Chapter 19

Locality.—Conterminous with the Capojos.

Locality.—Minas Geraes, on the Sierra Mantiquiera. Probably either extinct or incorporated.

Locality.—Minas Geraes, on the river Preto. Probably either extinct or incorporated.

Locality.—Rio de Janeiro, at Valença. Present existence doubtful.

Locality.—The province of San Paolo. Probably conterminous with the Charruas and the tribes of the Chaco.

The next area which will be noticed is the province of Goyaz, lying to the west of the watershed which separates the system of the river Tocantins from that of the river San Francisco, a tract watered by the first-named of these two rivers, and also by the river Araguaya; its southern part belonging to the system of the river Plata.

Probable divisions.—1. The Gés Proper. 2. The Crans.Sub-divisions,a.of the Gés.—The Norogua-Gés, the Apina-Gés, the Canacata-Gés, the Mannacob-Gés, the Poncata-Gés, the Pacacab-Gés, the Ao-Gés, the Cricata-Gés.b.Of the Crans.—The Saccame-Crans, the Corrume-Crans, the Crurecame-Crans, the Aponegi-Crans, the Poni-Crans, the Purecame-Crans, the Paragramma-Crans, the Macame-Crans, the Sape-Crans, and the Jocamè-Crans.Area.—Northern part of Goyaz, on each side of the river Tocantins.Synonym.—Of the Crans.—Timbiras, Embiras, or Imbiras.

Probable divisions.—1. The Gés Proper. 2. The Crans.

Sub-divisions,a.of the Gés.—The Norogua-Gés, the Apina-Gés, the Canacata-Gés, the Mannacob-Gés, the Poncata-Gés, the Pacacab-Gés, the Ao-Gés, the Cricata-Gés.

b.Of the Crans.—The Saccame-Crans, the Corrume-Crans, the Crurecame-Crans, the Aponegi-Crans, the Poni-Crans, the Purecame-Crans, the Paragramma-Crans, the Macame-Crans, the Sape-Crans, and the Jocamè-Crans.

Area.—Northern part of Goyaz, on each side of the river Tocantins.

Synonym.—Of the Crans.—Timbiras, Embiras, or Imbiras.

Other tribes of the province of Goyaz, wholly unknown in respect to their ethnological affinities, are—

1.The Goyaz(?).—These gave the name to the province. Extinct, or incorporated.

2.The Anicun.—Extinct, or incorporated.

3.The Cayapos(?).—In 1830, about 800 in number, on the river Grande, a feeder of the river Parana.

4.The Bororos.—On the head-waters of the Araguya. Falling into two divisions, the Coroados and the Barbadoes of the Portuguese.

5.The Aroes.

6.The Tapirakés.

7.The Chimbiwás.

8.The Guapindayás.

9.The Javaés.—Extinct.

10.The Chavantes.

11.The Cherentes(?)

12.The Pochetys.—Cannibals.

13.The Carayas(?).

14.The Cortys.

15.The Tapacoas.

The watershed of the rivers San Francisco and Parahyba, comprising part of the provinces of Piauhy, Maranham is the area of—1. The Acroas; 2. the Masacaras; 3. the Jaicos; 4. the Pimenteiras (Pimento Indians,the native name being unknown); 5. the Garanhuns; 6. the Ceococes; 7. the Romaris; 8. the Acconans; 9. the Carapotos; 10. the Pannaty.

The whole ethnography here is most obscure. The Acroa, probably represent a large class. In Martius's paper they fall into two divisions, the Acroa-assu (Great), and the Acroa-ming (Little) Acroa. Besides this, however, separate mention is made of theAcrayás, with the remark that they are probably the same as the Acroa. If so, three fresh tribes become Acroa; viz., the Aracujás, the Pontás, and the Goghés—these being specially stated to beAcrayá.

Again, in the "Atlas Ethnologique" we have aGeorGeicvocabulary. It is marked, however, with a note of interrogation(?), which casts a shade over the light it would otherwise give. As it is, however, it has considerable affinity to the Timbiras, a fact which, perhaps, identifies it with the Gés, though it complicates the ethnology still more.

The table-land which contains the head-waters of the river Tabajos, amid the primeval forests of the Mata Grosso, is the Campos dos Parecis, or the Plain of the Parecis. This is a convenient centre for the complicated ethnology of the area next in question, an area bounded (there or thereabouts) by the rivers Amazons, Madera, and Xingu, with the Tapajos in the middle of it.

Southward and Westward.—Here the Brazilian populations come in contact with those of Paraguay, the Chaco, and the Mission of Chiquitos; so that probably the ethnology is, partially at least, the same as for those areas.

Here, too, the list of tribes (all unfixed in respect to their ethnology) is as follows:—1. The Caupeses; 2. the Pacalekes (Flat-heads); 3. the Guaxis; 4. the Cabijis;5. the Red Cabijis; 6. the Ababas; 7. the Puchacas; 8. the Guajejus; 9. the Mequens; 10. the Patitins; 11. the Aricorones; 12. the Lambys; 13. the Tumarares; 14. the Coturiás; 15. the Pacas.

Eastward and Northward.—1. The Maturares; 2. Mambares; 3. the Uyapas; 4. the Mambriacas; 5. the Tamares; 6. the Sarumás; 7. the Ubaivas; 8. the Jacuriunas; 9. the Juajajas; 10. the Bacuris; 11. the Camarares; 12. the Quariteres; 13. the Baccahyris; 14. the Junienas; 15. the Cuchipos, probably extinct.

The Parecis formerly the predominant nation of the Mata Grosso is now nearly extinct, and from want ofdata, its ethnological import is undetermined. It is probable, however, thatat least, the Cabijis, the Mambares, and the Baccahirys, a tribe of Goyaz, are, or were, Pareci.

The southern bank of the Amazons, including thelowerportions of the rivers Tocantins, Xingu, and Tabajos, a line coinciding with the northern boundary of the province of Para, is even more of aterra incognitathan the Mata Grosso, the list of tribes whereof contain no less than fifty-two names. Of these, but three will be noticed.

Locality.—Between the rivers Mauhé and the Tabajos.Synonym.—Paighize=Decapitators; so-called by their neighbours.Language.—Known by a vocabulary, with general, but without particular, affinities.

Locality.—Between the rivers Mauhé and the Tabajos.

Synonym.—Paighize=Decapitators; so-called by their neighbours.

Language.—Known by a vocabulary, with general, but without particular, affinities.

Locality.—The rivers Mauhé and Furo Trana.Divisions.—a.The Tatus (=Armadillo Indians)b.The Tasiwas.c.The Jurupari Pareira (Devil's Indians).d.The Mucuings (named from an insect).e.The Jubaras.f.The Writapwuas.g.The Guaribas (Roaring Ape Indians).h.The Inambus (from a bird so-called).i.The Jawareté (Ounce Indians).j.The Saucanés.k.Pira-Pereiras (Fish Indians).

Locality.—The rivers Mauhé and Furo Trana.

Divisions.—a.The Tatus (=Armadillo Indians)b.The Tasiwas.c.The Jurupari Pareira (Devil's Indians).d.The Mucuings (named from an insect).e.The Jubaras.f.The Writapwuas.g.The Guaribas (Roaring Ape Indians).h.The Inambus (from a bird so-called).i.The Jawareté (Ounce Indians).j.The Saucanés.k.Pira-Pereiras (Fish Indians).

The Caribunas are placed by V. Martius in this list, with the remark that they are probably Caribs. If so, the rest are, probably, Caribs also.

The Caribunas are also said to be monorchides, but whether artificially or naturally, is unexplained.

Original locality.—The upper part of the river Madera.Present locality.—The lower part of ditto. Migratory.Language.—Known by a vocabulary. With general, but without particular affinities.

Original locality.—The upper part of the river Madera.

Present locality.—The lower part of ditto. Migratory.

Language.—Known by a vocabulary. With general, but without particular affinities.

And now come the parts over which hangs a darker obscurity than that which envelopes the ethnology of the rest of Brazil, viz. the water-system of the river Negro, and that part of the Amazons which lies east of the Madera. Geographically, this falls into three divisions—

1. The parts between the Rivers Madera and Ucayale.

2. The parts north of the Amazons, andwestof the river Negro.

3. The parts north of the Amazons, andeastof the river Negro.

1.The parts between the Rivers Madera and Ucayale.—Here the known frontier westwards is that of the Quichua area.

The Puru-Purus.—Not known in detail, but said to have pie-bald skins. Settled on the Lower Puru.

The Yameos.—Speaking a language which, from a Paternoster in Hervas, seems to be peculiar. Inhabitants of the river Yavari, and conterminous with a tribe which politically belongs to Peru, and which (perhaps) brings the Brazilian tribes in contact with the Quichuan. This is—

The Mainas.—Speaking a language which, from a Paternoster in Hervas, seems to be peculiar.

The Chimanos.—On the upper Yavari, speaking anapparently peculiar language, but one with miscellaneous affinities.

Thirty-three other tribes are enumerated as inhabiting the area.

2.The parts north of the river Amazons and west of the river Negro.—Here the known frontier northwards is that of the tribes of the water-system of the Orinoko, hereafter to be noticed.

For one of these, out of forty, we have a vocabulary of the

Locality.—The Upper Apuré.Language.—With general, but without particular affinities.

Locality.—The Upper Apuré.

Language.—With general, but without particular affinities.

The Yupuas, on the Totá, a feeder of the Apuré, are said, by V. Martius, to be Coretu.

3.The parts north of the river Amazons, and east of the river Negro.—Here, as far as the politico-geographical division which gives a boundary to the empire of Brazil is concerned, we have nothing but the names of upwards of a dozen unknown tribes. By remembering, however, that the eastern frontier of this area is British Guiana, and by learning that some of the tribes are common to the two territories we derive some light; since, for British Guiana, the researches of Sir Robert Schomburgk have converted a (comparatively speaking)terra incognita, into an area as well understood as some of the better known parts of North America.

In British Guiana, the tribes not of Carib origin will be first enumerated; since in British Guiana the wordsnot Caribhave the same import as the wordsnot Guaranihave in Brazil. Like this last-named language in South, and the Algonkin and others in North America, the Carib is thesingle language of a large area,and like the Guarani and Algonkin it, as such, stands in remarkable contrast with numerous languages covering a small area which are spoken around it.

Locality.—Sea-coast to the north of the Pomeroon river, mixed with the Arawaks.

Two points give prominence to the Warow tribe—the existence of a decidedly maritime turn of mind, and the use of a language which hitherto stands isolated. It has, however, numerous miscellaneous affinities. A remarkable want of taste for the enlivening effects of music has been attributed to many of the tribes of South America. Now, whatever may be the case with those of Brazil, it is not so with the Indians of Guiana. Not only does Sir R. Schomburgk especially notice the music of the Carib Macusi, but that of other tribes as well; amongst which are the Warow, who "possess several instruments, chiefly flutes, made upon primitive principles; some of reeds or bamboo, others of the thigh-bones of animals. The Warau Indians have, in large settlements, the band-master, or hohohit, whose duty it is to train his pupils to blow upon flutes made of reeds and bamboo, in which a small reed, on the principle of the clarionet, is introduced, and, according to the size of the opening, it causes a higher or deeper sound, and this is in some instances powerfully increased by a hollow bamboo, often five feet long, which is called wauawalli. These rude musicians are taught, according as their band-master makes a sign, to fall in with their instruments, and thus produce an effect similar to the Russian horn-bands. The effect, chiefly at a short distance, resembles strikingly that peculiar music of the Russians, and the favourite melody of the Waraus has something musical in its composition surpassing all others."

Locality.—Upper Essequibo.Numbers.—400.Measurements of a Taruma about fourteen years of age.—Height, four feet eleven inches, three-tenths; circumference of pelvis, two feet, ten inches; length of hand six inches, six-tenths; breadth of hand, three inches.Notice of three Taruma Skulls, by Professor Owen.—"All female; two have rather more prominent foreheads than the Carib; in the third it curves backward in the same degree from the interorbital prominence: the nasal bones are broader and flatter, in other respects they closely agree with the Carib skull: one of them, a young female about fourteen, presents an abnormal elevation of the upper and right side of the frontal bone."

Locality.—Upper Essequibo.

Numbers.—400.

Measurements of a Taruma about fourteen years of age.—Height, four feet eleven inches, three-tenths; circumference of pelvis, two feet, ten inches; length of hand six inches, six-tenths; breadth of hand, three inches.

Notice of three Taruma Skulls, by Professor Owen.—"All female; two have rather more prominent foreheads than the Carib; in the third it curves backward in the same degree from the interorbital prominence: the nasal bones are broader and flatter, in other respects they closely agree with the Carib skull: one of them, a young female about fourteen, presents an abnormal elevation of the upper and right side of the frontal bone."

Locality.—The Savannahs of the Upper Rupununi, and the banks of the Parima.Numbers.—About 400: reduced by small-pox.Sub-tribes.—a.Atorais and Dauris; nearly extinct. Number 100. Mixed.b.Amaripas; extinct.Notice of a Wapisiana Skull, by Professor Owen.—"The Wapisiana skull presents the ovate form, but the occiput is rather more prominent, and the prominent part more circumscribed: the interorbital space is slightly depressed, owing to the projection of the supraorbital ridges: the forehead is a little more convex than in the Carib; but the general resemblance is as close as that which usually obtains between the skulls of two individuals of the same race."

Locality.—The Savannahs of the Upper Rupununi, and the banks of the Parima.

Numbers.—About 400: reduced by small-pox.

Sub-tribes.—a.Atorais and Dauris; nearly extinct. Number 100. Mixed.b.Amaripas; extinct.

Notice of a Wapisiana Skull, by Professor Owen.—"The Wapisiana skull presents the ovate form, but the occiput is rather more prominent, and the prominent part more circumscribed: the interorbital space is slightly depressed, owing to the projection of the supraorbital ridges: the forehead is a little more convex than in the Carib; but the general resemblance is as close as that which usually obtains between the skulls of two individuals of the same race."

MEASUREMENTS.

I still postpone the notice of the Carib tribes. The western extremity, however, of their area leads to the following geographical subsection, viz. that of the Indians of the Upper and Middle Orinoco.

The most eastern of these are:

Divisions.—1. Saliva Proper. 2. Atures. 3. Quaquas (Mapoye)(?). 4. Macos (Piaroas).Area.—The rivers Vichada, Guaiare, Meta, Ventuari, and other feeders of the Orinoco.

Divisions.—1. Saliva Proper. 2. Atures. 3. Quaquas (Mapoye)(?). 4. Macos (Piaroas).

Area.—The rivers Vichada, Guaiare, Meta, Ventuari, and other feeders of the Orinoco.

The Maco (Piaroa) at the mission of Canichana, have unlearned their vernacular language, and speak (or rather have been taught by the Missionaries) the Maypure instead.

The Atures, now extinct, give their name to the Atures cataracts of the Orinoco. It is also the Atures whose mode of sepulture and burial-cavern is thus described by Humboldt:—"The most remote part of the valley is covered by a thick forest. In this shady and solitary spot, on the declivity of a steep mountain, the cavern of Ataruipé opens itself. It is less a cavern than a jutting rock, in which the waters have scooped a vast hollow; when, in the ancient revolutions of our planet, they attained that height. We soon reckoned in this tomb of a whole extinct tribe, nearly six hundred skeletons, well preserved, and so regularly placed that it would have been difficult to make an error in their number. Every skeleton reposes in a sort of basket made of the petioles of the palm-tree. These baskets, which the natives callmapires, have the form of a square bag; their sizes are proportioned to the age of the dead; there are some for infants cut off the moment of their birth: we saw them from ten inches to three feet long, the skeletons in them being bent together. They are all ranged near each other, and are so entire that not a rib or a phalanx is wanting. The bones have been prepared in three different manners, either whitened in the air and the sun, dyed red with arnotto, a colouring matter extracted from the bixa orellana; or, like real mummies, varnished with odoriferous resins, and enveloped in leaves of the heliconea, or the plantain tree. The Indians related to us, that the fresh corpse is placed in damp ground in order that the flesh remaining on the bones may be scraped off with sharp stones. Several hordes in Guyana still observe this custom.Earthen vases, half-baked, are found near themapires, or baskets: they appear to contain the bones of the same family. The largest of these vases, or funeral urns, are three feet high, and five feet and a half long. Their colour is greenish grey, and their oval form is sufficiently pleasing to the eye. The handles are made in the shape of crocodiles, or serpents; the edge is bordered with meanders, labyrinths, and realgrecques, in straight lines variously combined."

The Saliva seems to have been a class whose area has been one of areceding frontier. The Atures are extinct, and the last words of the Ature language are said to have been heard, not from the lips of a human remnant of the nation, but from a parrot. In respect to their extension eastward, Raleigh enumerates among the inhabitants of Trinidad theSalivi, a nation dwelling on the Continent also, and that to the south of the Quaquas.

Then as to the western area:—on the Orinoko, above the mouth of the Meta, Humboldt often heard of the Quaquas, and adds, that it is asserted that the missionary Jesuits have found them as far as Popayan.

Divisions.—1. Maypure Proper. 2. Cavri (Caveri, Cabre). 3. Pareni. 4. Guipunavi (Poignavi). 4. Meppurys(?). 5. Avani. 6. Chirupa.Area.—The banks of the rivers Orinoco (middle part), Amazons, and Negro.Conterminouswith the Caribs, Salivi, and other unplaced tribes.

Divisions.—1. Maypure Proper. 2. Cavri (Caveri, Cabre). 3. Pareni. 4. Guipunavi (Poignavi). 4. Meppurys(?). 5. Avani. 6. Chirupa.

Area.—The banks of the rivers Orinoco (middle part), Amazons, and Negro.

Conterminouswith the Caribs, Salivi, and other unplaced tribes.

The mission of Maypure is the centre of the language.

It is spoken also at the mission of Atures, by tribes other than Maypures,i.e.by the Maco (Piaroa), who are Saliva, and by the Guahivi, belonging to a third division of the Orinoko Indians.

Locality.—The river Casanare, a feeder of the river Meta.

The relation of the Achagua to the Maypure, is undetermined. That there are many words common to the two tongues is certain. According, however, to Gumilla, this is only from intercourse and intermixture.—Mithridates.

Their habits, manners, and civilization are nearly those of the Saliva,i.e.imperfectly agricultural.

Divisions.—1. Yarura Proper. 2. Betoi. 3. Situfa. 4. Airico. 5. Ele. 6. Quaquaro(?)Area.—The water-system of the river Casanare.Native name.—Yupuin.

Divisions.—1. Yarura Proper. 2. Betoi. 3. Situfa. 4. Airico. 5. Ele. 6. Quaquaro(?)

Area.—The water-system of the river Casanare.

Native name.—Yupuin.

Locality.—Middle Orinoco, at its junction with the river Sinaruco.Dialects.—1. Ottomaco Proper. 2. Taparita.

Locality.—Middle Orinoco, at its junction with the river Sinaruco.

Dialects.—1. Ottomaco Proper. 2. Taparita.

The Ottomacas are that tribe of South American Indians who have so often been described asThe Dirt-eaters. They fill their stomachs with an unctuous clay found in the alluvium of their district; and this, irrespective of the plenty or scarcity of other provisions. The accurate chemical composition of this clay has yet to be ascertained. The current statement that it is so full of organic matter as to partake of the nature of animal or vegetable food, is probably unfounded.

Divisions.—1. The Guahivi. 2. The Chiricoas.Locality.—Left bank of the Orinoco. South of the Saliva.

Divisions.—1. The Guahivi. 2. The Chiricoas.

Locality.—Left bank of the Orinoco. South of the Saliva.

It is nearly certain that this list of families is anything but exhaustive for the Middle and Upper Orinoco. Thus, partly from the notices of theMithridates, and partly from the maps of Humboldt, we find the following additional names of tribes:

Curacicanas.—River Ventuari.

Javaranas.—Ditto.

Daricavaris.—River Inirida; cannibals.

Pucherinavis.—River Inirida; cannibals.

Manitivitaris.—Ditto, ditto.

Equinabis.—Between the Rivers Negro and Orinoco.

Manivas.—Ibid.

Cheruvichahena.—Ibid.

Maquitares.—River Ventuari.

Aberianas.—Ibid.

Marepizanos.—River Negro.

Guareken.—Removed to the mission of Maypures, andnowspeaking the Maypures language.

The Massanau, the Kaju-Kussianu, the Assawanu, the Wagudu.—Described by the Arawaks to Quandt, as residing far in the interior on the Orinoco.

The Sagidaqueres.—Perhaps Chiricoas.

The Guaneros, and theGuama.—On the River Apuré. Fluviatile manners. Said to have descended the stream.

The two great stocks of the eastern side of South America may now be considered the Guarani, the great family of Brazil, and the Carib, the great family of Guiana—the South American analogues of the Algonkin and Sioux groups of the Northern continent.

Synonyms.—Tupi, Brazilian, Guarani-Brazilian, Tupi-Guarani.Area.—From the mouth of the river Plata, south-east, in 35° south latitude, to the river Napo, on the opposite side of the continent, in 3° south latitude, north-west, in, or over, the Empire of Brazil, and in the Republics of Buenos Ayres(?), Entre Rios, Corrientes, Monte Video, Paraguay (the chief locality of the true Guarani), Bolivia (in the province of Santa Cruz), Guiana(?), Ecuador(?), Bolivia and Venezuela.Distribution.—Discontinuous.Divisions.—A. Tupi-Guaranis—1.Southern Guaranis.—In the southern provinces of Brazil, and in the Republics of Buenos Ayres, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Monte Video and Paraguay.a.The Pinarés(orPinarís).—South of the sources of the river Uraguay.b.The Patos.—Fishermen on the Laguna de los Patos.c.The Tapés(orTapis).—Monte Video, and the Brazilian province of Rio Grande del Sul.

Synonyms.—Tupi, Brazilian, Guarani-Brazilian, Tupi-Guarani.

Area.—From the mouth of the river Plata, south-east, in 35° south latitude, to the river Napo, on the opposite side of the continent, in 3° south latitude, north-west, in, or over, the Empire of Brazil, and in the Republics of Buenos Ayres(?), Entre Rios, Corrientes, Monte Video, Paraguay (the chief locality of the true Guarani), Bolivia (in the province of Santa Cruz), Guiana(?), Ecuador(?), Bolivia and Venezuela.

Distribution.—Discontinuous.

Divisions.—A. Tupi-Guaranis—

1.Southern Guaranis.—In the southern provinces of Brazil, and in the Republics of Buenos Ayres, Entre Rios, Corrientes, Monte Video and Paraguay.

a.The Pinarés(orPinarís).—South of the sources of the river Uraguay.

b.The Patos.—Fishermen on the Laguna de los Patos.

c.The Tapés(orTapis).—Monte Video, and the Brazilian province of Rio Grande del Sul.

d.The Guïcanáns.—In the Campos de Vaccaria of the last-named province.

e.The Biturunas=BlackfacesorNightmen.—South of the river Curubita.

f.The Guaranis Proper.—Between the rivers Parana and Paraguay.

2.Tupis(Tupinambas) or Brazilian Guarani.—Scattered along the coast of Brazil from (there or thereabouts) 30° south latitude to the mouth of the Amazons.

a.The Tamoyas.—Formerly very numerous, on the bay of the Rio de Janeiro, at present almost extinct.

b.The Tupinakis.—Formerly in Porto Seguro and the Comarca dos Ilheos, now occupying villages in Belmonte, Camamú, Valença, &c.

c.The Tupinaes.—In Bahia.

d.The Tupinambases.—Ditto.

e.The Obacatuwaras=Good Woodsmen.—Islands of the river San Francisco.

f.The Potiwaras.—Parahyba and Maranham.

g.The Cahatés.—Once numerous in Pernambuco, now either extinct or incorporate. Falling into sub-divisions, viz.,the Guanacás,the Yaguaranas,the Teremembes,the Kitarioris,the Viatanis,the Cahy-cahys(?)

h.The Tupagaros, (orTupiwaras).—Para and the northern parts of Maranham.

i.The Guajojaras.—Head-waters of the river Mearim.

j.The Manajós.—Ibid.

3.North-eastern Tupis.—In the Island of Marajó, and about the junction of the rivers Amazons and Tocantins.

a.The Taramambases.

b.The Nhenga-hibas, of Marajó Island.

c.The Pacajases.

d.The Apantos.

e.The Mamayamases.

f.The Anajases.

g.The Guayanases, orBoatmen.

h.The Tocantinos.

i.The Cuchewaras(orTochi).

j.The Cambocas(orBocas).

k.The Cupewaras(?)(orAnt-Indians).

l.The Yuruúnas(?).

4.The Guarani (or Tupi) of the river Tabajos.—

a.The Apiacases.

b.The Cahahivas.

5. Bolivian Tupi (or Guarani).—In the province of Santa Cruz de la Sierra, and conterminous with the Indians of the Missions of Moxos and Chiquitos, by which, as well as by the Indians of the Chaco, they are isolated from the other Guaranis.

a.The Chiriguanos.

b.The Sirionos.

c.The Guarayos.

B. Omaguas—

1. Of the rivers Napo and Putumayo, speaking the Yete, the Putumayo, and the Zeokeyo dialects of the Sucumbia language.

2. Omaguas of the river Japura, or Omaguas Proper.

3. Omaguas to the west of the river Ucayale, and to the south of the river Amazons, on the borders of Peru, speaking the Cocamello and Uebo dialects of the Cocamo language.

The limits of the Omaguas are preeminently uncertain: so that it is possible that in the foregoing notice I may, in carrying them so far as the neighbourhood of Quito, have gone too far west. On the other hand, good authorities have even extended their geographical area further north, and their ethnological affinities to the Achagua. That they are really connected with the Guarani is a well substantiated doctrine; at least such is the evidence of the languages, although Vater objected to it.

Whether, however, the Guarani descended from the Omaguas, of the north and west, or the Omaguas from the Guarani of the south-east, is uncertain. There are facts and opinions both ways.

Preeminently fluviatile (we can scarcely use the wordmarine) in their habits, the Omaguas have been called the Phœnicians of the western world; a fact which, perhaps, should be taken along with their distribution on the coast, the Amazons, the Paraguay, and the Orinoco.

The Omaguas, and many others of the Guaranis, are Flat-heads.

Area.—From the mouth of the Amazons to parts about the Lake Maracaybo; perhaps farther. The territories and republics of Portuguese, French, Dutch, British and Spanish Guiana, Venezuela. The Lesser Antilles.Divisions.—1. Caribeans Proper. 2. Tamanaks. 3. Arawaks.Sub-divisions of unascertained value.—Proceeding from south to north or north-west—1. Caribs of Portuguese Guiana, between the rivers Amazons and Oyopok.2.Galibiof French Guiana. Language more Carib than either Tamanak or Arawak.3.Arawaks.—Dutch and British Guiana.4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.—Accaways,Waikas,Macusi,Zaparas,Arecunas,Soerikong,Guinau,Wayamara,Makakwa(orMaopetyan),Woyawai,Maongkong,Pianoghotto,Drio,Zaramata,Tiverighotto.16.Guayanos.—Spanish Guiana.17.Yaoi—Aborigines of Trinidad.18.Pariagotos.—On the Gulf of Para.19.Cumanagotos.—Mission of Piritu, in Caraccas. Of this the following are dialects—a.The Tomuzas.b.The Piritu.c.The Cocheyma.d.The Chacopatas.e.The Topocuares. This is probably an approach to the—20.Chayma.—The highlands which, in the eastern part of Cumana, form the northern watershed of the Orinoco. Tamanak rather than Proper Carib. The fixation of the Chaymas as Carib, is Humboldt's.21.Palenca.—Province of Barcelona.22.Guarive.—Ibid. Intermediate to the Carib Proper, and the Tamanak.23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32.—The Pareche,Uocheari,Uaracapaccili,Uaramucuru,Paiure,Achericoto,Oje,Chirichiripi,Macchiritari,Areveriani.—Subsections of the Tamanak spoken to the south of the Orinoco.33.—Caribs of the Lesser Antilles.—Extinct.

Divisions.—1. Caribeans Proper. 2. Tamanaks. 3. Arawaks.

Sub-divisions of unascertained value.—Proceeding from south to north or north-west—

1. Caribs of Portuguese Guiana, between the rivers Amazons and Oyopok.

2.Galibiof French Guiana. Language more Carib than either Tamanak or Arawak.

3.Arawaks.—Dutch and British Guiana.

4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15.—Accaways,Waikas,Macusi,Zaparas,Arecunas,Soerikong,Guinau,Wayamara,Makakwa(orMaopetyan),Woyawai,Maongkong,Pianoghotto,Drio,Zaramata,Tiverighotto.

16.Guayanos.—Spanish Guiana.

17.Yaoi—Aborigines of Trinidad.

18.Pariagotos.—On the Gulf of Para.

19.Cumanagotos.—Mission of Piritu, in Caraccas. Of this the following are dialects—a.The Tomuzas.b.The Piritu.c.The Cocheyma.d.The Chacopatas.e.The Topocuares. This is probably an approach to the—

20.Chayma.—The highlands which, in the eastern part of Cumana, form the northern watershed of the Orinoco. Tamanak rather than Proper Carib. The fixation of the Chaymas as Carib, is Humboldt's.

21.Palenca.—Province of Barcelona.

22.Guarive.—Ibid. Intermediate to the Carib Proper, and the Tamanak.

23, 24, 25, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 32.—The Pareche,Uocheari,Uaracapaccili,Uaramucuru,Paiure,Achericoto,Oje,Chirichiripi,Macchiritari,Areveriani.—Subsections of the Tamanak spoken to the south of the Orinoco.

33.—Caribs of the Lesser Antilles.—Extinct.

Like the Iroquois and Algonkins of North America, the Caribs were one of the first tribes ofSouthAmerica, which were known to Europeans; so that it is they from whom the earliest and most current notions of the intertropical American were taken.

That they were the aborigines to the Lesser Antilles is certain; and it is nearly certain that, as a pure race, this section of them is extinct; since the so-called black Caribs of St. Vincent, although partially descended from the insular division of the class, are mixed with Negro blood, and are not the aborigines of the island, but immigrants from Barbadoes and elsewhere.

How far they extended further than the Lesser Antilles is doubtful. Father Raymond, who, in considering the subject, during the existence of the Caribs of the Islands, but subsequent to the expulsion of the aborigines from Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, and St. Domingo (i.e.early in the seventeenth century), remarks that an unequivocal remnant (the only one) of those Indians who escaped from the massacres and cruelties of the Spaniards, the refugee Indians of Curaçoa, had no Carib words in their language.

Again, the same writer, on the authority of Mr. Brigstock, a gentleman well versed in the Floridian and Virginian languages, attributes to the whole stock aNorthAmerican origin; their progenitors, the Colfachi, having availed themselves of a Mexican migration of the Appalachians to take possession of a portion of Florida. Thence, after a time, a part was ejected, and so found its way to both the Islands and the Southern Continent. Upon the tradition itself I lay little stress. Upon the fact of certain words being common to the Colfachi who remained in Florida, and the true Caribs, I lay more. Probably, the existence of certain points common to the two populations originated the tradition—the connexion (if real) being different from what is described in the legend.

It should be remembered that the series of islands from Trinidad to Florida forms a second line of connexion between North and South America.

That a nation so widely spread as the Caribs should have migrated from North America as a body of fugitives, and that within the traditional epoch, is improbable, the unlikelihood being increased by the number of dialects into which the languages are divided. It is far more likely that a part of them conquered their way from South to North. On their own hemisphere they are preeminently the people of an encroaching area, and the frontier-fights between the Caribs and the Caveri of the Middle Orinoco are the analogues of the wars of the Iroquois and Algonkins in Pennsylvania.

In the ethnography of Polynesia certain peculiar customs in respect to the language of caste and ceremony were noted. The Carib has long been known to exhibit a remarkable peculiarity in this respect. The current statement is—that the women have one language and the men another; so that while the husband talks (say) French,the wife answers in English. The real fact is less extraordinary. Certain objects have two names; one of which is applied by males, the other by females only. Raymond says that the latter terms are Arawak, and that the Arawaks were the older inhabitants of the islands, the men whereof were exterminated and the women adopted as wives. No explanation is more probable than this, and it is applicable in other parts of the world besides America.[164]

That many of the Carib tribes are flat-headed, and that they are also cannibals, is well known. A nation of women, however, forming a section of their population, has yet to be discovered.

Necdum finitus Orestes.—Vast as is the area already disposed of, the whole of South America has not yet been exhausted. There are tracts which have still to be filled up.

I. Theeasternslope of the Andes from about 17° south latitude to the Equator.—It is only where the American continent begins to contract in breadth (i.e.about 17° south latitude), that thewesternlimits of any of the tribes already noticed, such as those of the Missions and the Chaco, come in contact with theeasternPeruvians of the Andes.

Beginning, then, with the parts north-east of Potosi, we have between them and the parts east of Lima, as the most southern tribes, between Cochabamba west, and Santa Cruz de la Sierra, east—

Conterminouswith the Quichua Peruvians, the isolated Guarani (Chiriguanos and Sirionos), the Indians of the Mission of Chiquitos, and the Mocéténès. From 17' to 16' south latitude.Name.—Quichua.Yurak=white+kari=men.Divisions.—1. Solostos on the east. 2. Mansinos on the west. Other sections of them extinct, or incorporate, or else mentioned under different names—Oromos,Conis,Cuchis,Enétés.Synonym.—For the Solostos,Mages—so called by the people of Santa-Cruz.Religion.—1. Of the Mansinos, Paganism. 2. Of the Solostos, Christianity.Numbers in 1832.1. Mansinos, 1000. 2. Solostos, 337.

Conterminouswith the Quichua Peruvians, the isolated Guarani (Chiriguanos and Sirionos), the Indians of the Mission of Chiquitos, and the Mocéténès. From 17' to 16' south latitude.

Name.—Quichua.Yurak=white+kari=men.

Divisions.—1. Solostos on the east. 2. Mansinos on the west. Other sections of them extinct, or incorporate, or else mentioned under different names—Oromos,Conis,Cuchis,Enétés.

Synonym.—For the Solostos,Mages—so called by the people of Santa-Cruz.

Religion.—1. Of the Mansinos, Paganism. 2. Of the Solostos, Christianity.

Numbers in 1832.1. Mansinos, 1000. 2. Solostos, 337.

Synonyms.—Manaquiés; so-called by the Yuracares.Chunchos, by the Bolivian-Spaniards. Also,Magdalenos,Chimanisas(orChimanis),Muchanis,Tucupi.Locality.—North of Cochabamba, on the head-waters of the river Beni. From 16' to 15' south latitude.Conterminouswith the Aymaras, Quichuas, Moxos Indians, Yuracares, and Apolistas.Religion and numbers.—1. Christian, about 1600. 2. Pagan, about 800.Language.—Different (according to D'Orbigny) from the Yuracares.

Synonyms.—Manaquiés; so-called by the Yuracares.Chunchos, by the Bolivian-Spaniards. Also,Magdalenos,Chimanisas(orChimanis),Muchanis,Tucupi.

Locality.—North of Cochabamba, on the head-waters of the river Beni. From 16' to 15' south latitude.

Conterminouswith the Aymaras, Quichuas, Moxos Indians, Yuracares, and Apolistas.

Religion and numbers.—1. Christian, about 1600. 2. Pagan, about 800.

Language.—Different (according to D'Orbigny) from the Yuracares.

Synonyms or partial terms.—Atenianos,Isiamas,Cavinas,Toromonas.—This last is the name of the still savage tribes speaking theTacana, which is the name of alanguagerather than of a section of population.Conterminouswith the Aymaras, Mocéténès, Apolistas, Maropas, and (to the north), the Huacanahuas and Suriguas.Numbers.—Of the Mission ofAten2,033—————————Tsiamas1,028—————————Cavinas1,000—————————Tumapasa1,170—————————San José73Pagans Toromonas1,000Total6,304Original locality.—The head-waters of the Beni, north of the Tacanas.Present locality.—The Mission de Reyes, of Moxos.Language.—Not known from a vocabulary, but one which, to D'Orbigny, seemed different from that of the Mocéténès.

Conterminouswith the Aymaras, Mocéténès, Apolistas, Maropas, and (to the north), the Huacanahuas and Suriguas.

Original locality.—The head-waters of the Beni, north of the Tacanas.

Present locality.—The Mission de Reyes, of Moxos.

Language.—Not known from a vocabulary, but one which, to D'Orbigny, seemed different from that of the Mocéténès.

Present locality.—Apolobamba, on the river Apolo. Probably theoriginallocality also.Numbers and religion.—In 1832,A.D., 3,616 Christians,i.e.841 in Santa Cruz, and 2,775 in Apolobamba.

Present locality.—Apolobamba, on the river Apolo. Probably theoriginallocality also.

Numbers and religion.—In 1832,A.D., 3,616 Christians,i.e.841 in Santa Cruz, and 2,775 in Apolobamba.

The Yuracares, Mocéténès, Tacana, Apolista and Maropa sections form a division of the South American population characterised by the remarkable fairness of itscomplexion, a fact indicated by the very termYuracares=white men. D'Orbigny, who raises the section to a class under the name ofAntisien, and who is the writer to whom we owe nearly all our information, makes this lightness of colour coincide with the woody and shady character of the quarters inhabited; the Maropas, who are in the most exposed countries, being also the darkest in hue.

Northwards we have only the names of tribes to fill up the two following vast geographical gaps,i. e.

A. The water-system of the Upper Ucayale.

B. The Eastern Andes north of the Amazons. They are taken from theMithridates, the oldest authorities on these points being the best.

A. 1. TheHeresilocana, allied to theOrocotanaandRocotane(?).

2. TheChiriba, allied to the Chomana.

3. The tribes speaking the Caniscana language.

4. TheMopeziana.

5. TheIcabizizi.

6, 7, 8, 9. TheCaisina,Capingel,Caliciono, andUcoiño.

10. TheCavinæ, who built stone houses.

11. TheCollæ, makers of roads.

12. TheCarapuchos, whose language was so guttural as to be the bark of a dog rather than the speech of a man. Cannibals; as were also—

13. TheCasibos.

14. TheSipibos.

15, 16, 17, 18, 19. ThePanos, thePiri, theCanibi, theCampa, theComavi, who, inA.D.1695, threw off the control of the Missionaries.

20. TheChipeos, part of the Panos.

21, 22, 23, 24. The Cunivos, the Mananahuas, the Mochovos, the Remos.

25. The Chamicunos, speaking a language allied to that of the Chipeos and Panos.

B. 1.The Aguanos.

2. TheXeberos, of which thea,Cutinanas;b, theParanapuras;c, theChaybitas;d, theMuniches(?), are sections.

3. TheAndoas.

4. TheAyacore.—Language peculiar.

5. TheParana.—Ditto.

6. TheEncapelladas.—This is a Spanish name, applied as a collective term to the following tribes of the Upper Napo.—a, theAbicheres;b, theAngateres;c, theCunchies;d, theYcahuates;e, thePayaguas.

The most eastern of these are probably Omagua.

II. French Guiana.—For French Guiana I find the following tribes, or nations, in theAtlas Ethnologique, being unable to give them any ethnological position:—

1.Rocouyenne.—Nearly annihilated by—

2. TheOampi—The most numerous and powerful nation of French Guiana, occupants of the Upper Oyapok.

3.Emerillons.—A numerous and independent nation of French Guiana, on the River Inini. Stature tall; language not known through any vocabulary.—Balbi:Atlas Ethnologique, xxix.

The details of the ethnology of America having been thus imperfectly exhibited, the first of the two questions indicated in pp.351,352, still stands over for consideration.

A.The unity (or non-unity) of the American populations one amongst another, and—

B.The (unity or non-unity) of the American populations as compared with those of the Old World.

In p.351, it is stated that the two (three?) sections of the American aborigines which interfere with the belief that the American stock is fundamentallyone, are—

I. The Eskimo.

II. The Peruvians (and Mexicans).

I. Taking the Eskimo first, the evidence in favour of their isolation is,physical and moral.

The latter I think is worth little except in the way of cumulative evidence,i. e.when taken along with other facts of a more definite and tangible sort. The Eskimo civilization (such as it is) isdifferentfrom that of the other Americans; and how could it be otherwise when we consider their Arctichabitat, their piscatory habits, and the differences of their Fauna and Flora? It is notlower;i. e.not lower than that of the ruder Indians; a point well illustrated in Dr. King's paper[165]on the Industrial Arts of the Eskimo.

The physical difference is of more importance.

And, first as tostature.—Instead of being shorter, the Eskimo are, in reality, taller than half the tribes of South America.

Next, as tocolour.—The Eskimo arenotcopper-coloured. Neither are the Americans in general. It is only those best known that are typical of the so-calledRedrace; there being but little of the copper tinge when we get beyond the Algonkins and Iroquois.

Lastly, as to the conformation of the skull, a point where (with great deference) I differ from the author of the excellent Crania Americana.—The Americans are said to bebrakhy-kephalic, the Eskimodolikho-kephalic. The American skull is of smaller, the Eskimo of larger dimensions. I make no comment on the second of these opinions. In respect to the first, I submit to the reader the following extracts from Dr. Morton's own valuable tables, premising that, as a general rule, the difference between the occipito-frontal and parietal diameters of the Eskimo ismorethan seven inches and a fraction as compared with five inches and a fraction, and that of the other Indianslessthan seven and a fraction, as compared with five and a fraction. Now, the following extract from Dr. Morton's tables shows the approach to the dolikhokephalic character on the part of twenty-four American specimens—

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