2665“Graphium.” Properly a stylus or iron pen.
2665“Graphium.” Properly a stylus or iron pen.
2666“Glandia.” This analogy, Fée remarks, does not hold good.
2666“Glandia.” This analogy, Fée remarks, does not hold good.
2667See B. xiii. c.29, and c.27of this Book.
2667See B. xiii. c.29, and c.27of this Book.
2668And at an angle with the grain or fibre of the wood.
2668And at an angle with the grain or fibre of the wood.
2669And at right angles. In the Dicotyledons, the disposition of the fibres is longitudinal and transversal.
2669And at right angles. In the Dicotyledons, the disposition of the fibres is longitudinal and transversal.
2670Guttum.
2670Guttum.
2671For the simple reason, because the part near the root is of greater diameter.
2671For the simple reason, because the part near the root is of greater diameter.
2672Soft ligneous layers.
2672Soft ligneous layers.
2673In c.72of this Book.
2673In c.72of this Book.
2674Hard wood—such as we know generally as “heart;” “heart of oak” for instance.
2674Hard wood—such as we know generally as “heart;” “heart of oak” for instance.
2675Probably that of the ligneous layers near the pith or sap.
2675Probably that of the ligneous layers near the pith or sap.
2676“Limo:” the alburnum previously mentioned.
2676“Limo:” the alburnum previously mentioned.
2677This practice was formerly forbidden by the forest laws of France.
2677This practice was formerly forbidden by the forest laws of France.
2678In B. xviii.
2678In B. xviii.
2679Pliny borrows this superstition from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. vi. c. 1.
2679Pliny borrows this superstition from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. vi. c. 1.
2680This was the name of mimic sea-fights, exhibited at Rome in the Circus or amphitheatres, or else in lakes dug expressly for the purpose. Hardouin says, there were five Naumachiæ at Rome, in the 14th region of the City.
2680This was the name of mimic sea-fights, exhibited at Rome in the Circus or amphitheatres, or else in lakes dug expressly for the purpose. Hardouin says, there were five Naumachiæ at Rome, in the 14th region of the City.
2681This practice is no longer followed.
2681This practice is no longer followed.
2682De Re Rust. c. 31; also cc. 17 and 37.
2682De Re Rust. c. 31; also cc. 17 and 37.
2683This practice is observed in modern times.
2683This practice is observed in modern times.
2684C.37.
2684C.37.
2685Pliny, no doubt, observes an analogy between the hair of the human head, and trees as forming the hair of the earth. The superstition here mentioned, Fée says, was, till very recently, observed in France to a considerable extent.
2685Pliny, no doubt, observes an analogy between the hair of the human head, and trees as forming the hair of the earth. The superstition here mentioned, Fée says, was, till very recently, observed in France to a considerable extent.
2686De Re Rust. 1, 37.
2686De Re Rust. 1, 37.
2687Terebinthine or turpentine.
2687Terebinthine or turpentine.
2688“Ad fabrorum intestina opera medulla sectilis.” This passage is probably corrupt.
2688“Ad fabrorum intestina opera medulla sectilis.” This passage is probably corrupt.
2689In c.74.
2689In c.74.
2690With reference to the fir, namely.
2690With reference to the fir, namely.
2691B. iii. c. 5.
2691B. iii. c. 5.
2692B. iv. c. 3.
2692B. iv. c. 3.
2693An additional proof, perhaps, that the cedar of the ancients is only one of the junipers, and that, as Fée says, they were not acquainted with the real cedar.
2693An additional proof, perhaps, that the cedar of the ancients is only one of the junipers, and that, as Fée says, they were not acquainted with the real cedar.
2694B. iii. c. 4.
2694B. iii. c. 4.
2695“Spiras.” It seems to have been the opinion of the ancients that the internal knots of the wood are formed spirally. Such is not the fact, as they consist of independent layers.
2695“Spiras.” It seems to have been the opinion of the ancients that the internal knots of the wood are formed spirally. Such is not the fact, as they consist of independent layers.
2696Centra.
2696Centra.
2697He takes this account from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. v. c. 3.
2697He takes this account from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. v. c. 3.
2698The greatest height, Fée says, of any tree known, is that of the palm, known as ceroxylon; it sometimes attains a height of 250 feet. Adanson speaks of the baobab as being 90 feet in circumference.
2698The greatest height, Fée says, of any tree known, is that of the palm, known as ceroxylon; it sometimes attains a height of 250 feet. Adanson speaks of the baobab as being 90 feet in circumference.
2699In c.74.
2699In c.74.
2700See B. xix. c. 6.
2700See B. xix. c. 6.
2701A spot enclosed in the Campus Martius, for the resort of the people during the Comitia, and when giving their votes.
2701A spot enclosed in the Campus Martius, for the resort of the people during the Comitia, and when giving their votes.
2702“Diribitorium.” This was the place, probably, where the diribitores distributed to the citizens the tabellæ, with which they voted in the Comitia, or else, as Wunder thinks, divided the votes, acting as “tellers,” in the modern phrase.
2702“Diribitorium.” This was the place, probably, where the diribitores distributed to the citizens the tabellæ, with which they voted in the Comitia, or else, as Wunder thinks, divided the votes, acting as “tellers,” in the modern phrase.
2703Caligula.
2703Caligula.
2704B. xxxvi. c. 14.
2704B. xxxvi. c. 14.
2705See B. xxxvi. c. 14. This was a mortar made of volcanic ashes, which hardened under water. It is now known as Pozzuolane.
2705See B. xxxvi. c. 14. This was a mortar made of volcanic ashes, which hardened under water. It is now known as Pozzuolane.
2706The Pinus cedrus of Linnæus.
2706The Pinus cedrus of Linnæus.
2707The canoes were formed probably of the fir.
2707The canoes were formed probably of the fir.
2708The Celtis australis of Linnæus.
2708The Celtis australis of Linnæus.
2709See B. xiii. c.27.
2709See B. xiii. c.27.
2710This, Fée says, is not the case, if the Syrian terebinth is the same as the Pistacia terebinthus of Linnæus.
2710This, Fée says, is not the case, if the Syrian terebinth is the same as the Pistacia terebinthus of Linnæus.
2711This is not the case; a nail has a firm hold in all resinous woods.
2711This is not the case; a nail has a firm hold in all resinous woods.
2712This is evidently a puerile absurdity: but it is borrowed from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. v. c. 4.
2712This is evidently a puerile absurdity: but it is borrowed from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. v. c. 4.
2713The savages of North America, and, indeed, of all parts of the globe, seem to have been acquainted with this method of kindling fire from the very earliest times.
2713The savages of North America, and, indeed, of all parts of the globe, seem to have been acquainted with this method of kindling fire from the very earliest times.
2714See B. xxiv. c. 49. The Viticella, belonging to the genus clematis.
2714See B. xxiv. c. 49. The Viticella, belonging to the genus clematis.
2715This unfounded notion is borrowed from Theophrastus, B. v. c. 4.
2715This unfounded notion is borrowed from Theophrastus, B. v. c. 4.
2716In the modern botanical sense of the word, the male trees do not bear at all.
2716In the modern botanical sense of the word, the male trees do not bear at all.
2717Asia Minor, namely. See B. xxxv. c. 21.
2717Asia Minor, namely. See B. xxxv. c. 21.
2718The junctures where the pieces of wood are united by glue. This is to be observed very easily in the greater part of the oaken statuary that is so plentiful in the churches of Belgium.
2718The junctures where the pieces of wood are united by glue. This is to be observed very easily in the greater part of the oaken statuary that is so plentiful in the churches of Belgium.
2719Cypress is perhaps the most lasting of all woods.
2719Cypress is perhaps the most lasting of all woods.
2720One of the earliest appellations, probably, of Jupiter among the Romans. See Ovid’s Fasti, B. iii. l. 445,et seq.
2720One of the earliest appellations, probably, of Jupiter among the Romans. See Ovid’s Fasti, B. iii. l. 445,et seq.
2721This is correct. Their resin defends them from the action of the air, from damp, and the attacks of noxious insects.
2721This is correct. Their resin defends them from the action of the air, from damp, and the attacks of noxious insects.
2722A variety of the oak. See c.6of this Book.
2722A variety of the oak. See c.6of this Book.
2723As mentioned at the end of c.74.
2723As mentioned at the end of c.74.
2724See B. xi. c.2.
2724See B. xi. c.2.
2725See B. xvii. c.37.
2725See B. xvii. c.37.
2726In c.74.
2726In c.74.
2727There is nothing very surprising in this, as most woods are preserved better when completely immersed in water, than when exposed to the variations of the atmosphere.
2727There is nothing very surprising in this, as most woods are preserved better when completely immersed in water, than when exposed to the variations of the atmosphere.
2728He borrows this fable from Theophrastus, B. v. c. 5.
2728He borrows this fable from Theophrastus, B. v. c. 5.
2729This process, Fée says, would be attended with no success.
2729This process, Fée says, would be attended with no success.
2730It is not quite clear whether he intends this observation to apply to the poplar and the palm, or to the last only. It is true, however, in neither case, and is contrary, as Fée observes, to all physical laws.
2730It is not quite clear whether he intends this observation to apply to the poplar and the palm, or to the last only. It is true, however, in neither case, and is contrary, as Fée observes, to all physical laws.
2731The resistance that woods offer when placed vertically is in the same ratio as that presented by them when employed horizontally. This paragraph is borrowed from Theophrastus, B. iii. c. 4, and B. v. cc. 6, 7, 8.
2731The resistance that woods offer when placed vertically is in the same ratio as that presented by them when employed horizontally. This paragraph is borrowed from Theophrastus, B. iii. c. 4, and B. v. cc. 6, 7, 8.
2732Ferula.
2732Ferula.
2733In c.77.
2733In c.77.
2734See c.24.
2734See c.24.
2735Fée thinks, from the context, that the meaning is, that the vine was employed in the construction of chariots; it depends entirely on the punctuation adopted.
2735Fée thinks, from the context, that the meaning is, that the vine was employed in the construction of chariots; it depends entirely on the punctuation adopted.
2736This could only have happened in the first year that they were so employed.
2736This could only have happened in the first year that they were so employed.
2737De Re Rust. c. 31.
2737De Re Rust. c. 31.
2738It is singular, Fée says, to find the wood of the palm, and that of the poplar, which are destitute of veins, enumerated among those employed for veneering.
2738It is singular, Fée says, to find the wood of the palm, and that of the poplar, which are destitute of veins, enumerated among those employed for veneering.
2739In c.27.
2739In c.27.
2740According to Adanson, the baobab will live for more than six thousand years.
2740According to Adanson, the baobab will live for more than six thousand years.
2741The Celtis australis of Linnæus.
2741The Celtis australis of Linnæus.
2742In consequence of the disputes between the patricians and plebeians.
2742In consequence of the disputes between the patricians and plebeians.
2743Thus deriving Lucina from “lucus,” a grove.
2743Thus deriving Lucina from “lucus,” a grove.
2744Capillos.
2744Capillos.
2745An area before the temple of Vulcan.
2745An area before the temple of Vulcan.
2746“Stationes municipiorum.” A sort of exchange, near the Forum, where the citizens met to discuss the topics of the day.
2746“Stationes municipiorum.” A sort of exchange, near the Forum, where the citizens met to discuss the topics of the day.
2747See B. iv. c. 18. Of course, this story must be regarded as fabulous.
2747See B. iv. c. 18. Of course, this story must be regarded as fabulous.
2748Quercus.
2748Quercus.
2749These are fables founded upon the known longevity of trees, which, as Fée remarks, Pliny relates with a truly “infantine simplicity.”
2749These are fables founded upon the known longevity of trees, which, as Fée remarks, Pliny relates with a truly “infantine simplicity.”
2750See B. v. c. 43.
2750See B. v. c. 43.
2751See B. v. c. 29.
2751See B. v. c. 29.
2752The palm is by no means a long-lived tree.
2752The palm is by no means a long-lived tree.
2753The pomegranate, on the contrary, has been known to live many centuries.
2753The pomegranate, on the contrary, has been known to live many centuries.
2754He has elsewhere said that the vine is extremely long-lived.
2754He has elsewhere said that the vine is extremely long-lived.
2755In the last Chapter he has spoken of a laurel having existed for many centuries.
2755In the last Chapter he has spoken of a laurel having existed for many centuries.
2756To its great detriment, probably.
2756To its great detriment, probably.
2757Fée says that no holm-oak is ever known to attain this size.
2757Fée says that no holm-oak is ever known to attain this size.
2758See c.62.
2758See c.62.
2759Sprengel says that this is the parasitic plant, which he calls Cassyta filiformis. Fée says that this opinion, though perhaps not to be absolutely rejected, must be accepted with reserve.
2759Sprengel says that this is the parasitic plant, which he calls Cassyta filiformis. Fée says that this opinion, though perhaps not to be absolutely rejected, must be accepted with reserve.
2760It does not seem to have been identified.
2760It does not seem to have been identified.
2761See B. xviii. c. 33.
2761See B. xviii. c. 33.
2762Serpyllum. See B. xx. c. 90.
2762Serpyllum. See B. xx. c. 90.
2763A mistletoe, apparently, growing upon the wild olive. Fée says that no such viscus appears to be known.
2763A mistletoe, apparently, growing upon the wild olive. Fée says that no such viscus appears to be known.
2764See B. xxvii. c. 66. The Calcitrapa stellata of Lamarck. Fée remarks that Pliny has committed a great error, in making it a parasite of the Spina fullonia. Dioscorides only says that the two plants grow in the same spots.
2764See B. xxvii. c. 66. The Calcitrapa stellata of Lamarck. Fée remarks that Pliny has committed a great error, in making it a parasite of the Spina fullonia. Dioscorides only says that the two plants grow in the same spots.
2765The Viscum Europæum of modern naturalists.
2765The Viscum Europæum of modern naturalists.
2766The Viscum album of Linnæus; but Sprengel takes it to be the Loranthus Europæus.
2766The Viscum album of Linnæus; but Sprengel takes it to be the Loranthus Europæus.
2767Fée questions whether this may not be the Loranthus Europæus.
2767Fée questions whether this may not be the Loranthus Europæus.
2768The Viscum album of Linnæus; the oak mistletoe or real mistletoe.
2768The Viscum album of Linnæus; the oak mistletoe or real mistletoe.
2769This is not the fact: it grows upon a vast multitude of other trees.
2769This is not the fact: it grows upon a vast multitude of other trees.
2770It is no longer used for this purpose.
2770It is no longer used for this purpose.
2771The mistletoe never in any case loses its leaves, upon whatever tree it may grow.
2771The mistletoe never in any case loses its leaves, upon whatever tree it may grow.
2772This is, of course, untrue; but the seeds, after being voided by birds, are more likely to adhere to the bark of trees, and so find a nidus for germination.
2772This is, of course, untrue; but the seeds, after being voided by birds, are more likely to adhere to the bark of trees, and so find a nidus for germination.
2773The exact opposite is the case, the female being the fruitful plant.
2773The exact opposite is the case, the female being the fruitful plant.
2774The method used in Italy for making bird-lime is very similar at the present day.
2774The method used in Italy for making bird-lime is very similar at the present day.
2775Magos.
2775Magos.
2776Decandolle was of opinion, that the mistletoe of the Druids was not a viscum, but the Loranthus Europæus, which is much more commonly found on oaks.
2776Decandolle was of opinion, that the mistletoe of the Druids was not a viscum, but the Loranthus Europæus, which is much more commonly found on oaks.
2777Δρῦς, an “oak.” It is much more probable that it was of Celtic origin.
2777Δρῦς, an “oak.” It is much more probable that it was of Celtic origin.
2778Omnia sanantem.
2778Omnia sanantem.
2779“Sagum.” Properly, a “military cloak.”
2779“Sagum.” Properly, a “military cloak.”
2780It was, in comparatively recent times, supposed to be efficacious for epilepsy.
2780It was, in comparatively recent times, supposed to be efficacious for epilepsy.
2781See end of B. ii.
2781See end of B. ii.
2782Author of a History or Annals of Rome. Nothing further is known of him.
2782Author of a History or Annals of Rome. Nothing further is known of him.
2783See end of B. vi.
2783See end of B. vi.
2784See end of B. ii.
2784See end of B. ii.
2785See end of B. iii.
2785See end of B. iii.
2786See end of B. vii.
2786See end of B. vii.
2787See end of B. iii.
2787See end of B. iii.
2788See end of B. ii.
2788See end of B. ii.
2789See end of B. ii.
2789See end of B. ii.
2790See end of B. vii.
2790See end of B. vii.
2791He is wholly unknown; but is conjectured to have lived in the reign of Caligula or Tiberius.
2791He is wholly unknown; but is conjectured to have lived in the reign of Caligula or Tiberius.
2792See end of B. vii.
2792See end of B. vii.
2793See end of B.xii.
2793See end of B.xii.
2794He is unknown; but Solinus speaks of him as a valuable writer.
2794He is unknown; but Solinus speaks of him as a valuable writer.
2795M. Vitruvius Pollio, an eminent architect, employed by Augustus. His valuable work on architecture is still extant.
2795M. Vitruvius Pollio, an eminent architect, employed by Augustus. His valuable work on architecture is still extant.
2796See end of B.xiv.
2796See end of B.xiv.
2797See end of B. iii.
2797See end of B. iii.
2798See end of B. vii.
2798See end of B. vii.
2799See end of B. iii.
2799See end of B. iii.
2800See end of B. ii.
2800See end of B. ii.
2801See end of B. ii.
2801See end of B. ii.
2802He alludes to the various shrubs and trees, mentioned as growing in the sea, B. xiii. c.48; but which there is little doubt, in reality belong to the class of fuci.
2802He alludes to the various shrubs and trees, mentioned as growing in the sea, B. xiii. c.48; but which there is little doubt, in reality belong to the class of fuci.
2803“Fiunt verius quam nascuntur;” a distinction perpetuated in the adage, “Poeta nascitur, non fit.”
2803“Fiunt verius quam nascuntur;” a distinction perpetuated in the adage, “Poeta nascitur, non fit.”
2804He probably alludes to his remark in B. xvi. c.1.
2804He probably alludes to his remark in B. xvi. c.1.
2805Q. Luctatius Catulus, the colleague of Marius. Being afterwards condemned to die by Marius, he suffocated himself with the fumes of charcoal.
2805Q. Luctatius Catulus, the colleague of Marius. Being afterwards condemned to die by Marius, he suffocated himself with the fumes of charcoal.
2806A.U.C.659.
2806A.U.C.659.
2807Valerius Maximus, B. ix. c. 1, relates this story somewhat differently.
2807Valerius Maximus, B. ix. c. 1, relates this story somewhat differently.
2808The Celtis Australis of Linnæus.
2808The Celtis Australis of Linnæus.
2809See B. xxxvi. cc. 3 and 24.
2809See B. xxxvi. cc. 3 and 24.
2810When, in his capacity of ædile, he gave theatrical representations for the benefit of the public.
2810When, in his capacity of ædile, he gave theatrical representations for the benefit of the public.
2811As Fée remarks, this usage has been reversed in modern times, and plants often receive their botanical names from men.
2811As Fée remarks, this usage has been reversed in modern times, and plants often receive their botanical names from men.
2812See B. xviii. c. 4.
2812See B. xviii. c. 4.
2813Or north north-east, as Fée says. He adds that this aspect in reality is not favourable to vegetation. Pliny commits the error of copyingexactlyfrom Theophrastus, and thereby giving advice to Roman agriculturists, which was properly suited to the climate of Greece only.
2813Or north north-east, as Fée says. He adds that this aspect in reality is not favourable to vegetation. Pliny commits the error of copyingexactlyfrom Theophrastus, and thereby giving advice to Roman agriculturists, which was properly suited to the climate of Greece only.
2814This is borrowed from Theophrastus; but, as Fée remarks, if suitable to the climate of Greece, it is not so to that of Italy or France, where vegetation is much more promoted by a south wind.
2814This is borrowed from Theophrastus; but, as Fée remarks, if suitable to the climate of Greece, it is not so to that of Italy or France, where vegetation is much more promoted by a south wind.
2815This assertion, Fée says, is erroneous. See B. xvi. c.46.
2815This assertion, Fée says, is erroneous. See B. xvi. c.46.