Chapter 394

2113The dress of the Greek philosophers, more particularly.

2114Born in the island of Cythnos, one of the Cyclades. He is supposed to be the artist mentioned by Theophrastus, De Lapid. c. 95.

2115It is supposed by Sillig, from Dio Cassius, B. liii. c. 27, that this painting was transferred by M. Vipsanius Agrippa, to the Portico of Neptune.

2116See Chapter20of this Book, where he is mentioned as having been the first artist who used “usta” or burnt ceruse. From Pausanias we learn that his remains were interred at Athens, in the road leading to the Academia.

2117Chiaroscuro.

2118In Chapter10of this Book.

2119Bacchus.

2120In the Eighth Region of the City.

2121Spoken of by Pausanias, B. iii. c. 19.

2122In the Forum at Rome.

2123See Chapter 36 of this Book, Note2025, p. 261.

2124“Place of the prophecies of the dead;” in reference to the description of the Infernal Regions in the Fourth Book of the Odyssey.

2125See Chapter37of this Book.

2126See B. iv. c. 18.

2127Supposed by Hardouin to be the writer mentioned at the end of B. vii. and B. x.: or perhaps, “a chief” of an Athenian tribe.

2128A “group of kindred.”

2129A disciple of Carneades. See the list of writers at theendof this Book.

2130B.C.168.

2131Represented in a sitting posture, as mentioned by Ovid, Trist. II. 525, and by Philostratus, Vit. Apol. B. II. c. 10. The Medea is described in an Epigram in B. iv. of the Greek Anthology, imitated by Ausonius, Epigr. 22.

2132See Note2116above.

2133Medusa, slain by Perseus.

2134In the former editions, “Mecophanes.”

2135Or ochre. See B. xxxiii. c.56.

2136Health, Brightness, and All-heal.

2137Greek for “sluggard.”

2138Probably, from the context, a pupil, also, of Pausias.

2139In pencil painting, and in encaustic.

2140Probably the same painter that is mentioned in Chapter37.

2141An effect for which Schalken is famous.

2142“Shading his eyes.”

2143Son and pupil of Aglaopho, and brother of Polygnotus. He was probably a native of Thasos.

2144See Chapter 36, Note2029, page 261.

2145“Dolus.” An emblematical picture evidently, probably representing the events just prior to the capture of Troy.

2146A famous diver, mentioned by Herodotus, B. viii. c. 8, Pausanias, B. x. c. 19, and Strabo, B. ix.

2147Probably the wife of Seleucus, given by him to his son Antiochus. See B. vii. c. 37, Note 1165.

2148That they should rebuild the walls of Troy.

2149His contest with Corragus the Macedonian, whom he defeated, is mentioned also by Ælian, Diodorus Siculus, Athenæus, and Quintus Curtius.

2150Gained “without raising the dust,”i.e.without any difficulty.

2151This is perhaps the meaning of “stemmata;” “heraldic pictures,” probably. See Juvenal, Sat. viii. l. 2.

2152Suidas seems to mention him, under the name of “Ctesiochus,” as the brother of Apelles.

2153Who was said to have been born from the thigh of Jove.

2154Or cap; see Chapter35of this Book.

2155By Hercules, when he demanded Iole of her father Eurytus, king of Œchalia.

2156See Note2147above.

2157Several Cratini were distinguished as Comic writers, but we do not read in any other author of any one of them being a painter. The reading is doubtful.

2158A building at the entrance into Athens, whence the “pompæ,” or solemn processions, set out.

2159Hardouin thinks that this was the victory gained by Aratus of Sicyon over Aristippus, the Tyrant of Argos. If so, Leontiscus must have flourished about Olymp. 136.

2160Caused by the anger of Juno. In this fit of insanity he slew his wife Megara and her children.

2161See also Chapter36. From Plutarch we learn that he was greatly in favour with Aratus of Sicyon.

2162According to Brotero, a representation of the Ass and Crocodile was found in the pictorial embellishments at Herculaneum.

2163See B. xvii. c. 36, B. xviii. c. 56, and B. xix. c. 24.

2164“Theodoras” in most of the editions.

2165See Chapter 36 of this Book, page252.

2166See the Æneid, B. II. c. 403,et seq.

2167Poliorcetes.

2168A native of Samos, mentioned by Quintilian, B. xii. c. 10, as one of the painters between the time of Philip and that of the successors of Alexander.

2169After the murder of his mother.

2170See B. vii. c. 57.

2171Or player with the discus.

2172Against his brother Eteocles.

2173Who assisted Polynices in his siege of Thebes.

2174Helen, Castor, and Pollux.

2175See B. vii. c. 37.

2176Mentioned in Chapter36, as having been commenced for the people of Cos, but never finished.

2177See B. xxxiv. cc.19,39. Sillig is of opinion that the picture mentioned by Pausanias, B. I. c. 1, in honour of Leosthenes, killed in the Lamina War,B.C.323, was by this artist.

2178Poliorcetes, who began to reignB.C.306.

2179Already mentioned in this Chapter, at greater length.

2180See B. xxxiv. c.40.

2181See Chapter36of this Book, and the present Chapter. Of the greater part of these artists nothing further is known.

2182See Chapter35of this Book.

2183Previously mentioned in this Chapter.

2184Or stylus—“cestrum.”

2185Probably the same painter as the one mentioned in Chapter37of this Book.

2186See Chapter39of this Book. Pausias painted in wax with the cestrum.

2187Wornum is of opinion that this must have been a species of drawing with a heated point, upon ivory, without the use of wax. Smith’s Dict. Antiq. Art.Painting.

2188This method, as Wornum remarks, though first employed on ships, was not necessarily confined to ship-painting; and it must have been a very different style of painting from the ship-colouring of Homer, since it was of a later date even than the preceding methods.

2189Though he says nothing here of the use of the “cauterium,” or process ofburning in, its employment may certainly be inferred from what he has said in Chapter39. Wornum is of opinion that the definition at the beginning of this Chapter, oftwomethods apparently, “inwax andonivory,” is in reality an explanation ofonemethod only, and that the ancient modes of painting in encaustic were not only three, but several.

2190Or Temple of the Nymphs. The daughter of Butades is called “Core” by Athenagoras.

2191See B. xxxiv. c.3.

2192Son of Philæus. He is mentioned by Pausanias, B. viii. c. 14, and by Herodotus, B. iii. c. 60, as the architect of a fine temple at Samos, and, with Smilis and Theodorus, of the Labyrinth at Lemnos.

2193Mentioned also in B. xxxiv. c.19. Pliny is in error here in using the word “plastice;” for it was the art of casting brass, and not that of making plaster casts, that these artists invented.

2194See Chapter5of this Book. He is said by Dionysius of Halicarnassus, B. iii., to have been a member of the family of the Bacchiadæ.

2195A different person, probably, from the one of the same name mentioned in B. vii. c. 56.

2196Terra cotta figures.

2197See B. xxxiv. c.19. Tatian mentions a statue of Melanippe by Lysistratus.

2198See B. xxxvi. c.4.

2199In the Eleventh Region of the City. This Temple of Ceres, Bacchus, and Proserpine, in the Circus Maximus, was vowed by A. Posthumius, the Dictator,A.U.C.258, and dedicated by the consul Cassius,A.U.C.261, orB.C.493.

2200See B. xxxiv. c.16.

2201Sillig (Dict. Anc. Art.) is of opinion that this Chalcosthenes is not identical with the artist of that name mentioned in B. xxxiv. c.19; the name “Ceramicus” probably being of far earlier origin than the formation of the statues of Comedians.

2202“Et.” The insertion of this word seems to militate against Sillig’s position.

2203The “Pottery.”

2204See also B. xxxvi. c.4.

2205See Chapter40of this Book.

2206“Crater.” A vase in which wine and water were mixed for drinking.

2207See B. xxxiii. c.55, B. xxxvi. c.4, and end of B.xxxiii.

2208See B. xxxiii. c.36.

2209In B. viii. c. 4, for instance.

2210The “Hercules fictilis.” It is mentioned by Martial, B. xiv. Ep. 178.

2211See B. xxxiii. c.2, and B. xxxvii. cc.7,8,11.

2212“Simpuvia.”

2213See B. xxxi. c. 31.

2214“Mammatis.” The exact meaning of this word is unknown. The passage is evidently in a corrupt state.

2215As to the Roman “Collegia,” see B. viii. c. 42, and B. xxxiv. c.1.

2216“Solia.”—The same name is given also to a kind of sitting or reclining-bath, often mentioned by Pliny.

2217Asia Minor.

2218See B. iii. c. 18.

2219A service of three dishes.

2220See B. ix. c. 39.

2221See B. ix. cc. 24, 28, 74, 79.

2222In B. x. c. 72.

2223See Note2211above.

2224See B. xxiii. c. 47, and theendof this Book.

2225Martial speaks of this practice, B. iii. Epigr. 81.

2226Nothing further seems to be known of this personage, or of the grounds of his invective. Pliny may possibly allude to some abominable practices, with which Vitellius is charged by Suetonius also.

2227The “Opus Signinum” was a plaster or cement much used for making pavements. It took its name from Signia, in Italy, celebrated for its tiles. See B. iii. c. 9.

2228The floors of the Roman houses were seldom boarded.

2229“Pulvis.” See B. iii. c. 9, B. xvi. c. 76, and B. xxxvi. c.14. He alludes to the cement made of volcanic ashes, now known as “Pozzuolane.”

2230See B. iv. c. 17.

2231It being the practice to rub the bodies of the athletes with sand.

2232This circumstance is mentioned also by Suetonius, in his life of Nero. Patrobius was slain by order of the Emperor Galba.

2233Ajasson says that they are calledtapiasat the present day in Spain.

2234See B. ii. c. 73.

2235“Rubrica.”

2236See B. xxxi. c. 28.

2237Which was, as a measure, nearly three inches in breadth. See Introduction to Vol. III.

2238See B. v. c. 32.

2239Ajasson says that these bricks have been imitated by Fabroni, with a light argillaceous earth, found in the territory of Sienna. Delafosse thinks that a place called “Cala,” in the Sierra Morena, probably marks the site of the cities above mentioned.

2240See B. iv. c. 5, and B. xxxvi. c.4.

2241“Gerusia.”

2242See B. iii. c. 19.

2243In B. iii. c. 6.

2244See B. xviii. c. 29.

2245“Untouched by fire.” Native sulphur.

2246“Gleba.”

2247Sulphur has been always considered highly useful for the cure of cutaneous affections.

2248Fromἅρπαζω, “to carry away.”

2249Ovid, in his “Art of Love,” speaks of purifying houses with eggs and sulphur.

2250See B. xxxi. c. 32.

2251There are three distinct kinds of bitumen. 1. Naphtha, also known as petroleum, or rock-oil, inflammable, volatile, soluble in alcohol, and found in France and Italy. 2. Asphalt, or bitumen of Judæa, solid, insoluble in alcohol, and found in Lake Asphaltites in Syria, more particularly. 3. Pissasphalt, of a medium consistency between the other substances, of which it appears to be composed. See B. xxiv. c. 25.

2252In B. v. c. 15.

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