BOOK XI.THE VARIOUS KINDS OF INSECTS.Chap.Page1.The extreme smallness of insects12.Whether insects respire, and whether they have blood33.The bodies of insects44.Bees55.The order displayed in the works of beesib.6.The meaning of the terms commosis, pissoceros, and propolis67.The meaning of erithace, sandaraca, or cerinthos78.What flowers are used by the bees in their workib.9.Persons who have made bees their study810.The mode in which bees workib.11.Drones1012.The qualities of honey1113.Where the best honey is produced1214.The kinds of honey peculiar to various placesib.15.How honey is tested. Ericæum. Tetralix, or sisirum1416.The reproduction of bees1617.The mode of government of the bees1818.Happy omens sometimes afforded by a swarm of bees1919.The various kinds of bees2020.The diseases of bees2121.Things that are noxious to bees2222.How to keep bees to the hive2323.Methods of renewing the swarmib.24.Wasps and hornets: animals which appropriate what belongs to others2425.The bombyx of Assyria2526.The larvæ of the silk-worm—who first invented silk clothsib.27.The silk-worm of Cos—how the Coan vestments are made2628.Spiders; the kinds that make webs; the materials used by them in so doing2729.The generation of spiders2930.Scorpionsib.31.The stellio3132.The grasshopper: that it has neither mouth nor outlet for foodib.33.The wings of insects3334.The beetle. The glow-worm. Other kinds of beetles3335.Locusts3536.Ants3737.The chrysalis3938.Animals which breed in wood4039.Insects that are parasites of man. Which is the smallest of animals? Animals found in wax evenib.40.An animal which has no passage for the evacuationsib.41.Moths, cantharides, gnats—an insect which breeds in the snow4142.An animal found in fire—the pyrallis, or pyrausta4243.The animal called hemerobionib.44.The nature and characteristics of all animals considered limb by limb. Those which have tufts and crests4345.The various kinds of horns. Animals in which they are moveable4446.The heads of animals. Those which have none4647.The hairib.48.The bones of the head4749.The brainib.50.The ears. Animals which hear without ears or apertures4851.The face, the forehead, and the eye-brows4952.The eyes—animals which have no eyes, or have only one eyeib.53.The diversity of the colour of the eyes5054.The theory of sight—persons who can see by nightib.55.The nature of the pupil—eyes which do not shut5256.The hair of the eye-lids; what animals are without them. Animals which can see on one side only5457.Animals which have no eye-lids5558.The cheeksib.59.The nostrilsib.60.The mouth; the lips; the chin; and the jaw-bone5661.The teeth; the various kinds of teeth; in what animals they are not on both sides of the mouth: animals which have hollow teethib.62.The teeth of serpents; their poison. A bird which has teeth5763.Wonderful circumstances connected with the teeth5964.How an estimate is formed of the age of animals from their teeth6065.The tongue; animals which have no tongue. The noise made by frogs. The palate6166.The tonsils; the uvula; the epiglossis; the tracheal artery; the gullet6267.The neck; the throat; the dorsal spine6368.The throat; the gullet; the stomach6469.The heart; the blood; the vital spiritib.70.Those animals which have the largest heart, and those which have the smallest. What animals have two hearts6571.When the custom was first adopted of examining the heart in the inspection of the entrails6672.The lungs: in what animals they are the largest, and in what the smallest. Animals which have nothing but lungs in the interior of the body. Causes which produce extraordinary swiftness in animals6773.The liver; in what animals, and in what part there are two livers foundib.74.The gall; where situate, and in what animals it is double. Animals which have no gall, and others in which it is not situate in the liver6875.The properties of the gall6976.In what animals the liver increases and decreases with the moon. Observations on the aruspices relative thereto, and remarkable prodigies7077.The diaphragm. The nature of laughterib.78.The belly: animals which have no belly. Which are the only animals that vomit7179.The small guts, the front intestines, the anus, the colon. The causes of the insatiate voracity of certain animalsib.80.The omentum: the spleen; animals which are without it7381.The kidneys: animals which have four kidneys. Animals which have noneib.82.The breast: the ribs7483.The bladder: animals which have no bladderib.84.The womb: the womb of the sow: the teats7585.Animals which have suet: animals which do not grow fatib.86.The marrow: animals which have no marrow7687.Bones and fish-bones: animals which have neither. Cartilages7788.The nerves: animals which have noneib.89.The arteries; the veins: animals without arteries or veins. The blood and the sweat7890.Animals, the blood of which coagulates with the greatest rapidity: other animals, the blood of which does not coagulate. Animals which have the thickest blood: those the blood of which is the thinnest: animals which have no bloodib.91.Animals which are without blood at certain periods of the year7992.Whether the blood is the principle of life8093.The hide of animalsib.94.The hair and the covering of the skin8195.The paps: birds which have paps. Remarkable facts connected with the dugs of animals8296.The milk: the biestings. Cheese: of what milk cheese cannot be made. Rennet; the various kinds of aliment in milk8397.Various kinds of cheese8598.Differences of the members of man from those of other animals8699.The fingers, the armsib.100.Resemblance of the ape to manib.101.The nails87102.The knees and the hamsib.103.Parts of the human body to which certain religious ideas are attached88104.Varicose veins88105.The gait, the feet, the legs89106.Hoofsib.107.The feet of birds90108.The feet of animals, from those having two feet to those with a hundred.—Dwarfs91109.The sexual parts.—Hermaphroditesib.110.The testes.—The three classes of eunuchs92111.The tails of animalsib.112.The different voices of animals93113.Superfluous limbs95114.Signs of vitality and of the moral disposition of man, from the limbs96115.Respiration and nutriment97116.Animals which when fed upon poison do not die, and the flesh of which is poisonous98117.Reasons for indigestion. Remedies for crudityib.118.From what causes corpulence arises; how it may be reducedib.119.What things, by merely tasting of them, allay hunger and thirst99BOOK XII.THE NATURAL HISTORY OF TREES.1.The honourable place occupied by trees in the system of nature1012.The early history of trees1023.Exotic trees. When the plane-tree first appeared in Italy, and whence it came1034.The nature of the plane-tree1045.Remarkable facts connected with the plane-treeib.6.The chamæplatanus. Who was the first to clip green shrubs1067.How the citron is plantedib.8.The trees of India1079.When ebony was first seen at Rome. The various kinds of ebony10910.The Indian thornib.11.The Indian figib.12.The pala: the fruit called ariena11013.Indian trees, the names of which are unknown. Indian trees which bear flax11114.The pepper-tree.—The various kinds of pepper—bregma—zingiberi, or zimpirebiib.15.Caryophyllon, lycion, and the Chironian pyxacanthus11316.Macir11417.Sugarib.18.Trees of Ariana, Gedrosia, and Hyrcania11519.Trees of Bactriana, bdellium, or brochon, otherwise malacha, or maldacon, scordastum. Adulterations used in all spices and aromatics; the various tests of them and their respective valuesib.20.Trees of Persis11721.Trees of the islands of the Persian Sea. The cotton treeib.22.The tree called cyna. Trees from which fabrics for clothing are made in the east11823.A country where the trees never lose their leavesib.24.The various useful products of trees11925.Costusib.26.Nard. The twelve varieties of the plantib.27.Asarum, or foal-foot12128.Amomum.—Amomis12229.Cardamomum12330.The country of frankincenseib.31.The trees which bear frankincense12532.Various kinds of frankincense12633.Myrrh12934.The trees which produce myrrh13035.The nature and various kinds of myrrhib.36.Mastich13237.Ladanum and stobolonib.38.Enhæmon13439.The tree called bratus13540.The tree called stobrumib.41.Why Arabia was called “Happy”13642.Cinnamomum. Xylocinnamum13743.Cassia14044.Cancamum and tarum14145.Serichatum and gabalium14246.Myrobalanumib.47.Phœnicobalanus14348.The sweet-scented calamus; the sweet-scented rush14449.Hammoniacumib.50.Sphagnos14551.Cypros14652.Aspalathos, or erysisceptrumib.53.Maron14754.Balsamum; opobalsamum; and xylobalsamumib.55.Storax15156.Galbanum15257.Panaxib.58.Spondylium15359.Malobathrumib.60.Omphaciumib.61.Bryon, œnanthe, and massaris15462.Elate or spathe15563.Cinnamon or comacumib.BOOK XIII.THE NATURAL HISTORY OF EXOTIC TREES, AND AN ACCOUNT OF UNGUENTS.1.Unguents—at what period they were first introduced1592.The various kinds of unguents—twelve principal compositions1603.Diapasma, magma; the mode of testing unguents1664.The excesses to which luxury has run in unguents1675.When unguents were first used by the Romans1686.The palm-tree1697.The nature of the palm-tree1708.How the palm-tree is planted1729.The different varieties of palm-trees, and their characteristics17310.The trees of Syria: the pistacia, the cottana, the damascena, and the myxa17811.The cedar. Trees which have on them the fruit of three years at onceib.12.The terebinth17913.The sumach-treeib.14.The trees of Egypt. The fig-tree of Alexandria18015.The fig-tree of Cyprus18116.The carob-treeib.17.The Persian tree. In what trees the fruits germinate the one below the other18218.The cucus18319.The Egyptian thornib.20.Nine kinds of gum. The sarcocolla18421.The papyrus: the use of paper: when it was first invented18522.The mode of making paper18623.The nine different kinds of paper18724.The mode of testing the goodness of paper18925.The peculiar defects in paper19026.The paste used in the preparation of paper19127.The books of Numaib.28.The trees of Æthiopia19329.The trees of Mount Atlas. The citrus, and the tables made of the wood thereof19430.The points that are desirable or otherwise in these tables19531.The citron-tree19832.The lotusib.33.The trees of Cyrenaica. The paliurus20034.Nine varieties of the Punic apple. Balaustiumib.35.The trees of Asia and Greece; the epipactis, the erica, the Cnidian grain or thymelæa, pyrosachne, cnestron, or cneoron20136.The tragion: tragacantheib.37.The tragos or scorpio; the myrica or brya; the ostrys20238.The euonymos20339.The tree called eonib.40.The andrachle20441.The coccygia; the apharceib.42.The ferulaib.43.The thapsia20544.The capparis or cynosbaton, otherwise ophiostaphyle20645.The saripha20746.The royal thornib.47.The cytisus20848.The trees and shrubs of the Mediterranean. The phycos, prason, or zoster20949.The sea bryon21050.Plants of the Red Sea21151.Plants of the Indian Seaib.52.The plants of the Troglodytic Sea; the hair of Isis: the Charito-blepharon212BOOK XIV.THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES.1 and 2. The nature of the vine. Its mode of fructification2153.The nature of the grape, and the cultivation of the vine2184.Ninety-one varieties of the vine2225.Remarkable facts connected with the culture of the vine2336.The most ancient wines2367.The nature of wines2388.Fifty kinds of generous wines2399.Thirty-eight varieties of foreign wine24510.Seven kinds of salted wines24711.Eighteen varieties of sweet wine. Raisin-wine and hepsema24812.Three varieties of second-rate wine25113.At what period generous wines were first commonly made in Italy25114.The inspection of wine ordered by King Romulus25215.Wines drunk by the ancient Romans25316.Some remarkable facts connected with wine-lofts. The Opimian wine25417.At what period four kinds of wine were first served at tableib.18.The uses of the wild vine. What juices are naturally the coldest of all25519.Sixty-six varieties of artificial wine25620.Hydromeli, or melicraton26121.Oxymeliib.22.Twelve kinds of wine with miraculous properties26223.What wines it is not lawful to use in the sacred rites26324.How must is usually preparedib.25.Pitch and resin26426.Vinegar—lees of wine26827.Wine-vessels—wine-cellarsib.28.Drunkenness27029.Liquors with the strength of wine made from water and corn274BOOK XV.THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FRUIT-TREES.1.The olive.—How long it existed in Greece only.—At what period it was first introduced into Italy, Spain, and Africa2772.The nature of the olive, and of new olive oil2783.Olive oil: the countries in which it is produced, and its various qualities2794.Fifteen varieties of the olive2815.The nature of olive oil2846.The culture of the olive: its mode of preservation. The method of making olive oil2857.Forty-eight varieties of artificial oils. The cicus-tree or croton, or sili, or sesamum2868.Amurca2919.The various kinds of fruit-trees and their natures. Four varieties of pine-nuts29210.The quince. Four kinds of cydonia, and four varieties of the strutheaib.11.Six varieties of the peach29312.Twelve kinds of plums29413.The peach29614.Thirty different kinds of pomes. At what period foreign fruits were first introduced into Italy, and whence29715.The fruits that have been most recently introducedib.16.Forty-one varieties of the pear30017.Various methods of grafting trees. Expiations for lightning30218.The mode of keeping various fruits and grapes30319.Twenty-nine varieties of the fig30720.Historical anecdotes connected with the fig30921.Caprification31122.Three varieties of the medlar31423.Four varieties of the sorbib.24.Nine varieties of the nut31525.Eighteen varieties of the chesnut31826.The carob31927.The fleshy fruits. The mulberryib.28.The fruit of the arbutus32029.The relative natures of berry fruits32130.Nine varieties of the cherry32231.The cornel. The lentisk32332.Thirteen different flavours of juicesib.33.The colour and smell of juices32534.The various natures of fruit32635.The myrtle32836.Historical anecdotes relative to the myrtle32837.Eleven varieties of the myrtle33038.The myrtle used at Rome in ovations33139.The laurel; thirteen varieties of it33240.Historical anecdotes connected with the laurel334BOOK XVI.THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE FOREST TREES.1.Countries that have no trees3392.Wonders connected with trees in the northern regions3403.The acorn oak. The civic crown3414.The origin of the presentation of crowns3425.Persons presented with a crown of leaves3436.Thirteen varieties of the acorn3457.The beech3468.The other acorns—wood for fuelib.9.The gall-nut35010.Other productions on these trees besides the acornib.11.Cachrys35112.The kermes berry35313.Agaricib.14.Trees of which the bark is used35415.Shingles35516.The pineib.17.The pinaster35618.The pitch-tree: the firib.19.The larch: the torch-tree35720.The yew36021.Methods of making tar—how cedrium is made36122.Methods by which thick pitch is preparedib.23.How the resin called zopissa is prepared36324.Trees the wood of which is highly valued. Four varieties of the ash36525.Two varieties of the linden-tree36626.Ten varieties of the maple36727.Bruscum: molluscum; the staphylodendron36828.Three varieties of the box-treeib.29.Four varieties of the elm37030.The natures of the various trees according to their localities: the mountain trees, and the trees of the plainib.31.Trees which grow on a dry soil: those which are found in wet localities: those which are found in both indifferently37232.Division of trees into various species37333.Trees which do not lose their foliage. The rhododendron. Trees which do not lose the whole of their foliage. Places in which there are no treesib.34.The nature of the leaves which wither and fall37435.Trees which have leaves of various colours; trees with leaves of various shapes. Three varieties of the poplar37536.Leaves which turn round every year37637.The care bestowed on the leaves of the palm, and the uses to which they are applied37738.Remarkable facts connected with leavesib.39.The natural order of the production of plants37940.Trees which never blossom. The juniper38041.The fecundation of trees. Germination: the appearance of the fruit38142.In what order the trees blossom38343.At what period each tree bears fruit. The cornel38444.Trees which bear the whole year. Trees which have on them the fruit of three years38545.Trees which bear no fruit: trees looked upon as ill-omened38546.Trees which lose their fruit or flowers most readily38647.Trees which are unproductive in certain places38748.The mode in which trees bearib.49.Trees in which the fruit appears before the leavesib.50.Trees which bear two crops in a year. Trees which bear three crops38851.Which trees become old with the greatest rapidity, and which most slowly38952.Trees which bear various products. Cratægum39053.Differences in trees in respect of the trunks and branches39154.The branches of trees39255.The bark of trees39356.The roots of treesib.57.Trees which have grown spontaneously from the ground39458.How trees grow spontaneously—diversities in their nature, the same trees not growing everywhere39559.Plants that will not grow in certain places39660.The cypress39761.That the earth often bears productions which it has never borne before39962.The ivy—twenty varieties of itib.63.The smilax40264.Water plants: the rush: twenty-eight varieties of the reed40365.Reeds used for arrows, and for the purpose of writing40466.Flute reeds: the reed of Orchomenus; reeds used for fowling and fishing40567.The vine-dresser’s reed40868.The willow: eight varieties of it40969.Trees, in addition to the willow, which are of use in making withes41070.Rushes: candle-rushes: rushes for thatching41171.The elder: the brambleib.72.The juices of trees41273.The veins and fibres of trees41374.The felling of trees41575.The opinion of Cato on the felling of timber41676.The size of trees: the nature of wood: the sappinus41777.Methods of obtaining fire from wood42178.Trees which are proof against decay: trees which never split42279.Historical facts connected with the durability of wood42380.Varieties of the teredo42581.The woods used in building42682.Carpenters’ woods42783.Woods united with glueib.84.Veneering42885.The age of trees. A tree that was planted by the first Scipio Africanus. A tree at Rome five hundred years old42986.Trees as old as the City43087.Trees in the suburban districts older than the Cityib.88.Trees planted by Agamemnon the first year of the Trojan war: other trees which date from the time that the place was called Ilium, anterior to the Trojan war43189.Trees planted at Argos by Hercules: others planted by Apollo. A tree more ancient than Athens itselfib.90.Trees which are the most short-lived43291.Trees which have been rendered famous by remarkable eventsib.92.Plants which have no peculiar spot for their growth: others that grow upon trees, and will not grow in the ground. Nine varieties of them: cadytas, polypodion, phaulias, hippophæston43393.Three varieties of mistletoe. The nature of mistletoe and similar plants43494.The method of making birdlime43595.Historical facts connected with the mistletoe435BOOK XVII.THE NATURAL HISTORY OF THE CULTIVATED TREES.1.Trees which have been sold at enormous prices4382.The influence of weather upon trees: what is the proper situation for the vine4413.What soils are to be considered the best4464.The eight kinds of earth boasted of by the Gauls and Greeks4525.The employment of ashes4556.Manure4567.Crops which tend to improve the land: crops which exhaust it4598.The proper mode of using manureib.9.The modes in which trees bear46010.Plants which are propagated by seedib.11.Trees which never degenerate46112.Propagation by suckers46313.Propagation by slips and cuttings46414.Seed-plotsib.15.The mode of propagating the elm46716.The holes for transplanting46817.The intervals to be left between trees47218.The nature of the shadow thrown by trees47319.The droppings of water from the leaves47420.Trees which grow but slowly: those which grow with rapidity47521.Trees propagated from layersib.22.Grafting: the first discovery of it47723.Inoculation or buddingib.24.The various kinds of graftingib.25.Grafting the vine48226.Grafting by scutcheons48327.Plants which grow from a branch48528.Trees which grow from cuttings: the mode of planting them48629.The cultivation of the oliveib.30.Transplanting operations as distributed throughout the various seasons of the year48731.The cleaning and baring of the roots, and moulding them49132.Willow-beds49233.Reed-beds49334.Other plants that are cut for poles and stakes49435.The culture of the vine and the various shrubs which support it49536.How grapes are protected from the ravages of insects51737.The diseases of treesib.38.Prodigies connected with trees52639.Treatment of the diseases of trees52840.Methods of irrigation52941.Remarkable facts connected with irrigationib.42.Incisions made in trees53043.Other remedies for the diseases of treesib.44.Caprification, and particulars connected with the fig53145.Errors that may be committed in pruningib.46.The proper mode of manuring trees53247.Medicaments for treesib.
The extreme smallness of insects
Whether insects respire, and whether they have blood
The bodies of insects
Bees
The order displayed in the works of bees
The meaning of the terms commosis, pissoceros, and propolis
The meaning of erithace, sandaraca, or cerinthos
What flowers are used by the bees in their work
Persons who have made bees their study
The mode in which bees work
Drones
The qualities of honey
Where the best honey is produced
The kinds of honey peculiar to various places
How honey is tested. Ericæum. Tetralix, or sisirum
The reproduction of bees
The mode of government of the bees
Happy omens sometimes afforded by a swarm of bees
The various kinds of bees
The diseases of bees
Things that are noxious to bees
How to keep bees to the hive
Methods of renewing the swarm
Wasps and hornets: animals which appropriate what belongs to others
The bombyx of Assyria
The larvæ of the silk-worm—who first invented silk cloths
The silk-worm of Cos—how the Coan vestments are made
Spiders; the kinds that make webs; the materials used by them in so doing
The generation of spiders
Scorpions
The stellio
The grasshopper: that it has neither mouth nor outlet for food
The wings of insects
The beetle. The glow-worm. Other kinds of beetles
Locusts
Ants
The chrysalis
Animals which breed in wood
Insects that are parasites of man. Which is the smallest of animals? Animals found in wax even
An animal which has no passage for the evacuations
Moths, cantharides, gnats—an insect which breeds in the snow
An animal found in fire—the pyrallis, or pyrausta
The animal called hemerobion
The nature and characteristics of all animals considered limb by limb. Those which have tufts and crests
The various kinds of horns. Animals in which they are moveable
The heads of animals. Those which have none
The hair
The bones of the head
The brain
The ears. Animals which hear without ears or apertures
The face, the forehead, and the eye-brows
The eyes—animals which have no eyes, or have only one eye
The diversity of the colour of the eyes
The theory of sight—persons who can see by night
The nature of the pupil—eyes which do not shut
The hair of the eye-lids; what animals are without them. Animals which can see on one side only
Animals which have no eye-lids
The cheeks
The nostrils
The mouth; the lips; the chin; and the jaw-bone
The teeth; the various kinds of teeth; in what animals they are not on both sides of the mouth: animals which have hollow teeth
The teeth of serpents; their poison. A bird which has teeth
Wonderful circumstances connected with the teeth
How an estimate is formed of the age of animals from their teeth
The tongue; animals which have no tongue. The noise made by frogs. The palate
The tonsils; the uvula; the epiglossis; the tracheal artery; the gullet
The neck; the throat; the dorsal spine
The throat; the gullet; the stomach
The heart; the blood; the vital spirit
Those animals which have the largest heart, and those which have the smallest. What animals have two hearts
When the custom was first adopted of examining the heart in the inspection of the entrails
The lungs: in what animals they are the largest, and in what the smallest. Animals which have nothing but lungs in the interior of the body. Causes which produce extraordinary swiftness in animals
The liver; in what animals, and in what part there are two livers found
The gall; where situate, and in what animals it is double. Animals which have no gall, and others in which it is not situate in the liver
The properties of the gall
In what animals the liver increases and decreases with the moon. Observations on the aruspices relative thereto, and remarkable prodigies
The diaphragm. The nature of laughter
The belly: animals which have no belly. Which are the only animals that vomit
The small guts, the front intestines, the anus, the colon. The causes of the insatiate voracity of certain animals
The omentum: the spleen; animals which are without it
The kidneys: animals which have four kidneys. Animals which have none
The breast: the ribs
The bladder: animals which have no bladder
The womb: the womb of the sow: the teats
Animals which have suet: animals which do not grow fat
The marrow: animals which have no marrow
Bones and fish-bones: animals which have neither. Cartilages
The nerves: animals which have none
The arteries; the veins: animals without arteries or veins. The blood and the sweat
Animals, the blood of which coagulates with the greatest rapidity: other animals, the blood of which does not coagulate. Animals which have the thickest blood: those the blood of which is the thinnest: animals which have no blood
Animals which are without blood at certain periods of the year
Whether the blood is the principle of life
The hide of animals
The hair and the covering of the skin
The paps: birds which have paps. Remarkable facts connected with the dugs of animals
The milk: the biestings. Cheese: of what milk cheese cannot be made. Rennet; the various kinds of aliment in milk
Various kinds of cheese
Differences of the members of man from those of other animals
The fingers, the arms
Resemblance of the ape to man
The nails
The knees and the hams
Parts of the human body to which certain religious ideas are attached
Varicose veins
The gait, the feet, the legs
Hoofs
The feet of birds
The feet of animals, from those having two feet to those with a hundred.—Dwarfs
The sexual parts.—Hermaphrodites
The testes.—The three classes of eunuchs
The tails of animals
The different voices of animals
Superfluous limbs
Signs of vitality and of the moral disposition of man, from the limbs
Respiration and nutriment
Animals which when fed upon poison do not die, and the flesh of which is poisonous
Reasons for indigestion. Remedies for crudity
From what causes corpulence arises; how it may be reduced
What things, by merely tasting of them, allay hunger and thirst
The honourable place occupied by trees in the system of nature
The early history of trees
Exotic trees. When the plane-tree first appeared in Italy, and whence it came
The nature of the plane-tree
Remarkable facts connected with the plane-tree
The chamæplatanus. Who was the first to clip green shrubs
How the citron is planted
The trees of India
When ebony was first seen at Rome. The various kinds of ebony
The Indian thorn
The Indian fig
The pala: the fruit called ariena
Indian trees, the names of which are unknown. Indian trees which bear flax
The pepper-tree.—The various kinds of pepper—bregma—zingiberi, or zimpirebi
Caryophyllon, lycion, and the Chironian pyxacanthus
Macir
Sugar
Trees of Ariana, Gedrosia, and Hyrcania
Trees of Bactriana, bdellium, or brochon, otherwise malacha, or maldacon, scordastum. Adulterations used in all spices and aromatics; the various tests of them and their respective values
Trees of Persis
Trees of the islands of the Persian Sea. The cotton tree
The tree called cyna. Trees from which fabrics for clothing are made in the east
A country where the trees never lose their leaves
The various useful products of trees
Costus
Nard. The twelve varieties of the plant
Asarum, or foal-foot
Amomum.—Amomis
Cardamomum
The country of frankincense
The trees which bear frankincense
Various kinds of frankincense
Myrrh
The trees which produce myrrh
The nature and various kinds of myrrh
Mastich
Ladanum and stobolon
Enhæmon
The tree called bratus
The tree called stobrum
Why Arabia was called “Happy”
Cinnamomum. Xylocinnamum
Cassia
Cancamum and tarum
Serichatum and gabalium
Myrobalanum
Phœnicobalanus
The sweet-scented calamus; the sweet-scented rush
Hammoniacum
Sphagnos
Cypros
Aspalathos, or erysisceptrum
Maron
Balsamum; opobalsamum; and xylobalsamum
Storax
Galbanum
Panax
Spondylium
Malobathrum
Omphacium
Bryon, œnanthe, and massaris
Elate or spathe
Cinnamon or comacum
Unguents—at what period they were first introduced
The various kinds of unguents—twelve principal compositions
Diapasma, magma; the mode of testing unguents
The excesses to which luxury has run in unguents
When unguents were first used by the Romans
The palm-tree
The nature of the palm-tree
How the palm-tree is planted
The different varieties of palm-trees, and their characteristics
The trees of Syria: the pistacia, the cottana, the damascena, and the myxa
The cedar. Trees which have on them the fruit of three years at once
The terebinth
The sumach-tree
The trees of Egypt. The fig-tree of Alexandria
The fig-tree of Cyprus
The carob-tree
The Persian tree. In what trees the fruits germinate the one below the other
The cucus
The Egyptian thorn
Nine kinds of gum. The sarcocolla
The papyrus: the use of paper: when it was first invented
The mode of making paper
The nine different kinds of paper
The mode of testing the goodness of paper
The peculiar defects in paper
The paste used in the preparation of paper
The books of Numa
The trees of Æthiopia
The trees of Mount Atlas. The citrus, and the tables made of the wood thereof
The points that are desirable or otherwise in these tables
The citron-tree
The lotus
The trees of Cyrenaica. The paliurus
Nine varieties of the Punic apple. Balaustium
The trees of Asia and Greece; the epipactis, the erica, the Cnidian grain or thymelæa, pyrosachne, cnestron, or cneoron
The tragion: tragacanthe
The tragos or scorpio; the myrica or brya; the ostrys
The euonymos
The tree called eon
The andrachle
The coccygia; the apharce
The ferula
The thapsia
The capparis or cynosbaton, otherwise ophiostaphyle
The saripha
The royal thorn
The cytisus
The trees and shrubs of the Mediterranean. The phycos, prason, or zoster
The sea bryon
Plants of the Red Sea
Plants of the Indian Sea
The plants of the Troglodytic Sea; the hair of Isis: the Charito-blepharon
1 and 2. The nature of the vine. Its mode of fructification
The nature of the grape, and the cultivation of the vine
Ninety-one varieties of the vine
Remarkable facts connected with the culture of the vine
The most ancient wines
The nature of wines
Fifty kinds of generous wines
Thirty-eight varieties of foreign wine
Seven kinds of salted wines
Eighteen varieties of sweet wine. Raisin-wine and hepsema
Three varieties of second-rate wine
At what period generous wines were first commonly made in Italy
The inspection of wine ordered by King Romulus
Wines drunk by the ancient Romans
Some remarkable facts connected with wine-lofts. The Opimian wine
At what period four kinds of wine were first served at table
The uses of the wild vine. What juices are naturally the coldest of all
Sixty-six varieties of artificial wine
Hydromeli, or melicraton
Oxymeli
Twelve kinds of wine with miraculous properties
What wines it is not lawful to use in the sacred rites
How must is usually prepared
Pitch and resin
Vinegar—lees of wine
Wine-vessels—wine-cellars
Drunkenness
Liquors with the strength of wine made from water and corn
The olive.—How long it existed in Greece only.—At what period it was first introduced into Italy, Spain, and Africa
The nature of the olive, and of new olive oil
Olive oil: the countries in which it is produced, and its various qualities
Fifteen varieties of the olive
The nature of olive oil
The culture of the olive: its mode of preservation. The method of making olive oil
Forty-eight varieties of artificial oils. The cicus-tree or croton, or sili, or sesamum
Amurca
The various kinds of fruit-trees and their natures. Four varieties of pine-nuts
The quince. Four kinds of cydonia, and four varieties of the struthea
Six varieties of the peach
Twelve kinds of plums
The peach
Thirty different kinds of pomes. At what period foreign fruits were first introduced into Italy, and whence
The fruits that have been most recently introduced
Forty-one varieties of the pear
Various methods of grafting trees. Expiations for lightning
The mode of keeping various fruits and grapes
Twenty-nine varieties of the fig
Historical anecdotes connected with the fig
Caprification
Three varieties of the medlar
Four varieties of the sorb
Nine varieties of the nut
Eighteen varieties of the chesnut
The carob
The fleshy fruits. The mulberry
The fruit of the arbutus
The relative natures of berry fruits
Nine varieties of the cherry
The cornel. The lentisk
Thirteen different flavours of juices
The colour and smell of juices
The various natures of fruit
The myrtle
Historical anecdotes relative to the myrtle
Eleven varieties of the myrtle
The myrtle used at Rome in ovations
The laurel; thirteen varieties of it
Historical anecdotes connected with the laurel
Countries that have no trees
Wonders connected with trees in the northern regions
The acorn oak. The civic crown
The origin of the presentation of crowns
Persons presented with a crown of leaves
Thirteen varieties of the acorn
The beech
The other acorns—wood for fuel
The gall-nut
Other productions on these trees besides the acorn
Cachrys
The kermes berry
Agaric
Trees of which the bark is used
Shingles
The pine
The pinaster
The pitch-tree: the fir
The larch: the torch-tree
The yew
Methods of making tar—how cedrium is made
Methods by which thick pitch is prepared
How the resin called zopissa is prepared
Trees the wood of which is highly valued. Four varieties of the ash
Two varieties of the linden-tree
Ten varieties of the maple
Bruscum: molluscum; the staphylodendron
Three varieties of the box-tree
Four varieties of the elm
The natures of the various trees according to their localities: the mountain trees, and the trees of the plain
Trees which grow on a dry soil: those which are found in wet localities: those which are found in both indifferently
Division of trees into various species
Trees which do not lose their foliage. The rhododendron. Trees which do not lose the whole of their foliage. Places in which there are no trees
The nature of the leaves which wither and fall
Trees which have leaves of various colours; trees with leaves of various shapes. Three varieties of the poplar
Leaves which turn round every year
The care bestowed on the leaves of the palm, and the uses to which they are applied
Remarkable facts connected with leaves
The natural order of the production of plants
Trees which never blossom. The juniper
The fecundation of trees. Germination: the appearance of the fruit
In what order the trees blossom
At what period each tree bears fruit. The cornel
Trees which bear the whole year. Trees which have on them the fruit of three years
Trees which bear no fruit: trees looked upon as ill-omened
Trees which lose their fruit or flowers most readily
Trees which are unproductive in certain places
The mode in which trees bear
Trees in which the fruit appears before the leaves
Trees which bear two crops in a year. Trees which bear three crops
Which trees become old with the greatest rapidity, and which most slowly
Trees which bear various products. Cratægum
Differences in trees in respect of the trunks and branches
The branches of trees
The bark of trees
The roots of trees
Trees which have grown spontaneously from the ground
How trees grow spontaneously—diversities in their nature, the same trees not growing everywhere
Plants that will not grow in certain places
The cypress
That the earth often bears productions which it has never borne before
The ivy—twenty varieties of it
The smilax
Water plants: the rush: twenty-eight varieties of the reed
Reeds used for arrows, and for the purpose of writing
Flute reeds: the reed of Orchomenus; reeds used for fowling and fishing
The vine-dresser’s reed
The willow: eight varieties of it
Trees, in addition to the willow, which are of use in making withes
Rushes: candle-rushes: rushes for thatching
The elder: the bramble
The juices of trees
The veins and fibres of trees
The felling of trees
The opinion of Cato on the felling of timber
The size of trees: the nature of wood: the sappinus
Methods of obtaining fire from wood
Trees which are proof against decay: trees which never split
Historical facts connected with the durability of wood
Varieties of the teredo
The woods used in building
Carpenters’ woods
Woods united with glue
Veneering
The age of trees. A tree that was planted by the first Scipio Africanus. A tree at Rome five hundred years old
Trees as old as the City
Trees in the suburban districts older than the City
Trees planted by Agamemnon the first year of the Trojan war: other trees which date from the time that the place was called Ilium, anterior to the Trojan war
Trees planted at Argos by Hercules: others planted by Apollo. A tree more ancient than Athens itself
Trees which are the most short-lived
Trees which have been rendered famous by remarkable events
Plants which have no peculiar spot for their growth: others that grow upon trees, and will not grow in the ground. Nine varieties of them: cadytas, polypodion, phaulias, hippophæston
Three varieties of mistletoe. The nature of mistletoe and similar plants
The method of making birdlime
Historical facts connected with the mistletoe
Trees which have been sold at enormous prices
The influence of weather upon trees: what is the proper situation for the vine
What soils are to be considered the best
The eight kinds of earth boasted of by the Gauls and Greeks
The employment of ashes
Manure
Crops which tend to improve the land: crops which exhaust it
The proper mode of using manure
The modes in which trees bear
Plants which are propagated by seed
Trees which never degenerate
Propagation by suckers
Propagation by slips and cuttings
Seed-plots
The mode of propagating the elm
The holes for transplanting
The intervals to be left between trees
The nature of the shadow thrown by trees
The droppings of water from the leaves
Trees which grow but slowly: those which grow with rapidity
Trees propagated from layers
Grafting: the first discovery of it
Inoculation or budding
The various kinds of grafting
Grafting the vine
Grafting by scutcheons
Plants which grow from a branch
Trees which grow from cuttings: the mode of planting them
The cultivation of the olive
Transplanting operations as distributed throughout the various seasons of the year
The cleaning and baring of the roots, and moulding them
Willow-beds
Reed-beds
Other plants that are cut for poles and stakes
The culture of the vine and the various shrubs which support it
How grapes are protected from the ravages of insects
The diseases of trees
Prodigies connected with trees
Treatment of the diseases of trees
Methods of irrigation
Remarkable facts connected with irrigation
Incisions made in trees
Other remedies for the diseases of trees
Caprification, and particulars connected with the fig
Errors that may be committed in pruning
The proper mode of manuring trees
Medicaments for trees