opposes Johnson's reconstruction plans,288;current opinion in on cause of secession,300;hatred of Jefferson Davis in,301;general temper in hostile to Pres. Johnson,312;feeling of relief in after Grant's election,315;resumption of business in,316;immigration from into South,319;growing tendency in to accord social equality to negroes,373ff,406.North Carolina, emancipation favored in,36;right of free speech vindicated in,129;votes against secession convention,229;secedes,235;emancipation in,260;provisional govt. formed in,275;reconstructed,310;relative number of negro voters in,311;Democrats regain,323;legal limitation of suffrage in,383.Northwestern Territory, slavery prohibited in,10.Nullification, So. Carolina claims right of,32;denounced by Jackson,33;opposed in "Force bill" of 1833,33;question dropped,34,214.Oberlin College, becomes anti-slavery stronghold,37;plan for students to earn expenses fails at,362.O'Conor, Charles, nominated for President,329.Ohio, admitted as free State,23;declares for emancipation,35.Olmsted, Frederic Law, on condition of slaves in South before the war,49;volumes of travels in the slave States,107ff.Ordinance of 1784, fails to limit slave territory,10.Ordinance of 1787, limits slave territory,10.Oregon, boundary dispute,80;rejects15th amendment,315;double returns from in Hayes-Tilden election,351.Ostend manifesto,128.Packard, S. B., in govt. of Louisiana,341;claims governorship,349.Paine, Thomas,8.Parker, Theodore, influence of in church and state,143;supports John Brown,160,168.Peace Congress, proposed, to find means to preserve the Union,228.Pendleton, George H., candidate for Presidential nomination,313.Pennsylvania, number of slaves in in 1790,9;votes against extension of slave trade,13;passes emancipation law,21;counted as free State,23;declares for emancipation,35;Republicans fail to indorse Pres. Johnson,276.Peonage cases, prosecution of,388.Personal Liberty Laws, passed in North,91.Petigru, James L.,223.Petitions to Congress, anti-slavery,71ff.Pettus, Gov., of Mississippi,221.Philadelphia, convention in behalf of Pres. Johnson at,303.Phillips, Wendell, becomes ally of Garrison,54;scorns Republican party,127;declares all war un-Christian,210;favors disunion,217,228;abuses Lincoln,254.Pierce, Franklin, nominated for, and elected President,93;recognizes usurpers in Kansas struggle,117.Pierce, Henry L., in House,331;vote of in Hayes-Tilden contest,352.Pinckneys, Charles and Thomas, demand freedom of slave trade,12ff.Pittsburg, counter convention at,303.Platte country, the,112.Polk, James K., nominated for President,75;elected;declares war with Mexico,76.Poor whites, evil effects of slavery on,110."Present South, The," by E. G. Murphy,388,408.Pottawatomie massacre,120;results of,121.Presbyterian church, condemns slavery,35.Prisons, military, terrors of,245ff.Protection. SeeTariff, Protective.Quakers, relation of to slavery,7.Randall, Samuel J., in House,284;speaker,346.Randolph, John, his opinion of slavery,47.Randolph, Thos. Jefferson, his scheme of emancipation,43.Rankin, John,38.Rantoul, Robert, joins "Free Soil" party,81.Raymond, Henry J.,141;in House,284;supports Pres. Johnson's plan of reconstruction,285,303.Reconstruction,267ff;Lincoln's plans for and views on,268ff;congressional bill (1864), rejected by Lincoln,269;Lincoln's plans for opposed by Congress,270;first Congressional plan of,274ff;President Johnson's plan of,275;Henry Ward Beecher's plan of,277ff;John A. Andrew's plan of,280;both latter plans too advanced for the time,280;action taken on by Congress (1865-6),281ff;Pres. Johnson's plan of opposed in Congress,285;second Congressional plan of,294ff;difficulties of question increased by lack of statesmen to handle,302;two policies of before the country, South indorses Pres. Johnson's plan of,303;final plan of,306ff; bill passed,306;results of bill,307,310;verdict of country on work of,312ff;the working out of,316ff;the last act,344ff."Reconstruction and the Constitution," by Prof. J. W. Burgess,290.Reeder, Governor, of Kansas,117.Republican party (see alsoRepublicans),beginnings of,114ff;components of,115;first Presidential convention of,124ff;principles, leaders, constituency, successes, and failures of in first (1856) campaign of,127;opposition to in first campaign,128;weakness of in South,129;composition of opposition to, and causes of defeat of in first campaign,130;stand of on negro question (1860),186;origin of protectionist character of,190;geographical lines of in 1860 campaign,192;denounced in 1860 campaign,193ff;restriction of slavery the supreme principle of,212;Sumner's belief in,319;freedmen instinctively turn to,319;leaders of in Grant's second term,331.Republicans, hold first (1856) Presidential convention,124ff;nominate John C. Fremont for President,126;Wm. L. Dayton for Vice-President,129;platform,126;denounce Ostend manifesto,129;dissent from Dred Scott decision,148,149;gain in numbers, name Lincoln for U. S. Senator,153;first Illinois convention of,179;campaign,180ff;not in John Brown's raid,183;hold convention (1860),189ff;platform,190;struggle bet. Seward and Lincoln men in,190,191;nominate Lincoln and Hamlin,192;elect candidates (1860),194;results of success of,221;oppose secession,223,224,225;oppose schemes for extension of slavery,228;vainly concede many points to South,229;divide over war questions,253;reaction against in elections of 1862,261;success of in 1864,262,265;indorse President Johnson,276;assert right of Congress to direct reconstruction, leaders oppose Pres. Johnson's plan of,286;opinion of turns against Johnson,294;increased strength of in Congress (1866-7),306;in Senate vote to acquit Pres. Johnson,312;adopt moderate platform, nominate and elect Grant (1868),314;in temporary control of South,323,327;change attitude tword South, independent movement among,327;Independents hold convention (1872),328;in gov't of South,332ff;lose heavily in Congressional elections of 1874, suspected of maladministration,344;many oppose Force bill of 1875,345;hold convention (1876),346;nominate Hayes, campaign,347;claim election of Hayes,348ff."Residence on a Georgia Plantation, A.",103.Rhett, Senator, proposes secession,89.Rhode Island, in slave trade,9;passes emancipation law,21.Rhodes, "History of the U. S.," quoted,301,302.Robinson, Chas. S., gov. of Kansas,117ff;his house burned,119.Roosevelt, President, South criticises for entertainment of Booker Washington,386.Ross, Senator, votes to acquit Pres. Johnson,312.Sanborn, Franklin B., supports John Brown,160.San Domingo, proposed annexation of,328."Scalawags," the,318.Schurz, Carl, on conditions in South after war,286ff,292;favors negro suffrage,309;in Republican convention (1868),314;leads Independent Republicans in Missouri,327;in U. S. Senate,328;Sec'y of Interior under Hayes,353;on peonage cases in South,388;on future of negro question,389.Scott, R. K., governor of S. Carolina,332.Scott, Winfield (Gen.), nominated for President,92;against armed repression of secession,228.Secession, Clay denies right of,86;Webster declares impossible with peace,87;threats of in Congress denounced by Taylor and Clay,89;open threats of in South,193;not taken seriously at North,194;denounced by Douglas,194;Southern position on defined,197ff;Northern position on defined,200ff;slavery question the real basis of211;grounds for resistance of at North,212;extreme abolitionists not opposed to,212;arguments for and against,212ff,226;reasons for success of movement in South and failure of in North,218ff;sources of movement in South,219;action of Southern States on following Lincoln's election,221ff;discussed in Congress (1860),223;advised by Southern leaders in Congress,225;triumph of movement,226;movement halts,227;various Southern States take action on;general sentiment in South against armedrepression of,227;disinclination in North to use force against,228;West strongly against movement,228;Mass. takes strong stand against,229ff;plea of Lincoln against,232;current Northern opinion of causes of,300.Secessionists (seeSecession),propose disunion, and formation of Southern Confederacy,215.Seelye, Julius H., vote of in Hayes-Tilden contest,352.Senate, State representation in determined,11;South strives to keep up numbers in,24;stronghold of South,81.Sewall, Samuel, protests against slavery,7.Seward, William H., votes for Taylor,82;influence and strength of,82;his plan of emancipation,83;speaks in Senate against extension of slavery,89ff;helps prolong Whig organization in New York,115;in Republican party,127;opinion of on Dred Scott decision,149;opinion of on future labor conditions in Union,154;logical candidate for Presidency (1860),190;in Lincoln's cabinet,233,249;Lincoln adopts advice of to delay issuance of emancipation proclamation,257;in Johnson's cabinet, his influence on the President,274;supports Pres. Johnson,303.Seymour, Horatio, nominated for President, characterized,313;defeated, States carried by,314.Shadrach, fugitive slave, rescued,91.Shaffer, President, urges admission of capable negroes to trade unions,395.Shannon, Wilson, gov. of Kansas,117.Shaw, Robert Gould,264.Shellabarger, Samuel, in House,284,286.Sheridan, Gen'l, sent to investigate Louisiana election scandals,343.Sherman, John, in U. S. Senate,283,285;endeavors to stem tide against Pres. Johnson,296;defeats Stevens's reconstruction bill,306;superiority of over Blaine,307;Sec'y of Treasury under Hayes,353.Sherman, William T. (Gen.), his opinion of war,244,245.Slaveholders, numbers of, characteristics,95.Slave Laws, compiled and published by Stroud,110.Slavery. (See alsoSlaves,Slave Trade.)Washington's opinion of,3;origin, growth, regulation and defense of,3ff;legally recognized in Judea, Greece, and Rome, by Jesus and the early church,4;supplants free peasantry in Italy,4;influence of Christianity on,4;absolute, abolished throughout Christendom, supplanted by serfdom,4;recrudescence of in17th and18th centuries,4;economic conditions determine location of in America,5;unprofitable in North,5,6;need of in South,5;casuistical defense of by church,5;advantages and disadvantages of to negro,5;responsibility for denied by North and South,6;commercial demand for overrides humanity,6;unprofitable in New England,6;social conscience unawakened to enormity of,7;Sewall and Woolman protest against,7;relation of Quakers to,7;awakening to wrongs of,8;abolished in Mass.,9;Jefferson strives to limit territory of,9;limited,10;impossible for convention of 1787 to prohibit,14;compromised,14ff;views of Washington and other leaders on,15;Patrick Henry's views on, Franklin labors against,19;early anti-slavery sentiment,20;abol. in Northern and Middle States,20;question temporarily eclipsed,21;estab. in Kentucky, abol. in Spanish America,22;question again to the front (1819),23;defended in Congress, all ideas of abolishing dropped in South, growth of sentiment against in North,24;Jefferson supports,25;Clay supports,26; growth of question from 1832,28;South fully accepts and defends,46ff;views of Jos. LeConte, Frederic Law Olmsted, and C. C. Jones on,49;theory of adopted by slave-holders,50;abolished in West Indies,51;Garrison's fight against,51ff;defense of strengthened in South,54;underlying principles of;tide of public opinion sets against,70;question grows in prominence,71ff;freedom of speech on denied in South,73;Calhoun's claim for nationalization of,80;excluded from new territory acquired by purchase,80;opposition of Seward and Chase to,83;as it was, depicted by Mrs. Burton Harrison,100;depicted in biography of Thomas Dabney,100ff;described by Fanny Kemble,103ff;pictured by Frederic Law Olmsted,107ff;Harriet Beecher Stowe's opinion of embodied in "Uncle Tom's Cabin,"109;general view of in South,133;attitude of clergy toward,141;hostility toward in South,170;the great cause of difference between North and South,207,211;restriction of the supreme principle of Republican party,212;measures upon during Civil war,249,250;Lincoln's attitude toward,250;abolished in Dist. of Columbia,251;finally and forever abolished in U. S.,276.Slaves (See alsoNegroes,Slavery,South,Slave Trade),Africa source of,5;indolence and unthrift of,5;Virginia taxes,6;foundation of aristocracy in Virginia and Carolinas,6;unprofitable as laborers in New Eng.,6;Virginia and Maryland forbid importation of,9;Jefferson proposes plan for gradual emancipation of,9;Virginia passes law regulating manumission of,9;numbers of in various States in 1790,9;counted in determining representation in Congress,11,12;Jefferson's schemes for emancipation and disposition of,17ff;value of increased by invention of cotton gin,23;fugitive, overtures made to England for treaty on,28;instruction of denied in Virginia,44;physical and moral condition of,48.Slave States,23.Slave trade, begun by Europe, brutality of,5;maintained by Eng. trading companies, colonists attempt to check,5;New Eng. in,6;Virginia remonstrates against,8;clause in Declaration of Independence denouncing, suppressed;Mass., R. I., and Middle States in;denounced by Dr. Hopkins,9;Congress refused power to forbid until 1808; North aids extreme South in fight to prolong;champions of defend only as necessary evil,13;stopped in Virginia and Maryland,20;made piracy by Congress (1800),22;revival of between Africa and Cuba,158;checked,159.Slave-trading companies, English,5;oppose tax on slaves,6.Smith, Caleb B., supports Lincoln,191.Smith, Gerritt, characterized by Andrew D. White,55ff;supports John Brown,160,168.Smith, Wilfred H.,379.