The flowering or Japanese quince is best propagated byshort root-cuttings, which are usually made in the fall, and scattered in drills in frames or in a well-prepared border in spring. Cuttings of firm, nearly mature wood, handled in frames, will grow, but they are not often used. The double varieties are root-grafted upon common stocks ofP. Japonicain winter. The plants are then grown on in pots. Common quince (P. Cydonia) stocks are occasionally used, but they are not in favor.
Quisqualis.Combretaceæ.
Increased by heeled cuttings of young shoots in heat.
Radish(Raphanus sativus).Cruciferæ.
Seeds, usually sown where the plants are to grow.
Ragged Robin.SeeLychnis.
Ramondia, Myconia.Gesneraceæ.
Propagated by seeds or division.
Rampion(Campanula Rapunculus).Campanulaceæ.
Seeds, where the plants are to stand.
Ranunculus(Buttercup, Crowfoot).Ranunculaceæ.
Propagated by seeds and by divisions.
Raphia.Palmæ.
Seeds.
Raphiolepis.Rosaceæ.
Increased by seeds, and by cuttings of the growing shoots inserted under cover.
Raspberry(Rubus neglectus,strigosusandoccidentalis).Rosaceæ.
New varieties are obtained from seeds, which are washed from the pulp and sown immediately, or stratified. The black-cap varieties are grown mostly from root-tips (Fig. 18) as described onpage 32. If the ground is loose and mellow, the tips will commonly take root themselves, but upon hard ground the tip may have to be held in place by a stone or clod. Some strong-growing varieties, like the Gregg, especially in windy localities, may have to be held down. The red varieties increase rapidly by means of suckers which spring up from the roots. Better plants are obtained by means of root-cuttings, however, as described under Blackberry (see alsoFig. 46). Black-caps may be increased by root-cuttings. These cuttings are best handled in warm cold-frames or mild hot-beds, being planted very early in spring.By the time the weather is settled, they will be large enough to plant in nursery rows.
Red-bud.SeeCercis.
Red Cedar.SeeJuniperus.
Reinwardtia, Linum in part, of gardeners.Lineæ.
Seeds. Cuttings of strong shoots in heat.
Renanthera.SeeÆrides.
Reseda(Mignonette).Resedaceæ.
Seeds. For winter flowering, seeds are sown in July. Also grown from cuttings.
Retinospora, Chamæcyparis (Japanese Arbor-Vitæ).Coniferæ.
Grown sometimes from seeds, which should be denuded of pulp. Layers of tender branches are sometimes employed. They are most commonly grown from cuttings. These are made from tips of growing or ripened shoots, and are two or three inches long, with all the leaves left on. They are usually, from necessity, variously branched. The soft cuttings are usually taken from forced plants and are handled in a close frame or under a bell-glass, with bottom heat. In commercial establishments the cuttings of ripe wood are preferred. The following is the practice of one of the largest nurseries in the country: Cuttings of the entire season’s growth, cut to a heel, are taken in October and November, and are placed in sand in boxes in gentle heat, as in a propagating house. By February the roots will be formed, and the boxes are then placed in a cool house where the temperature is about 50°. Early in spring (about April 1st) the boxes are placed out-doors in cold-frames, where they remain until May, until frost is over. The boxes are then removed from the frames and are set on boards in a shady place, where they are left until fall. In the fall—having been nearly a year in the boxes—the plants are shaken out and are heeled-in in a cellar. The next spring they are planted out in beds, and during the following summer and winter they are given some protection from sun and cold. Yews and arbor-vitæs are handled in the same way.
Retinosporas are often grafted upon retinospora or common arbor-vitæ stocks. This operation is usually performed upon potted plants in winter by the veneer method.
Rhamnus, including Frangula (Buckthorn).Rhamneæ.
The hardy kinds may be increased by means of seeds or by layers. The stove and greenhouse species may be multipliedby cuttings of growing parts. Seeds should be stratified.
Rhaphidophora.Aroideæ.
Increased by seeds; or by cuttings inserted in peaty soil with bottom heat.
Rhaphiolepis(Indian Hawthorn).Rosaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings of firm shoots in a frame.
Rheum(Rhubarb, Pie-plant, Wine-Plant).Polygonaceæ.
Increased by seeds and by divisions. Each division should contain at least one bud on the crown. Seeds may be sown where the plants are to stand, but will not reproduce the varieties.
Rhipsalis, including Lepismium, Pfeiffera.Cacteæ.
Cuttings, after having been dried for a few days, should be inserted in coarse gravel or sand. SeeCactus.
Rhodanthe.Compositæ.
Propagated by seeds.
Rhodochiton.Scrophularineæ.
Propagated by seeds; and cuttings of the growing wood
Rhododendron, Azalea (Rose-Bay).Ericaceæ.
Seeds are largely employed, but they are small and light and must be carefully handled. They are sown in spring in pans or boxes in a soil of sandy peat, care being taken to cover them very lightly and not to dislodge them when applying water. They are handled in cold-frames or in a cool house, and the young plants must be shaded. The plants are commonly allowed to remain a year in the boxes. Low growing plants are often layered. Cuttings of growing wood, cut to a heel, are sometimes employed, being made in summer and handled in a frame, but the percentage of rooted plants will often be small. Rhododendrons are extensively grafted, the veneer method being most used. The operation is performed upon potted plants in late summer or early fall, or sometimes in a cool house in early spring. Most of the leaves are allowed to remain upon the cion. The plants are then placed in densely shaded cool frames, and are nearly covered with sphagnum. Various stocks are employed, but for severe climates the hardy species likeR. CatawbienseandR. maximumare probably best.R. Ponticumis extensively used in Europe, but it is not hardy enough for the north.
Rhodotypos.SeeKerria.
Rhubarb.SeeRheum.
Rhus(Sumach).Anacardiaceæ.
Seeds, layers, suckers, root-cuttings, and cuttings of green or ripe wood. Suckers are oftenest used.
Rhynchosia.Leguminosæ.
Propagated by seeds and division.
Rhynchospermum.SeeTrachelospermum.
Ribes(Currant, Gooseberry).Saxifrageæ.
Seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe, or else stratified for new varieties. Commonly from ripe cuttings. See Currant and Gooseberry.
Richardia(Calla)Aroideæ.
Offsets, which should be removed and potted off when the plants are at rest.
Ricinus(Castor Bean).Euphorbiaceæ.
Seeds, which in the north are started in-doors.
Rivina, Piercea (Hoop Withy).Phytolaccaceæ.
Readily propagated by seeds; also by cuttings, inserted during spring in heat.
Robinia(Locust, Rose Acacia).Leguminosæ.
Seeds, sown in fall or spring, and which usually germinate better if soaked in hot water previous to sowing. Also grown from layers and root-cuttings. Named varieties are grafted or budded, the common locust stock (R. Pseudacacia) being preferred, even for the rose acacia (R. hispida).
Rocambole(Allium Scorodoprasum).Liliaceæ.
“Cloves,” or divisions of the bulb.
Rocket, ornamental sorts. SeeHesperis.
Rocket Salad(Eruca sativa).Cruciferæ.
Seeds, sown where the plants are to grow.
Rock-Rose.SeeCistus.
Romneya.Papaveraceæ.
Propagated by seeds in spring.
Romulea.Irideæ.
Offsets.
Rondeletia, Willdenovia, Rogiera.Rubiaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings of half-ripened wood, inserted in sand under glass, in heat.
Rosa(Rose).Rosaceæ.
New varieties and sometimes stocks are grown from seeds, which are sown as soon as ripe, or kept in the hips until spring. The hardy kinds are usually sown in well-prepared beds out-doors. Roses are sometimes grown from layers, and often from root-cuttings, after the manner of blackberries. The common way of propagating roses, however, is by means of short cuttings of firm or nearly mature wood, handled under glass, with a mild bottom heat (of 65° or 70°). They are commonly made in February or March from forced plants. The cuttings are made in various fashions, some allowing most of the leaves to remain, and some preferring to cut most of them off, as inFig. 56. They are commonly cut to one-bud lengths. Long cuttings of ripened wood, handled in a cool greenhouse or in frames, may also be employed for the various perpetual and climbing roses. Most growers feel that the best plants are obtained from cuttings, but most varieties do well when budded upon congenial and strong stocks. Budding by the common shield method is considerably employed, and veneer-grafting is sometimes used. The stocks are grown either from seeds or cuttings. The commonest stock is the manetti (Rosa canina), which is a strong and hardy species. The multiflora rose (R. polyantha) is also a good stock, especially for early results. A stock somewhat used about Boston for some of the hybrid perpetuals, with excellent results, isRosa Watsonia, a Japanese species. “Worked” roses are in greater favor in Europe than in this country.
Rosemary(Rosmarinus officinalis).Labiatæ.
Seeds and divisions.
Rubus(Bramble).Rosaceæ.
Seeds, which should be stratified or sown as soon as ripe. Root-cuttings and suckers are mostly employed. The seeds ofR. deliciosusrequire two years for germination. SeeBlackberry,Dewberry,Raspberry.
Rudbeckia, including Lepachys, Obeliscaria (Cone Flower).Compositæ.
Propagated by seeds or divisions.
Rue.SeeRuta.
Ruellia, including Dipteracanthus.Acanthaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings, inserted in a light rich soil, under glass.
Rulingia.Sterculiaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings under glass.
Ruscus(Butcher’s, Alexandrian Laurel).Liliaceæ.
Root suckers. Also seeds, when obtainable.
Rush.SeeJuncus.
Russelia.Scrophularineæ.
Seeds. Green cuttings under glass.
Ruta.Haplophyllum (Herb of Grace, Rue).Rutaceæ.
Propagated by seeds, divisions and cuttings. Meadow Rue, see Thalictrum.
Sabal.Palmæ.
Propagated by seeds, and by suckers, which should be taken when about one foot long. If they have no roots they must be carefully handled.
Sabbatia(American Centaury).Gentianeæ.
May be raised from seeds, which should be sown thinly in pans, or on a shady border.
Saffron(Carthamus tinctorius).Compositæ.
Propagated by seeds, in open air in spring. Saffron is alsoCrocus sativus.
Sage(Salvia officinalis).Labiatæ.
Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to stand. Also by division, but seeds give better plants. Sage plantations should be renewed every two or three years. Good plants are grown from cuttings.
Sage Palm.SeeCycas.
Saintfoin.SeeOnobrychis.
Saint John’s Bread.SeeCarob.
Salisburia.SeeGinkgo.
Salix(Willow, Osier, Sallow).Salicineæ.
All the willows grow readily from cuttings of ripe wood of almost any age. The low and weeping varieties are top-worked upon any common upright stocks.
Sallow.SeeSalix.
Salpiglossis.Scrophularineæ.
Propagated by seeds in open air, or they may be started under glass.
Salsify(Tragopogon porrifolius).Compositæ.
Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to remain.
Salvia, including Sclarea (Sage).Labiatæ.
May be increased by seeds, sown thinly and placed in a little warmth. Also by cuttings; these will root readily in heat, if they are quite soft and in a growing state.
Sambucus(Elder).Caprifoliaceæ.
Seeds, handled like those of raspberries and blackberries. Named kinds are grown from cuttings of mature wood, and by layers.
Sandoricum(Sandal-tree).Meliaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass, in heat.
Sanguinaria(Blood-root, Red Puccoon).Papaveraceæ.
Propagation is effected by means of seeds, or by divisions.
Sanguisorba.SeePoterium.
Sanseviera, Salmia (Bowstring Hemp).Hæmodoraceæ.
Young plants are obtained from suckers.
SapodillaorSapodilla Plum. SeeSapota.
Saponaria, including Vaccaria (Bouncing Bet, Fuller’s Herb, Soapwort).Caryophylleæ.
Increased by seeds and by divisions. The hardy annual and biennial kinds may be simply sown in the open border.
Sapota, Achras.Sapotaceæ.
Seeds and cuttings. In tropical countries the sapodilla (S. Achras) is raised entirely from seeds.
Sarracenia(Indian Cup, Pitcher Plant, Side-saddle Flower. Trumpet Leaf).Sarraceniaceæ.
Increased by dividing the crowns. Sometimes by seeds, sown in moss in a cool frame.
Sassafras.Laurineæ.
Increased by seeds, and by suckers and root-cuttings.
Satyrium.Orchideæ.
Division of the plants, as new growth is commencing. (See also underOrchids.)
Saurauja, Palava, Reinwardtia.Ternstrœmiaceæ.
Seeds. Ripened cuttings should be inserted in sand, under glass.
Sauromatum.Aroideæ.
Increased by offsets.
Saussurea.Compositæ.
Seeds; division.
Savin.SeeJuniperus.
Savoy.SeeCabbage.
Savory(Satureia hortensis,S montana).Labiatæ.
Seeds, sown where the plants are to remain; or the winter savory (S. montana), which is a perennial, by division.
Saxifraga(Saxifrage, Rockfoil).Saxifrageæ.
Seeds, divisions, and in some species (asS. sarmentosa, the “strawberry geranium”) by runners.
Scabiosa(Pin-cushion Flower).Dipsaceæ.
Seeds, usually sown in the open, and sometimes by division
Scævola.Goodenovieæ.
Seeds. Cuttings should be inserted in a compost of peat and sand, under glass.
Scheeria.SeeAchimenes.
Schelhammera, Parduyna.Liliaceæ.
Increased usually by divisions.
Schinus.Anacardiaceæ.
Propagated by seeds.
Schismatoglottis.Aroideæ.
Increased by divisions.
Schizandra, including Maximowiczia.Magnoliaceæ.
Seeds, when procurable. Propagation is effected by layers; by ripened cuttings, which should be inserted in sand under glass.
Schizanthus(Butterfly or Fringe Flower).Solanaceæ.
The half-hardy kinds are increased by seeds sown in a little heat in spring. The seed of the hardy sorts may be sown in the open ground in early spring.
Schizophragma.Saxifrageæ.
Propagated easily by cuttings of the ripened wood in a cool house in autumn.
Schizostylis.Irideæ.
Propagated by seeds and by division.
Sciadophyllum, Actinophyllum.Araliaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass, in moderate heat.
Sciadopitys(Umbrella Pine).Coniferæ.
Slowly propagated by imported seeds. But cuttings of the half-ripened shoots, taken off in summer and inserted in sand, in heat, root readily.
Scilla(Squill, Wild Hyacinth).Liliaceæ.
Slowly increased by seeds, usually by bulbels
Scolopendrium.SeeFerns.
Scorzonera(Black Salsify).Compositæ.
Seeds, sown where the plants are to stand.
Scotch Broom.SeeCytisus.
Screw Pine.SeePandanus.
Scutellaria(Skull-cap, Helmet Flower).Labiatæ.
Seeds, divisions and cuttings of growing shoots under cover.
Seaforthia.SeePtychosperma.
Sea-kale(Crambe maritima).Cruciferæ.
Seeds, sown without being shelled, usually in a seed-bed. When the young plants have made three or four leaves, they should be removed to permanent quarters. Seedlings should furnish crops in three years. By root-cuttings, four or five inches long, taken from well established plants. These should give plants strong enough for cutting in two years.
Seaside Grape.SeeCoccoloba.
Sechium(Choko).Cucurbitaceæ.
Seeds. Tubers.
Sedge.SeeCarex.
Sedum, including Rhodiola (Orpine, Stonecrop).Crassulaceæ.
Propagation may be effected by seeds, by divisions of the tufts, by cuttings of stems or leaves in spring.
Selaginella.Lycopodiaceæ.
Spores. Short cuttings, inserted in very early spring, in pots or pans.
Sempervivum(House-Leek).Crassulaceæ.
Readily increased by seeds, or by the young plants which appear around the old ones at the base.
Senecio, including Cacalia, Cineraria, Farfugium, Jacobea Kleina, Ligularia (Groundsel, Ragweed).Compositæ.
The annuals are propagated by seeds. Others may be increased by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings both of the roots and shoots.
Sensitive Plant.SeeMimosa.
Sequoia, Wellingtonia (Redwood).Coniferæ.
Seeds, which must be handled in a frame or half-shady place. Layers, and cuttings handled like those of retinospora and yew.
Sericographis.SeeJusticia.
Sesamum(Bene).Pedaliaceæ.
Seeds, sown under glass, or in the south in the open border.
Sesbania, including Agati (Pea-tree).Leguminosæ.
Seeds for annual species; the shrubby kinds by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots under glass, in heat.
Shad-bush.SeeAmelanchier.
Shaddock.SeePomelo.
Shallot(Allium Ascalonicum).Liliaceæ.
Grown from “cloves,” which are formed by the breaking up of the main bulb.
Shell-bark Hickory(Shag-bark). SeeHicoria.
Shepherdia(Buffalo Berry).Elæagnaceæ.
Increased by seeds sown in the fall or stratified until spring.
Sibbaldia.SeePotentilla.
Siberian Pea-tree.SeeCaragana.
Sideritis.Labiatæ.
Seeds, divisions, cuttings.
Side-saddle Flower.SeeSarracenia.
Silene(Campion, Catchfly).Caryophylleæ.
Propagation is effected by seeds, by divisions, and by cuttings.
Silk-Cotton Tree.SeeBombax.
Silphium(Rosin-plant, Compass-plant).Compositæ.
Propagated by seed and by divisions.
Silver Bell.SeeHalesia.
Sisyrinchium(Blue-eyed Grass, Pig Root, Rush Lily, Satin Flower).Irideæ.
It may be increased in spring by seeds or by divisions.
Skimmia.Rutaceæ.
Seeds, in a frame. Also by layers and by firm cuttings in gentle heat.
Skirret(Sium Sisarum).Umbelliferæ.
Seeds, offsets, or divisions.
Slipperwort.SeeCampanulaand Calceolaria.
Smilacina(False Solomon’s Seal).Liliaceæ.
Seeds. Division of roots.
Smilax(Green-Briar, American China Root).Liliaceæ.
Young plants are obtained by seeds and by layers and divisions of the root. For the “Smilax” or Boston-vine of conservatories, see Myrsiphyllum.
Snapdragon.SeeAntirrhinum.
Snowball-tree.SeeViburnum.
Snowberry-tree.SeeSymphoricarpus.
Snowdrop.SeeGalanthus.
Snowflake.SeeLeucoium.
Soapwort.SeeSaponaria.
Solandra.Solanaceæ.
Increased by seeds sown in spring; by cuttings, inserted in mould or tan. If small flowering plants are desired, the cuttings should be taken from flowering shoots.
Solanum, including Aquartia, Nycterium (Nightshade).Solanaceæ.
The annuals, and most of the other species, are raised from seeds. The tuberous kinds may be increased by tubersor divisions of them. The stove and greenhouse shrubby plants may be propagated by cuttings, inserted when young in a warm frame.
Soldanella.Primulaceæ.
Increased by seeds and by division.
Solea.SeeIonidium.
Solidago(Golden Rod).Compositæ.
Seeds, sown in fall or spring, and by divisions.
Solomon’s Seal.SeePolygonatum.
Sonerila.Melastomaceæ.
Propagated by seeds; or by cuttings which should be inserted singly in small pots during spring and placed in a frame in a propagating house.
Sophora, including Edwardsia.Leguminosæ.
Seeds, layers and cuttings of either ripened or growing wood. The named varieties are grafted upon common stocks.
Sorghum.Gramineæ.
Usually by seeds. Sometimes by cuttings as in Sugar Cane.
Sorrel(Rumex, several species).Polygonaceæ.
Seeds and divisions.
Sorrel-tree.SeeOxydendron.
Sour Gum.SeeNyssa.
Sowbread.SeeCyclamen.
Spanish Bayonet.SeeYucca.
Sparaxis.Irideæ.
Seeds. Usually by offsets.
Sparmannia.Tiliaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood in spring.
Spathiphyllum,including Amomophyllum.Aroideæ.
Propagated sometimes by seeds sown in heat, or by divisions of the root-stocks.
Spearmint(Mentha viridis).Labiatæ.
Commonly grown from cuttings of the creeping root-stocks.
Speedwell.SeeVeronica.
Sphæralcea, Sphæroma (Globe Mallow).Malvaceæ.
Seeds; by cuttings of the young growth under glass, and kept shaded until rooted.
Spiderwort.SeeTradescantia.
Spinage(Spinacia oleracea).Chenopodiaceæ.
Seeds, sown usually where the crop is to stand, either in fall or spring.
Spiræa(Spirea, Meadow-Sweet).Rosaceæ.
Seeds, sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring. Commonly increased by cuttings, either of mature or green wood. Green cuttings usually make the best plants. These are made in summer and handled in frames. Some sorts, asS. ariæfolia,S. opulifoliaand varieties (Nine-bark, now known asNeilliaorPhysocarpus opulifolia) andS. prunifolia, are usually grown from layers put down in spring. The herbaceous kinds are often increased by division.
Spondias(Hog Plum, Otaheite Apple or Plum).Anacardiaceæ.
Seeds; by large cuttings of growing wood, which should be inserted in sand or mould, in heat.
Spruce.SeePiceaandAbies.
Squash(Cucurbita, three species).Cucurbitaceæ.
Seeds, when the weather becomes warm.
Squill.SeeScilla.
Stachys, Betonica, Galeopsis (Hedge Nettle, Woundwort).Labiatæ.
Seeds, divisions, or cuttings. Some species (as the Crosnes orS. tuberiferaof recent introduction) are increased by subterranean tubers.
Staff-tree.SeeCelastrus.
Stanhopea.Orchideæ.
Division of the old roots. (See also underOrchids.)
Stapelia(Carrion Flower).Asclepiadeæ.
Seeds; commonly by cuttings in heat.
Staphylea(Bladder-nut).Sapindaceæ.
Seeds sown as soon as ripe or stratified until spring. By suckers, layers, and cuttings of roots or of mature wood.
Star Apple.SeeChrysophyllum.
Star of Bethlehem.SeeOrnithogalum.
Statice(Sea Lavender, Sea Pink).Plumbagineæ.
The annuals and biennials may be increased by seeds sown in early spring, in a frame. The perennials by seeds, or by carefully made divisions. Greenhouse species should be propagated by cuttings inserted in small single pots during early spring, and placed under glass.
Staurostigma.Aroideæ.
Seeds sown in bottom heat; or by division of the tubers.
Stephanotis, Jasminanthes.Asclepiadeæ.
Propagated by seeds; also by cuttings of the previous year’s growth inserted singly in pots, in spring, and placed in a close frame with a temperature of 60°.
Sterculia.Sterculiaceæ.
Seeds. Increased by ripened cuttings, which should be taken with the leaves on, and placed under glass. Those of the stove species should be placed in moist heat.
Stevia.Compositæ.
May be increased by seeds, by divisions and by cuttings.
Stigmaphyllon.Malpighiaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings of ripened wood, inserted in sandy soil under glass, in heat.
Stillingia.Euphorbiaceæ.
Easily propagated by imported seeds.
Stock.SeeMatthiola.
Stokesia.Compositæ.
Propagation by seeds and by division.
Stonecrop.SeeSedum.
Strawberry(Fragaria).Rosaceæ.
New sorts are grown from seeds, which are usually sown as soon as ripe; or they may be kept until the following spring either dry or in stratification. Varieties are commonly increased by offsets, or plants formed at the joints of runners. These runners appear after the fruit is off. If strong plants are desired, the runner should be headed-in, and only one plant allowed to form on each runner. The ground should be soft and somewhat moist, to enable the young plants to obtain a foothold. Plants strong enough for setting are obtained in August and September of the same year in whichthey start. Ordinarily, the runners will take root without artificial aid; but in hard soils, or with new or scarce varieties, the joints are sometimes held down with a pebble or bit of earth. New varieties are often propagated throughout the season from plants which are highly fertilized, and which are not allowed to fruit. Very strong plants are obtained by growing them in pots. A 3-inch pot is sunk below the runner, and the joint is held upon it by a stone or clod. The runner is then pinched off, to prevent further growth, and to throw all its energy into the one plant. The pot should be filled with soft, rich earth. Shouldered pots are best, because they can be raised more easily than others, by catching the spade or trowel under the shoulder. The plants will fill the pots in three or four weeks, if the weather is favorable. Old tin fruit cans, which have been heated to remove the bottoms, can also be used.
Cuttings of the tips of runners are sometimes made and handled in a frame, as an additional means of rapidly increasing new kinds. These cuttings are really the cast-away tips left from the heading-in or checking of the runners.
Strawberry Geranium.SeeSaxifraga.
Strawberry Tree.SeeArbutus.
Strelitzia(Bird of Paradise Flower, Bird’s-tongue Flower).Scitamineæ.
Increased by seeds, which should be sown in light soil, and the pots plunged in moist bottom heat. Also increased by suckers and by division of the old plants.
Streptocarpus(Cape Primrose).Gesneraceæ.
Readily propagated by seeds or by divisions.
Strobilanthes, including Goldfussia (Cone Head).Acanthaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings, in any light soil under glass, in heat.
Struthiola.Thymelæaceæ.
Seeds, when obtainable. Cuttings in sand under a frame.
Stuartia.Ternstrœmiaceæ.
May be increased by seeds and layers, or by means of ripened cuttings, inserted in sand under a hand-glass. Seeds are oftenest used, where obtainable.
Stylidium, Candollea.Stylidieæ.
Grown from seeds, or in a few cases, from divisions of the roots. The shrubby kinds may be increased by cuttings.
Stypandra.Liliaceæ.
Propagated by divisions.
Styrax(Storax).Styraceæ.
Seeds, which must be stratified, or else sown as soon as ripe. They usually lie dormant the first year. Also by layers and cuttings of green-wood. Can be grafted upon other storaxes, or uponHalesia tetraptera.
Sugar Cane(Saccharum officinarum).Gramineæ.
Cuttings of the stems. The cuttings should possess a nope or joint which bears one or more good buds. These cuttings are planted directly in the field, and the plants will reach maturity in two or three months. Propagation by seeds has been supposed to be impossible, but recent experiments at Kew indicate that it can be done.
Sumach.SeeRhus.
Sundew.SeeDrosera.
Sunflower.SeeHelianthus.
Sun Rose.SeeHelianthemum.
Swainsona.Leguminosæ.
Seeds. Green cuttings under cover.
Swan River Daisy.SeeBrachycome.
Sweet Brier.SeeRosa.
Sweet Cicely.SeeMyrrhis.
Sweet Pea.SeeLathyrus.
Sweet Potato(Convolvulus Batatas).Convolvulaceæ.
Sweet potato plants are grown in hot-beds, cold-frames or forcing-houses, from sound tubers of medium size. The tuber is laid upon a sandy or other loose bed, and is then covered with sand or sandy loam to a depth of one or two inches. Sometimes, to guard against rot, the tubers are not covered until the sprouts begin to appear. The tubers may be laid thickly upon the bed, but they are less apt to rot if they do not touch each other. Sometimes the tubers are cut in two lengthwise, the cut surface being placed down, in order to place all the plant-giving surface uppermost. In four or five weeks the young plants—three to five inches high—are pulled off and planted, and others soon arise to take their places. One hand should be held firmly upon the soil over the tuber, while the sprout is pulled off to keep it in place. Three or four crops of sprouts may be obtained from each tuber.
Sweet William(Dianthus barbatus).Caryophylleæ.
Seeds, sown in-doors or in the border. Division of the plants. Best results are obtained by starting new seedlings every other year.
Swertia.Gertianeæ.
Seeds, usually started in heat.
Sycamore.SeePlatanus.
Symphoricarpus(Waxberry, St. Peter’s Wort, Snowberry-tree, Indian Currant).Caprifoliaceæ.
Seeds, handled like those of blackberries. Also by suckers and cuttings.
Symphytum(Comfrey).Boragineæ.
May be increased by seeds and by division. Also by root-cuttings.
Symplocos, including Hopea.Styraceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings, in sand under glass.
Syngonium.Aroideæ.
Increased by dividing the stems into lengths of about three joints, and inserting them in pots in a brisk heat. The tops of plants may be cut off and inserted as large cuttings.
Syringa(Lilac).Oleaceæ.
New varieties and stocks are grown from seeds, which are usually stratified until spring. Green cuttings, handled in frames in summer, are largely used. Cuttings of mature wood will grow; also cuttings of the roots. Layers and suckers are often employed. Varieties are extensively grafted upon privet (Ligustrum), and common lilacs. Flute-budding is occasionally employed. Lilacs will grow for a time when worked upon the ash. Grafting succeeds well when performed in the open air.
Tabernæmontana.Apocynaceæ.
Increased by green cuttings, under glass, in moist heat.
Tacca, Ataccia.Taccaceæ.
Seeds and division of the roots.
Tacsonia.SeePassiflora.
Tagetes(Marigold).Compositæ.
Seeds, sown either in-doors or out.
Tamarack.SeeLarch.
Tamarindus(Tamarind).Leguminosæ.
Young plants may be obtained from seeds sown on a hot-bed or out-doors in tropical countries. Cuttings, in sand under glass in heat.
Tamarix, Tamarisk.Tamariscineæ.
Increased by ripe cuttings under glass, the greenhouse kinds in heat.
Tansy(Tanacetum vulgare).Compositæ.
Seeds and divisions.
Taxodium, Glyptostrobus (Bald Cypress).Coniferæ.
Seeds are usually employed. Layers. Cuttings of young wood in wet sand, or even water, under cover. The varieties of glyptostrobus may be veneer-grafted in August or September onT. distichum.
Taxus(Yew).Coniferæ.
Seeds, sown when gathered or else stratified. Layers. Cuttings of green-wood under glass in summer, or of mature wood as recommended for retinospora. The named varieties are veneer-grafted in August or early fall upon the upright kinds.
Tecoma(Trumpet-Creeper).Bignoniaceæ.
Seeds, layers, cuttings of firm shoots, but most commonly by root-cuttings.
Terminalia(Tropical Almond).Combretaceæ.
Seeds; also by cuttings of green-wood under glass.
Ternstrœmia.Ternstrœmiaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings of the half-ripened shoots under glass, in bottom heat.
Testudinaria(Elephant’s Foot).Dioscoreaceæ.
Grown from imported roots or seeds.
Teucrium(Germander).Labiatæ.
Seeds, divisions, and the shrubby kinds by cuttings under cover.
Thalictrum(Meadow-Rue).Ranunculaceæ.
Propagated by seeds, and divisions. The varieties by cuttings.
Thea.SeeCamellia.
Theobroma(Cacao, Chocolate-tree).Sterculiaceæ.
Propagated by ripened cuttings, which should be placed in sand, under glass, in heat.
Thermopsis.Leguminosæ.
By seeds and divisions.
Thrift.SeeArmeria.
Thrinax.Palmæ.
Seeds.
Thunbergia.Acanthaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings of firm wood in a frame.
Thunia.Orchideæ.
As the form of the pseudo-bulbs suggests, this genus is easily propagated by cuttings. These are made about six inches long and inserted in pots of sand. After standing in an ordinary propagating-frame or moist stove for a short time young growths will appear at the nodes. When large enough they are taken up and potted in ordinary compost. Two years at least are needed for them to attain to flowering size, but this is the best method where a large number of plants are wanted. (See also underOrchids.)
Thuya, including Biota (Arbor-Vitæ, White Cedar erroneously).Coniferæ.
Seeds. Layers. Cuttings of green shoots in summer in a cool frame. Cuttings of ripe wood, as recommended for retinospora. The named varieties are often grafted on potted common stocks in winter or early fall.
Thyme(Thymus vulgaris).Labiatæ.
Seeds and divisions.
Thyrsacanthus, Odontonema (Thyrse Flower).Acanthaceæ.
Seeds; cuttings made in spring, and placed in a close, warm frame.
Tiarella.Saxifrageæ.
Seeds and divisions.
Tigridia(Tiger Flower).Irideæ.
May be increased by seeds, or generally by offsets.
Tilia(Basswood, Linden, Lime-tree).Tiliaceæ.
Stocks are grown from stratified seeds. Layers may be made, and cuttings may be employed, but the named sortsare usually grafted on strong common stocks. Mound-layering is sometimes practiced.
Tillandsia.Bromeliaceæ.
May be increased by seeds, and by suckers which should be allowed to grow large before being detached from the parent and should then be inserted singly in pots, in a compost of loam, peat, and leaf-mould. Keep moderately moist and well shaded.T. usneoidesis the “Spanish Moss” of the south; rarely propagated, but may be grown from seeds or divisions of the moss.
Tobacco.SeeNicotiana.
Tolu Balsam-tree.SeeMyroxylon.
Tomato(Lycopersicum esculentum).Solanaceæ.
Seeds, usually started under glass. Cuttings of growing shoots.
Torenia.Scrophularineæ.
Seeds. Cuttings, in a warm frame.
Torreya.Coniferæ.
Increased the same as Thuya and Retinospora.
Trachelium(Throatwort).Campanulaceæ.
Seeds and cuttings.
Trachelospermum, Rhynchospermum.Apocynaceæ.
Seeds. Firm cuttings, in a frame.
Trachycarpus.Palmæ.
Seeds and suckers.
Tradescantia.Commelinaceæ.
Usually by cuttings; also by seeds and divisions.
Trapa(Water Caltrops).Onagrarieæ.
Seeds.
Tree of Heaven.SeeAilanthus.
Trichilia.Meliaceæ.
Seeds. Cuttings of the ripened wood, with leaves, or under glass in heat.
Trichopilia.Orchideæ.
Divisions of the plants. (See also underOrchids.)
Trichosanthes(Snake Gourd).Cucurbitaceæ.
Seeds, either in-doors or out.
Tricyrtis.Liliaceæ.
Seeds rarely. Offsets and divisions.
Trillium(American Wood-Lily, Indian Shamrock, Wake-Robin).Liliaceæ.
Propagated by seeds and by divisions.
Triteleia(Triplet Lily).Liliaceæ.
Propagated by seeds and by offsets.
Tritoma.SeeKniphofia.
Tritonia, Aletris, including Montbretia.Irideæ.
Young plants are raised from seeds; but generally increased by divisions.
Trollius(Globe Flower, Globe Ranunculus).Ranunculaceæ.
Seeds. Divisions in early autumn or spring. The seeds should be sown fresh or a long time will be required for germination.
Tropæolum(Nasturtium, Canary-bird Flower, Indian Cress).Geraniaceæ.
Seeds, started in-doors or in the garden. Tuberiferous species by tubers or divisions of roots. Perennials sometimes by cuttings in a frame.
Trumpet Creeper.SeeTecoma.
Tuberose.SeePolianthes.
Tulipa(Tulip).Liliaceæ.
Seeds may be sown in boxes of light sandy soil, in late winter, and placed in a cold-frame. The next season the young bulbs should be planted in a prepared bed outside. Bulbels may be detached from established bulbs when they are lifted, and grown by themselves. This is the usual method.
Tulip-tree.SeeLiriodendron.
Tupelo-tree.SeeNyssa.
Turnera.Turneraceæ.
Seeds, divisions and cuttings.
Turnip(Brassica).Cruciferæ.
Seeds, where the plants are to remain.
Tydæa.SeeGesnera.
Typha(Bullrush, Cat’s Tail, Reed Mace).Typhaceæ.
Propagation may be effected by seeds sown in a pot plunged in water nearly to the level of the soil; or by divisions.
Ulex(Furze, Gorse, Whin).Leguminosæ.
Propagated by seeds or by cuttings.
Ulmus(Elm).Urticaceæ.
Usually propagated by stratified seeds. Layers are sometimes made, and suckers may be taken. The varieties are grafted on common stocks.
Unicorn Plant.SeeMartynia.
Uvularia, including Oakesia (Bellwort).Liliaceæ.
Seeds; usually by divisions.
Vaccinium(Swamp Huckleberry, Whortleberry, Blueberry, Bilberry, Cranberry).Vacciniaceæ.
Seeds, layers, root-cuttings, and divisions of the old plants. Some species by hard-wood cuttings, for which see Cranberry. Huckleberry seeds are small and somewhat difficult to grow. The seeds should be washed from the fruits and stored in sand in a cool place until late in winter. They are then sown in pans or flats on the surface of a soil made of equal parts sand and loam. Cover with fine sphagnum and keep in a cool house or frame, always keeping the seeds moist. Seeds treated in this way may be expected to germinate in a month or two, although they may lie dormant a year. Transplant frequently and keep shaded until large enough to shift for themselves. Layers should be tongued. Cuttings, two or three inches long, of the best roots, made in fall and placed in mild bottom heat in early spring, often give fair satisfaction. Native plants can be obtained from the woods and fields which will give good satisfaction if small specimens are taken.
Valeriana(Valerian).Valerianeæ.
Seeds and divisions.
Vallota.Amaryllideæ.
Bulbels, which usually appear above the surface of the pot. Division of the bulbs.
Vanda.Orchideæ.
The majority are propagated in the same way as described for aërides, but two species—V. teresandV. Hookeri—bothtall and quick growing, may be cut into lengths of a few inches. The practice of the most successful cultivators is to start them every year as cuttings about a foot long. (See also under Orchids.)
Vanilla.Orchideæ.
Division and cuttings. The vanilla of commerce (V. planifolia) is propagated from cuttings which are planted at the base of trees, upon which the plant climbs. (See also underOrchids)
Vegetable Oyster.SeeSalsify.
Veitchia.Palmæ.
Seeds.
Veltheimia.Liliaceæ.
By fresh seeds or separation of the bulbs.
Veratrum(False or White Hellebore).Liliaceæ.
Young plants are obtained by seeds or by divisions.
Verbascum(Mullein).Scrophularineæ.
All are raised from seeds sown in any ordinary soil, exceptV. nigrumandV. pinnatifidum, which should be increased by divisions and cuttings respectively.