ἐν δὲ γυνὴ ταμίη νύκτας τε καὶ ἦμαρἔσχ’, ἣ πάντ’ ἐφύλασσε νόου πολυιδρείῃσιν,Εὐρύκλει’, Ὦπος θυγάτηρ Πεισηνορίδαο.[181]
ἐν δὲ γυνὴ ταμίη νύκτας τε καὶ ἦμαρἔσχ’, ἣ πάντ’ ἐφύλασσε νόου πολυιδρείῃσιν,Εὐρύκλει’, Ὦπος θυγάτηρ Πεισηνορίδαο.[181]
ἐν δὲ γυνὴ ταμίη νύκτας τε καὶ ἦμαρἔσχ’, ἣ πάντ’ ἐφύλασσε νόου πολυιδρείῃσιν,Εὐρύκλει’, Ὦπος θυγάτηρ Πεισηνορίδαο.[181]
ἐν δὲ γυνὴ ταμίη νύκτας τε καὶ ἦμαρ
ἔσχ’, ἣ πάντ’ ἐφύλασσε νόου πολυιδρείῃσιν,
Εὐρύκλει’, Ὦπος θυγάτηρ Πεισηνορίδαο.[181]
and to her Telemachus applies for provisions for his journey.[182]It is characteristic of her to keep the best wine against the homecoming of Odysseus.[183]
Demeter enumerates the duties incumbent on a nurse in addition to her nursing cares:
οἷαί τε τροφοί εἰσι θεμιστοπόλων βασιλήωνπαίδων καὶ ταμίαι κατὰ δώματα ἠχήεντα.· · · · ·... καὶ δώματα τηρήσαιμι,καί κε λέχος στορέσαιμι μυχῷ θαλάμων εὐπήκτωνδεσπόσυνον, καὶ κ’ ἔργα διδασκήσαιμι γυναῖκας.[184]
οἷαί τε τροφοί εἰσι θεμιστοπόλων βασιλήωνπαίδων καὶ ταμίαι κατὰ δώματα ἠχήεντα.· · · · ·... καὶ δώματα τηρήσαιμι,καί κε λέχος στορέσαιμι μυχῷ θαλάμων εὐπήκτωνδεσπόσυνον, καὶ κ’ ἔργα διδασκήσαιμι γυναῖκας.[184]
οἷαί τε τροφοί εἰσι θεμιστοπόλων βασιλήωνπαίδων καὶ ταμίαι κατὰ δώματα ἠχήεντα.· · · · ·... καὶ δώματα τηρήσαιμι,καί κε λέχος στορέσαιμι μυχῷ θαλάμων εὐπήκτωνδεσπόσυνον, καὶ κ’ ἔργα διδασκήσαιμι γυναῖκας.[184]
οἷαί τε τροφοί εἰσι θεμιστοπόλων βασιλήων
παίδων καὶ ταμίαι κατὰ δώματα ἠχήεντα.
· · · · ·
... καὶ δώματα τηρήσαιμι,
καί κε λέχος στορέσαιμι μυχῷ θαλάμων εὐπήκτων
δεσπόσυνον, καὶ κ’ ἔργα διδασκήσαιμι γυναῖκας.[184]
They are substantially the same as those of Eurycleia.
So far as we can see, the nurse of Tragedy is occupied almostexclusively with the mistress. The nurse of Medea, however, affects a superior tone in speaking to theπαιδαγωγός,[185]and gives him directions concerning the children.[186]In a similar way the nurse of Comedy seems to have authority over some of the servants.[187]
Instances of the love and devotedness of nurses are not wanting in the literature. From Homer down, we see the nurse as a kind mother lavishing love and affection on the child that she nursed. In the Odyssey, Eurycleia is represented as loving Telemachus more than did the other women:
καὶ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα.[188]
καὶ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα.[188]
καὶ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα.[188]
καὶ ἔτρεφε τυτθὸν ἐόντα.[188]
and Penelope bears witness that Eurycleia had diligently nursed and tended Odysseus:
εὐ τρέφεν ἤδ’ ἀτίταλλε.[189]
εὐ τρέφεν ἤδ’ ἀτίταλλε.[189]
εὐ τρέφεν ἤδ’ ἀτίταλλε.[189]
εὐ τρέφεν ἤδ’ ἀτίταλλε.[189]
Right willingly did the old nurse give her services to one who reminded her of her master. She is the first to recognize him by the scar he had received in his youth. Then
τὴν δ’ ἅμα χάρμα καὶ ἄλγος ἕλε φρένα, τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσεδακρυόφι πλῆσθεν,θαλερὲ δέ οἱ ἔσχετο φωνή.[190]
τὴν δ’ ἅμα χάρμα καὶ ἄλγος ἕλε φρένα, τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσεδακρυόφι πλῆσθεν,θαλερὲ δέ οἱ ἔσχετο φωνή.[190]
τὴν δ’ ἅμα χάρμα καὶ ἄλγος ἕλε φρένα, τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσεδακρυόφι πλῆσθεν,θαλερὲ δέ οἱ ἔσχετο φωνή.[190]
τὴν δ’ ἅμα χάρμα καὶ ἄλγος ἕλε φρένα, τὼ δέ οἱ ὄσσε
δακρυόφι πλῆσθεν,θαλερὲ δέ οἱ ἔσχετο φωνή.[190]
A picture of true devotedness is given by Herodotus,[191]where a nurse takes an ugly child every day to the temple of Helen to implore the gift of beauty for her charge.
Stesichorus[192]and Pindar[193]assert that it was the nurse who saved Orestes from his mother after his father’s murder. Aeschylus calls her Cilissa, and points her out to us as full of love and devotedness for the child.[194]Such is the devotion of Medea’s nurse for her mistress that the oldπαιδαγωγόςis surprised tosee her outside the place without Medea.[195]The nurse in the Trachiniae shows real grief for the fate of her mistress,[196]while Phaedra’s nurse attributes her unwise action to excess of love,[197]and Hypsipyle’s nursling is as dear to her as her own child.[198]Fidelity is the attribute which characterizes Aristophanes’πιστὴ τροφός.[199]A good instance of the nurse’s care for the child is given in Menander, where an old nurse, seeing a child crying and neglected, goes up to it and says: “My darling, and my precious, and where is Mama?” She then kisses it and walks about with it until it stops crying, when she says to herself, “Ah me, it seems but yesterday I was nursing that dear child, Moschio, and now that a child is born to him!” Then to a young girl who comes running in from outside: “Bathe the child, can’t you? What is this? Is it because it is his father’s wedding day that you have no care of the little one?”[200]
Examples of tender attachment are also met with in real life. Demosthenes furnishes a typical illustration in Oration, xlvii. “I explained to the interpreters the attachment of the woman to our family, the cause of my having her in my house, and that she had lost her life in the defense of my property. She had no kind of family connection with me, except that she had been my nurse.”
In contrast to these, we have but few instances of unkindness on the part of the nurse. However, the perversity of human nature is exemplified in the illustration Plutarch gives: “For nurses, who are often rubbing the dirt off their infants, sometimes tear the flesh and put them to torture.”[201]This contrary note is again struck in Stobaeus,[202]where the lack of skill and teasing humor of some nurses is portrayed. The child is hungry, the nurse obliges it to sleep; it is thirsty, she gives it a bath; it is sleepy, she keeps it awake by shaking rattles in its ears. Aristophanes, too, does not spare those nurses who rob their nurslingsof a part of their meal.[203]Though the chattering[204]and tippling propensities[205]of the nurse are sometimes referred to, we do not read that they led her to neglect the child. In fact, neglect and unkindness to children are not characteristic of the Greek nurse as popularly conceived. Of this we have ample evidence from the number of metaphors employed in the literature wherein the nurse figures and always in a good sense. One’s fatherland is frequently called a nurse, since the care and nurture bestowed on a man by his country is like that given the child by the nurse. We read of the much-nourishing nurse, Greece (Ἑλλάδος ἀμητῆρα πολυθρέπτοιο τιθήνης);[206]your motherland, most beloved nurse (γῇ τε μητρί, φιλτάτῃτροφῷ;)[207]this, thy country, nursed thee:
(οὔτ’ ἐννομ’ εἶπας οὐτε προσφιλὲς πόλειτῇδ’, ἥ σ’ ἔθρεψε, τήνδ’ ἀποστερῶν φάτιν;)[208]
(οὔτ’ ἐννομ’ εἶπας οὐτε προσφιλὲς πόλειτῇδ’, ἥ σ’ ἔθρεψε, τήνδ’ ἀποστερῶν φάτιν;)[208]
(οὔτ’ ἐννομ’ εἶπας οὐτε προσφιλὲς πόλειτῇδ’, ἥ σ’ ἔθρεψε, τήνδ’ ἀποστερῶν φάτιν;)[208]
(οὔτ’ ἐννομ’ εἶπας οὐτε προσφιλὲς πόλει
τῇδ’, ἥ σ’ ἔθρεψε, τήνδ’ ἀποστερῶν φάτιν;)[208]
Apollo may love me as caring for his dear nurse, i. e. the island of Delos (Κύνθιος αἰνήσῃ με φίλης ἀλέγοντα τιθήνης),[209]and many other examples. The dinner table is styled the nurse of life (βίου τιθήνη).[210]The dove keeping the snake from her brood is an all-attentive nurse:
(δράκοντες ὥς τις τέκνωνὑπερδέδοικεν λεχαίων δυσευνάτοραςπάντροφος πελειάς.)[211]
(δράκοντες ὥς τις τέκνωνὑπερδέδοικεν λεχαίων δυσευνάτοραςπάντροφος πελειάς.)[211]
(δράκοντες ὥς τις τέκνωνὑπερδέδοικεν λεχαίων δυσευνάτοραςπάντροφος πελειάς.)[211]
(δράκοντες ὥς τις τέκνων
ὑπερδέδοικεν λεχαίων δυσευνάτορας
πάντροφος πελειάς.)[211]
The fountains are called the nurses of Bacchus, because the water being mingled with the wine increased the quantity of the wine.[212]
Thus we find that in the performance of her fourfold office towards child, grown daughter, grown son, and household, thenurse exhibited a tender devotion towards the family in which she lived and especially towards the members of it who had been the former objects of her care.