Propagated by seeds, sown when ripe or kept till the following spring; and by suckers and cuttings of ripened wood, inserted in autumn in a cool house.
Browallia.Scrophularineæ.
Seeds. To have blooming plants by holidays they are propagated by seeds, sown in spring or summer in pans or pots of light, rich, sandy soil, and kept in a close frame or hand-light, where they can be shaded till germination takes place.
Brownea.Leguminosæ.
Increased by cuttings from the ripened wood; place in sand under a hand-glass, in moist heat.
Brownlowia.Tiliaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings made from ripe shoots; place in sand, under a hand-glass, in heat.
Brucea.Simarubeæ.
Increased by cuttings from ripened wood, which will root freely in a pot of sand under a hand-glass, in moderate heat.
Brugmansia.SeeDatura.
Brunfelsia, Franciscea.Scrophularineæ.
Propagated by cuttings placed in sand under a bell-glass in moderate heat. When rooted, place in pots with a compost of loam, leaf soil, peat and sand.
Brunia.Bruniaceæ.
Increased by cuttings of young shoots, which root freely in sand under a hand-light in summer.
Brunonia.Goodenovieæ.
Propagated by divisions in early spring before repotting.
Brussels Sprouts.SeeCabbage.
Brunsvigia.Amaryllideæ.
Increased by offsets of considerable size. They should be potted carefully in a mixture of sandy loam and peat, with good drainage, and kept tolerably warm and close until established; water sparingly until root action has commenced. The best place for growing the offsets into a flowering size is on a shelf near the glass, in a temperature of from 50° to 55°.
Brya.Leguminosæ.
Propagated by seeds or cuttings placed in a hot-bed.
Bryonia.Cucurbitaceæ.
Propagated by seeds, or by divisions of the tuber.
Bryophyllum.Crassulaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings; or by simply laying the leaf on moist sand, and at each indentation upon the margin a plantlet will appear.
Bucco.SeeAgathosma.
Buceras.SeeTerminalia.
Bucida.SeeTerminalia.
Buckbean.SeeMenyanthes.
Buckeye.SeeÆsculus.
Bucklandia.Hamamelideæ.
Increased by cuttings of ripened shoots placed in sandy loam under a hand-glass, in moderate heat. Water carefully, for they are liable to rot off.
Buckthorn.SeeRhamnus.
Buckwheat(Fagopyrum esculentumandTartaricum).Polygonaceæ.
Propagated by seeds.
Buffalo Berry.SeeShepherdia.
Bugle.SeeAjuga.
Bugle Lily.SeeWatsonia.
Bugwort.SeeCimicifuga.
Bulbine.Liliaceæ.
Increased—the bulbous-rooted species by offsets, and the herbaceous sorts by suckers and divisions. Also by cuttings.
Bulbocodium.Liliaceæ.
Increased by offsets in a rich, sandy loam. Take up the bulbs, divide and replant them every second year, handling in autumn and renewing the soil or planting in new positions.
Bulbophyllum, Anisopetalum, Bolbophyllum, Tribrachium.Orchideæ.
Propagated by division of the pseudo-bulbs.
Bulbospermum.SeePeliosanthes.
Bullrush.SeeTyphaandJuncus.
Bumalda.SeeStaphylea.
Bunchosia.Malpighiaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots, placed in sand under a bell-glass, in moist bottom heat. Good drainage is essential.
Buphthalmum(Ox-eye).Compositæ.
Propagated in spring or autumn by divisions.
Bupleurum(Hare’s Ear).Umbelliferæ.
The annuals by seeds sown in spring out-doors; the herbaceous perennials may be increased by divisions made in autumn or spring, and the greenhouse species by cuttings made in spring.
Burchardia.Liliaceæ.
Propagated by offsets or divisions made just previous to potting in spring. It is best to repot annually. Good drainage should be allowed, and the plant must not be potted too firmly.
Burchellia.Rubiaceæ.
Increased by cuttings, not too ripe, planted in sand and placed under a hand-glass, in a gentle heat.
Burgsdorffia.SeeSideritis.
Burlingtonia.Orchideæ.
Increased by dividing the plant. (See underOrchids.)
Burnet.Rosaceæ.
Propagated by seeds and division.
Burning Bush.SeeEuonymus.
Bursaria.Pittosporeæ.
Increased by young cuttings put in sand under a bell-glass, with a little bottom heat.
Bursera.Burseraceæ.
Propagated by cuttings placed under a bell-glass, with bottom heat.
Burtonia.Leguminosæ.
Some of the species produce seed in abundance, and these form the best means of increase. By young cuttings, which root freely in sandy soil in a cool house, with a bell-glass over them.
Butcher’s Broom.SeeRuscus.
Butomus(Flowering Rush).Alismaceæ.
Increased by seeds, or by divisions of the roots in spring.
Buttercup.SeeRanunculus.
Butternut.SeeJuglans.
Butterwort.SeePinguicula.
Button-wood.SeePlatanus.
Buxus(Box Tree).Euphorbiaceæ.
Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, in any light, well-drained soil. They can be increased by suckers and divisions; by layers of young or old wood, made in autumn or early spring; by cuttings made of the young shoots, from four to six inches in length, in a sandy place in spring or fall. The latter method is the better way in this country, and in the north the cuttings should be handled under glass.
Byrsonima.Malpighiaceæ.
Increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a hand-glass, in moist bottom heat.
Cabbage(Brassica oleracea, and vars.).Cruciferæ.
Seeds. They may be sown in the open ground in spring, or in the fall and the young plants wintered in a cold-frame, or in a hot-bed or forcing-house in late winter and spring. Brussels sprouts, broccoli and cauliflower are treated in the same manner.
Cabbage Palm.SeeAreca.
Cabomba.Nymphæaceæ.
Propagated by root divisions.
Cacalia.SeeSenecio.
Cacao.SeeTheobroma.
Cactus.Cacteæ.
Propagation by seeds is not often adopted, as it is a very slow method. The seeds should be sown in very sandy soil, and placed in a semi-shady position until germination commences, when they may be exposed and very carefully watered. Usually propagated by cuttings or offsets, which should be made with a sharp cut, and laid upon a sunny shelf or on dry sand until the wound is healed and roots emitted, when they should be potted in sandy soil. Place with the others, and keep syringed. Grafting is resorted to with weak kinds, which will not grow freely except upon the stock of a stronger species; and by this means, also, such kinds can be kept from the damp soil, which frequently causes decay. The stocks usually employed are those ofCereus tortuosus,C. peruvianus,Pereskia aculeata, etc., according to the species intended for working; they readily unite with each other. If the scion and stock are both slender, cleft-grafting should be adopted; if both are broad it is best to make horizontal sections, placing them together and securing in proper position by tying with matting, but not too tightly, or the surface may be injured.
Cæsalpinia.Leguminosæ.
Increased by cuttings, which are somewhat difficult to root, but may succeed if taken from the plant in a growing state and planted in sand with a hand-glass over them, in heat.
Cajanus.Leguminosæ.
Plants are usually raised from seeds obtained from the West Indian Islands and India. Also grown from young cuttings, put in sand with a hand-glass over them, in heat.
Cakile(Sea Rocket).Cruciferæ.
Propagated by seeds sown in spring.
Caladium.Aroideæ.
Increased by tubers, which have been kept dry or rested for some time. Place in small pots in a stove or pit, where the night temperature is maintained from 60° to 65°, and syringed daily once or twice at least. Large tubers, if sound, may be divided and the pieces potted. Some also by cuttings.
Calamagrostis.Gramineæ.
Increased by seeds sown in autumn or spring.C. arenaria(nowAmmophila arundinacea), used for holding sands along sea-shores, is propagated by division and can probably be handled easily by root-cuttings.
Calamintha.Labiatæ.
Increased by seeds, root divisions, or cuttings in spring.
Calamus.Palmæ.
Increased by seeds.
Calandrinia.Portulacaceæ.
Increased by seeds sown in pots where they are intended to flower, as transplantation, unless performed with more than ordinary care, will check their growth or result in loss.
Calanthe.Orchideæ.
As a rule, the natural annual increase in the number of pseudo-bulbs meets the requirements of most cultivators. Where a quick propagation is desired, it may be performed by dividing the pseudo-bulbs transversely; after allowing the raw surface to callus, the upper part should be set on moist sand, and several buds will form around the base. The bottom portion may be used in the ordinary way. Another plan is to divide the pseudo-bulbs lengthwise into two or more pieces. (See underOrchids.)
Calathea.Scitamineæ.
Increased by division in summer or any time between that and the spring months. When making divisions, see that each crown is well furnished with roots.
Calceolaria(Slipperwort).Scrophularineæ.
Herbaceous kinds increased by seeds sown from June to August on pans of light, sandy soil, which should be soaked with water before sowing. Care must be taken to make the surface of the soil level, and also to sow the seed as evenly as possible. It is better not to cover with soil, but a sheet of glass should be laid over the pan, which must be placed in a shady part of the greenhouse or cold-frame until the young plants show the first leaf. The glass can then be gradually removed. The shrubby kinds, by seeds and by cuttings in August. Place in a cold-frame facing the north, in sandy soil, and when rooted, pot off into 3-inch pots. Place in a light, sunny frame, where they may remain until the middle of February.
Caldcluvia.Saxifrageæ.
Propagated by cuttings of the half-ripened shoots planted in sand under a hand-glass, and placed in a very gentle bottom heat.
Calectasia.Juncaceæ.
Propagated by divisions.
Calendula(Marigold).Compositæ.
Increased by seeds and by cuttings, which thrive well in a compost of loam and peat.
Caliphruria.Amaryllideæ.
Propagated by bulbels. After flowering, the plants should have a slight heat, and when starting into new growth should be repotted.
Calliandra.Leguminosæ.
Increased by cuttings of rather firm young wood, in sand under a hand-glass, in heat.
Calla.SeeRichardia.
Callicarpa, Porphyra (French Mulberry).Verbenaceæ.
Propagated by seeds, divisions or by cuttings of the young shoots, with the same treatment as Fuchsia.
Callichroa.Compositæ.
Increased by seeds sown in spring in a slight hot-bed, and placed in the open border later; or if sown out-doors it will still flower in the autumn.
Callicoma.Saxifrageæ.
Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, placed in sandy soil under a hand-glass.
Calligonum, Pallasia, Pterococcus.Polygonaceæ.
Increased by cuttings, which will root in spring or autumn if placed under a hand-glass.
Calliprora.Liliaceæ.
Propagated by offsets, which should not be removed from the parent bulbs until they are of good size.
Callipsyche.Amaryllideæ.
Propagated by seeds and bulbels.
Callirhoe(Poppy-Mallow).Malvaceæ.
Perennials by seeds, divisions of roots, and cuttings; the annuals by seeds only. Cuttings should be started in sandy soil in a frame.
Calliopsis.SeeCoreopsis.
Callistachys.SeeOxylobium.
Callistemon.Myrtaceæ.
Increased by seeds, and by ripened cuttings in sand under a glass.
Callistephus, Callistemma (China Aster).Compositæ.
Propagated by seeds, which should be sown under cover in spring, or seeds for late plants may be sown in the open.
Callitris, Frenela.Coniferæ.
Increased by seeds, or by cuttings inserted under a hand-light in autumn, and wintered in a cold pit.
Calluna(Heather).Ericaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings of the tender shoots inserted in pure sand under glass in a cool house in autumn.
Calochortus(Mariposa Lily).Liliaceæ.
Propagated by seeds, offsets, and by the tiny bulblets on the upper portion of the stem. Sow seeds as soon as ripe, or early in the year, thinly in pans, so that the young plants may pass a second season in the seed pots on pans. Placein a cool house or frame, and keep the plants close to the glass during their early stages, as they are very liable to damp off. Early the third season pot off and plant singly, encouraging them to grow freely. The offsets are best removed when the plants are in a dormant state, placed in pots or pans, or planted out in pits or frames until they reach flowering size.
Calodendron.Rutaceæ.
Increased by cuttings of half-ripened wood placed in sand under a glass, in gentle bottom heat.
Calophaca.Leguminosæ.
Propagated by seeds. May be grafted on the common laburnum.
Calophanes.Acanthaceæ.
Propagated by division of the roots in spring or fall.
Calophyllum.Guttiferæ.
Increased by cuttings made from the half-ripened shoots, which root freely in sand, if placed under a glass in bottom heat.
Calopogon.Orchideæ.
Increased by offsets taken from the tuberous roots.
Calothamnus.Myrtaceæ.
Increased by cuttings of young wood, firm at the base. Place in sand and cover with a hand-glass.
Calotis.Compositæ.
Increased by divisions of the root.
Calotropis.Asclepiadeæ.
Propagated by young cuttings thinly dibbled in a pot of sand, placed under a hand-glass in heat. They must not receive too much moisture, or they will rot.
Caltha(Marsh-Marigold).Ranunculaceæ.
Propagated by seeds sown as soon as ripe, or by dividing the roots in early spring, or in summer after flowering.
Calycanthus(Sweet-scented Shrub Allspice).Calycanthaceæ.
Increased by seeds sown in a cold-frame; by divisions or offsets, and by layers put down in summer.
Calycophyllum.Rubiaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripe shoots, which will root in sand, if placed under a bell-glass, in bottom heat.
Calypso.Orchideæ.
Increased by offsets.
Calyptranthes.Myrtaceæ.
Propagated by layers, or by cuttings placed in heat.
Calystegia(Hedge Bindweed, Bearbind).Convolvulaceæ.
Propagated by seeds sown in spring, or by dividing the plants.
Calythrix.Myrtaceæ.
Increased by cuttings of the young shoots placed in sand, under a bell-glass in a cool house, in late spring.
Camassia, Sitocodium.Liliaceæ.
Propagated by seeds sown in a warm situation out-doors, or in pots or boxes under glass. The young plants should remain at least two years in the seed beds. Also increased by offsets, which are produced very freely, and should be removed either when in a dormant condition, or just previously to starting into fresh growth, and arranged in clumps or lines, placing a little sand about them.
Cambessedesia.Melastomaceæ.
Propagated by half-ripened cuttings, which root freely in a mixture of peat and sand, if placed under a glass, in heat.
Camellia, including Thea (Japanese Rose).Ternstrœmiaceæ.
The single red camellia by either seeds, layers or cuttings. Double and variegated camellias by layers, but cuttings will succeed. Seeds give suitable stocks on which to inarch or graft the rarer kinds. The ripened shoots of the preceding summer should be taken off in August. Two or three of the lower leaves should be removed, and the cuttings planted firmly in the soil with a dibble. The pans containing the cuttings should be kept in a plant or cold-frame, without being covered with glass, but shaded during bright sunshine. In the following spring, such as have struck will begin to push, when they need to be placed in a gentle heat. Inarching or grafting is done in early spring, as soon as growth commences.
Camœnsia.Leguminosæ.
Increased by cuttings, which will root in sandy loam, if placed under a bell-glass.
Camomile.SeeAnthemis.
Campanula(Bellflower, Slipperwort).Campanulaceæ.
Increased by seeds. The perennials are also propagated by dividing the roots, or by young cuttings in spring.
Campanumæa.Campanulaceæ.
Propagated by seeds and divisions.
Camphora(Camphor-tree).Laurineæ.
Increased by cuttings and seeds.
Campion.SeeSilene.
Camptopus.Rubiaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings in sandy loam under a glass, in bottom heat.
Canarina, Pernettya.Campanulaceæ.
Propagated by divisions when repotted or by young cuttings in a sandy soil, in gentle warmth.
Candollea.Dilleniaceæ.
Increased sometimes by seeds, but usually by cuttings, which will root if placed under a hand-glass in a compost of equal parts loam and peat, with enough sand to render the whole porous.
Candytuft.SeeIberis.
Canella.Canellaceæ.
Increased by well-ripened cuttings taken off at the joint. They will root in sand under a hand-glass, with bottom heat, in spring; but care should be taken not to deprive them of any of their leaves.
Canna(Indian Shot).Scitamineæ.
Propagated by seeds sown in heat in late winter. The seeds are very hard, and germination will be materially stimulated if they are soaked in tepid water for twenty-four hours. They should be sown thinly in pans (a mixture of sand and leaf-loam is best for them), and a covering of one and one-half or two inches of earth is not excessive. It is a good plan to sow the seed singly in small pots. Also increased by divisions; they form a root-stock, each portion of which, with bud and roots attached, may be converted into an independent plant.
Cannabis(Hemp).Urticaceæ.
Propagated by seeds sown in spring.
Cantua, Periphragmos.Polemoniaceæ.
Increased by cuttings placed in sand under glass.
Capparis(Caper-tree).Capparideæ.
Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots, which will root in sand under glass, in moist heat.
Caprifolium.SeeLonicera.
Caragana(Siberian Pea-tree).Leguminosæ.
Propagated by seeds and by root-cuttings; the low-growing shrubs by seeds and layers. Caraganas are generally increased by grafting onC. arborescens, which is easily raised from seeds, sown when ripe or in spring.
Carapa.Meliaceæ.
Increased by ripe cuttings, which will root in sand under glass, in a moist heat.
Cardamine,including Pteroneurum (Lady’s Smock).Cruciferæ.
Seeds. Propagated easily by division after flowering.
Cardinal-flower.SeeLobelia.
Carduncellus.Compositæ.
Seeds. Increased by divisions of the roots.
Carex(Sedge).Cyperaceæ.
Propagated by seeds, or by divisions. Seeds often lie dormant the first year.
Careya.Myrtaceæ.
Propagated by division, or by ripened cuttings, which root freely if planted in sand under a hand-glass, and placed in moist bottom heat.
Carica(Papaw-tree).Passifloreæ.
Propagated by cuttings of ripe shoots with their leaves on. They root readily in a sandy soil, and in a gentle bottom heat.
Carissa.Apocynaceæ.
Increased by cuttings of ripe wood placed in sand under glass, in bottom heat.
Carlina.Compositæ.
Increased by seeds sown in spring. With difficulty by divisions.
Carmichælia.Leguminosæ.
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened side shoots in sand under a glass, in a cool house in late spring.
Carnation.Caryophylleæ.
By propagating by seed, new and excellent varieties are raised. Sow the seeds in April or May, and in a slight hot-bed or in a greenhouse. Also propagated by layering, which should be done at the end of July or the beginning of August. The shoots selected should be denuded of a few of their leaves at the base of the young wood, and a slit must be made from this point upwards, extending through a joint of the bare stem, so that a tongue is formed.
Increased also by cuttings. It is necessary to have a slight bottom heat, and on it put four or five inches of light soil, covered with clean sand. The cuttings must be long enough to have a tolerably firm base, and they must either be taken with a heel or cut off at a joint, and firmly inserted in the soil. This is the ordinary method. SeeFig. 52,b.
Carob, Algaroba, or St. John’s Bread (Ceratonia siliqua).Leguminosæ.
Stocks are obtained by seeds. The seeds are often treated to scalding water before sowing, in the same manner as locust seeds. Varieties are grafted or budded on the seedlings, or they may be multiplied by means of hard-wood cuttings in frames.
Carpinus(Hornbeam).Cupuliferæ.
Increased by seeds, which vegetate irregularly. Varieties propagated by budding or grafting.
Carpodinus.Apocynaceæ.
Propagated easily from cuttings of half-ripened shoots.
Carrion Flower.SeeStapelia.
Carthamus(Safflower).Compositæ.
Increased by seeds sown in a gentle heat in spring.
Carya.SeeHicoria.
Caryocar, Rhizobolus (Butternut).Ternstrœmiaceæ.
Increased by ripened cuttings, which will root in sand in heat.
Caryophyllus(Clove-tree).Myrtaceæ.
Increased by cuttings of firm shoots with the leaves left on. These will root if planted in sand in a moist heat.
Caryopteris.Verbenaceæ.
Propagated by seeds, by divisions, or by cuttings.
Caryota.Palmæ.
Increased easily by seeds or by suckers.
Cashew.SeeAnacardium.
Casimiroa.Rutaceæ.
Increased readily by seeds.
Cassandra(Leather Leaf).Ericaceæ.
Propagated by seeds very carefully sown, or by layers.
Cassava(Manihot Aipe).Euphorbiaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings of the stem and by suckers. Cut the large main stalks into pieces from four to six inches long and set them perpendicularly into the ground in the field. The cuttings can be struck at various times, but spring is usually preferred. The stalks can be kept over winter by covering with sand on a dry knoll, placing the stalks and sand in layers. Cover the whole with boards to shed the water. Suckers which appear during summer can be removed and planted or made into cuttings.
Cassia.Leguminosæ.
Annuals and biennials by seeds, which must be sown in spring, in a gentle heat. The shrubby species by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which will root in heat at about the same time of the year.C. Marylandicaalso by division.
Cassine.Celastrineæ.
Increased by ripened cuttings, which will readily strike root if planted in a pot of sand with glass over them.
Cassinia.Compositæ.
Annuals by seeds. The herbaceous and shrubby kinds are increased in spring by dividing the roots, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots placed in sand.
Castalia.SeeNymphæa.
Castor Bean.SeeRicinus.
Casuarina(Beefwood).Casuarineæ.
Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings made of half-ripened shoots, placed in sand under glass.
Catalpa.Bignoniaceæ.
Increased by seeds, and by cuttings made of the ripe wood. The named varieties andC. Bungeiare propagated by soft cuttings in June and July. Grafts are also used.
Catananche.Compositæ.
Increased by seeds, which should be sown in spring. Also by division.
Catchfly.SeeSilene.
Catesbæa(Lily Thorn).Rubiaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings planted in sand in spring, and plunged in heat.
Catmint.SeeNepeta.
CatniporCatmint(Nepeta Cataria).Labiatæ.
Seeds. Division.
Cat’s Tail.SeeTypha.
Cattleya.Orchideæ.
Increased by the pseudo-bulbs. (See underOrchids.)
Cauliflower.SeeCabbage.
Caulophyllum.Berberideæ.
Propagated by divisions of the roots, made in early spring or after flowering. Also by seeds.
Ceanothus.Rhamneæ.
Increased by layers, which is the readiest way of obtaining strong plants, or by cuttings, which should be inserted in a cold-frame.
Cecropia(Snake Wood).Urticaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings of ripened shoots. Place in sandy peat in a moist bottom heat.
Cedar.SeeCedrus.
Cedrela(Bastard Cedar).Miliaceæ.
Increased by large ripened cuttings, placed in sand, in heat.
Cedronella.Labiatæ.
The herbaceous species by division of the roots or by cuttings of young wood.C. triphyllaby cuttings.
Cedrus(Cedar).Coniferæ.
Increased by seeds, which are difficult to extract from the cones. Gather the cones in spring, and sow the seeds immediately in pans. Varieties are propagated by veneer grafts.
Celastrus(Staff-tree, Bitter-sweet).Celastrineæ.
Propagated by seeds and suckers, also by layering thehardy species in autumn. Ripened cuttings will root freely in a compost of loam, peat and sand.
Celery(Apium graveolens).Umbelliferæ.
By seeds, as described onpage 12; or, for the early crop, sow under glass, as in a hot-bed.
Celosia(Cockscomb).Amarantaceæ.
Propagated by seed sown in spring, in pans of well-drained, rich, sandy soil or in the open.
Celsia.Scrophularineæ.
Increased by seeds, which may be sown in the open border and thinned out for flowering, or raised in nursery beds and transplanted.C. Arcturusshould be increased by cuttings, the young wood striking freely in a cool house or frame.
Celtis(Nettle-tree).Urticaceæ.
Increased by seeds, which should be sown as soon as ripe. By layers, and by cuttings of ripened shoots in autumn.
Centaurea.Compositæ.
Annuals by seeds, which may be sown in the open border. To propagateC. Cineraria, and some others sow seeds in August in slight heat, or make cuttings about the beginning of September.
Centranthus.Valerianeæ.
Increased by seeds sown in spring.
Centronia.Melastomaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which should be inserted in peat and sand, under glass.
Centropogon.Campanulaceæ.
Increased by seeds, by divisions and by cuttings from any young shoots three or four inches long. Take off with a heel and place in sharp sandy soil, close around the edge of the pot, and then keep close under a propagating-box, in a temperature ranging between 60° and 70°.
Cephælis.Rubiaceæ.
Increased by cuttings of firm young shoots, which will root well in sandy soil under a hand-glass, in moist stove heat.
Cephalanthus(Button-wood).Rubiaceæ.
Seeds. Propagated by layers or ripened cuttings in autumn.
Cephalotus.Saxifrageæ.
Propagated by seeds, or by divisions before new growth commences. Also by offsets.
Cerastium.Caryophylleæ.
Propagated by seeds and divisions, or by cuttings inserted in the open ground in a shady place, after flowering.
Ceratiola.Empetraceæ.
Increased by seeds and by cuttings, which should be placed in sandy soil under glass.
Ceratonia(Algaroba Bean, Carob Tree).Leguminosæ.
Increased by ripened cuttings, which will root if planted in sand under a frame.
Ceratozamia.Cycadaceæ.
Increased by seeds, and sometimes by suckers and divisions; but imported plants give most satisfaction.
Cercidiphyllum.Leguminosæ.
Propagated by tender cuttings made during the summer, and slightly wilted before placing in the frames.
Cercis(Judas-tree).Leguminosæ.
Propagated by seeds, sown about the end of March on a bed of light soil, in a gentle heat. They may also be increased by layers, but plants raised from seeds thrive best. It is not necessary to stratify the seeds,C. Japonicais grown from soft cuttings in early summer.
Cereus.SeeCactus.
Ceropegia.Asclepiadeæ.
Propagated by cuttings of small side shoots made in spring, which will root in sand, in heat, with or without a glass covering.
Cestrum, including Habrothamnus.Solanaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings in August, the same being potted off as frequently as the roots reach the sides of the pots.
Chænostoma.Scrophularineæ.
Increased by cuttings, which may be made in autumn and placed in a greenhouse or cold pit during the winter.
Chætogastra.Melastomaceæ.
Increased by seeds sown in March, or the perennials by cuttings in sandy peat.
Chamæbatia.Rosaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings, which should be struck in sand in a cold-frame.
Chamæcyparis.Coniferæ.
Propagated by seeds freely, also by layers, but mainly by cuttings put in during October. Select young side shoots with a heel; insert in well-drained pots of sandy soil, and place in a close cold-frame, keeping fairly moist through the winter. In February they should be calloused, and should be placed in gentle heat, where they will root freely.
Chamæranthemum.Acanthaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, which will root in spring if planted in sand and placed in heat.
Chamærops, including Corypha, Taliera.Palmæ.
Increased by seeds, or by suckers, which generally appear in considerable quantities.
Chard.SeeBeet.
Cheilanthes.SeeFerns.
Chelone(Turtle Head).Scrophularineæ.
They may be increased by means of seeds. Also by dividing the plant during fall. Young cuttings inserted in sandy soil in a cold-frame grow well.
Cherry(Prunus Avium and P. Cerasus).Rosaceæ.
Cherry stocks are commonly grown from seeds. If the ground is in readiness and is in proper condition, the seeds may be planted in fall, or even as soon as they are ripe. If stored until spring, they must be stratified and kept very cool to prevent germination, and they should be sown at the earliest possible moment. They do not need to be cracked by hand. Care must be taken that cherry pits do not become hard and dry. This precaution is more important with cherries than with peaches and plums. At the close of the first season the seedlings will be a foot or foot and a half high, large enough to transplant into nursery rows after the manner of apples, where they are budded the following season. In warm climates the pits are sometimes cracked as soon as they are gathered, and the “meats” planted immediately. They will then make stocks fit for grafting the following winter, or for transplanting and budding the following summer. Cherry seeds must never be allowed to become so dry that the meat is hard and brittle.
Cherries, in common with other stone fruits, grow readily from root-cuttings, in the same manner as blackberries. They do better if started over a gentle heat.
The Mazzard cherry is the stock upon which cherries are nearly always worked. It is simply a hardy and vigorous variety, with inferior fruit, of the common sweet cherry (Prunus Avium). Seeds of this are readily procured in this country. All varieties of cherries are worked readily upon it. The Mahaleb cherry is used as a stock for nearly all varieties when dwarf trees are desired. This is a distinct species,Prunus Mahaleb. The seeds or stocks are usually imported. This stock is adapted to heavy clay soils, while the Mazzard is not. The Mahaleb is not generally used in this country.
Morello (Prunus Cerasus) stocks will no doubt prove to be valuable in the northwest, where great hardiness is demanded. Seedlings do not sprout or sucker badly, but the natural suckers, which are sometimes used for stocks, are likely to be more troublesome in this respect. If strong-growing tops are worked on Morello stocks, however, there is usually little annoyance from suckering.
It is probable that some of the native American cherries can be used as stocks. The common wild red, pin or bird cherry (Prunus Pennsylvanica) has already been used to some extent. The sweet and sour cherries unite readily with it, and bear very early. It is yet to be determined how long the trees will persist, but there are trees known which are sixteen or eighteen years old, and which are still healthy and vigorous. The dwarf or sand cherry (Prunus pumila), especially the western form of it, gives promise as a dwarf stock.
Cherry stocks are worked both by budding and grafting. Budding is the common method. The stocks should be fit to work the season they are transplanted, or in the second summer from seed. Such as are too small for working then may be allowed to stand until the following year.
In the west, where great hardiness is required, the varieties are crown-grafted upon Mazzard stocks in winter. Yearling stocks are used, and the cions are from six to ten inches long. When planted, only the top bud should be left above ground. The cion strikes roots, and own-rooted trees are obtained.
The ornamental cherries are worked upon the same stocks as the fruit-bearing sorts. Mazzard is commonly used for all species.
Chervil(Chærophyllum bulbosumandScandix Cerefolium).Umbelliferæ.
Seeds, sown much the same as celery seeds, but the plants are usually allowed to stand where sown. Seed is often sown in autumn.
Chestnut(Castanea sativaand var.Americana, andC. Japonica).Cupuliferæ.
Chestnut stocks are grown from seeds. Difficulty is sometimes experienced in keeping the seeds, as they lose their vitality if dried too hard, and are likely to become mouldy if allowed to remain moist. The surest way is to allow the nuts to become well dried off or “seasoned” in the fall, and then stratify them in a box with three or four times as much sand as chestnuts, and bury the box a foot or two deep in a warm soil until spring. They do not always keep well if stored or stratified in a cellar. Fall planting exposes the nuts to squirrels and mice. American stocks are probably better than European.
The stocks are worked by whip-grafting above ground, the wound being well tied and protected by waxed cloth. Care should be taken to have the stock and cion about the same size, in order to secure a good union. Crown-grafting, root-grafting and budding have not been very successful in this country upon the chestnut. The cions should be cut early, before they begin to swell, and kept dormant until the stock begins to push into leaf. Only vigorous stocks should be grafted. The best results are obtained when the stocks have recovered from transplanting, or when they are from three to five years old. The working of chestnut stocks is far from satisfactory in a commercial way. The union is imperfect in many varieties, and usually no more than half the grafts take well.
Chicory(Cichorium Intybus). Compositæ.
Seeds, sown in spring where the plants are to grow.
Chilopsis(Desert Willow).Bignoniaceæ.
Increased by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots in sand under a bell-glass, in a gentle bottom heat.
Chimonanthus.Calycanthaceæ.
Propagated by layering in the autumn.
China Aster.SeeCallistephus.
Chiococca(Snowberry).Rubiaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings, which strike root freely in sand under a hand-glass, in heat.
Chionanthus(Fringe-tree).Oleaceæ.
Increased by seeds, which should be started in a cold-frame. By layers and cuttings. By grafting or budding it on the common ash, it succeeds very well.
Chionodoxa.Liliaceæ.
Propagated by seeds, which are produced freely. They should be sown as soon as ripe. By bulbels.
Chironia.Gentianeæ.
Increased by seeds, and by cuttings inserted in sandy soil, and placed in a gentle heat in spring.
ChivesorCives(Allium Schœnoprasum).Liliaceæ.
Division of the clumps.
Chloanthes.Verbenaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings of young shoots, which root freely in sandy soil under glass.
Choisya.Rutaceæ.
Increased by ripened cuttings.
Chrysanthemum.Compositæ.
Increased by seeds to obtain new varieties; these should be sown in spring. Division may be made, but this is not often practiced. Usually propagated by cuttings of firm, healthy, short-jointed shoots, about three inches long. They should be made in spring, and placed near the glass of a rather close frame having a temperature of about 45°. No bottom heat should be given. If inserted in pots, only the lower leaf should be removed; if in beds the remaining foliage should also be trimmed to admit air. The soil should be made of equal parts of sand, leaf-mould and loam, spreading a layer of sand over the top. Insert about one-half of the cutting, press the soil firmly, and water. Leaf cuttings have been employed. Inarching and grafting may also be performed.
Chrysobalanus(Coco Plum).Rosaceæ.
Increased by seeds when procurable. Large cuttings, however, taken off at a joint without shortening any of their leaves, will root readily if planted thinly in a pot of sand, and placed in moist heat with a bell-glass over them.
Chrysocoma(Goldy-locks).Compositæ.
Propagated by seeds, or by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, placed in sand under glass.
Chrysogonum.Compositæ.
Seeds. Increased by dividing the roots in spring.
Chrysophyllum(Star Apple).Sapotaceæ.
Increased by seeds when procurable. By cuttings of small well-ripened shoots, plunged in strong, moist heat.
Chrysopsis.Compositæ.
Seeds. Propagated by division in spring.
Chrysosplenium(Golden Saxifrage).Saxifrageæ.
Increased easily by division. Also occasionally by seeds.
Cicca(Otaheite Gooseberry).Euphorbiaceæ.
Seeds. By cuttings of ripe shoots, which will root in sand, if placed under a glass and in bottom heat.
Cimicifuga(Bugwort).Ranunculaceæ.
Increased by seeds, sown in a cold-frame or border as soon as ripe; or by division of the roots in spring.
Cinchona(Peruvian Bark).Rubiaceæ.
Imported seeds, and cuttings taken off when ripe and planted in a pot of sand, under glass, in a moist heat.
Cineraria.Compositæ.
Seeds should be sown under glass; those intended for autumn flowering in April and May, those for spring in July and August. Light leaf-mould should be used, and about an equal quantity of fresh sifted loam and sharp sand added, the whole being well mixed. Old cow manure is a good medium in which to sow (seepage 19); then fill up with fine soil. Also by divisions and by cuttings.
Cinquefoil.SeePotentilla.
Cipura.Irideæ.
Propagated by seeds, which should be sown in a slight heat in spring; or by bulbels, which are abundantly produced.
Circæa(Enchanter’s Nightshade).Onagrarieæ.
Seeds; also by the running roots.
Cissampelos.Menispermaceæ.
Propagated by cuttings, which root readily in heat.
Cissus.Ampelideæ.
Propagated by cuttings in the spring. Choose the weakly shoots that are pruned just before the plants break into newgrowth, or allow the young shoots to grow to a length of about two inches. Then cut them off, with a small piece of the base branch adhering to the young wood; or the shoots may be cut off with one or several of these young branchlets on them. Cut the old branch through at the base of each young one, and insert the cutting with this heel of the old wood entire. In this country, usually grown from common green cuttings in summer.
Cistus(Rock-Rose).Cistineæ.
Propagated by seeds, by layers or cuttings under frames outside, or inside with a gentle bottom heat; but seedlings always make the best plants. The seeds should be sown early in the spring in pans or boxes in a frame, and lightly covered with sifted sandy mould. Cuttings should be made from three to four inches long. They may be struck in spring or autumn, in sandy peat under glass.
Citron(Citrus medica).Rutaceæ.
Seeds, which usually reproduce the kind. Mature cuttings, the same as lemon. Also budded on orange, lemon or lime stocks.
Citrus.Rutaceæ.
Increased by seeds, layers, cuttings, inarching, grafting and budding. For particular methods, see Lemon, Lime, Orange and Pomelo.
Cladrastis(Yellow-wood).Leguminosæ.
Propagated by seed sown in the open air in spring, or by cuttings of the roots.
Clarkia.Onagrariæ.
Increased by seeds, which may be sown in spring or autumn out-doors.
Clavija, Theophraste.Myrsineæ.
Propagated by cuttings of half-ripened shoots. These will root in sandy loam, with a surface consisting wholly of sand, if placed in bottom heat.
Clematis(Virgin’s Bower).Ranunculaceæ.
Clematis may be increased by seeds. The seed vessels should be gathered before autumn, and stored in some dry, cool place till the following spring, when the seeds they contain may be sown in light, sandy soil, and placed in gentle heat till they germinate. By layers outside, put in at any time. All the varieties of clematis may also be readily increasedby cuttings made of the young shoots, which may be cut up to every eye and planted in gentle heat. Also by grafting any of the varieties on portions of clematis roots in winter. Good healthy pieces of root obtained from old plants answer the purpose well. See alsoAtragene.
Cleome.Capparideæ.
Increased by seeds sown in a frame in spring, with slight warmth. Ripened cuttings root freely in moderate heat.
Clerodendron, Ovieda, Siphonantha, Volkameria.Verbenaceæ.
Increased by seed, which, if sown when ripe or in the spring, and grown on in heat, may be converted into flowering plants the second season. Propagated also by cuttings of both green and mature wood; also of roots. Suckers. The climbing varieties do not root quite so readily from cuttings as the others, but cuttings of the ripened wood do well.
Clethra.Ericaceæ.
Propagated by seeds, divisions and layers. Cuttings taken from the half-ripened wood will root in gentle heat.
Clianthus(Glory Pea, Parrot Beak).Leguminosæ.
C. Dampieriis best raised from seeds, which should be sown singly in good-sized pots, when the necessity of first shifting will be obviated.C. puniceusand others from cuttings, which strike easily in sand in bottom heat.
Clintonia.Liliaceæ.
Propagated by seeds and by division of the root in spring.
Clitoria.Leguminosæ.
The best method of increasing is by seeds. Increased also by cuttings of stubby side shoots, which will root in sandy soil, in heat.
Cliva, Imantophyllum.Amaryllideæ.
Propagated by seeds or divisions.
Clove-tree.SeeCaryophyllus.
Clusia(Balsam-tree).Guttiferæ.
Increased by cuttings of half-ripened shoots, which will strike in sand, with bottom heat.
Cobæa.Palemoniaceæ.
Readily raised from fresh seed in spring, if a gentle bottom heat is supplied. It is often said that the seeds must be placed on edge, but this is a mistake. From cuttings takenwhen young, in spring, and inserted in pots of sandy soil, placed in gentle bottom heat.
Coccocypselum.Rubiaceæ.
Propagated by dividing the creeping stems.
Coccoloba(Seaside Grape).Polygonaceæ.
Propagated by seeds and by cuttings of the ripened wood, with leaves entire, and taken off at a joint. These will root freely in sand under glass.
Cocculus, Wendlandia.Menispermaceæ.
Propagated by seeds. By half-ripened cuttings of side shoots; these will root easily in spring or summer, if planted in sand and placed in bottom heat, under glass.
Cockscomb.SeeCelosia.
Cocoanut(Cocos nucifera).Palmæ.
The nuts are buried in nursery rows, and the young trees are transplanted. A more common practice is to remove the buried nuts, when they begin to sprout, to the place in which the tree is to stand. A nut is then placed in a hole some two feet deep, which is gradually filled in as the plant grows. In from six to eight years the tree begins to bear.
Codiæum, Croton.Euphorbiaceæ.
New varieties are produced by seed. Increased by taking off the tops of any strong leading shoots, and making them into cuttings. They may be struck by placing singly in small pots and covering with bell-glasses, in strong, moist heat, where they will soon emit roots, without losing any of the leaves attached at the time they were inserted. Or they may placed in a bed of sand.
Coffea(Coffee-tree).Rubiaceæ.
Propagated by seeds. Also by ripe cuttings, which strike freely in sand under glass, in moist heat; and the young plants so raised produce flowers and fruit more readily than those grown from seed.
Coffee-tree, Kentucky. SeeGymnocladus.
Colchicum(Autumn Crocus).Liliaceæ.
Seeds, sown as soon as ripe in a protected place. Separation.
Coleus.Labiatæ.
Increased by seeds for new varieties. By cuttings with the greatest freedom at almost any time of the year, and,with a good moist heat, they will quickly form fine specimens. (Fig. 53.)