FOOTNOTES:

FOOTNOTES:1Sir John Hawkins was one of the most distinguished men of his period. He was a noted commander at sea forty-eight years, and treasurer of the navy for twenty-two years; and it was generally owned that he was the author of more useful inventions, and introduced into the navy better regulations, than any officer before his time.2Possibly her ladyship’s thoughts may be explained by the consideration that she compared the objects of the proposed voyage with those followed out by her husband. He was the first Englishman who engaged in the inhuman traffic of slaves, and was granted the unenviable addition to his arms: “a demi moor proper; bound.”3Incurred?4Docked?5The brave defence of Sir Richard Greenfeild, or Greenville, against nearly the whole Spanish fleet, merits being here recorded: himself severely wounded and his ship a complete wreck, he ordered her to be sunk, but to this his officers would not consent, so she surrendered on terms. Out of one hundred men fit to bear arms, near sixty survived this glorious action; but hardly a man but carried off some wounds as memorials of their courage.6Convoy? Whafter. A term applied to ships of war,—probably from their carrying flags or whafts.7This alludes to a base attack made on Sir John Hawkins, after he had entered into a friendly agreement with the Viceroy.8Corogne (F.) Coruña (S.).9Probably an abbreviation or misprint for Biscayan. Lediard relates, that in 1592, an expedition, fitted out against the Spaniards, took a great Biscayan shipp of six hundred tunnes, laden with all sorts of small iron-work.10This great caracke was taken, after a sharp engagement, by six ships, part of the expedition alluded to in note 1; which was dispatched expressly to the Azores, to lie in wait for the East India carackes. This expedition left under the command of Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir John Borrough. Sir Walter was, however, superseded by Sir Martin Forbisher. She was called the “Madre de Dios,” a seven-decked ship of one hundred and sixty-five feet from stem to stern, manned with six hundred men. The burthen of this caracke was sixteen hundred tons, and she carried thirty-two brass guns. Her cargo, besides jewels,which never came to light, was as follows: spices, drugs, silks, and calicoes, besides other wares, many in number, but less in value, as elephant’s teeth, china, cocoa-nuts, hides, ebony, and cloth made from rinds of trees. All which being appraised, was reckoned to amount to at least one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. The carracke, or Carraca, was a large vessel of two masts, used in the India and Brazilian trade.11Bounty? or perhaps wages paid in advance.12A small vessel fitted with sails and oars.13Drop down.14We ought to profit by the experience of those who precede us. Had this “gentle warning” been attended to, probably the loss of theRoyal Georgemight have been prevented. She went down at her anchors while lying at Spithead, the 29th of August, 1782, having been struck by a squall, while her lower ports were open.15The term admirall, appears formerly to have been applied as well to the principal ship in a fleet, as to the superior officer. To cite one among many instances, in an expedition under the Earl of Cumberland, in 1594, we find theRoyal Exchange, Admiral, two hundred and fifty tons, commanded by Captain George Cave. TheMay-flower, two hundred and fifty tons, Vice-Admiral, commanded by Captain W. Anthony. TheSamsonRear-Admiral, by Captain Nicholas Downton, together with a caravel and pinnace.16A remarkable instance of carelessness occurred in 1801. The Dutch FrigateAmbuscade, went down by the head half an hour after leaving her moorings in Sheerness harbour. This arose from the hawse holes being unusually large, and the plugs not in.17This is sound advice and good seamanship. In turning to wind-ward, it is wise to keep in the fair way, so that in case of missing stays, you have not a danger under your lee.18Boats built for speed (?) or perhaps from the DutchFilibote.19In the list of seven ships composing Lord Thomas Howard’s fleet, we find theForesight, Captain Vavisour. He deserves great credit for attempting to yield what succour he was able to the gallant Sir R. Greenville, whose brave defence has been already alluded to inpage 10. One other vessel followed, or perhaps set, the example: theGeorge Noble, of London, falling under the lee of theRevenge, asked Sir Richard if he had anything to command him; but as he was one of the victuallers and but of small force, Sir Richard bid him shift for himself, and leave him to his fortune. Lediard adds in a note, that it is more than probable had all the other vessels behaved with the same vigour and resolution as Sir Richard and his company, they might have given a good account of the Spanish fleet. It is to be regretted the name of the commander of theGeorge Nobleis not recorded. We know not which to admire most, his bravery in fully acting up to the principle of “succouring a known friend in view,” or the magnanimity of Sir Richard in dismissing him from an unequal contest.20Souffler—to blow.21It is still unfortunately too much the custom to risk the loss of ship and “sweet lives,” by neglecting the use of the lead.22The tide runs two or three hours later in the offing than in shore; by attending to this, a vessel working down channel may gain great advantage.23Of Magellan.24Probably what is now called a “gig”; a fast-pulling boat.25Obviously a phrase of the period. Ancient Pistol is made to say: “Si fortuna me contenta, spero me contenta.”26Familiar as we are with the present resources of the dockyard at Plymouth, we can hardly estimate the firmness that could bear up against such mischances; of this stuff were the founders of the British naval power composed.27Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart,And often took leave yet was loath to depart.The Thief and the Cordelier.—Prior.28Chart, or perhaps card for reducing the courses and distances:—Second Witch.I will give thee a wind.First Witch.Thou art kind.Third Witch.And I another.First Witch.I myself have all the other,And the very ports they blow,All the quarters that they know;I’ the shipman’s card.—Macbeth.29The seaman of 1600 appears to have differed very little from the seaman of 1800. Let us hope that the present race will discountenance such “lewd proceedings.”30Thomas Cavendish, one of the early circumnavigators.31Some such long-shore fellows are still to be met with.32From the Dutch wordloeven, to ply to windward.33The “waytes” seem to have been either music played during the setting of the watch, or occasionally, to show that a look-out was kept.Guetter(?)34The use of private signals and the appointment of a place of rendezvous, may perhaps date from this period.35Weight—peso. (Spanish.)36Stern-post.37A trivial hole left open, or a treenail not driven by a careless workman, may cause the failure of an important expedition; or at least cause great mischief and discomfort: which neglect still occasionally happens.38Amener le pavillon—to haul down the ensign.39Under bare poles.40Probably derived fromlâcher un coup: to fire a shot.41In those days the principle of “mare clausum” was acted upon; now it is “mare liberum” everywhere.42Probably the islands that lie off Bayona, near Vigo.43Carabela, (Spanish) a small vessel so called.44Still well known as the rock of Lisbon.45With the wind abeam.46Although Sir Richard thinks it necessary to hold such prudent language, we have little doubt he was just the man to attempt to take a large ship armed or unarmed, in a “pynace.”47Orchilla—a lichen yielding a purple dye.48The latest measurement, by Captain Vidal, R.N., makes the height of the Peak 12,370 feet.49The old voyagers were fond of dealing in the marvellous; our author is singularly free from this defect.50We cannot trace the meaning of this word, unless it be a closed vessel, derived from the Anglo-Saxontynan—to close. At Bermuda all the drinking water is preserved in tanks.51Further on written “sedge,” surf (?)52The Fortunate islands were known before they were conquered by MM. Bethencourt, in the sixteenth century.53Although the difference betweenblackandwhitebe great, we think Cape Blanco is meant.54Probably the evening watch.55This has become a standing order in the service. Many a good prize has been made by sending a mast head man up before daylight.56Most of us are familiar with Dr. Watts’ lines,—“For Satan finds some mischief stillFor idle hands to do.”57Covering—the deck so called because it covers in the ship—cubierta(Spanish).58Montera—a species of hat worn in Spain.59We apprehend the whole of this story to be “moonshine.”60Groups.61Coast of Guinea and Bight of Benin.62From the account in Lediard, it appears that Sir A. Shyrley failed in his object; but he deserves credit for effecting a safe retreat to his ships in the face of a superior force. The expedition under Sir F. Drake was successful. It is curious to notice how the titles of military rank have changed since those days. The troops were commanded by Christopher Carlisle, an experienced officer; under him Captain A. Powel,Sergeant Major; Captain M. Morgan, and Captain J. Sampson,Corporals of the field. (See p. 17, line 26.)63The terminal bud of the areca or cabbage palm, when boiled, makes a delicate dish.64This is a most valuable production: we believe it bears, on the same area, a greater weight of food than any other vegetable. The fruit of the plantain,Musa sapientum, is chiefly eaten cooked. The banana,Musa paradisiaca, is eaten raw. There are many species, almost all excellent.65Succade—preserved citron.66The cocoa nut palm is too well known to need description. All its parts are applied by the natives to innumerable uses. Few visitors to tropical countries but have been refreshed by a draught of cocoa nut water; always preserved cool by the thick husk.67All sail set—at present its signification is confined to a vessel rigged and ready for sea.68It is still the custom to attribute all similar discordancies to the effect of current. This is a simple if not very philosophical mode of making the reckoning agree with observation. In this case, probably both the reckoning of the ship and the position of the land on the chart were faulty.69The term height is used for latitude; probably because the pole star was the principal object used to determine position.70The current in the West Indies, known as the Gulf stream, still runs to the northward through the Gulf of Florida, and then trending to the eastward, expends its force in the Atlantic.71At the present day, by the general use of chronometers, the longitude can be determined with almost as great facility as the latitude.72The cause of scurvy is now known to be, the use for a long period of one diet, and that unwholesome. Since greater attention has been paid to the proper admixture of articles of food, and also to the cleanliness and ventilation of the vessel, this disease has nearly disappeared.73“The very deep did rot!That ever this should be!Yea slimy things did crawl with legsUpon the slimy sea.”Ancient Mariner.—Coleridge.74It forms part of a naval surgeon’s instructions, that in tropical countries, when the crew are likely to be employed on shore, each is to take a morning draught of spirits or wine, with bark infused.75The scurvy is not peculiar to seamen. It raged with great violence during the siege of Gibralter. Oranges and lemons were found of great benefit in arresting the disease. Lime juice has been long a fixed article of diet in men-of-war, and lately merchant vessels are compelled to carry it as an article of provision.76Oil of vitriol or sulphuric acid.77In the year 1776, the Royal Society awarded their gold medal to Captain James Cook, for a paper on “Preserving the health of the crew of her majesty’sResolution, &c.” Captain Cook considers that much was owing to the extraordinary care taken by the admiralty in causing such articles to be put on board, as by experience or conjecture were judged to be useful. But he adds, that the introduction of the most salutary articles will prove unsuccessful, unless supported by certain rules. The men being at three watches, except on emergency, were consequently less exposed to the weather, and generally had dry clothes to shift themselves. Care was taken to keep their persons and clothes clean and dry. A fire was often burned in the well. The coppers were kept clean, and no fat allowed to be given to the people. Fresh water was obtained at every opportunity. Few places but what offered some refreshment, and example and authority were not wanting to induce their being employed. These methods, under Divine Providence, enabled theResolutionto complete a voyage of three years and eighteen days with the loss of onlyone manby disease.We may remark that our author seems to have been fully alive to the importance of caring for the health of his company, and it is not improbable that Cook benefited by some of his suggestions.78Shoals called the Abrolhos.79Snyte for snipe.80Heating pitch, and drawing off spirits in the hold, using a light, are the most common causes that lead to fire. Excluding the air is the best remedy, and no better device could have been hit upon than wetting the rug gowns.81Holes in the ship’s side to carry off the water. The term now in use isscupper: slopper appears to be as good a word.82Swabs are a species of mop, made of a collection of rope yarns, used to dry the deck.Swebban—(Anglo-Saxon) to sweep.83To scuttle—to make openings.Escotilla(Spanish), is applied to the openings in the deck, called by us hatch-ways. The term scuttle is also applied to the small openings made in the ship’s side, to admit light and air.84If impure water be confined in a close cask, gas will be generated, and the effect described happen.85In the instructions given by the Lords Generals, the Earl of Essex and Charles Lord Howard, Lord High Admiral of England, to the captains of the ships composing the expedition to Cadiz, in 1596, the second article runs thus: Item—You shall forbid swearing, brawling, dicing, and such like disorders, as may breed contention and disorder in your ship, wherein you shall also avoid God’s displeasure and win his favour.86The early painters and sculptors, and others who deal in “naval attributes,” have treated the dolphin very ill; Sir Richard’s description, if studied, might have amended the monsters given out to the public as dolphins.87A shoal or scull of fish; that is, separated from the main body. This is Horne Tooke’s derivation. We think the term is more commonly applied to the main body itself.88Fisgigorgrains—a small trident used for striking fish. From the Spanishfisga.89Pouch or stomach.90One species produces its young alive: others in a hard membraneous pouch.91This enmity betwixt sailors and sharks still exists, and the interest attending their capture is great.92Probably a small cask.93The man-of-war bird, or cormorant—Pelecanidæ. On the coast of Brazil, in latitude twenty-four, are the Alcatrasse islands.94Xiphias—the sword or snout is about three-tenths of his whole length.95The surface—from cream or ream, what rises to the surface—or perhaps from rim, brim.96This story seems to be founded on the fact that the snout of the sword fish is often found driven through parts of vessels’ bottoms; whence it has been inferred, the fish mistook them for whales. We imagine the account of the thresher to be fabulous.97In the thirteenth century the tongue of the whale was esteemed as an article of food; and whale beef, as it is called, is eaten at Bermuda, and probably elsewhere.98In the early days of the whale fishery, when the fish were plentiful, the oil was boiled out on shore, near the place of capture. At present the blubber is imported from the northern fishery.99“And telling me the sovereign’st thing on earthWas parmaceti for an inward bruise.”—Henry IV, PartI.Spermaceti is obtained from the brain of the sperm whale,—physeter monocephalus—not from the spawn.100Bezoar—name applied to a concretion found in the stomach of various animals. Many extraordinary virtues were formerly ascribed to it, without much foundation.101Ambergris is still considered to be a concretion formed in the stomach of the sperm whale.102In Waterton’sWanderingswill be found a parallel story, of a gentleman riding on a cayman.103According to Horsburgh, the least favorable season for getting to the southward, is the period from June to September inclusive.104Bisoño—(Spanish) raw, undisciplined:—Pistol.Under which king, Bezonian? speak or die.Henry IV, PartII.105The double pistole was a coin of about the value of thirty or thirty-five shillings.106So that he may get away when it pleases him.107Alluding to the attempt the fleet made to return northabout. In the British Museum is preserved a curious old pack of playing cards, on which are depicted subjects relating to the defeat of the “Spanish Armada”. On the ten of spades is shewn a consultation about returning by the North Ocean.108Such a wind as would enable them to lie aslant or obliquely near the desired course. It is commonly said that “a calm is half a fair wind”; it is more than this, as out of thirty-two points, twenty would be fair.109Easterhand?110Répartir—(French) to divide.111Various schemes have been tried to distil fresh water at sea from salt water; but none apparently have succeeded in producing an equivalent for the expense of fuel. In steam vessels a considerable supply is obtained from the condensation of the steam.112The term mate, as used at present, implies some one under the master. The real meaning implies persons co-equal. Thus we still speak of ship-mates, etc., without inference to rank.113The coast lies nearer south and by west, than west and by south, so they would certainly have run on shore without any blame attaching to the helmsman.114The quarter deck may be defined as the space betwixt the mainmast and the after-hatchway; it seems also to have been called the half deck. Both terms arising from the fact that before the mainmast, the skids or beams were not planked. We still speak of beingonthe quarter deck, butunderthe half deck. The quarter deck is set apart for purposes of parade, and there the officer of the watch should always be sought.115Adjutare—(Latin) to assist.116On a still night, unless the attention of the helmsman be continually excited, it is quite possible that he get into a dreamy state and, if at the same time, the officer of the watch is thinking of “those far away,” the ship may be run for a time some points off her course. In the preceding section, Sir Richard well describes the difficulty of distinguishing betwixt a sandy shore and the water, on a calm bright night.117Cape Saint Thomé?118Now called Saint Anna.119Well soaked in water to remove the salt.120Portulaca sativa—a fleshy-leaved plant, much esteemed in hot countries for its cooling properties.121Great caution should be used in tasting unknown fruits; perhaps this tree was thecroton tiglium, every part of which possesses powerful drastic properties.122A species of cactus; the fruit is eaten in Sicily and elsewhere. We cannot join Sir Richard in its praise: perhaps as he had been long at sea, he found it grateful. The cochineal insect feeds on one species of this plant.123This river is now called the Maccahe: probably it floods in the rainy season.124By working up under their lee.125These shoals, already alluded to at page 62, are now called the Abrolhos: there is a channel betwixt the islets and the main: the soundings extend to the eastward eighty or ninety miles.126Boats hollowed from the trunk of a tree.127Whoop! whoop! Cotgrave gives us the meaning ofhootingsandwhoopings: noises wherewith swine are scared, or infamous old women disgraced.128A sudden sensation, be it from fear or otherwise, has a surprising effect upon persons sick or bed-ridden. Lediard relates that in a sharp engagement with a combined squadron of French and Dutch ships, off St. Christopher, in 1667, Sir John Harman, the English commander, who had been lame and in great pain from the gout, upon discovering the enemy’s fleet, got up, walked about, and gave orders as well as ever, till the fight was over, and then became as lame as before.129We do not approve of such means of exciting vigilance; some might have got their payments. According to Æsop,wolfmay be called too often.130Cape Frio has since become remarkable as the point on which her majesty’s shipThetiswas wrecked in December 1830, the night after she had left Rio Janeiro. A landing was effected, and nearly the whole crew saved. A snug cove north of the cape, with a boat entrance to the southward, was much used during the operations afterwards carried on to attempt to recover the treasure embarked in her.131Pine apples,ananassa sativa.132Probably a species of nautilus.133The ryal of silver, of which ten went to a “piece,” is in value about fivepence of our money.134Cassava or manioc is of the natural ordereuphorbiaceæ. The root abounds with a poisonous juice, but this after maceration is driven off by heat, and the fecula is obtained in an edible state. Tapioca is a preparation of cassava.Farina do pao—flour of wood.135Vinewed—mouldy.136Probably cacao (theobroma cacao), well known from the beverage of the same name, and from which chocolate is manufactured.137In the Devonshire dialect,remletmeans a remnant.138A similar disagreeable preparation, calledkava, is prepared and drunk in the Polynesian islands.139The hammock now in general use at sea, takes its name from this term.140Blow steadily—in one direction. Whence trade wind.141Before the discovery of America, dye woods were known by this denomination; and Brazil owes its name to the quantity of wood of this nature found among its forests.142Saint Catherine’s now ranks as a port after Rio Janeiro and Bahia.143The cause of the variation of the compass still remains a secret. But from the close analogy existing between magnetism and electricity, perhaps we are not far from discovering it. The variation at this point in 1820, was 7-1/2° E.144Sudden squalls are generated on the Pampas or plains lying round Buenos Ayres, called thence Pamperos; which do great damage. See the account of one in the Voyages of theAdventureandBeagle.145Probably barricades to retire behind in case of being boarded. The piratical prahus of the Indian Archipelago are fitted with a similar defence.146Misbehaviour. Tooke deriveslewdfrom the Anglo-Saxonlæwan—to delude or mislead.147This fowl was doubtless the albatross (Diomedea), which seems to be a corruption of the Portuguese wordalcatraz. The practice of fishing for them still continues, though more for recreation (?) than for refreshment.148The account of the gigantic stature of the Patagonians seems to be fabulous. Magalhaens reported them as giants; but later navigators disputed it: however, Fitzroy states them to average nearly six feet.149It is generally supposed that this land was the Falkland islands; but as they lie betwixt 51° and 53°, this cannot be reconciled with being “next of anything in 48°.” In this parallel, the main land projects to the eastward; and this perhaps was the land he descried. The rock like a sail might be the Bellaco rock.150The expedition of Drake having excited considerable alarm in Peru, the viceroy despatched Don Pedro Sarmiento with orders to take him dead or alive. Proceeding to the Strait of Magalhaens in pursuit, he took the opportunity to explore its shores. He afterwards pointed out to the King of Spain, Philip II, the importance of fortifying the Straits, to prevent the passage of strangers. Accordingly an expedition was fitted out, which, after some accidents, founded the two settlements of Jesus and San Felipe. The site of the last is now known as Port Famine: so named from the disasters which befell the unhappy colonists, who mostly perished by want. Sarmiento himself having been blown off the coast, appears to have used every effort to obtain and forward supplies from Brazil to his friends, but, proceeding to Europe for further assistance, was captured and taken to England.151The tides run with great velocity in some parts of the straits. The rippling might justly cause fear, ignorant as the parties were of the extent of the rise and fall of tide. Fitzroy relates that an American captain hardly recovered, being told that it amounted to six or seven fathoms.152Birds which are strong-flavoured are rendered edible by stripping off their skin.153Fucus giganteus.—In the voyage of theAdventureandBeagleit was found firmly rooted in twenty fathoms, yet streaming fifty feet upon the surface.154The narrowest part is in Crooked Reach, a little to the westward of St. Jerome point: here the strait is about one mile across.155This was probably the opening into Otway water, leading to Sky-ring water, but not disemboguing into the Pacific.156Theteredo navalisis very destructive. Nothing but metal is proof against its ravages. It is not clear what may be its purpose in boring into any wood that comes in its way, for it is thought not to be nourished by what it destroys.157These inventions have been improved upon by the use of copper and other metals; of these, copper is the best; and an approved method of applying it, is over a coating offelt. Truly there is nothing new under the sun.158Takenastayes—another term for taken aback.159It is possible that the natives may have been aware of the coming change. The suspicion entertained of them is an instance of the mistakes often fallen into by misconceiving the motives of those whose language cannot be understood.160To hull, is to lie without sail set; to try, with only low sail; whence we have now special storm sails, called try sails. We believe the correct expression is “to try” either ahullorunder sail.161Toassay—to prove. Ancient mode of writing essay.162To move her off.—To wind a ship now means to turn her. The term is probably derived from to wend.163Now called bilge—that part of the ship’s bottom that bulges or swells out. When a ship takes the ground and heels over, the bilge bears all the strain, and consequently suffers damage.164To flat in, means so to adjust the sails as to cause them to act with the greatest effect to turn the ship’s head from the wind; this is done when the ship is nearly taken aback, either by a sudden flaw or by carelessness at the helm. As applied here, it means that the vessel came round on her heel. The time vessels take in performing a similar evolution, bears a certain ratio to their length; long ships requiring more time than short ones.165Sir Richard does not exaggerate “the bitternesse of the time.” During the survey of these straits in theAdventureandBeagle, Captain Stokes, an active, intelligent, and energetic officer, destroyed himself, in consequence of his excitable mind becoming worn out by the severe hardships of the cruize, the dreadful weather experienced, and the dangerous situations in which theBeaglewas constantly exposed.166Synnet is plait made from rope yarns. Wooling or woolding is performed by passing turns of rope round a spar or rope, either for strength, or, as in this case, to prevent chafe; if spun yarn is used, it is called serving.167The tree called Winter’s bark,Drimys Winteri, was discovered by Captain Winter, one of Drake’s officers. The bark is agreeably aromatic, and was found useful in cases of scurvy.168Used for vats.169The devastation caused by rats is very great. We have, however, never heard of their gnawing through the bottom. Indeed if there be any truth in the old sailor’s superstition that rats always leave a vessel when in a dangerous state, they must be too clever to perform so dangerous an experiment.170Much discussion has arisen as to whether this should be writtenway, orweigh. We think the correct phraseology is this: when the anchor isweighed, the ship is underway.171Now called Cape Pillar—on the modern charts Cape Deseado lies to the south of it.172After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, Lord Charles Howard, of Effingham, was created Earl of Nottingham.173These observations appear to have occurred to our author, in consequence of what had taken place during the voyages of Magalhaens and Drake. Both these great commanders, while lying at Port Saint Julian, tried for mutiny, and executed, some of their chief officers; doubtless deeming it wise to cut off the hydra’s head at an early period.174This must be a misprint; it should be perhaps 56°. Some accounts state that Drake visited a bay in 57°: this must be erroneous, as Cape Horn, the most southern part of South America, is in the parallel of 56°.175Much interesting information respecting these straits will be found in the voyages of theAdventureandBeagle. Since the days of Anson, the difficulties experienced in rounding Cape Horn have been such as to cause navigators to look to the passage through these straits with great interest, hoping, that if found practicable, adverse gales and a heavy sea might be avoided. Now that the labours of King and Fitzroy have provided correct charts, the road is well known; still it can hardly be recommended to large vessels to “shoot the straits.”176Chiloe.177Contractation—commerce or dealings with them.178To lammis used by Beaumont and Fletcher in the sense ofbeat—bruise.179The Araucanians have been immortalized in theAraucano, a poem written by Don Alonzo d’Ercilla y Zuniga; Madrid, 1632.180This word is perhaps derived fromlave,to draw out,to exhaust.181Chile.182A storm is often judged to be severe in inverse proportion to the size of the vessel caught in it. We may form some idea of this sharp storm from the fact that the boats in tow lived through it.183Val paraiso—vale of Paradise.184Botais Spanish for a wine-skin or vessel:botijá, a jar used for the same purpose.185Lard.186Lime was added to sack, not to preserve it, apparently, but for the same purpose that drugs are mixed in beer and spirits by brewers, publicans, and rectifiers, at the present day.Falstaff.Villain, there’s lime in this sack.—Hen. IV.Host.I have spoke; let him follow; let me see theeFroth and lime.—Merry Wives of Windsor.187Teased, pulled, or unravelled. Oakum is made from rope yarns teased or untwisted.188We owe many good hints to Spanish seamen: this among others is used to this day.189This was one of Sarmiento’s unfortunate colonists.190Coquimbo, or la Serena.191Thirty years back, two or three ships sufficed for the trade of this coast with Great Britain. At present above three hundred are employed, carrying copper ore, wool, guano, nitrate of soda, etc.192This reminds us of the familiar lines:“For Widdrington needs must I wail,As one in doleful dumps;For when his legs were smitten off,He fought upon his stumps.”—Chevy Chace.193“Going by thirds” means that the crew have a certain per centage on the profits of the voyage, in lieu of wages; thus their remuneration partly depends on their own exertions.194Boatswain?195Monte Morena.196It is still the custom to prove ordnance with a heavier charge than they are expected to carry on service. It seems quite possible that a piece may bear the proof, and yet the particles be so disarranged, that it fail afterwards.197The demy-culverin was about equivalent to the nine-pounder; a saker to the six-pounder; and the minion to the four-pounder.198Arequipa.199Sangallan.200Used in the sense of misfortunes.201The plan pursued at that day was to beat to wind-ward in shore: now, by standing out boldly to the westward, the voyage to the south-ward, against the prevailing wind, is much shortened.202Punta de Ahuja?203Puna.204Various preparations of the root of thesmilax sarsaparillaare used medicinally.205Alligators.206Cape Pasado.207The first broadside—tirer(French).208Cornish? See page 24.209Down?210To sheer, or shore, means toseparate—we use the term “sheer to”, but “sheer off” appears to be the only sense in which it should be applied.211The greater part of the powder on board men-of-war, is made up into cartridges, to avoid delay in filling during action, and danger from using loose powder in a ladle.212Crows or crow-bars?213The additional velocity of the projectile gained by using long guns, is thought to overbalance the advantage which the short guns possess by being more easily handled. The usual length of heavy guns at present, is about nine feet and a half.214To moilhas been supposed to be derived from the Frenchmouiller.215Profited.216Since.217Slightly—or perhaps what we now call “deep-waisted”.218See note,page 199.219Maim.220Probably a misprint for “rare”.221Did not hold so good a wind, or drove more easily to leeward.222Seville was formerly the emporium of the trade of the new world: since the Guadalquiver has become unnavigable for large vessels, its trade has been transferred to Cadiz.223Punctilio.224This apopthegm is sufficient to stamp Sir Richard Hawkins as a great commander.225Fowlers, murderers, etc., were pieces of cannon of the nature of swivels, adapted to close combat. The “cobridge heads” seem to have been bulk heads across the fore and after parts of the vessel.226En buena guerrameans by fair or lawful means: it probably implied offering quarter; which means, that if accepted, a certain sum was to be given as ransom.227Partido(Spanish), favour or protection.228With respect to the transaction at San Juan de Ulloa, already alluded to at page 10, Sir Richard Hawkins had good reason to be suspicious of the good faith of the Spaniards. From the account given in Hakluyt, from Sir John Hawkins himself, it appears, that “he was attacked after he had been assured on the faith of the Spanish viceroy that no treachery should be used.” But in the matter of Oxenham, apparently, they were not to blame. John Oxenham had accompanied Drake in his first voyage, in 1574, and after his return, was induced to fit out a small expedition on his own account: he was successful in acquiring booty, but by mismanagement he and all his people fell into the hands of the Spaniards. At Panama he was examined as to what authority he held from his queen; but not being able to produce any power or commission, he with all his company were sentenced to death, as pirates.229Woolprobably means the covering or planking.Rampire(for rampart?) what is now termed the bulwark.230Ready.231“Thrice is he armed who hath his quarrel just.”—Henry V.232Precedents.233The term “race” is here repeated: if not a misprint (see note,page 199), can “a race ship” mean one built for speed?234Tumbling home (?); applied to the inclination inward, given to a ship’s topsides.235Hoy por mi, mañana por ti: which may be freely translated, “my turn to-day, yours to-morrow.”236Tow or tug.237Divers.238This island was probably named after the Latin term “Margaritæ” pearls.239Poles.240Rare—wonderful: this pearl was found at Santa Margarita; weighed two hundred and fifty carats, and was valued at thirty thousand pounds. Tavernier purchased one at Katifa, in Arabia, for upwards of one hundred thousand pounds. The Ceylon pearls are most valued in England.241Imbargo—embargo: laying on an embargo, means issuing an order to prevent the sailing of vessels.242Oxenham? See page 209.243Mound or hillock.244Pier?

1Sir John Hawkins was one of the most distinguished men of his period. He was a noted commander at sea forty-eight years, and treasurer of the navy for twenty-two years; and it was generally owned that he was the author of more useful inventions, and introduced into the navy better regulations, than any officer before his time.

2Possibly her ladyship’s thoughts may be explained by the consideration that she compared the objects of the proposed voyage with those followed out by her husband. He was the first Englishman who engaged in the inhuman traffic of slaves, and was granted the unenviable addition to his arms: “a demi moor proper; bound.”

3Incurred?

4Docked?

5The brave defence of Sir Richard Greenfeild, or Greenville, against nearly the whole Spanish fleet, merits being here recorded: himself severely wounded and his ship a complete wreck, he ordered her to be sunk, but to this his officers would not consent, so she surrendered on terms. Out of one hundred men fit to bear arms, near sixty survived this glorious action; but hardly a man but carried off some wounds as memorials of their courage.

6Convoy? Whafter. A term applied to ships of war,—probably from their carrying flags or whafts.

7This alludes to a base attack made on Sir John Hawkins, after he had entered into a friendly agreement with the Viceroy.

8Corogne (F.) Coruña (S.).

9Probably an abbreviation or misprint for Biscayan. Lediard relates, that in 1592, an expedition, fitted out against the Spaniards, took a great Biscayan shipp of six hundred tunnes, laden with all sorts of small iron-work.

10This great caracke was taken, after a sharp engagement, by six ships, part of the expedition alluded to in note 1; which was dispatched expressly to the Azores, to lie in wait for the East India carackes. This expedition left under the command of Sir Walter Raleigh and Sir John Borrough. Sir Walter was, however, superseded by Sir Martin Forbisher. She was called the “Madre de Dios,” a seven-decked ship of one hundred and sixty-five feet from stem to stern, manned with six hundred men. The burthen of this caracke was sixteen hundred tons, and she carried thirty-two brass guns. Her cargo, besides jewels,which never came to light, was as follows: spices, drugs, silks, and calicoes, besides other wares, many in number, but less in value, as elephant’s teeth, china, cocoa-nuts, hides, ebony, and cloth made from rinds of trees. All which being appraised, was reckoned to amount to at least one hundred and fifty thousand pounds. The carracke, or Carraca, was a large vessel of two masts, used in the India and Brazilian trade.

11Bounty? or perhaps wages paid in advance.

12A small vessel fitted with sails and oars.

13Drop down.

14We ought to profit by the experience of those who precede us. Had this “gentle warning” been attended to, probably the loss of theRoyal Georgemight have been prevented. She went down at her anchors while lying at Spithead, the 29th of August, 1782, having been struck by a squall, while her lower ports were open.

15The term admirall, appears formerly to have been applied as well to the principal ship in a fleet, as to the superior officer. To cite one among many instances, in an expedition under the Earl of Cumberland, in 1594, we find theRoyal Exchange, Admiral, two hundred and fifty tons, commanded by Captain George Cave. TheMay-flower, two hundred and fifty tons, Vice-Admiral, commanded by Captain W. Anthony. TheSamsonRear-Admiral, by Captain Nicholas Downton, together with a caravel and pinnace.

16A remarkable instance of carelessness occurred in 1801. The Dutch FrigateAmbuscade, went down by the head half an hour after leaving her moorings in Sheerness harbour. This arose from the hawse holes being unusually large, and the plugs not in.

17This is sound advice and good seamanship. In turning to wind-ward, it is wise to keep in the fair way, so that in case of missing stays, you have not a danger under your lee.

18Boats built for speed (?) or perhaps from the DutchFilibote.

19In the list of seven ships composing Lord Thomas Howard’s fleet, we find theForesight, Captain Vavisour. He deserves great credit for attempting to yield what succour he was able to the gallant Sir R. Greenville, whose brave defence has been already alluded to inpage 10. One other vessel followed, or perhaps set, the example: theGeorge Noble, of London, falling under the lee of theRevenge, asked Sir Richard if he had anything to command him; but as he was one of the victuallers and but of small force, Sir Richard bid him shift for himself, and leave him to his fortune. Lediard adds in a note, that it is more than probable had all the other vessels behaved with the same vigour and resolution as Sir Richard and his company, they might have given a good account of the Spanish fleet. It is to be regretted the name of the commander of theGeorge Nobleis not recorded. We know not which to admire most, his bravery in fully acting up to the principle of “succouring a known friend in view,” or the magnanimity of Sir Richard in dismissing him from an unequal contest.

20Souffler—to blow.

21It is still unfortunately too much the custom to risk the loss of ship and “sweet lives,” by neglecting the use of the lead.

22The tide runs two or three hours later in the offing than in shore; by attending to this, a vessel working down channel may gain great advantage.

23Of Magellan.

24Probably what is now called a “gig”; a fast-pulling boat.

25Obviously a phrase of the period. Ancient Pistol is made to say: “Si fortuna me contenta, spero me contenta.”

26Familiar as we are with the present resources of the dockyard at Plymouth, we can hardly estimate the firmness that could bear up against such mischances; of this stuff were the founders of the British naval power composed.

27Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart,And often took leave yet was loath to depart.The Thief and the Cordelier.—Prior.

Now fitted the halter, now traversed the cart,And often took leave yet was loath to depart.The Thief and the Cordelier.—Prior.

28Chart, or perhaps card for reducing the courses and distances:—Second Witch.I will give thee a wind.First Witch.Thou art kind.Third Witch.And I another.First Witch.I myself have all the other,And the very ports they blow,All the quarters that they know;I’ the shipman’s card.—Macbeth.

28Chart, or perhaps card for reducing the courses and distances:—

Second Witch.I will give thee a wind.First Witch.Thou art kind.Third Witch.And I another.First Witch.I myself have all the other,And the very ports they blow,All the quarters that they know;I’ the shipman’s card.—Macbeth.

29The seaman of 1600 appears to have differed very little from the seaman of 1800. Let us hope that the present race will discountenance such “lewd proceedings.”

30Thomas Cavendish, one of the early circumnavigators.

31Some such long-shore fellows are still to be met with.

32From the Dutch wordloeven, to ply to windward.

33The “waytes” seem to have been either music played during the setting of the watch, or occasionally, to show that a look-out was kept.Guetter(?)

34The use of private signals and the appointment of a place of rendezvous, may perhaps date from this period.

35Weight—peso. (Spanish.)

36Stern-post.

37A trivial hole left open, or a treenail not driven by a careless workman, may cause the failure of an important expedition; or at least cause great mischief and discomfort: which neglect still occasionally happens.

38Amener le pavillon—to haul down the ensign.

39Under bare poles.

40Probably derived fromlâcher un coup: to fire a shot.

41In those days the principle of “mare clausum” was acted upon; now it is “mare liberum” everywhere.

42Probably the islands that lie off Bayona, near Vigo.

43Carabela, (Spanish) a small vessel so called.

44Still well known as the rock of Lisbon.

45With the wind abeam.

46Although Sir Richard thinks it necessary to hold such prudent language, we have little doubt he was just the man to attempt to take a large ship armed or unarmed, in a “pynace.”

47Orchilla—a lichen yielding a purple dye.

48The latest measurement, by Captain Vidal, R.N., makes the height of the Peak 12,370 feet.

49The old voyagers were fond of dealing in the marvellous; our author is singularly free from this defect.

50We cannot trace the meaning of this word, unless it be a closed vessel, derived from the Anglo-Saxontynan—to close. At Bermuda all the drinking water is preserved in tanks.

51Further on written “sedge,” surf (?)

52The Fortunate islands were known before they were conquered by MM. Bethencourt, in the sixteenth century.

53Although the difference betweenblackandwhitebe great, we think Cape Blanco is meant.

54Probably the evening watch.

55This has become a standing order in the service. Many a good prize has been made by sending a mast head man up before daylight.

56Most of us are familiar with Dr. Watts’ lines,—“For Satan finds some mischief stillFor idle hands to do.”

56Most of us are familiar with Dr. Watts’ lines,—

“For Satan finds some mischief stillFor idle hands to do.”

57Covering—the deck so called because it covers in the ship—cubierta(Spanish).

58Montera—a species of hat worn in Spain.

59We apprehend the whole of this story to be “moonshine.”

60Groups.

61Coast of Guinea and Bight of Benin.

62From the account in Lediard, it appears that Sir A. Shyrley failed in his object; but he deserves credit for effecting a safe retreat to his ships in the face of a superior force. The expedition under Sir F. Drake was successful. It is curious to notice how the titles of military rank have changed since those days. The troops were commanded by Christopher Carlisle, an experienced officer; under him Captain A. Powel,Sergeant Major; Captain M. Morgan, and Captain J. Sampson,Corporals of the field. (See p. 17, line 26.)

63The terminal bud of the areca or cabbage palm, when boiled, makes a delicate dish.

64This is a most valuable production: we believe it bears, on the same area, a greater weight of food than any other vegetable. The fruit of the plantain,Musa sapientum, is chiefly eaten cooked. The banana,Musa paradisiaca, is eaten raw. There are many species, almost all excellent.

65Succade—preserved citron.

66The cocoa nut palm is too well known to need description. All its parts are applied by the natives to innumerable uses. Few visitors to tropical countries but have been refreshed by a draught of cocoa nut water; always preserved cool by the thick husk.

67All sail set—at present its signification is confined to a vessel rigged and ready for sea.

68It is still the custom to attribute all similar discordancies to the effect of current. This is a simple if not very philosophical mode of making the reckoning agree with observation. In this case, probably both the reckoning of the ship and the position of the land on the chart were faulty.

69The term height is used for latitude; probably because the pole star was the principal object used to determine position.

70The current in the West Indies, known as the Gulf stream, still runs to the northward through the Gulf of Florida, and then trending to the eastward, expends its force in the Atlantic.

71At the present day, by the general use of chronometers, the longitude can be determined with almost as great facility as the latitude.

72The cause of scurvy is now known to be, the use for a long period of one diet, and that unwholesome. Since greater attention has been paid to the proper admixture of articles of food, and also to the cleanliness and ventilation of the vessel, this disease has nearly disappeared.

73“The very deep did rot!That ever this should be!Yea slimy things did crawl with legsUpon the slimy sea.”Ancient Mariner.—Coleridge.

“The very deep did rot!That ever this should be!Yea slimy things did crawl with legsUpon the slimy sea.”Ancient Mariner.—Coleridge.

74It forms part of a naval surgeon’s instructions, that in tropical countries, when the crew are likely to be employed on shore, each is to take a morning draught of spirits or wine, with bark infused.

75The scurvy is not peculiar to seamen. It raged with great violence during the siege of Gibralter. Oranges and lemons were found of great benefit in arresting the disease. Lime juice has been long a fixed article of diet in men-of-war, and lately merchant vessels are compelled to carry it as an article of provision.

76Oil of vitriol or sulphuric acid.

77In the year 1776, the Royal Society awarded their gold medal to Captain James Cook, for a paper on “Preserving the health of the crew of her majesty’sResolution, &c.” Captain Cook considers that much was owing to the extraordinary care taken by the admiralty in causing such articles to be put on board, as by experience or conjecture were judged to be useful. But he adds, that the introduction of the most salutary articles will prove unsuccessful, unless supported by certain rules. The men being at three watches, except on emergency, were consequently less exposed to the weather, and generally had dry clothes to shift themselves. Care was taken to keep their persons and clothes clean and dry. A fire was often burned in the well. The coppers were kept clean, and no fat allowed to be given to the people. Fresh water was obtained at every opportunity. Few places but what offered some refreshment, and example and authority were not wanting to induce their being employed. These methods, under Divine Providence, enabled theResolutionto complete a voyage of three years and eighteen days with the loss of onlyone manby disease.We may remark that our author seems to have been fully alive to the importance of caring for the health of his company, and it is not improbable that Cook benefited by some of his suggestions.

We may remark that our author seems to have been fully alive to the importance of caring for the health of his company, and it is not improbable that Cook benefited by some of his suggestions.

78Shoals called the Abrolhos.

79Snyte for snipe.

80Heating pitch, and drawing off spirits in the hold, using a light, are the most common causes that lead to fire. Excluding the air is the best remedy, and no better device could have been hit upon than wetting the rug gowns.

81Holes in the ship’s side to carry off the water. The term now in use isscupper: slopper appears to be as good a word.

82Swabs are a species of mop, made of a collection of rope yarns, used to dry the deck.Swebban—(Anglo-Saxon) to sweep.

83To scuttle—to make openings.Escotilla(Spanish), is applied to the openings in the deck, called by us hatch-ways. The term scuttle is also applied to the small openings made in the ship’s side, to admit light and air.

84If impure water be confined in a close cask, gas will be generated, and the effect described happen.

85In the instructions given by the Lords Generals, the Earl of Essex and Charles Lord Howard, Lord High Admiral of England, to the captains of the ships composing the expedition to Cadiz, in 1596, the second article runs thus: Item—You shall forbid swearing, brawling, dicing, and such like disorders, as may breed contention and disorder in your ship, wherein you shall also avoid God’s displeasure and win his favour.

86The early painters and sculptors, and others who deal in “naval attributes,” have treated the dolphin very ill; Sir Richard’s description, if studied, might have amended the monsters given out to the public as dolphins.

87A shoal or scull of fish; that is, separated from the main body. This is Horne Tooke’s derivation. We think the term is more commonly applied to the main body itself.

88Fisgigorgrains—a small trident used for striking fish. From the Spanishfisga.

89Pouch or stomach.

90One species produces its young alive: others in a hard membraneous pouch.

91This enmity betwixt sailors and sharks still exists, and the interest attending their capture is great.

92Probably a small cask.

93The man-of-war bird, or cormorant—Pelecanidæ. On the coast of Brazil, in latitude twenty-four, are the Alcatrasse islands.

94Xiphias—the sword or snout is about three-tenths of his whole length.

95The surface—from cream or ream, what rises to the surface—or perhaps from rim, brim.

96This story seems to be founded on the fact that the snout of the sword fish is often found driven through parts of vessels’ bottoms; whence it has been inferred, the fish mistook them for whales. We imagine the account of the thresher to be fabulous.

97In the thirteenth century the tongue of the whale was esteemed as an article of food; and whale beef, as it is called, is eaten at Bermuda, and probably elsewhere.

98In the early days of the whale fishery, when the fish were plentiful, the oil was boiled out on shore, near the place of capture. At present the blubber is imported from the northern fishery.

99“And telling me the sovereign’st thing on earthWas parmaceti for an inward bruise.”—Henry IV, PartI.Spermaceti is obtained from the brain of the sperm whale,—physeter monocephalus—not from the spawn.

“And telling me the sovereign’st thing on earthWas parmaceti for an inward bruise.”—Henry IV, PartI.

Spermaceti is obtained from the brain of the sperm whale,—physeter monocephalus—not from the spawn.

100Bezoar—name applied to a concretion found in the stomach of various animals. Many extraordinary virtues were formerly ascribed to it, without much foundation.

101Ambergris is still considered to be a concretion formed in the stomach of the sperm whale.

102In Waterton’sWanderingswill be found a parallel story, of a gentleman riding on a cayman.

103According to Horsburgh, the least favorable season for getting to the southward, is the period from June to September inclusive.

104Bisoño—(Spanish) raw, undisciplined:—Pistol.Under which king, Bezonian? speak or die.Henry IV, PartII.

104Bisoño—(Spanish) raw, undisciplined:—

Pistol.Under which king, Bezonian? speak or die.Henry IV, PartII.

105The double pistole was a coin of about the value of thirty or thirty-five shillings.

106So that he may get away when it pleases him.

107Alluding to the attempt the fleet made to return northabout. In the British Museum is preserved a curious old pack of playing cards, on which are depicted subjects relating to the defeat of the “Spanish Armada”. On the ten of spades is shewn a consultation about returning by the North Ocean.

108Such a wind as would enable them to lie aslant or obliquely near the desired course. It is commonly said that “a calm is half a fair wind”; it is more than this, as out of thirty-two points, twenty would be fair.

109Easterhand?

110Répartir—(French) to divide.

111Various schemes have been tried to distil fresh water at sea from salt water; but none apparently have succeeded in producing an equivalent for the expense of fuel. In steam vessels a considerable supply is obtained from the condensation of the steam.

112The term mate, as used at present, implies some one under the master. The real meaning implies persons co-equal. Thus we still speak of ship-mates, etc., without inference to rank.

113The coast lies nearer south and by west, than west and by south, so they would certainly have run on shore without any blame attaching to the helmsman.

114The quarter deck may be defined as the space betwixt the mainmast and the after-hatchway; it seems also to have been called the half deck. Both terms arising from the fact that before the mainmast, the skids or beams were not planked. We still speak of beingonthe quarter deck, butunderthe half deck. The quarter deck is set apart for purposes of parade, and there the officer of the watch should always be sought.

115Adjutare—(Latin) to assist.

116On a still night, unless the attention of the helmsman be continually excited, it is quite possible that he get into a dreamy state and, if at the same time, the officer of the watch is thinking of “those far away,” the ship may be run for a time some points off her course. In the preceding section, Sir Richard well describes the difficulty of distinguishing betwixt a sandy shore and the water, on a calm bright night.

117Cape Saint Thomé?

118Now called Saint Anna.

119Well soaked in water to remove the salt.

120Portulaca sativa—a fleshy-leaved plant, much esteemed in hot countries for its cooling properties.

121Great caution should be used in tasting unknown fruits; perhaps this tree was thecroton tiglium, every part of which possesses powerful drastic properties.

122A species of cactus; the fruit is eaten in Sicily and elsewhere. We cannot join Sir Richard in its praise: perhaps as he had been long at sea, he found it grateful. The cochineal insect feeds on one species of this plant.

123This river is now called the Maccahe: probably it floods in the rainy season.

124By working up under their lee.

125These shoals, already alluded to at page 62, are now called the Abrolhos: there is a channel betwixt the islets and the main: the soundings extend to the eastward eighty or ninety miles.

126Boats hollowed from the trunk of a tree.

127Whoop! whoop! Cotgrave gives us the meaning ofhootingsandwhoopings: noises wherewith swine are scared, or infamous old women disgraced.

128A sudden sensation, be it from fear or otherwise, has a surprising effect upon persons sick or bed-ridden. Lediard relates that in a sharp engagement with a combined squadron of French and Dutch ships, off St. Christopher, in 1667, Sir John Harman, the English commander, who had been lame and in great pain from the gout, upon discovering the enemy’s fleet, got up, walked about, and gave orders as well as ever, till the fight was over, and then became as lame as before.

129We do not approve of such means of exciting vigilance; some might have got their payments. According to Æsop,wolfmay be called too often.

130Cape Frio has since become remarkable as the point on which her majesty’s shipThetiswas wrecked in December 1830, the night after she had left Rio Janeiro. A landing was effected, and nearly the whole crew saved. A snug cove north of the cape, with a boat entrance to the southward, was much used during the operations afterwards carried on to attempt to recover the treasure embarked in her.

131Pine apples,ananassa sativa.

132Probably a species of nautilus.

133The ryal of silver, of which ten went to a “piece,” is in value about fivepence of our money.

134Cassava or manioc is of the natural ordereuphorbiaceæ. The root abounds with a poisonous juice, but this after maceration is driven off by heat, and the fecula is obtained in an edible state. Tapioca is a preparation of cassava.Farina do pao—flour of wood.

135Vinewed—mouldy.

136Probably cacao (theobroma cacao), well known from the beverage of the same name, and from which chocolate is manufactured.

137In the Devonshire dialect,remletmeans a remnant.

138A similar disagreeable preparation, calledkava, is prepared and drunk in the Polynesian islands.

139The hammock now in general use at sea, takes its name from this term.

140Blow steadily—in one direction. Whence trade wind.

141Before the discovery of America, dye woods were known by this denomination; and Brazil owes its name to the quantity of wood of this nature found among its forests.

142Saint Catherine’s now ranks as a port after Rio Janeiro and Bahia.

143The cause of the variation of the compass still remains a secret. But from the close analogy existing between magnetism and electricity, perhaps we are not far from discovering it. The variation at this point in 1820, was 7-1/2° E.

144Sudden squalls are generated on the Pampas or plains lying round Buenos Ayres, called thence Pamperos; which do great damage. See the account of one in the Voyages of theAdventureandBeagle.

145Probably barricades to retire behind in case of being boarded. The piratical prahus of the Indian Archipelago are fitted with a similar defence.

146Misbehaviour. Tooke deriveslewdfrom the Anglo-Saxonlæwan—to delude or mislead.

147This fowl was doubtless the albatross (Diomedea), which seems to be a corruption of the Portuguese wordalcatraz. The practice of fishing for them still continues, though more for recreation (?) than for refreshment.

148The account of the gigantic stature of the Patagonians seems to be fabulous. Magalhaens reported them as giants; but later navigators disputed it: however, Fitzroy states them to average nearly six feet.

149It is generally supposed that this land was the Falkland islands; but as they lie betwixt 51° and 53°, this cannot be reconciled with being “next of anything in 48°.” In this parallel, the main land projects to the eastward; and this perhaps was the land he descried. The rock like a sail might be the Bellaco rock.

150The expedition of Drake having excited considerable alarm in Peru, the viceroy despatched Don Pedro Sarmiento with orders to take him dead or alive. Proceeding to the Strait of Magalhaens in pursuit, he took the opportunity to explore its shores. He afterwards pointed out to the King of Spain, Philip II, the importance of fortifying the Straits, to prevent the passage of strangers. Accordingly an expedition was fitted out, which, after some accidents, founded the two settlements of Jesus and San Felipe. The site of the last is now known as Port Famine: so named from the disasters which befell the unhappy colonists, who mostly perished by want. Sarmiento himself having been blown off the coast, appears to have used every effort to obtain and forward supplies from Brazil to his friends, but, proceeding to Europe for further assistance, was captured and taken to England.

151The tides run with great velocity in some parts of the straits. The rippling might justly cause fear, ignorant as the parties were of the extent of the rise and fall of tide. Fitzroy relates that an American captain hardly recovered, being told that it amounted to six or seven fathoms.

152Birds which are strong-flavoured are rendered edible by stripping off their skin.

153Fucus giganteus.—In the voyage of theAdventureandBeagleit was found firmly rooted in twenty fathoms, yet streaming fifty feet upon the surface.

154The narrowest part is in Crooked Reach, a little to the westward of St. Jerome point: here the strait is about one mile across.

155This was probably the opening into Otway water, leading to Sky-ring water, but not disemboguing into the Pacific.

156Theteredo navalisis very destructive. Nothing but metal is proof against its ravages. It is not clear what may be its purpose in boring into any wood that comes in its way, for it is thought not to be nourished by what it destroys.

157These inventions have been improved upon by the use of copper and other metals; of these, copper is the best; and an approved method of applying it, is over a coating offelt. Truly there is nothing new under the sun.

158Takenastayes—another term for taken aback.

159It is possible that the natives may have been aware of the coming change. The suspicion entertained of them is an instance of the mistakes often fallen into by misconceiving the motives of those whose language cannot be understood.

160To hull, is to lie without sail set; to try, with only low sail; whence we have now special storm sails, called try sails. We believe the correct expression is “to try” either ahullorunder sail.

161Toassay—to prove. Ancient mode of writing essay.

162To move her off.—To wind a ship now means to turn her. The term is probably derived from to wend.

163Now called bilge—that part of the ship’s bottom that bulges or swells out. When a ship takes the ground and heels over, the bilge bears all the strain, and consequently suffers damage.

164To flat in, means so to adjust the sails as to cause them to act with the greatest effect to turn the ship’s head from the wind; this is done when the ship is nearly taken aback, either by a sudden flaw or by carelessness at the helm. As applied here, it means that the vessel came round on her heel. The time vessels take in performing a similar evolution, bears a certain ratio to their length; long ships requiring more time than short ones.

165Sir Richard does not exaggerate “the bitternesse of the time.” During the survey of these straits in theAdventureandBeagle, Captain Stokes, an active, intelligent, and energetic officer, destroyed himself, in consequence of his excitable mind becoming worn out by the severe hardships of the cruize, the dreadful weather experienced, and the dangerous situations in which theBeaglewas constantly exposed.

166Synnet is plait made from rope yarns. Wooling or woolding is performed by passing turns of rope round a spar or rope, either for strength, or, as in this case, to prevent chafe; if spun yarn is used, it is called serving.

167The tree called Winter’s bark,Drimys Winteri, was discovered by Captain Winter, one of Drake’s officers. The bark is agreeably aromatic, and was found useful in cases of scurvy.

168Used for vats.

169The devastation caused by rats is very great. We have, however, never heard of their gnawing through the bottom. Indeed if there be any truth in the old sailor’s superstition that rats always leave a vessel when in a dangerous state, they must be too clever to perform so dangerous an experiment.

170Much discussion has arisen as to whether this should be writtenway, orweigh. We think the correct phraseology is this: when the anchor isweighed, the ship is underway.

171Now called Cape Pillar—on the modern charts Cape Deseado lies to the south of it.

172After the defeat of the Spanish Armada, Lord Charles Howard, of Effingham, was created Earl of Nottingham.

173These observations appear to have occurred to our author, in consequence of what had taken place during the voyages of Magalhaens and Drake. Both these great commanders, while lying at Port Saint Julian, tried for mutiny, and executed, some of their chief officers; doubtless deeming it wise to cut off the hydra’s head at an early period.

174This must be a misprint; it should be perhaps 56°. Some accounts state that Drake visited a bay in 57°: this must be erroneous, as Cape Horn, the most southern part of South America, is in the parallel of 56°.

175Much interesting information respecting these straits will be found in the voyages of theAdventureandBeagle. Since the days of Anson, the difficulties experienced in rounding Cape Horn have been such as to cause navigators to look to the passage through these straits with great interest, hoping, that if found practicable, adverse gales and a heavy sea might be avoided. Now that the labours of King and Fitzroy have provided correct charts, the road is well known; still it can hardly be recommended to large vessels to “shoot the straits.”

176Chiloe.

177Contractation—commerce or dealings with them.

178To lammis used by Beaumont and Fletcher in the sense ofbeat—bruise.

179The Araucanians have been immortalized in theAraucano, a poem written by Don Alonzo d’Ercilla y Zuniga; Madrid, 1632.

180This word is perhaps derived fromlave,to draw out,to exhaust.

181Chile.

182A storm is often judged to be severe in inverse proportion to the size of the vessel caught in it. We may form some idea of this sharp storm from the fact that the boats in tow lived through it.

183Val paraiso—vale of Paradise.

184Botais Spanish for a wine-skin or vessel:botijá, a jar used for the same purpose.

185Lard.

186Lime was added to sack, not to preserve it, apparently, but for the same purpose that drugs are mixed in beer and spirits by brewers, publicans, and rectifiers, at the present day.Falstaff.Villain, there’s lime in this sack.—Hen. IV.Host.I have spoke; let him follow; let me see theeFroth and lime.—Merry Wives of Windsor.

186Lime was added to sack, not to preserve it, apparently, but for the same purpose that drugs are mixed in beer and spirits by brewers, publicans, and rectifiers, at the present day.

Falstaff.Villain, there’s lime in this sack.—Hen. IV.Host.I have spoke; let him follow; let me see theeFroth and lime.—Merry Wives of Windsor.

187Teased, pulled, or unravelled. Oakum is made from rope yarns teased or untwisted.

188We owe many good hints to Spanish seamen: this among others is used to this day.

189This was one of Sarmiento’s unfortunate colonists.

190Coquimbo, or la Serena.

191Thirty years back, two or three ships sufficed for the trade of this coast with Great Britain. At present above three hundred are employed, carrying copper ore, wool, guano, nitrate of soda, etc.

192This reminds us of the familiar lines:“For Widdrington needs must I wail,As one in doleful dumps;For when his legs were smitten off,He fought upon his stumps.”—Chevy Chace.

192This reminds us of the familiar lines:

“For Widdrington needs must I wail,As one in doleful dumps;For when his legs were smitten off,He fought upon his stumps.”—Chevy Chace.

193“Going by thirds” means that the crew have a certain per centage on the profits of the voyage, in lieu of wages; thus their remuneration partly depends on their own exertions.

194Boatswain?

195Monte Morena.

196It is still the custom to prove ordnance with a heavier charge than they are expected to carry on service. It seems quite possible that a piece may bear the proof, and yet the particles be so disarranged, that it fail afterwards.

197The demy-culverin was about equivalent to the nine-pounder; a saker to the six-pounder; and the minion to the four-pounder.

198Arequipa.

199Sangallan.

200Used in the sense of misfortunes.

201The plan pursued at that day was to beat to wind-ward in shore: now, by standing out boldly to the westward, the voyage to the south-ward, against the prevailing wind, is much shortened.

202Punta de Ahuja?

203Puna.

204Various preparations of the root of thesmilax sarsaparillaare used medicinally.

205Alligators.

206Cape Pasado.

207The first broadside—tirer(French).

208Cornish? See page 24.

209Down?

210To sheer, or shore, means toseparate—we use the term “sheer to”, but “sheer off” appears to be the only sense in which it should be applied.

211The greater part of the powder on board men-of-war, is made up into cartridges, to avoid delay in filling during action, and danger from using loose powder in a ladle.

212Crows or crow-bars?

213The additional velocity of the projectile gained by using long guns, is thought to overbalance the advantage which the short guns possess by being more easily handled. The usual length of heavy guns at present, is about nine feet and a half.

214To moilhas been supposed to be derived from the Frenchmouiller.

215Profited.

216Since.

217Slightly—or perhaps what we now call “deep-waisted”.

218See note,page 199.

219Maim.

220Probably a misprint for “rare”.

221Did not hold so good a wind, or drove more easily to leeward.

222Seville was formerly the emporium of the trade of the new world: since the Guadalquiver has become unnavigable for large vessels, its trade has been transferred to Cadiz.

223Punctilio.

224This apopthegm is sufficient to stamp Sir Richard Hawkins as a great commander.

225Fowlers, murderers, etc., were pieces of cannon of the nature of swivels, adapted to close combat. The “cobridge heads” seem to have been bulk heads across the fore and after parts of the vessel.

226En buena guerrameans by fair or lawful means: it probably implied offering quarter; which means, that if accepted, a certain sum was to be given as ransom.

227Partido(Spanish), favour or protection.

228With respect to the transaction at San Juan de Ulloa, already alluded to at page 10, Sir Richard Hawkins had good reason to be suspicious of the good faith of the Spaniards. From the account given in Hakluyt, from Sir John Hawkins himself, it appears, that “he was attacked after he had been assured on the faith of the Spanish viceroy that no treachery should be used.” But in the matter of Oxenham, apparently, they were not to blame. John Oxenham had accompanied Drake in his first voyage, in 1574, and after his return, was induced to fit out a small expedition on his own account: he was successful in acquiring booty, but by mismanagement he and all his people fell into the hands of the Spaniards. At Panama he was examined as to what authority he held from his queen; but not being able to produce any power or commission, he with all his company were sentenced to death, as pirates.

229Woolprobably means the covering or planking.Rampire(for rampart?) what is now termed the bulwark.

230Ready.

231“Thrice is he armed who hath his quarrel just.”—Henry V.

231“Thrice is he armed who hath his quarrel just.”

—Henry V.

232Precedents.

233The term “race” is here repeated: if not a misprint (see note,page 199), can “a race ship” mean one built for speed?

234Tumbling home (?); applied to the inclination inward, given to a ship’s topsides.

235Hoy por mi, mañana por ti: which may be freely translated, “my turn to-day, yours to-morrow.”

236Tow or tug.

237Divers.

238This island was probably named after the Latin term “Margaritæ” pearls.

239Poles.

240Rare—wonderful: this pearl was found at Santa Margarita; weighed two hundred and fifty carats, and was valued at thirty thousand pounds. Tavernier purchased one at Katifa, in Arabia, for upwards of one hundred thousand pounds. The Ceylon pearls are most valued in England.

241Imbargo—embargo: laying on an embargo, means issuing an order to prevent the sailing of vessels.

242Oxenham? See page 209.

243Mound or hillock.

244Pier?

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