3081“Gemma.” A name now given by botanists to the buds in general.
3081“Gemma.” A name now given by botanists to the buds in general.
3082“Oculus.” A bud undeveloped is still so called.
3082“Oculus.” A bud undeveloped is still so called.
3083Germen.
3083Germen.
3084This remark is not confirmed by experience.
3084This remark is not confirmed by experience.
3085On the contrary, the fig-tree has been known to live to a very great age.
3085On the contrary, the fig-tree has been known to live to a very great age.
3086See B. xvi. c.51.
3086See B. xvi. c.51.
3087This method of planting the vine is still extensively used; especially the low kinds.
3087This method of planting the vine is still extensively used; especially the low kinds.
3088See c.13of this Book.
3088See c.13of this Book.
3089Sagittæ.
3089Sagittæ.
3090Trigemmes.
3090Trigemmes.
3091“Pampinarius.” This assertion has been found to be erroneous.
3091“Pampinarius.” This assertion has been found to be erroneous.
3092This practice has been condemned by modern cultivators.
3092This practice has been condemned by modern cultivators.
3093From Columella, B. iii. c. 19.
3093From Columella, B. iii. c. 19.
3094In c.24of this Book.
3094In c.24of this Book.
3095“Marra.” Probably a mattock, with several prongs.
3095“Marra.” Probably a mattock, with several prongs.
3096Occupies more space when thus loosened.
3096Occupies more space when thus loosened.
3097As compared with the original level of the ground.
3097As compared with the original level of the ground.
3098Query, if this is the meaning of “extendi”?
3098Query, if this is the meaning of “extendi”?
3099This method is no longer used.
3099This method is no longer used.
3100This, Fée remarks, is not the case: the tree might bear four kinds of grapes, but not four kinds on the same bunch.
3100This, Fée remarks, is not the case: the tree might bear four kinds of grapes, but not four kinds on the same bunch.
3101De Arbor. c. 9. This is not the fact.
3101De Arbor. c. 9. This is not the fact.
3102He was little aware, Fée says, that all ligneous plants have a radiating pith, distinct from the central one.
3102He was little aware, Fée says, that all ligneous plants have a radiating pith, distinct from the central one.
3103See B. xvi. c.72.
3103See B. xvi. c.72.
3104Oliver de Serres distinguishes only three—the low, middling, and tall vines.
3104Oliver de Serres distinguishes only three—the low, middling, and tall vines.
3105See B. xiv. c.4.
3105See B. xiv. c.4.
3106See B. xiv. c.4.
3106See B. xiv. c.4.
3107“Jugum.” The cross-piece running along the top of the stay at right angles; a rail or trail.
3107“Jugum.” The cross-piece running along the top of the stay at right angles; a rail or trail.
3108“Compluviatæ quadruplici.” Four cross-pieces running at right angles to the prop or stay. See B. xvi. c.68.
3108“Compluviatæ quadruplici.” Four cross-pieces running at right angles to the prop or stay. See B. xvi. c.68.
3109When these trenches and furrows are employed by the moderns, they are made to run as much as possible from east to west. Most of the rules here mentioned by Pliny are still adopted in France.
3109When these trenches and furrows are employed by the moderns, they are made to run as much as possible from east to west. Most of the rules here mentioned by Pliny are still adopted in France.
3110Fée regards this precept as a puerility.
3110Fée regards this precept as a puerility.
3111See B. xviii. c. 77.
3111See B. xviii. c. 77.
3112See B. xviii. c. 77. Decuman roads or paths ran from east to west; cardinal roads were those at right angles to them.
3112See B. xviii. c. 77. Decuman roads or paths ran from east to west; cardinal roads were those at right angles to them.
3113“Pagina.” A set, compartment, or bed.
3113“Pagina.” A set, compartment, or bed.
3114“Transtris.” “Ridges,” would appear to be the proper reading here; more especially as it agrees with what has been previously said in this Chapter in reference to declivitous ground.
3114“Transtris.” “Ridges,” would appear to be the proper reading here; more especially as it agrees with what has been previously said in this Chapter in reference to declivitous ground.
3115De Re Rust. 40.
3115De Re Rust. 40.
3116He differs somewhat in these measurements from Columella, B. iv. c. 11.
3116He differs somewhat in these measurements from Columella, B. iv. c. 11.
3117This is condemned by Columella, B. iv. c. 11; but is approved of by Virgil, Cato, and other authors.
3117This is condemned by Columella, B. iv. c. 11; but is approved of by Virgil, Cato, and other authors.
3118In c.34of this Book.
3118In c.34of this Book.
3119Stays of elder would be utterly worthless, as they would soon rot, and break directly, upon the least strain.
3119Stays of elder would be utterly worthless, as they would soon rot, and break directly, upon the least strain.
3120This applies solely, Fée observes, to the vine trained on the trail or cross-piece.
3120This applies solely, Fée observes, to the vine trained on the trail or cross-piece.
3121This certainly appears to be anon sequitur, as applied to the vine.
3121This certainly appears to be anon sequitur, as applied to the vine.
3122In the present Chapter.
3122In the present Chapter.
3123Pampinarium.
3123Pampinarium.
3124Fructuarium.
3124Fructuarium.
3125Custos.
3125Custos.
3126The pilferer, “or little thief,” apparently.
3126The pilferer, “or little thief,” apparently.
3127This, Fée observes, is not in accordance with the fact.
3127This, Fée observes, is not in accordance with the fact.
3128“Draco.” Male vines appear to have been a kind that threw out no stock-branches, but ran to wood.
3128“Draco.” Male vines appear to have been a kind that threw out no stock-branches, but ran to wood.
3129Than three buds, as already mentioned in the present Chapter.
3129Than three buds, as already mentioned in the present Chapter.
3130“Pollices.” Branches, so called from the resemblance, being cut off above the first eye. See Columella, De Re Rust. B. iv. c. 24.
3130“Pollices.” Branches, so called from the resemblance, being cut off above the first eye. See Columella, De Re Rust. B. iv. c. 24.
3131Small forks of hazel are still used for the purpose, in Berri and the Orleanais.
3131Small forks of hazel are still used for the purpose, in Berri and the Orleanais.
3132This plan is highly recommended by the modern growers.
3132This plan is highly recommended by the modern growers.
3133This, as Fée remarks, is based upon sound reason.
3133This, as Fée remarks, is based upon sound reason.
3134In B. xiv. cc.4and5.
3134In B. xiv. cc.4and5.
3135B. xviii. c. 66.
3135B. xviii. c. 66.
313613th of April.
313613th of April.
313710th of May.
313710th of May.
3138A mere puerility—the dust, in fact, being injurious to the grape, by obstructing the natural action of heat and humidity.
3138A mere puerility—the dust, in fact, being injurious to the grape, by obstructing the natural action of heat and humidity.
313915th of May. This clearing of the leaves, though still practised, Fée says, is by no means beneficial; the only result is, that the grapes become of a higher colour, but in no degree riper than they otherwise would have been.
313915th of May. This clearing of the leaves, though still practised, Fée says, is by no means beneficial; the only result is, that the grapes become of a higher colour, but in no degree riper than they otherwise would have been.
3140The proper period for pruning varies in reality according to the climate.
3140The proper period for pruning varies in reality according to the climate.
3141See B. xviii. c. 59.
3141See B. xviii. c. 59.
3142See Columella, De Re Rust. B. iv. c. 29.
3142See Columella, De Re Rust. B. iv. c. 29.
3143The real reason, as Fée remarks, is the comparative facility of cutting aslant rather than horizontally; indeed, if the latter were attempted, injury to the wood would be the certain result.
3143The real reason, as Fée remarks, is the comparative facility of cutting aslant rather than horizontally; indeed, if the latter were attempted, injury to the wood would be the certain result.
3144The pruning should come first, in every case, Fée says.
3144The pruning should come first, in every case, Fée says.
3145De Re Rust. c. 33. The advice given by him, though good, is not applicable to all vineyards.
3145De Re Rust. c. 33. The advice given by him, though good, is not applicable to all vineyards.
3146A sort of clover, probably. See B. xviii. c. 42, and a few lines below.
3146A sort of clover, probably. See B. xviii. c. 42, and a few lines below.
3147From the Greek ὠκέως, “quickly”—Varro says.
3147From the Greek ὠκέως, “quickly”—Varro says.
3148See c.15of this Book.
3148See c.15of this Book.
3149It is still practised in Dauphiné and the department of the Basses Alpes. It is very prevalent, also, in the South of Italy.
3149It is still practised in Dauphiné and the department of the Basses Alpes. It is very prevalent, also, in the South of Italy.
3150All these trees are still employed for the purpose in Italy.
3150All these trees are still employed for the purpose in Italy.
3151B. xvi. c.68.
3151B. xvi. c.68.
3152Palmæ.
3152Palmæ.
3153From Columella, B. v. c. 7.
3153From Columella, B. v. c. 7.
3154This method is no longer employed.
3154This method is no longer employed.
3155Rasilis.
3155Rasilis.
3156Columella, B. v. c. 6.
3156Columella, B. v. c. 6.
3157Columella, B. v. c. 6.
3157Columella, B. v. c. 6.
3158Capreolis.
3158Capreolis.
3159As being too dense and shady.
3159As being too dense and shady.
3160From the Greek, meaning the “vine-band.” It was, probably, a kind of rush.
3160From the Greek, meaning the “vine-band.” It was, probably, a kind of rush.
3161Fée thinks that he may mean the Festuca fluitans more particularly, by the nameulva.
3161Fée thinks that he may mean the Festuca fluitans more particularly, by the nameulva.
3162It is no longer used, and Fée doubts its utility.
3162It is no longer used, and Fée doubts its utility.
3163Hardouin suggests “Tarracina.”
3163Hardouin suggests “Tarracina.”
3164In c.16of this Book.
3164In c.16of this Book.
3165To drain the upper part of the tree.
3165To drain the upper part of the tree.
3166Pergulas. See B. xiv. c.3.
3166Pergulas. See B. xiv. c.3.
3167See B. xviii. c. 56. These, of course, are mere superstitions.
3167See B. xviii. c. 56. These, of course, are mere superstitions.
3168Animalium.
3168Animalium.
3169In B. xiii. c.6.
3169In B. xiii. c.6.
3170In B. xiii. c.47.
3170In B. xiii. c.47.
3171This is the opinion of Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16.
3171This is the opinion of Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16.
3172In c.2of this Book.
3172In c.2of this Book.
3173“Vermiculatio.” Fée understands this to apply to the attacks of insects in general, the Dermestes typographus more particularly.
3173“Vermiculatio.” Fée understands this to apply to the attacks of insects in general, the Dermestes typographus more particularly.
3174Or, in other words, the evil influences of the heavenly bodies: this, of course, is not believed in at the present day.
3174Or, in other words, the evil influences of the heavenly bodies: this, of course, is not believed in at the present day.
3175Necrosis, in particular portions of the plant.
3175Necrosis, in particular portions of the plant.
3176See B. xvi. c.19. He alludes to an exuberant secretion of resin, in which case the tree becomes charged with it like a torch.
3176See B. xvi. c.19. He alludes to an exuberant secretion of resin, in which case the tree becomes charged with it like a torch.
3177He alludes to the epidemic and contagious maladies by which trees are attacked. The causes of these attacks are often unknown, but they may probably proceed, in many instances, from springs of hot water, or gaseous emanations secreted in the earth.
3177He alludes to the epidemic and contagious maladies by which trees are attacked. The causes of these attacks are often unknown, but they may probably proceed, in many instances, from springs of hot water, or gaseous emanations secreted in the earth.
3178The woodpecker more particularly. See B. x. c. 20.
3178The woodpecker more particularly. See B. x. c. 20.
3179It is not known, with certainty, what these worms or caterpillars were. The larva of the capricorn beetle, or of the stag-beetle, has been suggested. Geoffroi thinks that it may have been the larva of the palm-weevil. This taste for caterpillars, probably, no longer prevails in any part of Europe.
3179It is not known, with certainty, what these worms or caterpillars were. The larva of the capricorn beetle, or of the stag-beetle, has been suggested. Geoffroi thinks that it may have been the larva of the palm-weevil. This taste for caterpillars, probably, no longer prevails in any part of Europe.
3180This passage, which is quite conformable to truth, is from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16, and B. iii. c. 12.
3180This passage, which is quite conformable to truth, is from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16, and B. iii. c. 12.
3181See B. xvi. c.80.
3181See B. xvi. c.80.
3182The effects produced upon young shoots by frost, are still so called.
3182The effects produced upon young shoots by frost, are still so called.
3183Probably from the black colour which it turns.
3183Probably from the black colour which it turns.
3184In this case it would be very similar to what we call sun-stroke.
3184In this case it would be very similar to what we call sun-stroke.
3185“Clavum,” a nail. He appears to allude to a gall that appears on the bark of the olive, the eruption forming the shape of a nail, and, in some instances, a “patella,” or platter. The Coccus adonideum is an insect that is very destructive to the olive.
3185“Clavum,” a nail. He appears to allude to a gall that appears on the bark of the olive, the eruption forming the shape of a nail, and, in some instances, a “patella,” or platter. The Coccus adonideum is an insect that is very destructive to the olive.
3186De Re Rust. 6.
3186De Re Rust. 6.
3187A sort of Erineum, Fée suggests. See B. xv. c.6.
3187A sort of Erineum, Fée suggests. See B. xv. c.6.
3188“Impetigo.” “Tetter,” or “ringworm,” literally.
3188“Impetigo.” “Tetter,” or “ringworm,” literally.
3189From Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16.
3189From Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16.
3190Σφακελισμὸςandκράδος.
3190Σφακελισμὸςandκράδος.
3191From Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16. Fée is at a loss to know what is meant by these viscous dews, and is unable to identify the disease here mentioned as “scabies.” It is not improbable that it was caused by an insect.
3191From Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16. Fée is at a loss to know what is meant by these viscous dews, and is unable to identify the disease here mentioned as “scabies.” It is not improbable that it was caused by an insect.
3192See cc.35and45of this Book.
3192See cc.35and45of this Book.
3193See B. xviii. c. 69.
3193See B. xviii. c. 69.
3194In c.35. See also c.45of this Book.
3194In c.35. See also c.45of this Book.
3195From Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16. If the terminal bud of the palm is taken off, it will mostly die.
3195From Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. c. 16. If the terminal bud of the palm is taken off, it will mostly die.
3196“Decidunt.” The French use a similar word—couler. In this case the pollen, being washed off by the showers, has not the opportunity of fecundating the ovary of the flower.
3196“Decidunt.” The French use a similar word—couler. In this case the pollen, being washed off by the showers, has not the opportunity of fecundating the ovary of the flower.
3197The insect Ichneumon or Pupivora, probably, which breeds in the larvæ or else in the body of the caterpillar. The passage is from Theophrastus, B. iv. c. 16.
3197The insect Ichneumon or Pupivora, probably, which breeds in the larvæ or else in the body of the caterpillar. The passage is from Theophrastus, B. iv. c. 16.
3198Caused probably by a maggot or moth passing from one grape or olive to another, and spinning its web in vast quantities. See Theophrastus, B. iv. c. 17.
3198Caused probably by a maggot or moth passing from one grape or olive to another, and spinning its web in vast quantities. See Theophrastus, B. iv. c. 17.
3199See B. xviii. c. 74.
3199See B. xviii. c. 74.
3200On the contrary, this sweet juice is secreted by the insect itself, an aphis or vine-fretter.
3200On the contrary, this sweet juice is secreted by the insect itself, an aphis or vine-fretter.
3201The north-west wind. See Horace, Sat. B. i. s. v. l. 71.
3201The north-west wind. See Horace, Sat. B. i. s. v. l. 71.
3202See B. ii. c. 46.
3202See B. ii. c. 46.
3203He probably means if appliedto the barkof young trees.
3203He probably means if appliedto the barkof young trees.
3204The cork-tree forms no exception to the rule—if a complete ring of the bark that lies under the epidermis is removed, the death of the tree is the inevitable result. See B. xvi. c.13.
3204The cork-tree forms no exception to the rule—if a complete ring of the bark that lies under the epidermis is removed, the death of the tree is the inevitable result. See B. xvi. c.13.
3205Probably the Arbutus integrifolia. See B. xiii. c.40.
3205Probably the Arbutus integrifolia. See B. xiii. c.40.
3206This in reality is not the bark, but merely the epidermis, which is capable of reproduction in many trees.
3206This in reality is not the bark, but merely the epidermis, which is capable of reproduction in many trees.
3207See c.16of this Book.
3207See c.16of this Book.
3208This method, however, is often found efficacious in preserving the life of the oak, as well as many other trees, by excluding the action of the air and water.
3208This method, however, is often found efficacious in preserving the life of the oak, as well as many other trees, by excluding the action of the air and water.
3209It prevents them from increasing in height, but does not cause their death.
3209It prevents them from increasing in height, but does not cause their death.
3210De Re Rust. B. i. c. 2.
3210De Re Rust. B. i. c. 2.
3211In B. viii. c. 76, and B. xv. c.8.
3211In B. viii. c. 76, and B. xv. c.8.
3212This statement is fabulous. Goats are apt to injure trees by biting the buds and young shoots. Fabulous as it is, however, Fée remarks that it still obtains credit among the peasantry in France.
3212This statement is fabulous. Goats are apt to injure trees by biting the buds and young shoots. Fabulous as it is, however, Fée remarks that it still obtains credit among the peasantry in France.
3213This fabulous story is taken from Theophrastus, De Causis, B. v. c. 25.
3213This fabulous story is taken from Theophrastus, De Causis, B. v. c. 25.
3214Also from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. cc. 19-20, and De Causis, B. v. c. 22. It is just possible that on some of the branches being torn off by an animal, the tree may have grown with increased vigour.
3214Also from Theophrastus, Hist. Plant. B. iv. cc. 19-20, and De Causis, B. v. c. 22. It is just possible that on some of the branches being torn off by an animal, the tree may have grown with increased vigour.
3215In B. xiii. c.9, and in c.30of this Book.
3215In B. xiii. c.9, and in c.30of this Book.
3216See B. xvi. c.47.
3216See B. xvi. c.47.
3217It must be remembered that ivy is not a parasite, and that it has no suckers to absorb the nutriment of another tree.
3217It must be remembered that ivy is not a parasite, and that it has no suckers to absorb the nutriment of another tree.
3218See B. xvi. c.62.
3218See B. xvi. c.62.
3219C. Bauhin gives this name to several species of Atriplex. Lacuna was of opinion that the Halimon of Dioscorides was the same as the Viburnum.
3219C. Bauhin gives this name to several species of Atriplex. Lacuna was of opinion that the Halimon of Dioscorides was the same as the Viburnum.
3220A superstitious belief only, as Fée remarks.
3220A superstitious belief only, as Fée remarks.
3221See B. xix. c. 26.
3221See B. xix. c. 26.
3222Virgil shared this belief: see Georg. ii. l. 299.
3222Virgil shared this belief: see Georg. ii. l. 299.
3223This may be true in some measure as to nitre, alum, and warm sea-water; but not so as to the shells of beans and pigeon-pease, which would make an excellent manure for it.
3223This may be true in some measure as to nitre, alum, and warm sea-water; but not so as to the shells of beans and pigeon-pease, which would make an excellent manure for it.
3224This, as Fée remarks, is not by any means impossible, nor, indeed, are any other of the cases mentioned in this paragraph, owing to some accidental circumstance.
3224This, as Fée remarks, is not by any means impossible, nor, indeed, are any other of the cases mentioned in this paragraph, owing to some accidental circumstance.
3225See B. xxix. c. 29.
3225See B. xxix. c. 29.
3226These stories can, of course, be only regarded as fabulous.
3226These stories can, of course, be only regarded as fabulous.