1834The Poire d’argent, or silver pear, according to Dalechamps.
1834The Poire d’argent, or silver pear, according to Dalechamps.
1835Or “barley pear.” The Poire de Saint Jean, according to Dalechamps; the musquette or muscadella, according to Adrian Junius.
1835Or “barley pear.” The Poire de Saint Jean, according to Dalechamps; the musquette or muscadella, according to Adrian Junius.
1836Barley-harvest.
1836Barley-harvest.
1837So called from its resemblance to the “ampulla,” a big-bellied vessel with a small neck, identified with the Poire d’angoisse by Dalechamps.
1837So called from its resemblance to the “ampulla,” a big-bellied vessel with a small neck, identified with the Poire d’angoisse by Dalechamps.
1838The Poire de jalousie, according to Dalechamps.
1838The Poire de jalousie, according to Dalechamps.
1839Or gourd-pear. This is the “isbout” according to Adrian Junius, the Poire courge of Dalechamps, and the Poire de sarteau, or de campane of others.
1839Or gourd-pear. This is the “isbout” according to Adrian Junius, the Poire courge of Dalechamps, and the Poire de sarteau, or de campane of others.
1840The Poire de Venus, according to Adrian Junius; the Poire acciole, according to Dalechamps.
1840The Poire de Venus, according to Adrian Junius; the Poire acciole, according to Dalechamps.
1841Coloured pear.
1841Coloured pear.
1842“Regium.” The Poire carmagnole, according to Dalechamps; the Mispeel-peere of the Flemish, according to Adrian Junius.
1842“Regium.” The Poire carmagnole, according to Dalechamps; the Mispeel-peere of the Flemish, according to Adrian Junius.
1843The Poire sarteau, according to Dalechamps.
1843The Poire sarteau, according to Dalechamps.
1844Georgics, ii. 87.
1844Georgics, ii. 87.
1845“A handful”—probably the pound or pounder pear: the Bergamotte, according to Hardouin; the Bon chretien of summer, according to Adrian Junius.
1845“A handful”—probably the pound or pounder pear: the Bergamotte, according to Hardouin; the Bon chretien of summer, according to Adrian Junius.
1846De Re Rust. c. 7.
1846De Re Rust. c. 7.
1847Or “Seedling.”
1847Or “Seedling.”
1848The “early ripener.” Fée suggests that this may be a variety of the Bon chretien.
1848The “early ripener.” Fée suggests that this may be a variety of the Bon chretien.
1849Georgics, ii. 69. This statement of Virgil must be regarded as fabulous; grafting being impracticable with trees not of the same family, and not always successful even then.
1849Georgics, ii. 69. This statement of Virgil must be regarded as fabulous; grafting being impracticable with trees not of the same family, and not always successful even then.
1850This was probably some superstition taught by the augurs for the purpose of enveloping their profession in additional mystery and awe.
1850This was probably some superstition taught by the augurs for the purpose of enveloping their profession in additional mystery and awe.
1851Cadis.
1851Cadis.
1852He probably alludes here to cider and perry. See p.300, and B. xxiii. c. 62.
1852He probably alludes here to cider and perry. See p.300, and B. xxiii. c. 62.
1853“Pulmentarii vicem;” properly “a substitute for pulmentarium,” which was anything eaten with bread, such as meat, vegetables, &c. He alludes to marmalade. The French raisine is a somewhat similar preparation from pears and quinces boiled in new wine.
1853“Pulmentarii vicem;” properly “a substitute for pulmentarium,” which was anything eaten with bread, such as meat, vegetables, &c. He alludes to marmalade. The French raisine is a somewhat similar preparation from pears and quinces boiled in new wine.
1854“Specularibus.” He alludes to windows of transparent stone, lapis specularis, or mica; windows of glass being probably unknown in his time. The ordinary windows were merely openings closed with shutters. See B. xxxvi. c. 45.
1854“Specularibus.” He alludes to windows of transparent stone, lapis specularis, or mica; windows of glass being probably unknown in his time. The ordinary windows were merely openings closed with shutters. See B. xxxvi. c. 45.
1855He must allude to a kind of quince marmalade.
1855He must allude to a kind of quince marmalade.
1856As Fée remarks, the fruit, if treated thus, would soon lose all the properties for which it is valued.
1856As Fée remarks, the fruit, if treated thus, would soon lose all the properties for which it is valued.
1857De Re Rust. B. i. c. 59.
1857De Re Rust. B. i. c. 59.
1858A faulty proceeding, however dry it may be.
1858A faulty proceeding, however dry it may be.
1859This fruit, Fée remarks, keeps but indifferently, and soon becomes soft, vinous, and acid.
1859This fruit, Fée remarks, keeps but indifferently, and soon becomes soft, vinous, and acid.
1860An absurd superstition.
1860An absurd superstition.
1861A method not unlikely to spoil the grape, from the difficulty of removing the coat thus given to it.
1861A method not unlikely to spoil the grape, from the difficulty of removing the coat thus given to it.
1862A very absurd notion, as Fée observes. To keep fruit in millet is also condemned.
1862A very absurd notion, as Fée observes. To keep fruit in millet is also condemned.
1863Which, of course, must deteriorate the flavour of the grape.
1863Which, of course, must deteriorate the flavour of the grape.
1864It is doubtful if they will increase in size, when once plucked.
1864It is doubtful if they will increase in size, when once plucked.
1865The modern authorities recommend the precisely opposite plan.
1865The modern authorities recommend the precisely opposite plan.
1866As absurd as the use of the bulb of squill.
1866As absurd as the use of the bulb of squill.
1867In a pit two feet deep, &c. Seeabove.
1867In a pit two feet deep, &c. Seeabove.
1868Capsæ.
1868Capsæ.
1869See B. xxi. c. 49.
1869See B. xxi. c. 49.
1870De Re Rust. B. xii. c. 43.
1870De Re Rust. B. xii. c. 43.
1871These must make raisins of the sun.
1871These must make raisins of the sun.
1872These must have been perfectly dry, or else they would tend to rot the grapes or raisins.
1872These must have been perfectly dry, or else they would tend to rot the grapes or raisins.
1873Columella, for instance, B. xii. c.43.
1873Columella, for instance, B. xii. c.43.
1874The dust is in reality very liable to spoil the fruit, from the tenacity with which it adheres. In all these methods, little attention would seem to be paid to the retention of the flavour of the fruits.
1874The dust is in reality very liable to spoil the fruit, from the tenacity with which it adheres. In all these methods, little attention would seem to be paid to the retention of the flavour of the fruits.
1875A detestable practice, Fée says, as the oil makes an indelible mark on the grape, and gives it an abominable flavour. It is the best method to put the fruit in bags of paper or hair.
1875A detestable practice, Fée says, as the oil makes an indelible mark on the grape, and gives it an abominable flavour. It is the best method to put the fruit in bags of paper or hair.
1876See B. xiii. c.19.
1876See B. xiii. c.19.
1877There are about forty varieties now known.
1877There are about forty varieties now known.
1878B. xiii. c.14,15. These are the Ficus sycomorus of Linnæus.
1878B. xiii. c.14,15. These are the Ficus sycomorus of Linnæus.
1879In Troas; called the Alexandrian fig, from the city of Alexandria there. Fée doubts if this was really a fig, and suggests that it might be the fruit of a variety of Diospyros.
1879In Troas; called the Alexandrian fig, from the city of Alexandria there. Fée doubts if this was really a fig, and suggests that it might be the fruit of a variety of Diospyros.
1880No fig-tree now known is destitute of this.
1880No fig-tree now known is destitute of this.
1881Fée treats this as an exaggeration.
1881Fée treats this as an exaggeration.
1882From “mamilla,” a teat.
1882From “mamilla,” a teat.
1883In Egypt. The Figue servantine, or cordeliere.
1883In Egypt. The Figue servantine, or cordeliere.
1884“Delicata.” The “bon-bouche.”
1884“Delicata.” The “bon-bouche.”
1885Fée suggests that this may have been the small early fig.
1885Fée suggests that this may have been the small early fig.
1886From Livia, the wife of Augustus.
1886From Livia, the wife of Augustus.
1887From Pompeius Magnus.
1887From Pompeius Magnus.
1888Apparently meaning the “marsh” fig.
1888Apparently meaning the “marsh” fig.
1889The Laconian reed, Theophrastus says, B. iv. c. 12.
1889The Laconian reed, Theophrastus says, B. iv. c. 12.
1890The “white-wax” fig.
1890The “white-wax” fig.
1891Fée queries whether it may not be the Grosse bourjasotte.
1891Fée queries whether it may not be the Grosse bourjasotte.
1892Or “people’s” fig. The small early white fig.
1892Or “people’s” fig. The small early white fig.
1893Or “swallow”-fig.
1893Or “swallow”-fig.
1894Or it may mean “white and black,” that being the colour of the fig. Such a variety is still known.
1894Or it may mean “white and black,” that being the colour of the fig. Such a variety is still known.
1895A Spanish variety; those of the south of Spain are very highly esteemed.
1895A Spanish variety; those of the south of Spain are very highly esteemed.
1896The modern “black” fig.
1896The modern “black” fig.
1897The sun of the former year.
1897The sun of the former year.
1898In Mœsia—the present Servia and Bulgaria.
1898In Mœsia—the present Servia and Bulgaria.
1899Another war is said to have originated in this fruit. Xerxes was tempted by the fine figs of Athens to undertake the invasion of Greece.
1899Another war is said to have originated in this fruit. Xerxes was tempted by the fine figs of Athens to undertake the invasion of Greece.
1900“Tertium ante diem.” In dating from an event, the Romans included both days in the computation; the one they datedfrom, and the dayof, the event.
1900“Tertium ante diem.” In dating from an event, the Romans included both days in the computation; the one they datedfrom, and the dayof, the event.
1901In sending for the fig, and thinking of this method of speaking to the feelings of his fellow-countrymen.
1901In sending for the fig, and thinking of this method of speaking to the feelings of his fellow-countrymen.
1902A place in the Forum, where public meetings were held, and certain offences tried.
1902A place in the Forum, where public meetings were held, and certain offences tried.
1903He alludes to the Puteal, or enclosed space in the Forum, consecrated by Scribonius Libo, in consequence of the spot having been struck by lightning.
1903He alludes to the Puteal, or enclosed space in the Forum, consecrated by Scribonius Libo, in consequence of the spot having been struck by lightning.
1904On the banks of the Tiber, below the Palatine Mount. The whole of this passage is in a most corrupt state, and it is difficult to extract a meaning from it.
1904On the banks of the Tiber, below the Palatine Mount. The whole of this passage is in a most corrupt state, and it is difficult to extract a meaning from it.
1905By slips from the old tree, as Tacitus seems to say—“in novos fœtus revivisceret.”
1905By slips from the old tree, as Tacitus seems to say—“in novos fœtus revivisceret.”
1906At the foot of the Capitoline Hill.
1906At the foot of the Capitoline Hill.
1907Probably near where the Curtius Lacus had stood in the early days of Rome. The story of Metius Curtius, who leaped into the yawning gulph in the Forum, in order to save his country, is known to every classical reader.
1907Probably near where the Curtius Lacus had stood in the early days of Rome. The story of Metius Curtius, who leaped into the yawning gulph in the Forum, in order to save his country, is known to every classical reader.
1908The Forum.
1908The Forum.
1909See B. xix. c. 6.
1909See B. xix. c. 6.
1910The Ficus Carica of Linnæus. Itdoesbear fruit, though small, and disagreeable to the taste.
1910The Ficus Carica of Linnæus. Itdoesbear fruit, though small, and disagreeable to the taste.
1911This insect is one of the Hymenoptera; the Cynips Psenes of Linnæus and Fabricius. There is another insect of the same genus, but not so well known.
1911This insect is one of the Hymenoptera; the Cynips Psenes of Linnæus and Fabricius. There is another insect of the same genus, but not so well known.
1912Fée observes that the caprification accelerates the ripeness of the fruit, but at the expense of the flavour. For the same purpose the upper part of the fig is often pricked with a pointed quill.
1912Fée observes that the caprification accelerates the ripeness of the fruit, but at the expense of the flavour. For the same purpose the upper part of the fig is often pricked with a pointed quill.
1913“Infantiam pomi”—literally, “the infancy of the fruit.”
1913“Infantiam pomi”—literally, “the infancy of the fruit.”
1914Fée denies the truth of this assertion.
1914Fée denies the truth of this assertion.
1915Frumenta.
1915Frumenta.
1916A mixture of the sugar of the fruit with the milky juice of the tree, which is a species of caoutchouc.
1916A mixture of the sugar of the fruit with the milky juice of the tree, which is a species of caoutchouc.
1917Capsis.
1917Capsis.
1918See B. iii. c. 11. The Balearic Isles still produce great quantities of excellent dried figs.
1918See B. iii. c. 11. The Balearic Isles still produce great quantities of excellent dried figs.
1919See B. iii. c. 17.
1919See B. iii. c. 17.
1920Orcæ.
1920Orcæ.
1921Cadi.
1921Cadi.
1922Ground, perhaps, into a kind of flour.
1922Ground, perhaps, into a kind of flour.
1923Opsonii vicem. “Opsonium” was anything eaten with bread, such as vegetables, meat, and fish, for instance.
1923Opsonii vicem. “Opsonium” was anything eaten with bread, such as vegetables, meat, and fish, for instance.
1924De Re Rust. c. 56.
1924De Re Rust. c. 56.
1925Because they would be sure, under any circumstances, to eat plenty of them.
1925Because they would be sure, under any circumstances, to eat plenty of them.
1926See B. xiii. c.10.
1926See B. xiii. c.10.
1927These were so called from Caunus, a city of Caria, famous for its dried figs. Pronounced “Cavneas,” it would sound to the superstitious, “Cave ne eas,” “Take care that you go not.”
1927These were so called from Caunus, a city of Caria, famous for its dried figs. Pronounced “Cavneas,” it would sound to the superstitious, “Cave ne eas,” “Take care that you go not.”
1928At Brundisium.
1928At Brundisium.
1929A.U.C.801.
1929A.U.C.801.
1930Alba Longa. See B. iii. c. 9.
1930Alba Longa. See B. iii. c. 9.
1931The sorb belongs to the genus pirus of the naturalists.
1931The sorb belongs to the genus pirus of the naturalists.
1932The Mespilus germanica of the botanists.
1932The Mespilus germanica of the botanists.
1933The azarolier, a tree of the south of Europe, the Mespilus apii folio laciniato of C. Bauhin.
1933The azarolier, a tree of the south of Europe, the Mespilus apii folio laciniato of C. Bauhin.
1934The Mespilus Italica folio laurino serrato of C. Bauhin, the Mespilus cotoneaster of J. Bauhin.
1934The Mespilus Italica folio laurino serrato of C. Bauhin, the Mespilus cotoneaster of J. Bauhin.
1935Its identity is matter of uncertainty; but it has been thought to be the Cratægus oxyacantha of modern botanists.
1935Its identity is matter of uncertainty; but it has been thought to be the Cratægus oxyacantha of modern botanists.
1936By “amplissimus,” he must mean that it spreads out very much in proportion to its height, as it is merely a shrub.
1936By “amplissimus,” he must mean that it spreads out very much in proportion to its height, as it is merely a shrub.
1937Fée thinks it a tree indigenous to the north.
1937Fée thinks it a tree indigenous to the north.
1938The ordinary sorb-apple of horticulturists.
1938The ordinary sorb-apple of horticulturists.
1939The sorb-pear.
1939The sorb-pear.
1940Varying but little, probably, from the common sorb, the Sorbus domestica of Linnæus.
1940Varying but little, probably, from the common sorb, the Sorbus domestica of Linnæus.
1941Fée is inclined to think that it is the Sorbus terminalis of Lamarck. Anguillara thinks that it is the Cratægus of Theophrastus, considered by Sprengel to be identical with the Cratægus azarolus of Linnæus. In ripening, the fruit of the sorb undergoes a sort of vinous fermentation: hence a kind of cider made of it.
1941Fée is inclined to think that it is the Sorbus terminalis of Lamarck. Anguillara thinks that it is the Cratægus of Theophrastus, considered by Sprengel to be identical with the Cratægus azarolus of Linnæus. In ripening, the fruit of the sorb undergoes a sort of vinous fermentation: hence a kind of cider made of it.
1942De Re Rust. cc. 7 and 145.
1942De Re Rust. cc. 7 and 145.
1943The Juglans regia of Linnæus.
1943The Juglans regia of Linnæus.
1944Tastes have probably altered since this was written.
1944Tastes have probably altered since this was written.
1945These were rude and sometimes obscene songs sung at festivals, and more particularly marriages. While these songs were being sung at the door of the nuptial chamber, it was the custom for the husband to scramble walnuts among the young people assembled there. The walnut is the nut mentioned in Solomon’s Song, vi. 11.
1945These were rude and sometimes obscene songs sung at festivals, and more particularly marriages. While these songs were being sung at the door of the nuptial chamber, it was the custom for the husband to scramble walnuts among the young people assembled there. The walnut is the nut mentioned in Solomon’s Song, vi. 11.
1946Or, more probably, from the union of the two portions of the inner shell.
1946Or, more probably, from the union of the two portions of the inner shell.
1947“Tripudium sonivium;” implying that it was considered sacred to marriage, from the use made of it by the friends of the bridegroom when thrown violently against the nuptial chamber, with the view of drowning the cries of the bride. A very absurd notion, to all appearance.
1947“Tripudium sonivium;” implying that it was considered sacred to marriage, from the use made of it by the friends of the bridegroom when thrown violently against the nuptial chamber, with the view of drowning the cries of the bride. A very absurd notion, to all appearance.
1948The “Persian” nut.
1948The “Persian” nut.
1949The “king’s” nut. The walnut-tree still abounds in Persia, and is found wild on the slopes of the Himalaya.
1949The “king’s” nut. The walnut-tree still abounds in Persia, and is found wild on the slopes of the Himalaya.
1950Implying that it comes from the Greek κάρη, “the head.” Some etymologists think that it is from the Celto-Scythiancarw, a boat; such being the shape of the two parts of the inner shell.
1950Implying that it comes from the Greek κάρη, “the head.” Some etymologists think that it is from the Celto-Scythiancarw, a boat; such being the shape of the two parts of the inner shell.
1951It is still a common notion, Fée says, that it is highly injurious to sleep beneath a walnut-tree.
1951It is still a common notion, Fée says, that it is highly injurious to sleep beneath a walnut-tree.
1952It is still used for this purpose.
1952It is still used for this purpose.
1953Red hair was admired by the Romans. The Roman females used this juice also for dyeing their hair when grey.
1953Red hair was admired by the Romans. The Roman females used this juice also for dyeing their hair when grey.
1954They are notentirelyseparate.
1954They are notentirelyseparate.
1955The Corylus avellana maxima of Willdenow.
1955The Corylus avellana maxima of Willdenow.
1956The filbert, the Corylus tubulosa of Willdenow.
1956The filbert, the Corylus tubulosa of Willdenow.
1957Abellinum, in Campania. See B. iii. c. 9.
1957Abellinum, in Campania. See B. iii. c. 9.
1958The down on the nut is more apparent when it is young; but it is easily rubbed off. The outer coat is probably meant.
1958The down on the nut is more apparent when it is young; but it is easily rubbed off. The outer coat is probably meant.
1959Hazel nuts are sometimes roasted in some parts of Europe, but not with us.
1959Hazel nuts are sometimes roasted in some parts of Europe, but not with us.
1960The Amygdalus communis of Linnæus.
1960The Amygdalus communis of Linnæus.
1961De Re Rust. c. 8. Some think that this was the bitter almond; and the word “acriore,” used by Pliny, would almost seem to imply that such is the case.
1961De Re Rust. c. 8. Some think that this was the bitter almond; and the word “acriore,” used by Pliny, would almost seem to imply that such is the case.
1962Apparently the “smooth” or “bald” nut. May not a variety something like the hickory nut of America be meant?
1962Apparently the “smooth” or “bald” nut. May not a variety something like the hickory nut of America be meant?
1963Festus says that a kind of nut was so called, because the Prænestines, when besieged by Hannibal at Casilinum, subsisted upon them. See Livy, B. xxiii. Fée considers it only another name for the common hazel nut.
1963Festus says that a kind of nut was so called, because the Prænestines, when besieged by Hannibal at Casilinum, subsisted upon them. See Livy, B. xxiii. Fée considers it only another name for the common hazel nut.
1964De Re Rust. c. 145.
1964De Re Rust. c. 145.
1965The soft-shelled almond, or princess almond of the French; the Amygdalus communis fragilis of naturalists.
1965The soft-shelled almond, or princess almond of the French; the Amygdalus communis fragilis of naturalists.
1966This last variety does not seem to have been identified: the hard-shell almonds do not appear to be larger than the others.
1966This last variety does not seem to have been identified: the hard-shell almonds do not appear to be larger than the others.
1967Or “soft” almond, a variety only of the Amygdalus fragilis.
1967Or “soft” almond, a variety only of the Amygdalus fragilis.
1968There is little doubt that Fée is right in his assertion, that this great personage imposed on our author; as no trees of this family are known to bear two crops.
1968There is little doubt that Fée is right in his assertion, that this great personage imposed on our author; as no trees of this family are known to bear two crops.
1969B. xiii. c.10.
1969B. xiii. c.10.
1970In c.xxi. of this Book.
1970In c.xxi. of this Book.
1971The tree is the Fagus castanea of Linnæus.
1971The tree is the Fagus castanea of Linnæus.
1972Cortex.
1972Cortex.
1973The common mode of eating it at the present day. The Italians also take off the skin and dry the nut; thus keeping it from year to year. When required for eating, it is softened by the steam of boiling water.
1973The common mode of eating it at the present day. The Italians also take off the skin and dry the nut; thus keeping it from year to year. When required for eating, it is softened by the steam of boiling water.
1974Not improbably said in allusion to the fasts introduced by the Jews, who had become very numerous in Rome.
1974Not improbably said in allusion to the fasts introduced by the Jews, who had become very numerous in Rome.
1975It was said to have come from Castana, a city of Pontus, whence its name “Castanea.” It is probably indigenous to Europe.
1975It was said to have come from Castana, a city of Pontus, whence its name “Castanea.” It is probably indigenous to Europe.
1976The Greek for “Jove’s acorn.”
1976The Greek for “Jove’s acorn.”
1977Or “acorn chesnut.” The same variety, Fée says, that is found in the vicinity of Perigueux, small, nearly round, and without any particular flavour.
1977Or “acorn chesnut.” The same variety, Fée says, that is found in the vicinity of Perigueux, small, nearly round, and without any particular flavour.
1978The Ganebelone chesnut of Perigueux, Fée says, answers to this description.
1978The Ganebelone chesnut of Perigueux, Fée says, answers to this description.
1979On account of the prickles on the outer shell.
1979On account of the prickles on the outer shell.
1980B. xvii. c.26.
1980B. xvii. c.26.
1981Fée says that the royal white chesnut of the vicinity of Perigueux answers to this.
1981Fée says that the royal white chesnut of the vicinity of Perigueux answers to this.
1982“Boiling” chesnuts.
1982“Boiling” chesnuts.
1983He alludes to wild or horse chesnuts, probably.
1983He alludes to wild or horse chesnuts, probably.