3099They are supposed to have occupied the district in which the warm springs are found, which are known as Caldas de Contis and Caldas de Rey.

3100It is suggested by Ansart that the islands here meant are those called Carreira, at the mouth of the river Ulla, and the Islas de Ons, at the mouth of the Tenario.

3101See B. iii. c.4.

3102Inhabiting the vicinity of the modern Pontevedra.

3103According to Ptolemy also their town was Tudæ, the modern Tuy.

3104The modern Islas de Seyas or of Bayona.

3105The town of Bayona, about six leagues from the mouth of the river Minho.

3106The Minho.

3107They occupied the tract of country lying between the rivers, and known as Entre Douro y Minho.

3108Now Braga on the Cavado.

3109The Lima.

3110The river Douro.

3111See B. iii. c.3.

3112Both lead, properly so called, and tin.

3113In a great degree corresponding with modern Portugal, except that the latter includes the tract of country between the Minho and Douro.

3114To distinguish them from the nation of the same name sprung from them, and occupying the Farther Spain. (B. iii. c.3.) The Pæsuri occupied the site of the present towns of Lamego and Arouca.

3115The modern Vouga, which runs below the town of Aveiro, raised from the ruins of ancient Talabrica.

3116Agueda, which, according to Hardouin, is the name of both the river and the town.

3117Coimbra, formerly Condeja la Veja.

3118Leiria is supposed to occupy its site.

3119According to Hardouin, the modern Ebora de Alcobaza, ten leagues from Leiria.

3120The modern Cabo de la Roca, seven leagues from Lisbon.

3121Pliny, in C.34, places the Arrotrebæ, belonging to the Conventus of Lucus Augusti, about the Promontorium Celticum, which, if not the same as the Nerium (or Cape Finisterre) of the others, is evidently in its immediate neighbourhood; but he confuses the whole matter by a very curious error. He mentions a promontory called Artabrum as the headlandat the N.W. extremity of Spain; the coast on the one side of it looking to the north and the Gallic Ocean, on the other to the west and the Atlantic Ocean. But he considers this promontory to be the westheadland of the estuary of the Tagus, and adds, that some called itMagnum Promontorium, or the “Great Promontory,” and others Olisiponense, from the city of Olisipo, or Lisbon. He assigns, in fact, all the west coast of Spain, down to the mouth of the Tagus, to the north coast, and, instead of being led to detect his error by the resemblance of name between his Artabrum Promontorium and his Arrotrebæ (the Artabri of his predecessors, Strabo and Mela), he perversely finds fault with those who had placed above the promontory Artabrum, a people of the same name who never were there.

3122On the site of which the present city of Lisbon stands.

3123See note3121in the preceding page.

3124See note3121.

3125See note3116in the preceding page.

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