439See B. ix. c. 4.
439See B. ix. c. 4.
440See B. ix. c. 4.
440See B. ix. c. 4.
441“Homines marini.” See B. ix. c. 4.
441“Homines marini.” See B. ix. c. 4.
442See B. ix. c. 3.
442See B. ix. c. 3.
443See B. ix. c. 5.
443See B. ix. c. 5.
444See B. ix. c. 4.
444See B. ix. c. 4.
445See B. ix. c. 88, and B. xi. c. 62.
445See B. ix. c. 88, and B. xi. c. 62.
446See B. ix. c. 67.
446See B. ix. c. 67.
447See B. ix. c. 7.
447See B. ix. c. 7.
448See B. ix. c. 15.
448See B. ix. c. 15.
449Odyssey, B. iv. l. 436.
449Odyssey, B. iv. l. 436.
450Turtles. See B. ix. c. 13.
450Turtles. See B. ix. c. 13.
451See Chapter13of this Book.
451See Chapter13of this Book.
452See B. viii. c. 47; also Chapters26and32of this Book.
452See B. viii. c. 47; also Chapters26and32of this Book.
453See B. ix. c. 70.
453See B. ix. c. 70.
454The name of a fish unknown. Sillig conjectures that Pliny may have had in view the fish called “dromades” by Aristotle. “Dromones” is another reading, a sort of small crab.
454The name of a fish unknown. Sillig conjectures that Pliny may have had in view the fish called “dromades” by Aristotle. “Dromones” is another reading, a sort of small crab.
455Littré translates this “horned ray.”
455Littré translates this “horned ray.”
456“Gladii.” See B. ix. cc. 1, 21; the same, probably as the “xiphias” mentioned at the end of this Chapter.
456“Gladii.” See B. ix. cc. 1, 21; the same, probably as the “xiphias” mentioned at the end of this Chapter.
457See B. ix. c. 1.
457See B. ix. c. 1.
458See B. viii. c. 39.
458See B. viii. c. 39.
459See B. viii. c. 37.
459See B. viii. c. 37.
460See B. ix. c. 18, 20. Holland says, “Some take ‘thynni’ for the milters and ‘thynnides’ for the spawners.” In this translation, however, he identifies the “thynnides” with the “pelamides,” or young tunnies, mentioned in this Chapter and in B. ix. c. 18.
460See B. ix. c. 18, 20. Holland says, “Some take ‘thynni’ for the milters and ‘thynnides’ for the spawners.” In this translation, however, he identifies the “thynnides” with the “pelamides,” or young tunnies, mentioned in this Chapter and in B. ix. c. 18.
461See B. ix. cc. 17, 25.
461See B. ix. cc. 17, 25.
462See B. ix. cc. 24, 32.
462See B. ix. cc. 24, 32.
463“Percæ.” See B. ix. c. 24.
463“Percæ.” See B. ix. c. 24.
464See B. ix. c. 27.
464See B. ix. c. 27.
465“Aurata.” See B. ix. c. 25.
465“Aurata.” See B. ix. c. 25.
466See B. ix. cc. 25, 28.
466See B. ix. cc. 25, 28.
467Considered by some to be the whiting. Littré identifies it with the Perca labrax of Linnæus.
467Considered by some to be the whiting. Littré identifies it with the Perca labrax of Linnæus.
468See B. ix. c. 74; where it is called “apua.”
468See B. ix. c. 74; where it is called “apua.”
469The “sea-fox.” See B. ix. c. 67.
469The “sea-fox.” See B. ix. c. 67.
470“Anguilla.” See B. ix. cc. 2, 37, 38.
470“Anguilla.” See B. ix. cc. 2, 37, 38.
471Or sea-spider. See B. ix. c. 72.
471Or sea-spider. See B. ix. c. 72.
472The same as thebogueof the coasts of Narbonne, according to Rondelet, B. v. c. 11.
472The same as thebogueof the coasts of Narbonne, according to Rondelet, B. v. c. 11.
473See Chapter25of the present Book.
473See Chapter25of the present Book.
474See B. ix. c. 28.
474See B. ix. c. 28.
475Or frog-fish. See B. ix. c. 40.
475Or frog-fish. See B. ix. c. 40.
476“Sea-needles.” Identified by some with the horn-fish, horn-back, or needle-fish.
476“Sea-needles.” Identified by some with the horn-fish, horn-back, or needle-fish.
477“Needle-fish.”
477“Needle-fish.”
478“Acorn-fish.” A shell-fish, according to Rondelet, B. i. c. 30, which frequents the clefts of rocks.
478“Acorn-fish.” A shell-fish, according to Rondelet, B. i. c. 30, which frequents the clefts of rocks.
479“Sea-raven.” According to some authorities, identical with the Trigla hirundo of Linnæus. Hardouin says that it is the fish calledcaponeby the people of Rome.
479“Sea-raven.” According to some authorities, identical with the Trigla hirundo of Linnæus. Hardouin says that it is the fish calledcaponeby the people of Rome.
480See B. ix. c. 71.
480See B. ix. c. 71.
481The same, probably, as the “gobio,” mentioned in B. ix. c. 83.
481The same, probably, as the “gobio,” mentioned in B. ix. c. 83.
482See B. ix. c. 28.
482See B. ix. c. 28.
483See B. ix. cc. 25, 28.
483See B. ix. cc. 25, 28.
484Thought by some to be a kind of mackerel, by others to be a tunny. Rondelet says, B. viii. c. 8, that it is a fish still calledcoguiolby the people of Marseilles.
484Thought by some to be a kind of mackerel, by others to be a tunny. Rondelet says, B. viii. c. 8, that it is a fish still calledcoguiolby the people of Marseilles.
485In the Hellespont.
485In the Hellespont.
486Or Sexis, according to Pintianus.
486Or Sexis, according to Pintianus.
487Or “sea-lizards.”
487Or “sea-lizards.”
488See B. ix. c. 18. He surely does not intend to include this among his “one hundred and seventy-six different kinds of aquatic animals”!
488See B. ix. c. 18. He surely does not intend to include this among his “one hundred and seventy-six different kinds of aquatic animals”!
489Or young tunny. See B. ix. c. 18.
489Or young tunny. See B. ix. c. 18.
490See B. ix. c. 18.
490See B. ix. c. 18.
491Rondelet says, B. v. c. 4, that it is a fish still known (in his time) ascantheno, by the people of Narbonne. Ovid, in his Halieuticon, l. 103, speaks of the unpleasant flavour of its juices.
491Rondelet says, B. v. c. 4, that it is a fish still known (in his time) ascantheno, by the people of Narbonne. Ovid, in his Halieuticon, l. 103, speaks of the unpleasant flavour of its juices.
492See Chapter24of the present Book.
492See Chapter24of the present Book.
493Of course, as Hardouin says, he does not include the shell-fishes in this assertion. The fish with this uncomplimentary name has not been identified.
493Of course, as Hardouin says, he does not include the shell-fishes in this assertion. The fish with this uncomplimentary name has not been identified.
494“Urtica.” See B. ix. c. 68.
494“Urtica.” See B. ix. c. 68.
495See B. ix. c. 51.
495See B. ix. c. 51.
496Or “chamæ;” different varieties of gaping cockles.
496Or “chamæ;” different varieties of gaping cockles.
497Or “monster” cockles.
497Or “monster” cockles.
498Or “sweet” cockles.
498Or “sweet” cockles.
499See Chapter27of this Book.
499See Chapter27of this Book.
500See B. ix. c. 54.
500See B. ix. c. 54.
501Or “cochli.” As to the various kinds of cochleæ, see B. ix. c. 51.
501Or “cochli.” As to the various kinds of cochleæ, see B. ix. c. 51.
502“Five-fingered.” So called from some peculiarity in their shape.
502“Five-fingered.” So called from some peculiarity in their shape.
503Considered by some to be the striated mussel, the Pecten of Linnæus.
503Considered by some to be the striated mussel, the Pecten of Linnæus.
504“Radii.”
504“Radii.”
505This is not improbably the meaning of the very elliptical sentence, “Quibus radii cantant.”
505This is not improbably the meaning of the very elliptical sentence, “Quibus radii cantant.”
506See B. ix. c. 1.
506See B. ix. c. 1.
507The “dog’s-face,” literally. This fish has not been identified: indeed the reading is doubtful.
507The “dog’s-face,” literally. This fish has not been identified: indeed the reading is doubtful.
508A kind of crab or crayfish. See B. xxvii. c. 2.
508A kind of crab or crayfish. See B. xxvii. c. 2.
509Literally, the “dog’s right hand.” This fish has not been identified: Hardouin suggests that it may have been a zoöphyte.
509Literally, the “dog’s right hand.” This fish has not been identified: Hardouin suggests that it may have been a zoöphyte.
510See B. ix. c. 43, and Chapters17and26of this Book.
510See B. ix. c. 43, and Chapters17and26of this Book.
511Or “little dragon.”
511Or “little dragon.”
512The sea-scorpion, probably.
512The sea-scorpion, probably.
513See B. ix. c. 23; also Chapters31and50of this Book.
513See B. ix. c. 23; also Chapters31and50of this Book.
514Or Remora. See B. ix. c. 41; also Chapter1of this Book.
514Or Remora. See B. ix. c. 41; also Chapter1of this Book.
515See B. ix. cc. 14, 74.
515See B. ix. cc. 14, 74.
516See B. ix. c. 32.
516See B. ix. c. 32.
517See Chapter46of the present Book.
517See Chapter46of the present Book.
518See B. ix. c. 67.
518See B. ix. c. 67.
519Possibly the same as the “Conger” of B. ix. c. 24.
519Possibly the same as the “Conger” of B. ix. c. 24.
520A fish similar, most probably, to the “gerricula” previously mentioned. Holland calls it a “pilchard” or “herring.”
520A fish similar, most probably, to the “gerricula” previously mentioned. Holland calls it a “pilchard” or “herring.”
521A kind of squalus. See B. ix. c. 70.
521A kind of squalus. See B. ix. c. 70.
522See B. xxxi. c. 43.
522See B. xxxi. c. 43.
523Or “horse.” The crab, probably, mentioned in B. ix. c. 51.
523Or “horse.” The crab, probably, mentioned in B. ix. c. 51.
524See B. ix. c. 24.
524See B. ix. c. 24.
525Or sea-swallow. See B. ix. c. 43.
525Or sea-swallow. See B. ix. c. 43.
526“Lungs of the sea.” The same as the Pulmones, or sea-lungs mentioned in B. ix. c. 71, and in Chapter 36 of this Book.
526“Lungs of the sea.” The same as the Pulmones, or sea-lungs mentioned in B. ix. c. 71, and in Chapter 36 of this Book.
527See B. ix. c. 1.
527See B. ix. c. 1.
528Or “sea-liver.” A sort of rock-fish, according to Athenæus.
528Or “sea-liver.” A sort of rock-fish, according to Athenæus.
529The same as the “milvus” or “sea-kite,” mentioned in B. ix. c. 43.
529The same as the “milvus” or “sea-kite,” mentioned in B. ix. c. 43.
530See Chapter31of this Book. Instead of this fish and the preceding one, most of the editions mention the “elacatenes,” a cetaceous fish, according to Athenæus, much used for salting.
530See Chapter31of this Book. Instead of this fish and the preceding one, most of the editions mention the “elacatenes,” a cetaceous fish, according to Athenæus, much used for salting.
531“Sea-lizards.”
531“Sea-lizards.”
532See B. ix. c. 45.
532See B. ix. c. 45.
533“Locusta.” See B. ix. c. 50.
533“Locusta.” See B. ix. c. 50.
534“Lucerna.” See B. ix. c. 43.
534“Lucerna.” See B. ix. c. 43.
535Neither this fish nor the “larinus” has been identified.
535Neither this fish nor the “larinus” has been identified.
536See B. ix. c. 72, and Chapter3of this Book.
536See B. ix. c. 72, and Chapter3of this Book.
537See B. ix. c. 51.
537See B. ix. c. 51.
538See B. ix. c. 30.
538See B. ix. c. 30.
539See B. ix. c. 20.
539See B. ix. c. 20.
540See B. ix. c. 26.
540See B. ix. c. 26.
541See Chapter8of this Book. Holland translates this—“The blacke taile perch, (which some take for a ruffe, others for a sea-breame).”
541See Chapter8of this Book. Holland translates this—“The blacke taile perch, (which some take for a ruffe, others for a sea-breame).”
542See B. ix. c. 42.
542See B. ix. c. 42.
543A fish of the Nile, according to Ælian. “Meryx” is another reading, a kind of Scarus, it is thought.
543A fish of the Nile, according to Ælian. “Meryx” is another reading, a kind of Scarus, it is thought.
544See B. ix. c. 23.
544See B. ix. c. 23.
545A shell-fish. See B. ix. c. 56.
545A shell-fish. See B. ix. c. 56.
546See Chapter31of this Book.
546See Chapter31of this Book.
547See Chapter31of this Book.
547See Chapter31of this Book.
548See B. ix. c. 61.
548See B. ix. c. 61.
549The “eye-fish.” A kind of lamprey has been suggested.
549The “eye-fish.” A kind of lamprey has been suggested.
550See Chapter35of this Book.
550See Chapter35of this Book.
551See B. ix. c. 21.
551See B. ix. c. 21.
552“Sea-ears.” A kind of oyster, Holland says.
552“Sea-ears.” A kind of oyster, Holland says.
553See B. ix. c. 20.
553See B. ix. c. 20.
554He speaks of it as a kind of Pelamis, a little further on.
554He speaks of it as a kind of Pelamis, a little further on.
555The sun-fish. See Chapter5of this Book.
555The sun-fish. See Chapter5of this Book.
556The same, probably, as the “orbis.” See Chapters5and9of the present Book.
556The same, probably, as the “orbis.” See Chapters5and9of the present Book.
557Or phagrus. See B. ix. c. 24.
557Or phagrus. See B. ix. c. 24.
558See B. ix. c. 42.
558See B. ix. c. 42.
559A young tunny. See B. ix. c. 20.
559A young tunny. See B. ix. c. 20.
560A “choice bit.” See B. ix. c. 20.
560A “choice bit.” See B. ix. c. 20.
561See B. ix. c. 17.
561See B. ix. c. 17.
562This fish has not been identified.
562This fish has not been identified.
563See B. ix. c. 36.
563See B. ix. c. 36.
564Or sting-ray. See B. ix. c. 40.
564Or sting-ray. See B. ix. c. 40.
565See B. ix. c. 48.
565See B. ix. c. 48.
566See B. ix. c. 51.
566See B. ix. c. 51.
567See B. v. c. 39.
567See B. v. c. 39.
568Probably the place of that name in Sicily, mentioned in B. ii. c. 94, and B. iii. c. 14.
568Probably the place of that name in Sicily, mentioned in B. ii. c. 94, and B. iii. c. 14.
569See B. iii. c. 26.
569See B. iii. c. 26.
570See B. iii. c. 22.
570See B. iii. c. 22.
571“Pectunculus.” See Note566above.
571“Pectunculus.” See Note566above.
572See B. ix. c. 60.
572See B. ix. c. 60.
573An unknown fish. The reading is doubtful.
573An unknown fish. The reading is doubtful.
574See B. ix. c. 66.
574See B. ix. c. 66.
575See B. ix. c. 66.
575See B. ix. c. 66.
576See B. ix. c. 40.
576See B. ix. c. 40.
577“Rhombus.” See B. ix. c. 36.
577“Rhombus.” See B. ix. c. 36.
578See B. ix. c. 29.
578See B. ix. c. 29.
579See B. ix. c. 36.
579See B. ix. c. 36.
580See B. ix. c. 30.
580See B. ix. c. 30.
581The same, perhaps, as the “pinnotheres” of B. ix. c. 66, a kind of shrimp.
581The same, perhaps, as the “pinnotheres” of B. ix. c. 66, a kind of shrimp.
582See Chapter17of this Book.
582See Chapter17of this Book.
583See B. ix. c. 18.
583See B. ix. c. 18.
584See B. ix. c. 19.
584See B. ix. c. 19.
585See B. ix. c. 32.
585See B. ix. c. 32.
586Considered by Sillig to be the same as the “Saurus” of Chapter28of this Book; the “sea-lizard,” apparently.
586Considered by Sillig to be the same as the “Saurus” of Chapter28of this Book; the “sea-lizard,” apparently.
587It does not seem to have been identified; though Rondelet says that it is the same as theRascasseof the Mediterranean.
587It does not seem to have been identified; though Rondelet says that it is the same as theRascasseof the Mediterranean.
588See B. xx. c. 53, and Chapters23,30,32,34, and35of this Book.
588See B. xx. c. 53, and Chapters23,30,32,34, and35of this Book.
589This fish has not been identified; indeed the reading is very doubtful.
589This fish has not been identified; indeed the reading is very doubtful.
590See B. ix. c. 24.
590See B. ix. c. 24.
591A fish similar to the preceding one, probably; some kind of ombre, Littré thinks.
591A fish similar to the preceding one, probably; some kind of ombre, Littré thinks.
592See B. ix. c. 67.
592See B. ix. c. 67.
593Probably the same as the “Myrus” of B. ix. c. 39.
593Probably the same as the “Myrus” of B. ix. c. 39.
594See B. ix. c. 45.
594See B. ix. c. 45.
595See Chapter30of this Book.
595See Chapter30of this Book.
596See Chapter32of this Book.
596See Chapter32of this Book.
597A sort of mollusk, Littré thinks. There is a shell-fish known as the Spondylus gæderopus of Linnæus.
597A sort of mollusk, Littré thinks. There is a shell-fish known as the Spondylus gæderopus of Linnæus.
598See Chapters34,45, and46, of this Book.
598See Chapters34,45, and46, of this Book.