Bibliographical Note
Thereis no general history of the Northwest covering the whole of the period dealt with in this book except Burke A. Hinsdale,The Old Northwest(1888). This is a volume of substantial scholarship, though it reflects but faintly the life and spirit of the people. The nearest approach to a moving narrative is James K. Hosmer,Short History of the Mississippi Valley(1901), which tells the story of the Middle West from the earliest explorations to the close of the nineteenth century, within a brief space, yet in a manner to arouse the reader's interest and sympathy. A fuller and very readable narrative to 1796 will be found in Charles Moore,The Northwest under Three Flags(1900). Still more detailed, and enlivened by many contemporary maps and plans, is Justin Winsor,The Westward Movement(1899), covering the period from the pacification of 1763 to the close of the eighteenth century. Frederick J. Turner,Rise of the New West(1906) contains several interesting and authoritative chapters on western development after the War of 1812; and John B. McMaster,History of the People of the United States(8 vols., 1883-1913), gives in the fourth and fifth volumes a very good account of westward migration.
An excellent detailed account of the settlement and development of a single section of the Northwest isG. N. Fuller,Economic and Social Beginnings of Michigan,Michigan Historical Publications, Univ. Series, No. 1 (1916). A very readable book is R. G. Thwaites,The Story of Wisconsin(rev. ed., 1899), containing a full account of the early relations of white men and red men, and of the Black Hawk War. Mention may be made, too, of H. E. Legler,Leading Events of Wisconsin History(1898).
Among the volumes dealing with the diplomatic history of the Northwest, mention should be made of two recent studies: C. W. Alvord,The Mississippi Valley in British Politics(2 vols., 1917), and E. S. Corwin,French Policy and the American Alliance(1916).
Aside from Lincoln, few men of the earlier Northwest have been made the subjects of well-written biographies. Curiously, there are no modern biographies, good or bad, of George Rogers Clark, General St. Clair, or William Henry Harrison. John R. Spears,Anthony Wayne(1903) is an interesting book; and Andrew C. McLaughlin,Lewis Cass(1891), and Allen Johnson,Stephen A. Douglas(1908) are excellent. Lives of Lincoln that have importance for their portrayal of western society include: John T. Morse, Jr.,Abraham Lincoln(2 vols., 1893); John G. Nicolay and John Hay,Abraham Lincoln, a History(10 vols., 1890); and Ida M. Tarbell,Life of Abraham Lincoln(new ed., 2 vols., 1917).
The reader will do well, however, to turn early to some of the works within the field which, by reason of their literary quality as well as their scholarly worth, have attained the dignity of classics. Foremost are the writings of Francis Parkman. Most of these, it is true, deal with the history of the American interiorprior to 1763. ButFrontenac and New France under Louis XIV(Frontenac edition, 1915), andA Half-Century of Conflict(2 vols., same ed.) furnish the necessary background; andThe Conspiracy of Pontiac(2 vols., same ed.) is indispensable. Parkman's work closes with the Indian war following the Treaty of 1763. Theodore Roosevelt'sWinning of the West(4 vols., 1889-96) takes up the story at that point and carries it to the collapse of the Burr intrigues during the second administration of Thomas Jefferson. This work was a pioneer in the field. In the light of recent scholarship it is subject to criticism at some points; but it is based on careful study of the sources, and for vividness and interest it has perhaps not been surpassed in American historical writing. A third extensive work is Archer B. Hulbert,Historic Highways of America(16 vols., 1902-05). In writing the history of the great land and water routes of trade and travel between East and West the author found occasion to describe, in interesting fashion, most phases of western life. The volumes most closely related to the subject matter of the present book are:Military Roads of the Mississippi Valley(VIII);Waterways of Western Expansion(IX);The Cumberland Road(X); andPioneer Roads and Experiences of Travellers(XI-XII). Mention should be made also of Mr. Hulbert'sThe Ohio River, a Course of Empire(1906).
Further references will be found appended to the articles on Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, and Wisconsin inThe Encyclopædia Britannica(11th edition).
Opportunity to get the flavor of the period by reading contemporary literature is afforded by two principal kinds of books. One is reminiscences, letters, andhistories written by the Westerners themselves. Timothy Flint'sRecollections of the Last Ten Years(1826) will be found interesting; as also J. Hall,Letters from the West(1828), and T. Ford,History of Illinois(1854).
The second type of materials is books of travel written by visitors from the East or from Europe. Works of this nature are always subject to limitations. Even when the author tries to be accurate and fair, his information is likely to be hastily gathered and incomplete and his judgments unsound. Between 1800 and 1840 the Northwest was visited, however, by many educated and fair-minded persons who wrote readable and trustworthy descriptions of what they saw and heard. A complete list cannot be given here, but some of the best of these books are: John Melish,Travels in the United States of America in the Years 1806 & 1807 and 1809, 1810 & 1811(2 vols., 1812); William Cobbett,A Year's Residence in the United States of America(1818); Henry B. Fearon,Sketches of America(1818); Morris Birkbeck,Letters from Illinois(1818); John Bradbury,Travels in the Interior of America in the Years 1809, 1810, and 1811(1819); Thomas Hulme,Journal made during a Tour in the Western Countries of America, 1818-1819(1828); and Michael Chevalier,Society, Manners, and Politics in the United States(1839). Copies of early editions of some of these works will be found in most large libraries. But the reader is happily not dependent on this resource. Almost all of the really important books of the kind are reprinted, with introductions and explanatory matter, in Reuben G. Thwaites,Early Western Travels, 1748-1846(32 vols., 1904-07), which is one of our chief collections of historical materials.
INDEX
A.Abadie, D', Governor of the French, New Orleans,33.Adams, John,71,72,74.Alabama, Georgians in,173.American Fur Company,192-193.Amherst, General Sir Jeffrey,3,14.Anderson, Robert,201.Aranda, Count d', quoted,76.Armstrong, Fort (Rock Island),203.Astor, J. J.,192.Atkinson, General Henry,196.B.Bank, National,179.Beauvais, M., of Kaskaskia,29.Belêtre, Captain, commandant at Detroit,4.Birkbeck, Morris, quoted,105-106.Black Hawk, Indian leader,198-199; enemy of Americans,198,199-200; rebellion,160,200-203; after defeat,203-204; later life and death,204-205.Blue Licks, Battle of,71.Bouquet, Colonel Henry,15-16,17.Bushy Run, Battle of,15-16.C.Cadillac,seeLa Mothe-Cadillac.Cahokia, Pontiac at,18; school for Indians at,30; under English,31; taken by Clark,48,55; British try to seize,69.Caldwell, Captain,71.Campbell, Colonel, British commandant at Detroit,6.Campus Martius, fortification in Ohio,81.Canada passes to British control,1.Carver, Jonathan,12.Cass, Lewis, statesman of the Northwest,183; life,184-186; Governor of Michigan,190; expedition into Mississippi regions,190-191; aids against Indians,196.Cass Lake,191.Chartres, Fort, French commandant sends message to Indians,14; Pontiac at,17; "center of life and fashion,"30; after cession to English,31; Saint-Ange commands,33; Croghan invited to,35; Sterling reaches,36.Chillicothe (O.),100.Chouteau, Pierre,32-33.Cincinnati, named,82; migration to,99; legislature in,131; education,171.Clark, G. R., in Illinois country,48; life and character,48-49; delegate to Virginia Assembly,49; proposes capturing British posts,50; commissioned by Virginia council,51; expedition,51-56; at Kaskaskia,59-60,60-61; expedition to Vincennes,61-66; plans expedition against Detroit,67; failure of plan,68; later life and death,68;expedition against Miami towns,71; agreement of 1785 with Indians,79.Clay, Henry,164,205.Cleaveland, Moses,99.Columbus (O.), Cumberland Road reaches (1833),166.Continental Congress claims Northwest,71.Corydon (Ind.), capital removed from,177 (note).Croghan, George,34-36.Cumberland Gap,102.Cumberland Road,165-168,178.Cutler, Dr. Manasseh,80-81,82.Cuyahoga River, Pontiac halts English at,3.D.Davis, Jefferson,201,203,204.Dearborn, Fort,149,152,153.Deckhard rifle,120.Defiance, Fort,92,94.Detroit, occupied by French,2-3; surrenders to English,4; in 1760,4-5; Pontiac plans destruction of,11; council with Indians at,17; Clark plans attack,67-68; British refuse surrender,83; Wayne obtains cession of Indian land near,95; garrison at,152; Hull's expedition for relief of,153; growth,193.Douglas, S. A., statesman of Northwest,183; life,184-187.Duquesne, Fort,seePitt, Fort.E.East Florida, province provided in Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note),33; plan for Spain to resume possession,73.Education in Northwest,129-130,170-171.Erie Canal opened (1825),102,176.Erie, Lake, French settlement on,2-3; Perry's victory on,154.F.Fallen Timbers, Battle at,92-94.Flint, Timothy,Western Monthly Review,169.Florida,seeEast Florida, West Florida.France supports Spain in her American policy,72-74.Franklin, Benjamin, advice to British ministers,20; acquires western land,38,39; on committee for boundary negotiation,72,74.French settlements in Northwest,2,28-33; Loftus's expedition against,33-34; under English control,36-37.Fur trade,191-193.G.Gage, General Thomas,34,36.Galena (Ill.),195,196.Gallatin, Albert,164,165.Gallipolis, attempt to build French colony at,81.Garfield, J. A.,100.Ghent, Peace of,172.Gibault, Pierre, French priest,48,55,59,62.Gladwyn, Major,11,12.Gnadenhütten, massacre at,70.Great Britain refuses to give up fortified posts,83.Greenville, Fort,91,94; Treaty of,131.Grenada, province provided in Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note).Grosseilliers,seeMénard des Grosseilliers.H.Hamilton, Henry, Lieutenant-Governor at Detroit,43; and the Indians,47; part in Revolution,57et seq.Harmar, General Josiah,80,84,85.Harmar, Fort,80.Harrison, W. H., in Northwest Territory,131-132; on Indians,133-134; conference with Tecumseh,139-140,140-143;at Tippecanoe,144-147; chief in command in West,153-154,156.Harrison, Fort,144,152.Hayes, R. B.,100.Helm, Lieutenant,59.Hennepin, Louis,190.Henry, Patrick,49,51.Hillsborough, Lord, on British policy in regard to Indian reservations,26.Howard, Fort,196.Huguenots forbidden to emigrate,29.Hull, General William,138,153,156.I.Illinois, a county of Virginia,56; after War of 1812,161; admitted as State (1818),161,177 (note); immigration,162; frontier settlers in,173; Southerners in,174-175; population (1818),177 (note); indentures,182; slavery,182-183.Indiana, settlement,98; formed from part of Northwest Territory,132; population (1800-10),132-133; (1810-16),161; (1820),177 (note); after War of 1812,161; admitted as State (1816),161; immigration,162; frontier settlers in,172; Southerners in,174-175; indentures,182; slavery,182.Indianapolis, Cumberland Road reaches,166; capital removed to (1825),177 (note).Indians, parleys with Rogers,3-4; incited by French against English,4; relations with French at Detroit,5; menace to English,7-8; protest against English encroachments,8-9; Pontiac's conspiracy,9et seq.; method of warfare,15; trade with,25,44-45; reservation by Proclamation of 1763,25-27; attack Croghan's band,34-35; in Revolution,45et seq.; massacre at Gnadenhütten,70; agreements with,78-79; rebel against Americans,82-83; incited by British,83-84; punitive expedition against Miamis,84-85; Wayne against,89et seq.; danger on Ohio River from,108; cessions by,132,135,140; relations with white settlers,133-135; Tecumseh's conspiracy,136et seq.; Battle of Tippecanoe,144-146; raids of 1812,149; menace removed after War of 1812,160; trouble with Winnebagoes,196-198; Black Hawk War,200-203; treaties,206-207.Iowa, organized as Territory (1838),208; admitted as State (1846),208.Itasca, Lake,191.J.Jay, John,72,74.Jay Treaty,94-95,181.Jefferson, Thomas,51,67,72,164.Jefferson Barracks (St. Louis),203.Jefferson City (Mo.), Cumberland Road marked out to,166.Johnson, Allen,Jefferson and his Colleaguescited,138 (note).Johnson, Dr. Samuel, opinion of Northwest America,21,22.Johnson, Sir William, visits Detroit,6; Pontiac surrenders to,18; sends Croghan against Indians,34.Johnson, W. S.,39.Johnston, A. S.,201.Joliet, Louis,189.K.Kaskaskia, French settlement,28,30; under English,31; Clark captures,48,52-53; Clark at,60-61; British attack,69.Kendall, Amos, quoted,156.Kentucky, organized as county of Virginia,49; frontier settlers in,172.Keokuk, Indian chief,198,200,204.Knox, William, British Under-Secretary for the Colonies,22.L.Laclède, Pierre,32.La Mothe-Cadillac, Antoine de, founds Detroit (1701),2.La Salle, Réné-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de,2.Laulewasikaw, "Prophet," Brother of Tecumseh,135,147-148.Laurens, Henry,72.Le Bœuf, Fort,14.Lee, "Light-Horse Harry,"89.Leech Lake, Pike reaches,190.Leopard-Chesapeakeaffair,138.Lexington (Ky.), aspires to be "Athens of the West,"171.Lincoln, Abraham,184-188,201.Lincoln, Thomas, father of Abraham,185.Loftus, Major,33."Long Knives,"101.L-os-anti-ville,82;see alsoCincinnati.Louisiana Purchase,161,190.Louisville (Ky.), education in,171.M.McAdam, John, devises road construction,165-166.Mackinac, Fort,152,153.Malden, Fort,153.Marietta (O.), founded,81; settlers from New England,99.Marquette, Jacques, Jesuit missionary,189.Mason, George,51.Massac, Fort,52.Maysville Road Bill (1830),178.Ménard des Grosseilliers,189.Miami, Fort,88,92.Michilimackinac,95.Minnesota organized as Territory (1849),208.Mississippi, Georgians in,173.Mississippi Valley,24-25.Missouri, population of Territory (1812-18),161-162; frontier settlers in,173.Monroe, Fortress,204.Montreal, fall of (1760),1.N.National Road,seeCumberland Road.New England, westward migration from,99;175-177.New Orleans, Indians seek equipment at,18; Jackson's victory,159.New Orleans, The, first steamboat in West,168.Niagara, council with Indians at,17.Northwest Territory, extent of,1-2; French settlements,2; Franklin advises British to retain,20; ignorance of country,21-22; questions of settlement and government,22et seq.; settlement,37et seq.,79-82; Continental Congress claims,71; Treaty of Paris gives to U. S.,75; state claims yield to nation,77; migration to,97et seq.; character of country,110-112; pioneer life,112et seq.; in War of 1812,151et seq.; loses frontier character,162; religion,170; education,170-171; sectionalism,173-174; Southern influence,176-177; national issues,178-179; form of government,179-180; slavery,180-184; explorations upon upper Mississippi,189-191; fur trade,191-193; lead-mining,194-195; after Black Hawk War,205-206; Indian treaties,206-208; bibliography,211-214;see alsonames of States.O.Ohio, settlement,98et seq.; routes to,102et seq.; formed from part of Northwest Territory,132; admitted as State (1802),132,165; means of transportation in,157; frontier settlers in,172; Southerners in,174-175.Ohio Company,39,80-81.Ohio River, emigrants on,106-109.Ordinance of 1787,77-78,131,180,181,182.Oswego, Pontine surrenders at,18.Ottawa (Ill.), French settlement near,2.Ouiatanon,35.P.Paine, R. D.,The Fight for a Free Seacited,153 (note).Paris, Treaty of (1783),20,22,75.Parkman, Francis, quoted,5-6,19,32-33.Perry, Commodore O. H.,154.Pike, Lieutenant Z. M.,190.Pitt, Fort,15,16,17,34,36.Pittman, Captain,34.Pontiac, Indian chief,3; conspiracy,9et seq.; power broken,17; further plots,34; meets Croghan,35.Presqu'isle (Erie), council with Indians at,17.Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note),41-42."Prophet,"seeLaulewasikaw.Prophet's Town,139.Putnam, General Rufus,80,81,82.Q.Quebec, province provided under Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note).Quebec Act (1774),41-43.R.Radisson, Pierre,189.Raisin River,153.Rayneval, secretary to French Foreign Minister,74.Recovery, Fort,91.Red Bird, Indian chief,196,197.Revolution, effects on West,45.Rocheblave, commandant at Kaskaskia,54.Rogers, Major Robert,3,4.Roosevelt, Theodore, quoted,61,156.S.Sackville, Fort,55.Saint Ange de Bellerive,18,19,33,36.St. Anthony, Falls of, Hennepin reaches,190.St. Clair, General Arthur,81,84,85-87,89.St. Joseph, Fort,69-70.St. Louis, French settlement near,2; French town,18; established (1764),32; Saint-Ange retires to,36; under Spanish rule,69; education in,171.St. Louis, Fort,2.Ste. Genevieve,32.Schoolcraft, Henry,191.Scioto Company,81."Seven Ranges,"80,99-100.Sheridan, Lieutenant-General P. H.,100.Sherman, John,100.Sherman, General W. T.,100.Sinclair, Lieutenant-Governor Patrick,69.Slavery,180-184.Snelling, Fort,196.Spain, cessions to,18,28; ally of France,69; seizes Fort St. Joseph,69-70; American policy,72-73; plan presented at peace negotiation,73-74.Stanwix, Fort, Treaty of,78."Starved Rock,"2.Sterling, Captain Thomas,36.Stillman, Major,202.Symmes, Judge J. C., of N. J.,82.V.Tariff, attitude of Northwest toward,178-179.Taylor, Zachary,201.Tecumseh, plans confederacy,135et seq.; at Prophet's Town,139; confers with Harrison at Vincennes,139-140,140-143; sympathy with British,148,150; joins British in 1812,152; killed,154.Thames, Battle of the,154.Tippecanoe, Battle of,144-147.Transportation, difficulties,163-164; highways,164-168; stage lines,167; steamboats,168-170; Erie Canal,176; roads and canals,178; on Mississippi River,195.V.Vandalia, projected colony,39.Vandalia (Ill.), Cumberland Road graded to,166.Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de, Governor of Canada,1,3.Venango, Fort,14.Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de, French Foreign Minister,74.Vigo, François,60-61.Villiers, Neyon de,31.Vincennes, French colony,2; under British,31; surrenders to Clark,55; captured by British,58-59, Clark retakes,63-66,69; Harrison and Tecumseh in conference at,139-140,140-143.W.Wabash Valley, French settlement in,2.Waite, Chief Justice M. R.,100.Walpole, Thomas,39.War of 1812, popular in West,151; standing army,152; volunteers called,152; in the West,153-154; military organization,154-156; lack of transportation facilities,157-158; life of frontier soldiers,158-159; peace (1815),160.Warrior, The, Government supply steamer in Black Hawk War,203.Washington, George, acquires western land,38-39.Wayne, "Mad Anthony,"89et seq.Wayne, Fort,94,152; Treaty of,135.Wekau, Indian chief,197.Welby, Adlard, quoted,163.West Florida, province provided under Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note),33; plan for Spain to resume possession of,73.Western Reserve,99,102,172,175.Wharton, Samuel,39.Whistler, Major,196,197.Wilkinson, General James,190.Willing, The, Clark's boat,61,64,66,67.Winnebago, Fort,197.Wisconsin admitted as State (1848),208.Wythe, George,51.
Abadie, D', Governor of the French, New Orleans,33.Adams, John,71,72,74.Alabama, Georgians in,173.American Fur Company,192-193.Amherst, General Sir Jeffrey,3,14.Anderson, Robert,201.Aranda, Count d', quoted,76.Armstrong, Fort (Rock Island),203.Astor, J. J.,192.Atkinson, General Henry,196.
Bank, National,179.Beauvais, M., of Kaskaskia,29.Belêtre, Captain, commandant at Detroit,4.Birkbeck, Morris, quoted,105-106.Black Hawk, Indian leader,198-199; enemy of Americans,198,199-200; rebellion,160,200-203; after defeat,203-204; later life and death,204-205.Blue Licks, Battle of,71.Bouquet, Colonel Henry,15-16,17.Bushy Run, Battle of,15-16.
Cadillac,seeLa Mothe-Cadillac.Cahokia, Pontiac at,18; school for Indians at,30; under English,31; taken by Clark,48,55; British try to seize,69.Caldwell, Captain,71.Campbell, Colonel, British commandant at Detroit,6.Campus Martius, fortification in Ohio,81.Canada passes to British control,1.Carver, Jonathan,12.Cass, Lewis, statesman of the Northwest,183; life,184-186; Governor of Michigan,190; expedition into Mississippi regions,190-191; aids against Indians,196.Cass Lake,191.Chartres, Fort, French commandant sends message to Indians,14; Pontiac at,17; "center of life and fashion,"30; after cession to English,31; Saint-Ange commands,33; Croghan invited to,35; Sterling reaches,36.Chillicothe (O.),100.Chouteau, Pierre,32-33.Cincinnati, named,82; migration to,99; legislature in,131; education,171.Clark, G. R., in Illinois country,48; life and character,48-49; delegate to Virginia Assembly,49; proposes capturing British posts,50; commissioned by Virginia council,51; expedition,51-56; at Kaskaskia,59-60,60-61; expedition to Vincennes,61-66; plans expedition against Detroit,67; failure of plan,68; later life and death,68;expedition against Miami towns,71; agreement of 1785 with Indians,79.Clay, Henry,164,205.Cleaveland, Moses,99.Columbus (O.), Cumberland Road reaches (1833),166.Continental Congress claims Northwest,71.Corydon (Ind.), capital removed from,177 (note).Croghan, George,34-36.Cumberland Gap,102.Cumberland Road,165-168,178.Cutler, Dr. Manasseh,80-81,82.Cuyahoga River, Pontiac halts English at,3.
Davis, Jefferson,201,203,204.Dearborn, Fort,149,152,153.Deckhard rifle,120.Defiance, Fort,92,94.Detroit, occupied by French,2-3; surrenders to English,4; in 1760,4-5; Pontiac plans destruction of,11; council with Indians at,17; Clark plans attack,67-68; British refuse surrender,83; Wayne obtains cession of Indian land near,95; garrison at,152; Hull's expedition for relief of,153; growth,193.Douglas, S. A., statesman of Northwest,183; life,184-187.Duquesne, Fort,seePitt, Fort.
East Florida, province provided in Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note),33; plan for Spain to resume possession,73.Education in Northwest,129-130,170-171.Erie Canal opened (1825),102,176.Erie, Lake, French settlement on,2-3; Perry's victory on,154.
Fallen Timbers, Battle at,92-94.Flint, Timothy,Western Monthly Review,169.Florida,seeEast Florida, West Florida.France supports Spain in her American policy,72-74.Franklin, Benjamin, advice to British ministers,20; acquires western land,38,39; on committee for boundary negotiation,72,74.French settlements in Northwest,2,28-33; Loftus's expedition against,33-34; under English control,36-37.Fur trade,191-193.
Gage, General Thomas,34,36.Galena (Ill.),195,196.Gallatin, Albert,164,165.Gallipolis, attempt to build French colony at,81.Garfield, J. A.,100.Ghent, Peace of,172.Gibault, Pierre, French priest,48,55,59,62.Gladwyn, Major,11,12.Gnadenhütten, massacre at,70.Great Britain refuses to give up fortified posts,83.Greenville, Fort,91,94; Treaty of,131.Grenada, province provided in Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note).Grosseilliers,seeMénard des Grosseilliers.
Hamilton, Henry, Lieutenant-Governor at Detroit,43; and the Indians,47; part in Revolution,57et seq.Harmar, General Josiah,80,84,85.Harmar, Fort,80.Harrison, W. H., in Northwest Territory,131-132; on Indians,133-134; conference with Tecumseh,139-140,140-143;at Tippecanoe,144-147; chief in command in West,153-154,156.Harrison, Fort,144,152.Hayes, R. B.,100.Helm, Lieutenant,59.Hennepin, Louis,190.Henry, Patrick,49,51.Hillsborough, Lord, on British policy in regard to Indian reservations,26.Howard, Fort,196.Huguenots forbidden to emigrate,29.Hull, General William,138,153,156.
Illinois, a county of Virginia,56; after War of 1812,161; admitted as State (1818),161,177 (note); immigration,162; frontier settlers in,173; Southerners in,174-175; population (1818),177 (note); indentures,182; slavery,182-183.Indiana, settlement,98; formed from part of Northwest Territory,132; population (1800-10),132-133; (1810-16),161; (1820),177 (note); after War of 1812,161; admitted as State (1816),161; immigration,162; frontier settlers in,172; Southerners in,174-175; indentures,182; slavery,182.Indianapolis, Cumberland Road reaches,166; capital removed to (1825),177 (note).Indians, parleys with Rogers,3-4; incited by French against English,4; relations with French at Detroit,5; menace to English,7-8; protest against English encroachments,8-9; Pontiac's conspiracy,9et seq.; method of warfare,15; trade with,25,44-45; reservation by Proclamation of 1763,25-27; attack Croghan's band,34-35; in Revolution,45et seq.; massacre at Gnadenhütten,70; agreements with,78-79; rebel against Americans,82-83; incited by British,83-84; punitive expedition against Miamis,84-85; Wayne against,89et seq.; danger on Ohio River from,108; cessions by,132,135,140; relations with white settlers,133-135; Tecumseh's conspiracy,136et seq.; Battle of Tippecanoe,144-146; raids of 1812,149; menace removed after War of 1812,160; trouble with Winnebagoes,196-198; Black Hawk War,200-203; treaties,206-207.Iowa, organized as Territory (1838),208; admitted as State (1846),208.Itasca, Lake,191.
Jay, John,72,74.Jay Treaty,94-95,181.Jefferson, Thomas,51,67,72,164.Jefferson Barracks (St. Louis),203.Jefferson City (Mo.), Cumberland Road marked out to,166.Johnson, Allen,Jefferson and his Colleaguescited,138 (note).Johnson, Dr. Samuel, opinion of Northwest America,21,22.Johnson, Sir William, visits Detroit,6; Pontiac surrenders to,18; sends Croghan against Indians,34.Johnson, W. S.,39.Johnston, A. S.,201.Joliet, Louis,189.
Kaskaskia, French settlement,28,30; under English,31; Clark captures,48,52-53; Clark at,60-61; British attack,69.Kendall, Amos, quoted,156.Kentucky, organized as county of Virginia,49; frontier settlers in,172.Keokuk, Indian chief,198,200,204.Knox, William, British Under-Secretary for the Colonies,22.
Laclède, Pierre,32.La Mothe-Cadillac, Antoine de, founds Detroit (1701),2.La Salle, Réné-Robert Cavelier, Sieur de,2.Laulewasikaw, "Prophet," Brother of Tecumseh,135,147-148.Laurens, Henry,72.Le Bœuf, Fort,14.Lee, "Light-Horse Harry,"89.Leech Lake, Pike reaches,190.Leopard-Chesapeakeaffair,138.Lexington (Ky.), aspires to be "Athens of the West,"171.Lincoln, Abraham,184-188,201.Lincoln, Thomas, father of Abraham,185.Loftus, Major,33."Long Knives,"101.L-os-anti-ville,82;see alsoCincinnati.Louisiana Purchase,161,190.Louisville (Ky.), education in,171.
McAdam, John, devises road construction,165-166.Mackinac, Fort,152,153.Malden, Fort,153.Marietta (O.), founded,81; settlers from New England,99.Marquette, Jacques, Jesuit missionary,189.Mason, George,51.Massac, Fort,52.Maysville Road Bill (1830),178.Ménard des Grosseilliers,189.Miami, Fort,88,92.Michilimackinac,95.Minnesota organized as Territory (1849),208.Mississippi, Georgians in,173.Mississippi Valley,24-25.Missouri, population of Territory (1812-18),161-162; frontier settlers in,173.Monroe, Fortress,204.Montreal, fall of (1760),1.
National Road,seeCumberland Road.New England, westward migration from,99;175-177.New Orleans, Indians seek equipment at,18; Jackson's victory,159.New Orleans, The, first steamboat in West,168.Niagara, council with Indians at,17.Northwest Territory, extent of,1-2; French settlements,2; Franklin advises British to retain,20; ignorance of country,21-22; questions of settlement and government,22et seq.; settlement,37et seq.,79-82; Continental Congress claims,71; Treaty of Paris gives to U. S.,75; state claims yield to nation,77; migration to,97et seq.; character of country,110-112; pioneer life,112et seq.; in War of 1812,151et seq.; loses frontier character,162; religion,170; education,170-171; sectionalism,173-174; Southern influence,176-177; national issues,178-179; form of government,179-180; slavery,180-184; explorations upon upper Mississippi,189-191; fur trade,191-193; lead-mining,194-195; after Black Hawk War,205-206; Indian treaties,206-208; bibliography,211-214;see alsonames of States.
Ohio, settlement,98et seq.; routes to,102et seq.; formed from part of Northwest Territory,132; admitted as State (1802),132,165; means of transportation in,157; frontier settlers in,172; Southerners in,174-175.Ohio Company,39,80-81.Ohio River, emigrants on,106-109.Ordinance of 1787,77-78,131,180,181,182.Oswego, Pontine surrenders at,18.Ottawa (Ill.), French settlement near,2.Ouiatanon,35.
Paine, R. D.,The Fight for a Free Seacited,153 (note).Paris, Treaty of (1783),20,22,75.Parkman, Francis, quoted,5-6,19,32-33.Perry, Commodore O. H.,154.Pike, Lieutenant Z. M.,190.Pitt, Fort,15,16,17,34,36.Pittman, Captain,34.Pontiac, Indian chief,3; conspiracy,9et seq.; power broken,17; further plots,34; meets Croghan,35.Presqu'isle (Erie), council with Indians at,17.Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note),41-42."Prophet,"seeLaulewasikaw.Prophet's Town,139.Putnam, General Rufus,80,81,82.
Quebec, province provided under Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note).Quebec Act (1774),41-43.
Radisson, Pierre,189.Raisin River,153.Rayneval, secretary to French Foreign Minister,74.Recovery, Fort,91.Red Bird, Indian chief,196,197.Revolution, effects on West,45.Rocheblave, commandant at Kaskaskia,54.Rogers, Major Robert,3,4.Roosevelt, Theodore, quoted,61,156.
Sackville, Fort,55.Saint Ange de Bellerive,18,19,33,36.St. Anthony, Falls of, Hennepin reaches,190.St. Clair, General Arthur,81,84,85-87,89.St. Joseph, Fort,69-70.St. Louis, French settlement near,2; French town,18; established (1764),32; Saint-Ange retires to,36; under Spanish rule,69; education in,171.St. Louis, Fort,2.Ste. Genevieve,32.Schoolcraft, Henry,191.Scioto Company,81."Seven Ranges,"80,99-100.Sheridan, Lieutenant-General P. H.,100.Sherman, John,100.Sherman, General W. T.,100.Sinclair, Lieutenant-Governor Patrick,69.Slavery,180-184.Snelling, Fort,196.Spain, cessions to,18,28; ally of France,69; seizes Fort St. Joseph,69-70; American policy,72-73; plan presented at peace negotiation,73-74.Stanwix, Fort, Treaty of,78."Starved Rock,"2.Sterling, Captain Thomas,36.Stillman, Major,202.Symmes, Judge J. C., of N. J.,82.
Tariff, attitude of Northwest toward,178-179.Taylor, Zachary,201.Tecumseh, plans confederacy,135et seq.; at Prophet's Town,139; confers with Harrison at Vincennes,139-140,140-143; sympathy with British,148,150; joins British in 1812,152; killed,154.Thames, Battle of the,154.Tippecanoe, Battle of,144-147.Transportation, difficulties,163-164; highways,164-168; stage lines,167; steamboats,168-170; Erie Canal,176; roads and canals,178; on Mississippi River,195.
Vandalia, projected colony,39.Vandalia (Ill.), Cumberland Road graded to,166.Vaudreuil, Pierre de Rigaud, Marquis de, Governor of Canada,1,3.Venango, Fort,14.Vergennes, Charles Gravier, Comte de, French Foreign Minister,74.Vigo, François,60-61.Villiers, Neyon de,31.Vincennes, French colony,2; under British,31; surrenders to Clark,55; captured by British,58-59, Clark retakes,63-66,69; Harrison and Tecumseh in conference at,139-140,140-143.
Wabash Valley, French settlement in,2.Waite, Chief Justice M. R.,100.Walpole, Thomas,39.War of 1812, popular in West,151; standing army,152; volunteers called,152; in the West,153-154; military organization,154-156; lack of transportation facilities,157-158; life of frontier soldiers,158-159; peace (1815),160.Warrior, The, Government supply steamer in Black Hawk War,203.Washington, George, acquires western land,38-39.Wayne, "Mad Anthony,"89et seq.Wayne, Fort,94,152; Treaty of,135.Wekau, Indian chief,197.Welby, Adlard, quoted,163.West Florida, province provided under Proclamation of 1763,24,24 (note),33; plan for Spain to resume possession of,73.Western Reserve,99,102,172,175.Wharton, Samuel,39.Whistler, Major,196,197.Wilkinson, General James,190.Willing, The, Clark's boat,61,64,66,67.Winnebago, Fort,197.Wisconsin admitted as State (1848),208.Wythe, George,51.