APPENDIX.

Case.Comp.Tablet.Jc24

Ornithocheirus brachyrhinus(Seeley).

This fragment of a premaxillaiy bone is fractured behind the sockets for the third pair of teeth. It is 11/8inch long, and shows one pair of small teeth in front and two pairs of large ovate teeth on the palate. The first pair are divided from each other and from the second pair by films of bone; and the second pair are separated from the third by rather more than half the length, of the third socket. Behind the third pair of sockets the palate is5/8ths of an inch wide; it is flattened, and has a blunt moderately elevated mesial ridge. Behind the second pair of sockets the jaw is5/8ths of an inch high; behind the third pair of sockets it is3/4ths of an inch high; the distance between the places of measurement is1/2an inch. The sides are flat and converge to a rounded nose. The jaw is rounded from side to side in front, and the outline of the top of the nose rounds over the blunt termination of the snout above the teeth on to the palate.

In the shortness of the nose it somewhat resembles the?P. giganteus(Bowerbank), but the jaw attenuates less rapidly, is truncated, and has larger teeth.

XIX.

Case.Comp.Tablet.Jc25

Ornithocheirus enchorhynchus(Seeley).

This species nearly resemblesO. brachyrhinus,from which it differs in larger size, with a relatively wider palate, which is without a keel, and in a larger front pair of teeth. It approximates towardsO, colorhinus, but is smaller, and wants the rugose lunate area over the front pair of teeth characteristic of that species. There are many varieties or species nearly related to this type, but from their imperfect preservation and the small part of the head which they represent, it is not possible to give descriptions of them.

XX.

Case.Comp.Series.Tablet.Jc3161

Ornithocheirus eurygnathus(Seeley).

A fragment of a ?dentary bone, fractured behind through the socket for the third tooth. The sockets are nearly circular. Itmeasures about an inch long,, and behind the socket for the second tooth 13/4inch high. The sides of the jaw are gently concave from above downward, having a pinched aspect and approximating; they round into a narrow rostral ridge, which widens towards the tip of the snout and is truncated by a small sub-circular [or sub-pentagonal] rugose area at right angles with the part of the palate behind the first pair of sockets. The first pair of sockets are nearly as large as the second, and from the steep incline of the jaw look more than usually upward; they are7/16ths of an inch long, are separated from each other by an interspace of6/16ths, and from the second sockets by an interspace of more than1/8th of an inch, while the second socket is separated from the third by about1/4th of an inch. The palatal space between the second pair is about3/4ths of an inch.

XXI.

Case.Comp.Tablet.Specimen.Jc171, 2

Ornithocheirus colorhinus(Seeley).

Fragments of premaxillary bones. The largest portion is 21/2inches long, and is fractured behind the socket for the fourth tooth, and the upper part of the nose is also broken away. The palate is flattened, with the median part slightly convex. The sides of the jaw converge upward, but not rapidly; in front they round into each other, but there is a slight mesial depression. The front pair of teeth are large, separated from each other and from the second pair by films of bone. Above the first pair of sockets, so as to look downward and forward, is an impressed lunate area9/16ths of an inch wide and5/16ths of an inch high, to which a soft lip may have been attached. This area is in the same plane with the first pair of teeth and at right angles with the upper outline of the nose. The sockets of the first pair of teeth are a little smaller than the second pair; they are both about half an inch in diameter and nearly circular. An interspace of3/16ths of an inch separates the second socket from the third. The tooth is elliptical, the socket being narrower and longer than that of the second. The palatal interspace between the third pair is more than3/4ths of an inch. The interspace between the third and fourth sockets is about3/8ths of an inch. The diameter of the nearly circular fourth socket is1/4th of an inch.

The overhanging lunate lip space, with the size of the teeth and width of the palate, abundantly distinguish this species.

XXII.

Case.Comp.Tablet.Specimen.Jc181—4

Ornithocheirus woodwardi(Owen).

I regard the fragment on which this species was founded as being the terminal end, and not a section of a jaw; partly from the rounding of the lateral surfaces to the front, and chiefly from the snapped off teeth in the middle of the truncated anterior end, for they are smaller than the pair behind them, and look forward at a greater angle, so that the converging sockets of both pairs meet behind. These characters are well shown in Mr Dinkel's excellent figure, Pl.II.fig. 3a. Second Sup. Palæont. The palate is destroyed, and gives no clue to the bone being either lower or upper.

Another specimen, rather smaller, shows the rostrum well rounded; the front is truncated at right angles to it: there is the same rounding of its lower part into the sides, and the stumps of the front pair of teeth are visible though they are again worn level with the rugose front of the snout.

But the finest fragment of this species is a rostral end, (perhaps of the upper jaw) three inches long, two inches deep, and with the palate as wide. It indicates 5 teeth on a side: the front pair small, 2nd and 3rd much larger, and two pairs behind, which are smaller. The palate is flat, and attains its greatest width at the third tooth, behind which it contracts noticeably. The third tooth is more than half an inch in diameter, the fourth is5/16ths of an inch long. The spaces between teeth seem equal to the long diameter of the sockets, which are oval and straight. The sides round into the front of the muzzle more gradually in this specimen than in the others. An impressed line runs along the median ridge of the upper surface. Just as the jaw gets narrower behind, so the well-rounded upper surface becomes more acute behind.

Behind the third socket the palate measures 17/8inch from side to side, and the jaw is there nearly 2 inches high.

This is the most massive Pterodactyle jaw known. In the recent state it may have indicated a creature sufficiently distinguishedfrom those to which the smaller fossils belonged, but now the divergence of characters is so slight as to be for zoological purposes of no value.

It is related to O. Fittoni; the chief points of difference being the truncated muzzle, the compression behind the third tooth, the much sharper (?) dorsal ridge, and the large size of the head.

XXIII.

Case.Comp.Series.Tablet.Jc3141

Ornithocheirus capito(Seeley).

A fragment of premaxillary bone, well distinguished from every other specimen, except one in the collection of Mr Reed of York, which is here namedO. Reedi. It is a large head, with larger teeth than any known species. The jaw is truncated in front, with a rugose vertical area in front reaching 13/4inch high from the palate, on which the usual front pair of teeth are not seen. At the angle of this front area with the palate is a large elliptical tooth9/16ths of an inch wide, and behind it, with an interspace of3/16ths of an inch, is a socket measuring10/16ths of an inch in length; the next interspace is about1/8th of an inch, and the next nearly circular socket is5/16ths long; then another interspace of1/8th of an inch, and another and a smaller tooth. The palate appears to have been channelled. The sides of the jaw are flat, or slightly concave, and where fractured above, are 3 inches high. Above the rugose vertical area of the snout, is an area, concave from back to front, reaching up to the rostral keel; it is flat from side to side behind, and convex from side to side in front. So much as is preserved measures 13/4inch in length, and appears to be relatively narrower than in O. Reedi.

XXIV.

Ornithocheirus Reedi(Seeley).

The anterior part of an upper jaw has flattened slightly concave sides, which converge above so as to form boundaries of (1) a flat triangular area which looks anteriorly, and of (2) an oblong area, traversed by a mesial groove, which looks upward and forward and is concave from back to front. In the lower half of the truncated triangular anterior termination are theremains of the stumps of the two anterior teeth; they are oval in outline,9/16ths of an inch high, and7/16ths of an inch wide; they are parted by an interspace nearly1/4of an inch wide, which becomes concave vertically as it rounds on to the palatal surface. All the front triangular surface above the teeth is rough: its entire height is about 11/4inch, and is nearly as wide across the base. The side rounds a little into the concave median upper surface, and into the triangular front; so much as is preserved measures 21/2inches high, and 13/8inch long. The palatal surface, which is very small and badly preserved, is 13/4inch wide behind, but gives no indication of further widening. On its outer border are seen two large circular teeth5/8ths of an inch in diameter; they are separated by a median palatal interspace of7/8ths of an inch. Where it is fractured behind, the specimen shows the sockets of another pair of teeth behind these, with an interspace of1/4of an inch in the antero-posterior direction. The palate is convex.

The superior oblong area is concave in length as well as transversely. It makes a great angle with the triangular front of which it is the upward continuation; so much as is preserved extends 11/2inch in length; it is about1/2an inch wide.

I am indebted to W. Reed, Esq. of York, for the opportunity of making a notice of this species, which closely resemblesO. capito.

The species which follow were separated in the "Index to the Ornithosauria," &c. as a different genus. That proposal might still be sustained, for these massive truncated jaws are unlike the spear-shaped jaws of many of the species. And to the minds of some readers the forms already described will arrange themselves in groups which not improbably indicate genera. But a re-examination of the typePterodactylus simus(Owen) has convinced me that it is alower jaw, and therefore it affords no evidence of the presence or absence of the peculiar front premaxillary teeth which characterize nearly all the Cretaceous species.

XXV.

Case.Comp.Specimen.Jcc16

Ornithocheirus simus(Owen).

The palate is 23/4inches long, and at the second pair of teeth about7/8ths of an inch wide. It is fractured at the end through the fifth socket, and at the side along the palatal groove. The first pair of teeth is smaller and closer together than the others. The palatal interspace between the second pair is3/8ths of an inch;between the third pair, which are large teeth, it is1/2an inch. The sockets are sub-circular, and are not separated from each other by wider interspaces than their own length. In front is a long triangular rugose area, convex from above downward, a distance of 11/2inch; and concave from side to side, a width above of rather more than1/2an inch. Below this the flattened sides converge to a blunt keel; where, fractured, the jaw is 21/2inches deep. There are several fragments of species allied to the last; one has the triangular area in front very small, only half as high as in the type and very narrow, for the sides are gently rounded into it. It is marked by short longitudinal furrows, impressed vessels I think, while in O. simus the surface is irregularly rough. The first pair of teeth are much larger than in O. simus; they are longer, more conical, and circular, and separated by as wide a space as the second pair. There is not much to found a species on, but as it appears to be quite distinct from O. simus, it is namedO. Carteri. Another fragment, with the area very long, is markedO. platyrhinus. But a sufficiency of species has been indicated to make known the Ornithosaurian fauna of the Cambridge Greensand. And the detailed description of critical types and of the other parts of the skeletons is beyond the general osteology of the tribe, and will rather belong to a memoir in which this flock of Pterodactyles will be restored to their living forms.

A fragment of the lower jaw of a large Ornithocheirus has been obtained from an outlier of the Upper Greensand at Rocken End in the Isle of Wight. It appears to indicate a distinct species. It is 21/2inches long, and shows three large teeth still preserved in their sockets. The extreme width outside the third pair of sockets is nearly 2 inches. The sides, which are slightly concave from above downward, converge so as to give the broken end a triangular outline. In front is a small sub-triangular area, deeply scored with vascular markings; below this the outline slopes obliquely backward, and the two sides there round convexly into each other. The first socket is7/16ths of an inch long, the tooth coarsely striated, and like the others elliptical; the interspace between the first and the second teeth is5/16ths of an inch. The second tooth, probably immature, is an inch in length, smooth, and like the third traversed in front and behind by a slight lateral ridge; at the base it measures5/16ths of an inch from front to back. The third tooth is rather less than5/8ths of an inch from front to back. The interspace between the first and secondsockets, which the teeth do not entirely fill, is more than1/4of an inch. The posterior margin of each socket is elevated into a sort of collar.

Enumeration of some of the principal writings on the Ornithosauria (selected chiefly from Von Meyer's Reptilien aus dem Lithographischen Schiefer), with references to the shelves in the Cambridge University Library, where the books may be consulted.

[1]May be consulted on application to the Librarian.

[2]Good figure.

Chief English Writings on Ornithosaurians.

Affinities,24,94Albatross,31Alisphenoid,81Appendix,129Archæopteryx,8Aspect,105Astylica,97Atlas and axis,64Avian carpus,52Basi-occipital bone,78Basi-sphenoid,80Bat,31,105Birds,52Blainville,97Body,108Bonaparte,109Brain,25Brain-cavity,87Buckland,60Burmeister,17Cambridge upper Greensand,2Camel,47Carp,79Carpus,48Carruthers (Mr),106Caudal vertebræ,75Cerebral lobes,87Cervical vertebræ,65Cetaceans,30Chameleon,31,34,37,41,47,72Chelydra,61Chrysochloris,42,47Ciconia marabou,86Circulation,100Classification,108Claw phalange,59Cod,79Coracoid,32Cranium,80Crocodile,31,35,37,41,47,63,69,83,93,95,97Cuvier,7,92Cycnorhamphus,111Delphinidæ,83Dentary bone,92Dicynodonts,61Dimensions,103Dimorphodon,112,60Dinornis,67Dinosaurs,99,61Dipnoal reptiles,99Dorsal vertebræ,69Echidna,61?Eggs,106Epipubic bones (see prepubic bones)Evidence that Pterodactyles were Reptiles,5Facial bones,91Families,110Femur,62Fibula,63,22Food,105Fore-arm,48Gallus domesticus,90,82,34Genera,111German Pterodactyles,106Goldfuss,11,63Goose,92Grouping of reptiles,97Gypogeranus serpentarius,42Habits,104Hand,53Hare,87Head18,77,106History,3Horse,41How the meaning of the word reptile is lost,98Humerus,38Huxley (Prof),86,116Ichthyosaurus,34,37Iguana,41,47,69,82Ilium,60Ischium,60Jerboa,64Kangaroo,55,69Ligamentum teres,62Lower jaw,91Llama,77,69Malar bone,107Mammalian Affinities,31,34,87,41,42,61,62,69,75,79,83,86,94,105Manubrium,29Marsupial bones,61,110Materials,1Mergus merganser,31Metacarpus,53Metatarsus,63Meyer (H. von),17,109Mole,30,37Monimostylica,97Monitor,41,47,69,72,86Monotremata,34Mould of Brain-cavity,87Objections to Prof. Owen's grouping,99Occipital bones,81Oken,10Optic lobes,84Orbito-ethmo-sphenoid bone,85Orbits,107Organization,7Ornithocephalus,111Ornithocheirus,112Ornithorhynchus,88Ornithosauria,27Ossemens fossiles,7Ostrich,52,58,86Owen (Prof. R.),3,29,32,36,48,54,56,64,66,69,75,78,88,91,92,98,108,115Pachyrhamphus,111Parrot,87Palæontology,109Parietal bones,81Parker (Mr W. K.),79Pectoral girdle,28Pelvis,59Penguin,8,69Petrosal,82Phalange,56Plan of organisation,25Pneumatic cavities,23,26,100Porpoise,86Post frontal,107Premaxillary bones,91,107Prepubic bones (prepubic),61,110,111Pterodactyle's place in nature,102Pterodactylus,111Pteroid bone,48Pterosauria,99,108?Pterygoid end of palatine bone,91Quadrate bone,89,107Quadrato-jugal,90Quenstedt,17,21Radius,42Reptilia,94Respiration,26,100Restoration,103Rhamphorhynchus,111Ribs,108Roc,5Sacrum,73Scapula,35Scink,41,72Second phalange,57Sömmerring,10Species,112Squamosal bone,81Stannius,97Sternum,28Streptostylica,97Struthious birds,31,72Tarso-metatarsus,63Teeth,92Tibia,62Ulna,43Vertebral column,64?Vomer,88Wagler,11Wagner,14Walker (Mr J. F.),87Walking,105Walrus,79Wing-finger,66

THE END.

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