“The wife.Look at this splendid bargain I bought for twenty dollars to-day. It’s worth two hundred.“The husband.Indeed! How do you know it is worth that much?“The wife.Why, the auctioneer told me so.”
“The wife.Look at this splendid bargain I bought for twenty dollars to-day. It’s worth two hundred.
“The husband.Indeed! How do you know it is worth that much?
“The wife.Why, the auctioneer told me so.”
A new plan of auction has been recently tried. You may buy in one or more lots at your own price, and if you do not wish to keep any, they may be returned within a certain number of days. You may bidad libitum, recklessly as you choose; and if your choice be not all that your fancy and electric light have pictured it, you are under no obligation to keep it or pay anything on it; you may elect to change your mind and send it back. How this plan works in practice and finance has yet to be demonstrated. It would seem to be all on the side of the buyer and against the seller, who must lose many a bid from abona fidepurchaser at a lower figure. The matter of human nature doubtless figures in the problem, because there is some littlefeeling of shame about returning an article bought in under competition, no matter what the guarantee may be.
As to the auctioneers, they are always glib of tongue, good-natured, and persuasive. That they are not canonically and absolutely truthful is perhaps not their fault. They certainly cannot know more about rugs than the few authorities who have made a study of the subject; and, as said before, they are generally prompted by the “consignor” of the collection. If only they would not calleveryrug an “antique and priceless specimen,” their individual consciences might be happier, and their audience less bored.
However, no matter what the audience, or how small it may be, there are always some there who will appreciate the difference between a four-dollar and a forty-dollar offering, and bid up the former to seven dollars and the latter to thirty dollars. Thus the auctions go merrily on and strike a general average. The skilfulauctioneer will feel the pulse of his audience with a quicker touch than the most renowned of doctors; and once assured of their class and position, wealth and condition, and what grade of merchandise they are willing to buy, the game is in his own hands, provided only that his audience is large enough. He should have at least a regulation pack of fifty-two in order to do justice to his own hand and skill, and in order to play off one card of his audience against another.
The auction has its own particular fascinations, and its ownhabituésand devotees in every city. The chronic attendants should be the most careful and conservative of buyers. But the artful auctioneer soon learns to know them, to recognize them among hisclientèle, and to humour their whims, moods, and fancies. Sooner or later he will wheedle them into a bid against their better judgment, and then make good capital of the fact that suchand such a connoisseur had bought so great a bargain.
The question might be asked, impersonally and perhaps impertinently, What was the auctioneer’s influence at the Marquand sale? Was his the power? Was it due to the catalogue? or was it in the air; and the zeal of an eager audience?
The retail trade in rugs throughout this country is largely in the hands of Armenians, both fixed and peripatetic; but of recent years much of their business has been annexed by the department stores.
These various Armenian dealers are universally known for their shrewdness and cleverness as well as for other ingenuousness and natural courtesy. Except the heads of the carpet departments in some few large concerns, they know much more about their wares than other salesmen, and their personal, live knowledge gives a fillip of enthusiasm to the purchaser. They would control the retail trade in rugs, were it not that the department store hasbrought against them its powerful weapon ofper cent. The store asserts that it wants only its modestper centon the cost of any article, no matter what its sentimental value may be. This may not be truth in its stark nakedness, but it has availed to draw to them a great deal of the trade in Oriental textiles.
The wholesale dealers are the most important factor in the question of distribution, for almost all the rugs sold in the United States must first pass through the hands of one or another of a dozen New York princes of the market. Large or small retailers may import some pieces directly from London, Paris, or Constantinople, but even the most important retailers buy heavily from the great Armenian wholesalers in New York City.
It is difficult to estimate and impossible to state absolutely the number or even the value of the Oriental rugs annually imported into the United States. The reason is that in the reports of the U. S. Treasuryas to “Imported Merchandise,” etc., Oriental carpets and rugs have no separate classification, but are included under the general heading of “Carpets woven whole for rooms, and Oriental, Berlin, Aubusson, Axminster, and other similar rugs.” It is quite a mixed company, but Oriental weaves as herein considered are at least distinguished as such, and differentiated from carpeting by the yard. They have also the distinction, with the others of their group, of paying a tax of ninety cents per square yard and forty per cent ad valorem, as against from twenty-two to sixty cents per square yard and the same forty per cent ad valorem for the various Brussels, Wilton, and Axminster floor-coverings coming by the yard, and not in one piece. And the duty on Oriental rugs, be it observed, is measured by the square yard, and therefore no record is kept of the number of pieces, or how many individual items of the four classes have been imported.
Nevertheless, the statistics for the year ending June 30, 1902, show this general result: The total value of that year’s import of these “whole carpets, Oriental, Berlin,” etc., was a trifle below three million dollars. Two and a half millions of this value came to New York with only half a million left to divide between Chicago, Philadelphia, Boston, San Francisco, and other ports of entry. The supremacy of New York City as the Oriental rug mart for this country is easily manifest, although it is not so easy to estimate what proportion of the two and a half millions of value was in Oriental rugs and what in modern carpets. One expert figures the value of the Oriental rugs imported that year into New York as more than half the total, or perhaps two millions. It is as fair an estimate as may be had. Considerable as this amount may be, it seems much less than might be expected. It may perhaps indicate the cheap grade and low quality of most of our present acquisitions in this category.
The gathering of the rugs by the buyers, in the first instance, involves great hardships, endurance, and even danger; and the deeper their incursions into new and strange territory and unopened and unexplored sources of supply, the more profitable their spoil, but the greater their toil. Beluchistan, as previously suggested, would appear now to be one of the remotest regions yet remaining to yield up a few new treasures to the persevering buyer.
These rugs so gathered to the centres of trade in Constantinople, Tiflis, and other distributing points, quickly find their way thence to New York, and help to make the magnitude and seeming wonderful complexity of the large wholesale depots. Whoever is fortunate enough to have theentréeto any of these great New York storehouses will be first among those who understand the importance, value, and appreciation of the Oriental rug.
Inaddition to the many patterns, figures, devices and symbols, which are used for ornamentation, rugs and carpets are often embellished with hieroglyphic writing, somewhere in their field, and commonly at top or bottom. Not unfrequently complete borders are thus composed, as is evidenced in old Kirmans. These designs are so graceful in their many angles and occasional curves that they scarcely suggest mere lettering. Such they are, nevertheless; and our English script, with all its loops and turns and recurrent “lines of beauty,” would hardly avail for like effective results. It is but another proof of the artistic possibilities of angular lines and geometric figures, so often demonstrated by Oriental weavers.
With few exceptions, all of these hieroglyphics are in the Arabic language, and are quotations from the Persian poets, with flowery sentiment, or from the Koran, in proper precept. But, as is more important, there will frequently be found in the corners of a choice piece, or elsewhere unobtrusively woven, the signature or cipher of the maker, with the date of the making. This at once gives distinction and value to such a specimen and exalts it above its fellows. It also calls loudly for an answer to the question of what such name and date may be. Very rarely can the dealer inform you, because he does not know. Here, then, is a great stumbling-block in the path of the collector. It may be worth while to go around it by way of a brief explanation.
The Arabic language has been thelingua francaof the East from the time that it succeeded Greek in the seventh century. It still retains its universality wherever Mohammedanism rules. Turkey may beexcepted from its sway, but, none the less, it is a most necessary language to-day in Constantinople. Its use by carpet-weavers is by reason of its catholicity; that it may be understood where their varying languages and unknown dialects would tell no story.
That Arabic is so generally known throughout the Orient is doubtless no greater marvel than that mere children in Paris speak French. But, however convenient, as an inter-racial and commercial language, Arabic may be to those accustomed to it, or naturally conversant with it, it is most difficult to learn by Western races. With ten years’ study one may become a good scholar, and proficiency may follow for the persistent few. This will explain why inscriptions, texts, and verses on rugs and carpets are meaningless, except to the most erudite; and except, also, to those who see in them only another phase of Persian ornament, strange, mysterious, arabesque, and beautiful.
Regarding the date, often woven into an example which the artist thought especially worthy, it would seem that some simple formula might be given for its ready translation. This may be approximated, although it is not so easy a matter as might appear, and requires a few words on the subject of Arabian numerical notation. Their general system is similar to ours, and, corresponding to our miscalled “Arabic figures” of:
0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9,
their digits are represented by
Both are read from left to right. These Arabic digits, however, are not always easily to be deciphered on a rug, on account of the spreading of the wool and consequent irregularity of outline, and also because they generally appear in modest size. The back of the rug will show the figures much more sharply than the face,when there is a doubt. When the Arabic numerals are made clear, it remains to reduce this date to the corresponding one of the Christian era, by means of a complicated table.
Larger Image
Plate XII.BERGAMAThirty to forty years oldFrom the Collection of the AuthorSize: 3.1 x 3.5
All Mohammedan dating (with exceptions not to be considered here, however interesting historically) is from the Hegira. The reckoning is not from the time of Mohammed’s “flight” from Medina (September, 622), but from a day about two months earlier; namely, the first day of that Arabian year. This beginning of the epoch, according to the best modern authorities, probably corresponds to July 16, 622.
Mohammedan chronology, however, is often expressed in other ways than by clear figures, and such florid records are most difficult to interpret. Again, in old manuscripts, on coins and on a few rare antique carpets, the date is written out in full, in so many words; as, for instance, “two-hundred-and-five-and-twenty-after-the-thousand.”Intricate dates like these are to be solved only by an expert.
But when the year is in question, without regard to month or day, and when the year is written in legible figures, a rough formula for computing the corresponding Christian date is as follows: Subtract from the given Mohammedan year one thirty-third part of itself, and add to the remainder six hundred and twenty-two. Thus:A. H.1196 =A. D.1196 - 36 + 622 =A. D.1782. This is accurate enough for all practical purposes, and involves no difficulty except the deciphering of the Arabic digits. The failure to subtract this essential one thirty-third part explains frequent misreadings by the ignorant dealer or uninitiated amateur. That six hundred and twenty-two must be added to the given Mohammedan date explains itself. But it must be remembered also that the Moslem year is lunar, and thus a little more than eleven days shorter than our solar year. Their reckoningtherefore gains one year in every thirty-three of our computation.
Modern commercial rugs of ordinary quality are occasionally provided with a date or other calligraphic figure to simulate the real signed and dated masterpieces. This trickery should never deceive even the most unwary, unless the piece is of exceptional merit; and then, there is no deception; or at least there is value received.
Manykinds of rugs are made in part of camel’s hair, generally undyed and of a soft brown tone. They are praised as particularly desirable and durable, and antique specimens often showed a distinguished beauty. Modern examples are seldom improved by this addition to the wool. Camel’s hair, in the muggy days of summer, has the great fault of offending the nose and proclaiming not only that the “Campbells are coming” but that the circus and the whole menagerie is already here. If the camel’s hair part of your rug is soft and silky, it has been taken from young camels or from the camel’s belly, and the odour is hardly evernoticeable. Of wool in rugs generally it may be said that the best is from the younger sheep, and the silkiness and sheen of the wool give those same characteristics to the rug.
Silk rugs, both antique and modern, fairly dazzle the eye with their beauty, but he who may afford one will needs afford also to furnish the surroundings for it in like magnificence. Otherwise all else grows pale and dull and leaden beside their refulgent glory. Place a piece of modern Dresden china side by side with a fine antique specimen of Chinese porcelain, and the garishness of the modern ware will give a pallid tone to the soft whites of the Oriental artist. But the fault is not with the older and perfect art; it is simply the old truth, in a new form, that evil colours corrupt and kill good colours.
Be that as it may, old silk rugs are almost priceless, and of value to a millionaire collector for their originality of designand for their soft harmonies of colour which centuries alone can give. Modern silk rugs are mostly machine made, in part at least; are a detriment and a blot on any scheme of household decoration, and are always worth less than the price paid for them.
By experience we may best learn how to choose a rug. As, for instance: never buy a rug, least of all at an auction, without thoroughly examining it. See its back as well as its face, and so be sure that it has not been cut, and that there are no serious holes in it. Quite one-third of the good old rugs will show some rents or tears, often made by the grappling-hooks as the bales are shipped and transhipped. If these are no bigger than a silver dollar, a skilful repairer, of whom there are plenty, will readily remedy the defect. Also hold the rug up to the light to know that the moths have not eaten it. Look at the nap and see that it is not worn to the warp. Lay it on a board floor, ifpossible, and apart from other rugs, and see that it lies flat and straight. None but those that are firm enough to lie well are desirable for use and general comfort. Of course many fine antiques are their own sufficient excuse for exception from this rule.
If in doubt as to whether a rug has aniline dyes or been doctored or painted, a handkerchief moistened with the tongue may sometimes discover the truth. Painting a rug is a device not unfrequently practised when the nap is worn down and the warp shows white.
Bear in mind that a good example may be so dirty as not to show half its merits. A sharp patting may scatter enough dust to display it in its proper colours, and you may thus, literally, unearth a treasure.
Remember, too, that rugs never look so well or show as clear and bright when hanging on the wall as lying on the floor. Therefore, test a rug spread out flat beforeyou in broad daylight. It is a trick of the trade to hold up one end of the piece exhibited and keep it waving to show its sheen. This is often a mere device to conceal its bad shape or other defects. If you are buying a rug for use on the floor, you should see it so displayed. Its sheen should be judged by walking around it and considering it in various lights.
Note that with few exceptions the fringe and selvedge on a rug were not made for beauty but for protection. When the fringe is ropy, long, or uneven, or the selvedge eaten into or ragged, do not leave the rug to its unkemptness, but trim it religiously. A man should have his hair cut and put in order at proper times; and the propriety of this observance is commonly preached on very many prayer rugs, where the comb is prominently pictured, to remind the devout that “cleanliness is next to godliness.” Indeed, the comb in various forms is so common a feature in theangular arch of most prayer rugs that its suggestiveness almost detracts from their beauty. The counsel is most persistent.
Even the clean white fringe of a fine Persian is often so long as to need clipping. Two inches or so is a plenty. If more is left, the strings only curl under and show a ragged and broken line, and the rug never appears trim and orderly.
When the selvedge is gone, and the end borders or sides of therug itselfare encroached upon and sawed by the tooth of Time, more than half of the value and beauty of the piece is lost; but to preserve its usefulness it should be overcast and further damage prevented. Never buy a rug as a perfect or even choice specimen if any border at the sides or ends is gone beyond repair. Every border should have its corresponding end, andvice versa, or the piece is imperfect. Selvedge is of slight importance, but, like a woman’s skirts or a man’s trousers, it is unforgivable if worn or frayed. The side edgeswhich are otherwise still perfect are apt to become more or less ragged with wear. That is a detail, if the borders themselves are intact; and the edges only need overcasting before it is too late.
When the good housewife has the rugs and carpets beaten, let it be done on the grass, if possible, and not when they are hung on a line and so allowed to break with their own weight. Also let the severity of the beating be tempered with kindness and discretion. In winter, sweeping with snow will clean and brighten them most wonderfully.
This whole matter of cleaning is a neglected science and worthy of a thesis all to itself. The face of a rug will stand the slapping which is its usual punishment for being dirty; but do not forget, in the end, to stroke it, with the nap, and so soothe its feelings. Do not beat a rug or carpet on the back. That has no defence of nap, and you are liable to break the warp and loosen the knots. Frequentsweeping is far better than the brutality of constant beating. The wool of a rug is really a sentient thing. However dead it may seem, it has a life and vitality all its own. It can be quickened, rejuvenated, and made alive again by proper washing.
Rugs in our modern houses easily accumulate dust and grime and smoke. But it is absurd to think that a rug is antique because it is dirty; or, more foolish still, that because it is dirty it is both antique and beautiful. Wash some of your treasures and you will wonder at their real glory and colour. Generally speaking, every rug should be washed about once a year. It is the Oriental custom; and carpets there are otherwise kept much cleaner than with us, by reason of many usages and observances. That the Orientals wash their rugs in cold water is not so. Wherever and whenever their laundering is done, the water is as warm as can be had, naturally.
Milady washes her laces with her own fair hands, and delights in the task. The rug collector will do well, perhaps, to follow her example; except for the tender specimens, which must needs do without it, and the carpets, which are unmanageable. At all events, he will do wisely not to send his valued specimens to the ordinary carpet-cleaner. They may come back expurgated, but some virtue has gone out of them. The wool has lost its oil and life.
It is hardly within the province of this volume to prescribe the exact methods of washing. Wool soap will do wonders, it being always remembered to stroke softly with the nap, while the rug is drying. In Kurdistan and neighbouring provinces the rugs are first soaked in milk of some kind and then rinsed, cleaned, and rubbed dry. The milk gives back to the wool its essential oil, and it becomes at once soft, shining, silky, and alive with glowing colour. This process, simple asit is, is kept as a profound secret by the few who know it in this country. Another Eastern method is to rub the rug with a mixture of rice-meal and oil, but the first recipe is by far the better.
Rugs must be cared for particularly as to moths. When they are in general use the moth will not corrupt, rust, or break through and steal, as may be paraphrased from the Scriptures. The criminal indictment against the moth in this regard cannot be drawn too strongly. He is the collector’s great enemy, because he destroys. Age and even wear only ripen the perfections of fine modern pieces. Carpets and rugs stored, or laid aside, are not mothproof, wherever they may be; unless they are treated as in the great wholesale houses, where they are lifted and moved once a week and protected with the odorous moth-ball.
When rugs have to be moved and packed frequently they should be folded differently each time, and not always in thesame creases. Otherwise, wear and tear will soon show in the folds. For many obvious reasons they always should be folded away with the nap inside.
Experience should teach the collector to appreciate and care for all fine examples which he may already have. There are few others to take their places. “Going! going! going!” has been said of them too often. Time, as auctioneer, now says of them, as of old Chinese porcelains, “Gone!” And that they should be even rarer than old china is quite understandable. The ravages of time deal more gently with porcelains than with rugs. Only breakage, not wear, moth, and abuse affects the former; and it is generally guarded in glass cases and dusted by the mistress herself. Your rugs are neglected, or left to the gardener’s heroic care and treatment. Use and abuse encroach upon the ends and edges of a glorious old masterpiece, and ere it is too late, it becomes but “a king of shreds and patches.”
If there were new rugs to take its place, we might say: “The King is dead. Long live the King!” But there are no new ones worthy of succession. The royal line is virtually extinct.
Afghan rugs,82"" , modern, mineral dyes in,83Anatolian rugs,73", commercial term,73"mats,73,74Angles, mystery of,2", use of,62Angular ornamentation,96,121Antique carpets,94"rugs, not to be had,6"" , term abused,43"" , tones of imitated,81"" , valuable for design,44Arabian digits illustrated,124“Arabic figures,” miscalled,124Arabic language,122"", catholicity of,122,123Armenians, appreciation of,3", as dealers,113"hoard Anatolian mats,74Auction, arguments for,107,108", caution in buying at,133", fascination of,112", ways of,109,110Auctioneer,109,110", powers of,111-113Authorities, few available,4Babylon, first rugs woven at,69Bale, rugs by,108,109Bead-bags,23Beluchistan rugs,83"" , silkiness of,54Bergama rugs,75"" , defect of,76"" , lavender in,75Bokhara camel-bags,99"rugs,80"" , brown,81"" , Yamoud,82"saddle-bags, crooked, desirable,100Border, Caucasian, Persian,23", classifying rugs,27,28", crab,29,30", dotted, Gheordez,71", Koulah,27,72", Ladik, lily,25,72", must have end to correspond,136", Rhodian or lily,25,72", Serabend,29,50"", in Mousuls,53Borders in Khorassan rugs, defective,49Camel-bags,99"" , crooked, desirable,100Camel’s hair in rugs,131Cashmere,seeSoumacCarpet,93", room should fit,94Carpet-bag,100,101Carpets, modern Persian,94-98""Turkish,97,98Caucasian rugs, characteristics of,62"" , Persian influence on,61"" , varieties of,16Chichi rugs,61,62"" , ordinary specimens of,66Chinese figures in Melez rugs,75"old, rugs,88,89"weaving transferred to Persia,69China, first rugs from,69Collector encouraged,76Colours, brown, to be rejected,81", chemical in carpets,95", dark, of Beluchistans,83", flaming red, of Karabaghs,64", green and yellow, in Bokharas,82", lavender, heliotrope, &c.,75", magenta, to be avoided,75,87"of Beluchistans,83"" Bergamas,75"" Ladiks,72"" Gheordez,70,71", red, of Bokharas,80,81Comb, as symbol,135Cossack, like Kazak,65Crooked rugs, poetical version of,21Daghestan, confusing term,61,62"rugs,61"" , term distinguished,63Dates on rugs,124,127""" , Arabian digits for,124""" , formula for reading,126""" , intricate forms of,125Dealers, uncommunicative,2", wholesale,108Design, checker-board,75,76", comb,135", Feraghan,24,53", four roses,54,55(note)", Koniah,26,72", lamp,72", mosque,70", no pattern for,26", “palace pattern,”64", “palm-leaf,” “pear,” loop,50", “shawl pattern,”64", “sunburst,”64Designs, as trademarks,26", animals for, not on Turkish rugs,46", geometric figures for,80", Kazak, in Killims,86,87", mosaic-work in,64,76,80", palm-leaf, in Mousuls,53,54", tile,82“Dipping” rugs to imitate antique,81Donkey-bags,98Dyes, aniline, mineral,35,36,38,134""", test for,39" , black,36" , brown,37"", imitated,81" , green,37,50" , magenta,36,49,87" , secret in Kurdistan carpets,96Edges, should be overcast,137Ends, importance of perfect,136" , in Khorassan rugs, defective,49" , should have corresponding borders,136Experts, disagreement of,56" , no,3Feraghan carpets,96"", small figures of,97"rugs,52"", characteristic design of,29,52"",""" illustrated,24Figures,seeDesignFringe of rugs, not for beauty,135""" , trimming of,136Geography of carpets and rugs,79,80Gheordez rug,70,71Gorovan carpets,96Gulistan carpets,97"rugs,56Hall rugs, desirable,45,93"" , Persian term for,44Hamadan carpets,98Holes in rugs, cause of,133India carpets,17Inscriptions on rugs and carpets,121“Iran,” as descriptive term, distinguished,15" , a trade term like “Anatolian,”73Ispahan rugs,56Jewels, mats like,74Joshghan rugs,51,52"" , like Ispahans,57Kabistan rugs,63"" , distinguished from Shirvans,64Karabagh rugs,64Kazak rugs,65"" , plush of,84Killims,86,87Khorassan rugs,49“Kinari,” Persian term for “hall rugs,”44Kirman rugs,45-48Kirmanshah carpets,95"rugs, trade name for Kirmans,48Kiz-Killims,seeKillimsKnots, kinds of,25" , numbers of,26Koniah rugs,71"" , characteristic design of described,72"" ,""" illustrated,26Koulah rugs,71"" , characteristic border of described,72"" ,""" illustrated,27Kurdish rugs distinguished from Kurdistans,55Kurdistan carpets,95,96"rugs,55,56Kurds, “a band of robbers,”55Ladik rugs,72" " , characteristic border of described,72" " ,""" illustrated,25Lamp, Aladdin’s,71Lamps like tea-pots in Koulahs,72Malgara rugs,88“Mats,” Anatolian,73,74" , Beluchistan,85“Mecca” rugs, doubtful term,3"" , Shiraz, so called,51Melez rugs,74,75Mohammedan dating,125,126Moth holes to be looked for in buying rugs,133Moths to be guarded against,140Mousul rugs,53"" , shimmer of,84Museums, best rugs in,6", brown Bokharas only in,81", guide-posts to,73Mysterious inscriptions,123Mystery of the rug,2Names of rugs,8,9" " " , commercial,56" " " , importance of,14" " " , unknown and fanciful,14Oushak carpets,98Pattern,seeDesignPersia, inspiration drawn from,69“Persian Iran,” ignorant term,15Persian, means splendour,6Persian rugs, best to buy,45"" , order of,15Pile, depth of, in Mousuls,84Pillow, shown by selvedge,101Pillows, Sehna,101Prayer rugs,71"" , comb in,135Rose, conventionalized,53", Oriental origin,54", Persian,52Rugs, beating of,137", cheap, uses and value of,66", cleaning of,137", firm, that lie well, desirable,134", folding of,141", holes in,133", hung on wall, criticised,102,134", moths in,140", much worn, to be avoided,133", neglect of,141", number annually imported,114,115,116", painted or doctored, test for,134", retail trade in,113", tricks in selling,135", washing of,138,139,140", wholesale dealers in,114,117Russian, types of, in Caucasian rugs,63,65Saddle-bag,98"" , shown by selvedge,101"" , term confusing,100Saddle-cloth,102Samarkand rugs,87Sarak rugs,57Selvedge, cutting of in Beluchistans,85""" " Bergamas,76"of Bergamas,84"" Beluchistans,28"" Bokharas,82"" pillows,101"" saddle-bags,101"" Yamoud Bokharas,82"should be trimmed,135,136Sehna rugs,48,49"pillows,101Serabend rugs,50"" , characteristic border of,29"" ,"" illustrated,50Shiraz donkey-bags,98" rugs,51"" , defects of,76Shirvan donkey-bags,98"rugs,64"" , distinguished from Kabistan,64Silk rugs, antique,132"" , modern, to be avoided,48,132,133Sizes of carpets,44,94"" rugs,44"" " , almost square,82Smyrna carpets,97,98“Smyrna” carpets, so called,98Soumac rugs,86“Strips,” or “Stair-rugs,” proper name of,44Sultanabad carpets,97Tabriz carpets,95"rugs,57Teheran rugs,56Tjoshghan,seeJoshghanTree, cypress,75"of Life,46Trellis, rose,53Turkestan rugs,79"" , varieties of,16"" ,"" , order of,16"weaves, like rubies,70Turkoman rugs,79Tzi-tzi,seeChichiWashing of rugs, essential,138""" , methods of,139,140Weaving, done by women,22", method of,24,25Wholesale dealers, buyers from,108Wool, camels’,131"from young sheep, desirable,132Wool has life, is sentient thing,138" , like plush in Kazaks,84" , soft and silky, in Beluchistans,84Youraghan rugs,51Yourdez,seeGheordezYouruck rugs,65