FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:[284]For these early forms of unrest, see A. Le Chatelier,L'Islam au dix-neuvième Siècle, pp. 22-44 (Paris, 1888).[285]D. H. Dodwell, "Economic Transition in India,"Economic Journal, December, 1910.[286]Bipin Chandra Pal, "The Forces Behind the Unrest in India,"Contemporary Review, February, 1910.[287]J. Chailley,Administrative Problems of British India, p. 339 (London, 1910—English translation).[288]Dr. Ronald Ross, "Wretchedness a Cause of Political Unrest,"The Survey, 18 February, 1911.[289]A. Yusuf Ali,Life and Labour in India, pp. 3, 32 (London, 1907).[290]E. W. Capen, "A Sociological Appraisal of Western Influence on the Orient,"American Journal of Sociology, May, 1911.[291]P. Khorat, "Psychologie de la Révolution chinoise,"Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 March, 1912; L. Bertrand,Le Mirage orientale, pp. 164-166; J. D. Rees,The Real India, pp. 162-163.[292]Albert Métin,L'Inde d'aujourd'hui: Étude sociale, p. 276 (Paris, 1918).[293]Albert Métin,L'Inde d'aujourd'hui: Étude sociale, pp. 339-345.[294]J. Ramsay Macdonald,The Government of India, pp. 133-134 (London, 1920).[295]Georges Foucart. Quoted inThe Literary Digest, 17 August, 1907, pp. 225-226.[296]A. Van Gennep,En Algérie, p. 182 (Paris, 1914).[297]The Englishman(Calcutta). Quoted inThe Literary Digest, 21 February, 1914, p. 369.[298]For these larger world-aspects of Bolshevik propaganda, see Paul Miliukov,Bolshevism: An International Danger(London, 1920); also, myRising Tide of Colour against White World-Supremacy, pp. 218-221, and my article, "Bolshevism: The Heresy of the Under-Man,"The Century, June, 1919.[299]See Chapter V.[300]See Chapter VI.[301]For events in Afghanistan and Central Asia, see Sir T. H. Holdich, "The Influence of Bolshevism in Afghanistan,"New Europe, December 4, 1919; Ikbal Ali Shah, "The Fall of Bokhara,"The Near East, October 28, 1920, and his "The Central Asian Tangle,"Asiatic Review, October, 1920. For Bolshevist activity in the Near and Middle East generally, see Miliukov,op. cit., pp. 243-260; 295-297; Major-General Sir George Aston, "Bolshevik Propaganda in the East,"Fortnightly Review, August, 1920; W. E. D. Allen, "Transcaucasia, Past and Present,"Quarterly Review, October, 1920; Sir Valentine Chirol, "Conflicting Policies in the Near East,"New Europe, July 1, 1920; L. Dumont-Wilden, "Awakening Asia,"The Living Age, August 7, 1920 (translated from the French); Major-General Lord Edward Gleichen, "Moslems and the Tangle in the Middle East,"National Review, December, 1919; Paxton Hibben, "Russia at Peace,"The Nation(New York), January 26, 1921; H. von Hoff, "Die nationale Erhebung in der Türkei,"Deutsche Revue, December, 1919; R. G. Hunter, "Entente—Oil—Islam,"New Europe, August 26, 1920; "Taira," "The Story of the Arab Revolt,"Balkan Review, August, 1920; "Voyageur," "Lenin's Attempt to Capture Islam,"New Europe, June 10, 1920; Hans Wendt, "Ex Oriente Lux,"Nord und Süd, May, 1920; George Young, "Russian Foreign Policy,"New Europe, July 1, 1920.[302]Ikbal Ali Shah,op. cit.[303]For events in the Caucasus, see W. E. D. Allen, "Transcaucasia, Past and Present,"Quarterly Review, October, 1920; C. E. Bechhofer, "The Situation in the Transcaucasus,"New Europe, September 2, 1920; "D. Z. T.," "L'Azerbaidjan: La Première République musulmane,"Revue du Monde musulman, 1919; Paxton Hibben, "Exit Georgia,"The Nation(New York), March 30, 1921.[304]Sir V. Chirol, "India in Travail,"Edinburgh Review, July, 1918. Also see H. H. The Aga Khan,India in Transition, p. 17 (London, 1918).[305]Ikbal Ali Shah,op. cit.

[284]For these early forms of unrest, see A. Le Chatelier,L'Islam au dix-neuvième Siècle, pp. 22-44 (Paris, 1888).

[285]D. H. Dodwell, "Economic Transition in India,"Economic Journal, December, 1910.

[286]Bipin Chandra Pal, "The Forces Behind the Unrest in India,"Contemporary Review, February, 1910.

[287]J. Chailley,Administrative Problems of British India, p. 339 (London, 1910—English translation).

[288]Dr. Ronald Ross, "Wretchedness a Cause of Political Unrest,"The Survey, 18 February, 1911.

[289]A. Yusuf Ali,Life and Labour in India, pp. 3, 32 (London, 1907).

[290]E. W. Capen, "A Sociological Appraisal of Western Influence on the Orient,"American Journal of Sociology, May, 1911.

[291]P. Khorat, "Psychologie de la Révolution chinoise,"Revue des Deux Mondes, 15 March, 1912; L. Bertrand,Le Mirage orientale, pp. 164-166; J. D. Rees,The Real India, pp. 162-163.

[292]Albert Métin,L'Inde d'aujourd'hui: Étude sociale, p. 276 (Paris, 1918).

[293]Albert Métin,L'Inde d'aujourd'hui: Étude sociale, pp. 339-345.

[294]J. Ramsay Macdonald,The Government of India, pp. 133-134 (London, 1920).

[295]Georges Foucart. Quoted inThe Literary Digest, 17 August, 1907, pp. 225-226.

[296]A. Van Gennep,En Algérie, p. 182 (Paris, 1914).

[297]The Englishman(Calcutta). Quoted inThe Literary Digest, 21 February, 1914, p. 369.

[298]For these larger world-aspects of Bolshevik propaganda, see Paul Miliukov,Bolshevism: An International Danger(London, 1920); also, myRising Tide of Colour against White World-Supremacy, pp. 218-221, and my article, "Bolshevism: The Heresy of the Under-Man,"The Century, June, 1919.

[299]See Chapter V.

[300]See Chapter VI.

[301]For events in Afghanistan and Central Asia, see Sir T. H. Holdich, "The Influence of Bolshevism in Afghanistan,"New Europe, December 4, 1919; Ikbal Ali Shah, "The Fall of Bokhara,"The Near East, October 28, 1920, and his "The Central Asian Tangle,"Asiatic Review, October, 1920. For Bolshevist activity in the Near and Middle East generally, see Miliukov,op. cit., pp. 243-260; 295-297; Major-General Sir George Aston, "Bolshevik Propaganda in the East,"Fortnightly Review, August, 1920; W. E. D. Allen, "Transcaucasia, Past and Present,"Quarterly Review, October, 1920; Sir Valentine Chirol, "Conflicting Policies in the Near East,"New Europe, July 1, 1920; L. Dumont-Wilden, "Awakening Asia,"The Living Age, August 7, 1920 (translated from the French); Major-General Lord Edward Gleichen, "Moslems and the Tangle in the Middle East,"National Review, December, 1919; Paxton Hibben, "Russia at Peace,"The Nation(New York), January 26, 1921; H. von Hoff, "Die nationale Erhebung in der Türkei,"Deutsche Revue, December, 1919; R. G. Hunter, "Entente—Oil—Islam,"New Europe, August 26, 1920; "Taira," "The Story of the Arab Revolt,"Balkan Review, August, 1920; "Voyageur," "Lenin's Attempt to Capture Islam,"New Europe, June 10, 1920; Hans Wendt, "Ex Oriente Lux,"Nord und Süd, May, 1920; George Young, "Russian Foreign Policy,"New Europe, July 1, 1920.

[302]Ikbal Ali Shah,op. cit.

[303]For events in the Caucasus, see W. E. D. Allen, "Transcaucasia, Past and Present,"Quarterly Review, October, 1920; C. E. Bechhofer, "The Situation in the Transcaucasus,"New Europe, September 2, 1920; "D. Z. T.," "L'Azerbaidjan: La Première République musulmane,"Revue du Monde musulman, 1919; Paxton Hibben, "Exit Georgia,"The Nation(New York), March 30, 1921.

[304]Sir V. Chirol, "India in Travail,"Edinburgh Review, July, 1918. Also see H. H. The Aga Khan,India in Transition, p. 17 (London, 1918).

[305]Ikbal Ali Shah,op. cit.

Our survey of the Near and Middle East is at an end. What is the outstanding feature of that survey? It is: Change. The "Immovable East" has been moved at last—moved to its very depths. The Orient is to-day in full transition, flux, ferment, more sudden and profound than any it has hitherto known. The world of Islam, mentally and spiritually quiescent for almost a thousand years, is once more astir, once more on the march.

Whither? We do not know. Who would be bold enough to prophesy the outcome of this vast ferment—political, economical, social, religious, and much more besides? All that we may wisely venture is to observe, describe, and analyse the various elements in the great transition.

Yet surely this is much. To view, however empirically, the mighty transformation at work; to group its multitudinous aspects in some sort of relativity; to follow the red threads of tendency running through the tangled skein, is to gain at least provisional knowledge and acquire capacity to grasp the significance of future developments as they shall successively arise.

"To know is to understand"—and to hope: to hope that this present travail, vast and ill-understood, may be but the birth-pangs of a truly renascent East taking its place in a renascent world.

Aali Pasha, Pan-Islam agitation of,54

Abbas Hilmi, Khedive, pro Turkish views of,155;

deposition of,156;

Pan-Arabianism supported by,170

Abd-el-Kader, French resisted by,41

Abd-el-Malek Hamsa, Pro-Germanism of,156

Abd-el-Wahab, Mohammedan revival begun by,21,40;

birth of,21;

early life of,22ff.;

influence of,22;

death of,22

Abdul Hamid, despotism of,32;

as caliph,39;

Sennussi's opposition to,39,46;

Djemal-ed-Din protected by,53ff.;

Pan-Islam policy of,53ff.;

character of,54ff.;

government of,55;

deposition of,56,119;

tyrannical policy of,116;

nationalism opposed by,139,165;

Arabs conciliated by,142ff.

Abu Bekr22;

policy of,114ff.

Abyssinian Church, Mohammedan threat against,50

Afghanistan, religious uprisings in,41;

nineteenth-century independence of,118;

Bolshevism in,286ff.;

rebellion of,286ff.

Africa, Mohammedan missionary work in,49ff.

SeealsoNorth Africa

Agadir crisis,57

Ahmed Bey Agayeff, Pan-Turanism aided by,165

Alexandria, massacre of Europeans in,149

Algeria, French conquest of,40,158;

Kabyle insurrection in,41;

compulsory vaccination in,95;

liberal political aspirations in,118ff.;

need for European government in,122

Allenby, General, Egypt in control of,177

Amanullah Khan, Bolshevism of,286;

war on England declared by,286;

present policy of,298

Anatolia, Bolshevist manifesto to,292

Anglo-Russian Agreement, terms of,159ff.

Arabi Pasha, Djemal-ed-Din's influence on,148;

revolution in Egypt headed by,148

Arabia, description of natives of,21;

Turks fought by,23;

defeat of,23;

political freedom of,113;

democracy in,127;

nationalist spirit in,140ff.;

Turkish rulers opposed by,140ff.;

suppression of,143;

1905 rebellion of,143;

effect of Young-Turk revolution on,145ff.;

1916 revolt of,146;

Pan-Arabism in,145;

religious character of Pan-Arab movement in,169ff.;

effect of Great War on,170,183ff.;

Allied encouragement of,184;

peace terms and,185;

English agreement with,185ff.;

revolt against Turks of,185;

secret partition of,185ff.;

Colonel Lawrence's influence in,186;

secret treaties revealed to,187;

France and England in,187ff.;

Mustapha Kemal aided by194,ff.;

English negotiations with,198;

Bolshevist manifesto to,292

Arabian National Committee, creation of,143

Archer William, on over-population in India,263

Argyll, Duke of, over-population in India,263

Armenia, Bolshevist manifesto to,292

Arya Somaj,208

Atchin War,41

Azerbaidjan, Bolshevist revolution in,290ff.

Babbist movement in Persia,274

Baber, Mogul Empire founded by,204

Baku, Congress of Eastern Peoples at,291,297

Balkan War,57;

Mohammedans roused by,58

Barbary States, French conquest of,158

Bérard, Victor, on the enmity of Turks and Arabs,141ff.;

France's Syrian policy criticised by,199

Bertrand, Louis, anti-Western feeling in Orient described by,95ff.;

on social conditions in the Levant,269,271

Bevan, Edwyn, nationalist views of,125ff.

Bin Saud, Ikhwan movement led by,72

Bolshevism,effects on Orient of,175;

Mustapha Kemal aided by,196ff.;

the East a field for,283ff.;

propaganda of,284ff.,288ff.;

Oriental policy of,285;

in Afghanistan,286ff.;

manifesto to Mohammedans issued by,288ff.;

manifesto to Turks issued by,289ff.;

"Congress of Eastern Peoples" held by,291ff.

Bombay, English character of,100;

social conditions in,270ff.

Bose, Pramatha Nath, on economic conditions in India,245ff.

Brahminism, illiberalism of,120

Brailsford, H. N., on modern industry in Egypt,236ff.;

on social conditions in Egypt,269ff.

British East India Company,205

Bukhsh, S. Khuda, reform work of,31ff.;

nationalism in India opposed by,125ff.;

on Indian social conditions,253ff.

Caetani, Leone,63

Cahun, Léon, Turanism and,163

Cairo, revolt in,178;

modern women in,258

Calcutta, English character of,100;

social conditions in,270

Caliphate, Islam strengthened by,38ff.;

history of,39;

Turkey the head of,39ff.

Chelmsford, Lord, report of,216ff.

China, Mohammedan insurrection in,41,51ff.;

Mohammedan missionary work in,50;

number of Mohammedans in,51;

Mohammedan agitation in,60

Chirol, Valentine, Western influence in Orient described by,79ff.;

on Egyptian situation,179ff.;

Montagu-Chelmsford Report approved by,220;

on Egyptian conditions since the war,271ff.;

on Bolshevism in India,298

Congress of Eastern Peoples,291ff.

Constantine, King, recalled,194

Constantinople, Allied occupation of,192ff.;

changes since 1896 in,251ff.;

status of women in,258

Cox, Sir Percy, English-Arabian negotiations made by,198;

influence of,200

Cromer, Lord, on Islam,29,32;

Western influence in Orient described by,80;

ethics of imperialism formulated by,84,102,120ff.;

Egyptian administration of,149;

resignation of,152;

on western-educated Egypt,257;

on over-population in India,263

Curtis, Lionel, nationalism in India supported by,130ff.;

Montagu-Chelmsford Report approved by,220

Curzon-Wyllie, Sir, assassination of,212

Damascus, French in,191ff.

Dar-ul-Islam,171ff.

Dickinson, G. Lowes, on Eastern economics,249

Djemal-ed-Din, birth of,52;

character of,52;

anti-European work of,52;

in India,52;

in Egypt,53;

Abdul Hamid's protection of,53ff.;

death of,53;

teachings of,53ff.;

nationalism taught by,138;

Egypt influenced by,148;

in Russia,285

Dutch East Indies, Mohammedan uprisings in,41;

Mohammedan missionary work in,52

Egypt, nationalism in,32,118ff.;

Mahdist insurrection in,41;

1914 insurrection of,61;

exiled Arabs in,143;

characteristics of people of,147ff.;

early European influences in,147;

nationalist agitation in,148ff.;

influence of Djemal-ed-Din in,148;

1882 revolution in,148ff.;

Lord Cromer's rule of,149;

France's influence in,150ff.;

failure of English liberal policy in,153ff.;

Lord Kitchener's rule in,153ff.;

effect of outbreak of World War on,155ff.;

made English protectorate,156ff.;

Pan-Arabism in,169;

Versailles conference's treatment of,174;

nationalist demands of,177;

Allenby in control of,177;

rebellion of,178ff.;

martial law in,178;

situation after rebellion in,179ff.;

English commission of inquiry in,181;

English compromise with,182;

opposition to compromise in,182ff.;

modern factories in,234,236;

industrial conditions in,236ff.;

social conditions in,269;

social revolution in,281ff.

El-Gharami,30

El Mahdi,42

England, Egypt's rebellion against,175ff.;

Commission of Inquiry into Egyptian affairs appointed by,181;

Egyptian compromise with,182;

opposition to compromise in,182;

Arabia and,184ff.;

in Mesopotamia,185ff.;

in Palestine,186;

French disagreement with,188ff.;

at San Remo conference,190;

Mesopotamian rebellion against,192ff.;

Sèvres Treaty and,193;

Greek agreement with,193;

Arabian negotiation with,198;

in India,204ff.

Enver Pasha, Pan-Turanism and,167;

in Russia,285

Feisal, Prince, at peace conference,187ff.;

peace counsels of,188;

made king of Syria,191

Fisher, on social conditions in India,270ff.

France, Morocco seized by,57;

anti-British propaganda of,150ff.;

Arabia and,184;

Syrian aspirations of,185ff.;

at San Remo conference,190;

Syrian rebellion and,191ff.;

Sèvres Treaty and,193;

Greek agreement with,193;

present Syrian situation of,198ff.

Gandhi, M. K., boycott of England advocated by,224

Gorst, Sir Eldon, Lord Cromer succeeded by,152;

failure of policy of,153ff.

Gouraud, General, Feisal subdued by,191;

danger in methods of,299

Greece, anti-Turk campaign of,193;

Venizelos repudiated by,194;

Constantine supported by,194

Habibullah Khan, Ameer, England supported by,286;

death of,286

Haifa, to be British,186

Hajj, Islam strengthened by,38ff.

Halil Pasha, Pan-Turanism and,168

Hanotaux, Gabriel,57

Harding, Lord, Indian nationalist movement supported by,215

Hedjaz, Turkish dominion of,140

Hindustan, Islam's appeal to60;

anti-Western feeling in,99ff.;

illiberal tradition of,120

Hunter, Sir William, on over-population in India,263ff.

Hussein Kamel, made Sultan of Egypt,156

Ikhwan, beginning of,71;

progress of,71

Imam Yahya,199

India, reform of Islamism in,30;

English mastery of,40;

Islam's missionary work in,52;

1914 insurrection in,61;

English towns and customs in,100;

effect of Russo-Japanese War in,105,210ff.;

liberal political aspirations in,118ff.;

democracy introduced by England in,122ff.;

opposition to nationalism in,124ff.,218ff.;

support of nationalism in,129ff.,136ff.;

history of,201;

Aryan invasion of,201ff.;

beginning of caste system in,202ff.;

Mohammedan invasion of,203ff.;

Mogul Empire founded in,204;

British conquest of,205ff.;

beginning of discontent in,206ff.;

Hindu nationalist movement in,208ff.,212ff.;

English liberal policy in,213ff.;

result of outbreak of war in,214;

Montagu-Chelmsford Report in,216ff.;

militant unrest in,220ff.;

effect of Rowlatt Bill in,222ff.;

English boycotted by,223ff.;

present turmoil in,224;

industries in,233ff.;

industrial conditions in,237ff.;

industrial future of,239ff.;

agriculture in,243ff.;

Swadeshi movement in,244ff.;

social conditions in,253ff.;

status of women in,254,258ff.;

education in,255ff.;

over-population in,262ff.;

condition of peasants in,269;

city and rural life in,275ff.;

economic revolution in,276ff.;

attitude of Bolshevists toward,289ff.

Indian Councils Act, terms of,213;

effect of213

Indian National Congress,206

Islam, eighteenth-century decadence of,20ff.;

revival of,21;

Christian opinions of,26ff.;

present situation of,27ff.;

agnosticism in,32ff.;

fanatics in,33ff.;

solidarity of,37ff.;

Hajj an aid to,38ff.;

caliphate an aid to,38ff.;

Western successes against,40;

proselytism of,48ff.;

effect of Balkan War on,58ff.;

effect of Russo-Japanese War on,59,105ff.;

Western influence on,75ff.;

anti-Western reaction of,88ff.;

race mixture in,102ff.;

tyranny in,111ff.;

early equality in,113ff.;

political reformation in,115ff.;

birth of nationalism in,137ff.;

Bolshevist propaganda in,284ff.

SeealsoPan-Islam

Ismael, Hamet, on scepticism among Moslems,32

Ismael, Khedive, tyrannical policy of,116;

Egypt Europeanized by,147ff.

Italy, Tripoli attacked by,57;

San Remo Treaty opposed by,190,193

Japan, Mohammedan missionary work in,59ff.

Jowf, Sennussi stronghold,45

Kabyle insurrection,41

Khadjar dynasty, Persian revolution against,160

Kharadjites, Islamic spirit preserved by,274

Khartum, capture of,41

Kheir-ed-Din, attempt to regenerate Tunis made by,89

Kitchener, Lord, Mahdist insurrection suppressed by,41;

anti-nationalist beliefs of,122;

nationalism in Egypt suppressed by,153ff.

Krishnavarma, S., assassination commended by,211

Lawrence, Colonel, influence of,186;

Arab-Turk agreement, views of,194ff.;

Mesopotamia, views of,197

Back to Index Next