Germany renounces, in favour of Japan, all her rights, title and privileges—particularly those concerning the territory of Kiaochow, railways, mines, and submarine cables—which she acquired in virtue of the Treaty concluded by her with China on March 6, 1898, and of all other arrangements relative to the Province of Shantung.
All German rights in the Tsingtao-Tsinanfu Railway, including its branch lines, together with its subsidiary property of all kinds, stations, shops, fixed and rolling stock, mines, plant and material for the exploitation of the mines, are and remain acquired by Japan, together with all rights and privileges attaching thereto.
The German State submarine cables from Tsingtao to Shanghai and from Tsingtao to Chefoo, with all the rights, privileges and properties attaching thereto, are similarly acquired by Japan, free and clear of all charges and encumbrances.
The movable and immovable property owned by the German State in the territory of Kiaochow, as well as all the rights which Germany might claim in consequence of the works or improvements made or of the expenses incurred by her, directly or indirectly, in connection with this territory, are and remain acquired by Japan, free and clear of all charges and encumbrances.
Germany shall hand over to Japan within three months from the coming into force of the present Treaty the archives, registers, plans, title-deeds and documents of every kind, wherever they may be, relating to the administration, whether civil, military, financial, judicial or other, of the territory of Kiaochow.
Within the same period Germany shall give particulars to Japan of all treaties, arrangements or agreements relating to the rights, title or privileges referred to in the two preceding Articles.
[Footnote 1: Reprinted from Senate Doc. No. 106, 66th Congress, 1stSession, p. 1163.]
[Footnote 2: From the address of President Wilson delivered at a JointSession of Congress on January 8, 1918.]
Abrogation of treaties contrary to the League, in Wilson's original draft; in Treaty,
Affirmative guaranty of territory and independence, plan; Wilson adopts, in Fourteen Points; Lansing's opposition; constitutional and political arguments against; Lansing's "self-denying covenant" as substitute; in Wilson's original draft and in Treaty; as continuing balance of power; Wilson adheres to; not in Cecil plan; in Lansing's resolution of principles; other substitute; as reason for rejection of Treaty by Senate; retained in reported Covenant; and dominance of Great Powers.See alsoEquality of nations; League; Self-denying covenant.
Albania, disposition.
Alliances.SeeFrench alliance.
Alsace-Lorraine, to be restored to France.
Amendment of League, provision for.
American Bar Association, Lansing's address.
American Commission, members; ignored in League negotiations; conference of January 10; ignorant of preliminary negotiations; question of resignation over Shantung settlement; shares in Shantung negotiations.See alsoBliss; House; Lansing; White; Wilson.
American Peace Society.
American programme, lack of definite, as subject of disagreement; Fourteen Points announced; not worked out; insufficiency of Fourteen Points; Lansing's memorandum on territorial settlements; effect of President's attendance at Conference; embarrassment to delegates of lack;projetof treaty prepared for Lansing; President resents it; no system or team-work in American Commission; reason for President's attitude; no instructions during President's absence; results of lack; and Preliminary Treaty; influence of lack on Wilson's leadership; text of Fourteen Points.
Annunzio, Gabriele d', at Fiume.
Arabia, disposition.See alsoNear East.
Arbitral Tribunal, in Lansing's plan.
Arbitration, as form of peace promotion; in Lansing's plan; in Wilson's original draft; in Cecil plan; in Treaty.See alsoDiplomatic adjustment; Judicial settlement.
Armenia, mandate for; protectorate.See alsoNear East.
Armistice, American conference on.
Article X.SeeAffirmative guaranty.
Assembly (Body of Delegates), in Wilson's original draft; analogous body in Cecil plan; in Treaty.
Auchincloss, Gordon, and drafting of League.
Austria, Archduchy and union with Germany, outlet to sea.
Austria-Hungary, dissolution; Fourteen Points on subject people.
Azerbaidjan, Wilson and.
Baker, Ray Stannard, and Shantung.
Balance of power, Clemenceau advocates; Wilson denounces; and Cecil plan; League and.See alsoAffirmative guaranty; Equality of nations.
Balfour, Arthur, signs French alliance.
Balkans, Fourteen Points on.See alsostates by names.
Belgium, and Anglo-Franco-American alliance, full sovereignty,
Bessarabia disposition,
Bliss, Tasker H. American delegate, opposes affirmative guaranty, and Covenant as reported, and proposed French alliance, and Shantung, letter to President,See alsoAmerican Commission; American programme.
Body of Delegates.SeeAssembly.
Boers, and self-determination,
Bohemia, disposition,
Bolshevism, peace as check to spread,
Bosnia, disposition,
Boundaries, principles in drawing,
Bowman, Isaiah, Commission of Inquiry
Brest-Litovsk Treaty, to be abrogated,
Bucharest Treaty, to be abrogated,
Buffer state on the Rhine,
Bulgaria, boundaries,
Bullitt, William C., on revision of Covenant, testimony on Lansing interview, Lansing's telegram to President on testimony, no reply received, and Wilson's western speeches,
Canada, Papineau Rebellion and self-determination,
Carnegie Endowment for International Peace,
Cecil, Lord Robert, plan for League, Wilson opposes it, text of plan,
Central Powers, Wilson and need of defeat, hope in Wilson's attitude, peace or Bolshevism,See alsoMandates, and states by name.
China.SeeShantung.
Chinda, Viscount, and Shantung,
Civil War, and self-determination,
Clemenceau, Georges, Supreme War Council, advocates balance of power, and Cecil plan, and Franco-American alliance,See alsoCouncil of Four.
Codification of international law, in Lansing's plan,
Colonies, disposition of, in Lansing's plan, Fourteen Points on,See alsoMandates.
Commerce.SeeNon-intercourse; Open Door.
Commission of Inquiry, work,
Commission on the League of Nations, appointed, and Wilson's return toUnited States, meets, Wilson's draft as groundwork, meetings andreport, Wilson's address, character of report and work, secrecy,Wilson's domination,
Constantinople, disposition,
Constitutional objections, to affirmative guaranty, and to Cecil plan,
Council of Foreign Ministers, established, nickname,
Council of Four, self-constituted, secrecy, "Olympians," gives onlydigest of Treaty to other delegates, Shantung bargain,See alsoSecret diplomacy.
Council of Ten, and Lansing's substitute resolution on League, duringWilson's absence, self-constituted organization, and Supreme WarCouncil, divided, and secrecy,
Council of the Heads of States.SeeCouncil of Four.
Council (Executive Council) of the League, in Wilson's original draft, analogous body in Cecil plan, in Treaty,
Covenant.SeeLeague of Nations.
Croatia, disposition,
Czecho-Slovakia, erection,
Dalmatia, in Pact of London,
Danzig, for Poland,
Dardanelles, Fourteen Points on,
Declaration of war, affirmative guaranty and power over,
Denmark, Schleswig-Holstein, Heligoland,
Diplomacy.SeeSecret diplomacy.
Diplomatic adjustment, as basis of Covenant, exalted, Lansing on judicial settlement and, in Wilson's original draft, in Treaty,See alsoJudicial settlement.
Disarmament, not touched in Lansing's plan; in Lansing's resolution of principles; in Wilson's original draft; in Treaty.
Dobrudja, disposition.
East Indians, and self-determination.
Economic influence on boundary lines.
Economic interdependence, importance in peace negotiations.
Economic pressure.SeeNon-intercourse.
Egypt, and self-determination; disposition.
Election of 1918, as rebuke to Wilson.
Entangling alliances.SeeIsolation.
Equality of nations, sacrifice in Wilson's draft of League; in Lansing's form for League; ignored in Cecil plan; primacy of Great Powers retained in reported Covenant; violation by Treaty; and secret diplomacy at Conference.
Esthonia, Wilson and; autonomy.
Ethnic influence on boundary lines.See alsoRacial minorities;Self-determination.
Finland, question of independence.
Fiume affair, Lansing's attitude; Pact of London in light of dissolution of Austria-Hungary; resulting increase in Italian claims as basis for compromise; attitude of Italy toward Jugo-Slavia; commercial importance of Fiume to Jugo-Slavia; campaign of Italian delegates for Fiume; Italian public sentiment; character of population, self-determination question; efforts to get Wilson's approval; threat to retire from Conference; Wilson's statement against Italian claim; withdrawal of delegation; Italian resentment against Wilson; as lesson on secret diplomacy; delegation returns; and Shantung.
Fourteen Points, announced; affirmative guaranty in; insufficient asprogramme; text.
France, Alsace-Lorraine; restoration.See alsoClemenceau; Frenchalliance; Great Powers.
Freedom of the seas, in Fourteen Points.
French alliance, as subject of disagreement; provisions of treaty; relation to League; and removal of certain French demands from Treaty of Peace; and French adherence to League; Lansing's opposition; drafted, signed; Lansing and signing; arguments for.
Geographic influence on boundary lines.
Georgia, Wilson and.
Germany, buffer state on the Rhine; and Russian route to the East; Lansing's memorandum on territorial settlements; military impotence.See alsoCentral Powers; French alliance; Mandates.
Ginn Peace Foundation.
Great Britain, and clause on self-determination; Egypt.See alsoFrench alliance; Great Powers; Lloyd George.
Great Powers, and mandates.See alsoBalance of power; Council ofFour; Equality of nations.
Greece, territory.
Gregory, Thomas W., and Wilson'smodus vivendiidea.
Guaranty.SeeAffirmative; Self-denying.
Hague Conventions, and international peace.
Hague Tribunal, and Lansing's plan; Wilson's contempt; recognition inCecil plan.
Hands Off, as basis of Lansing's plan.
Health, promotion in Treaty.
Heligoland, dismantlement, disposition.
Herzegovina, disposition.
Historic influence on boundary lines.
Hostilities.SeePrevention of war.
House, Edward M., joins Supreme War Council; conference on armistice terms; selection as peace negotiator and President as delegate, Commission of Inquiry, and drafting of League, and international court, and "self-denying covenant," and balance of power, of Commission on the League of Nations, and mandates, and data, ignorant of Wilson's programme, and Preliminary Treaty with detailed Covenant, and private consultations,See alsoAmerican Commission.
Hungary, separation from Austria.
Immoral traffic, prevention in Treaty,
Immunities of League representatives,
Indemnities, and mandates,
India, German routes to,
International commissions, in Cecil plan, in Treaty,
International court.SeeJudicial settlement.
International enforcement.SeeAffirmative guaranty.
International military force, in Wilson's original draft, in Treaty,
International military staff, proposal,
Interparliamentary Congress, in Cecil plan,
Inviolability of League property,
Irish, and self-determination,
Isolation, policy, and affirmative guaranty, and mandates, and French alliance,
Italy, and Cecil plan, territory,See alsoFiume; Great Powers.
Japan, and Cecil plan, in Council of Ten,See alsoGreat Powers;Shantung.
Judicial settlement of international disputes, Lansing's plan, subordinated in Wilson's draft, Lansing on diplomatic adjustment and, Lansing urges as nucleus of League, in Lansing's resolution of principles, Lansing's appeal for, in Covenant, arbitrators of litigant nations, difficulties in procedure, cost, elimination from Covenant of appeal from arbitral awards, how effected, Lansing's appeal ignored, in Cecil plan,See alsoArbitration; Diplomatic adjustment.
Jugo-Slavia, and Anglo-Franco-American alliance, port, erected,See alsoFiume.
Kato, Baron, and Shantung,
Kiao-Chau.SeeShantung.
Kiel Canal, internationalization,
Koo, V.K. Wellington, argument on Shantung,
Labor article, in Wilson's original draft, in Treaty,
Lansing, Robert, resignation asked and given, divergence of judgment from President, reasons for retaining office, reasons for narrative, imputation of faithlessness, personal narrative, subjects of disagreement, attitude toward duty as negotiator, policy as to advice to President, President's attitude towards opinions, method of treatment of subject, conference on armistice terms, selected as a negotiator, opposition to President being a delegate, President's attitude toward this opposition, and Commission of Inquiry, arrival in Paris, and balance of power, and paramount need of speedy peace, opposition to mandates, opposition to French alliance treaty, signs it, personal relations with President, memorandum on American programme (1918), hasprojetof treaty prepared, Wilson resents it, on lack of organization in American Commission, and lack of programme, and American Commission during President's absence, on Wilson'smodus vivendiidea, opposition to secret diplomacy, effect on Wilson, and Fiume, and Shantung, Bullitt affair, views on Treaty when presented to Germans, and ratification of TreatySee alsoAmerican Commission; League; Wilson.
Latvia Wilson and autonomy
League of Nations principles as subject of disagreement as object of peace negotiations as reason for President's participation in Conference Wilson's belief in necessity American support of idea, earlier plans and associations divergence of opinion on form political and juridical forms of organization Wilson's belief in international force and affirmative guaranty affirmative guaranty in Fourteen Points Phillimore's report preparation of Wilson's original draft, House as author Lansing not consulted, reason Lansing's opposition to affirmative guaranty Lansing and non-intercourse peace plan draft impracticable and equality of nations Lansing's "self-denying covenant" Lansing accepts guaranty as matter of expediency diplomatic adjustment as basis of Wilson's draft guaranty in first draft, later draft, and Treaty Lansing's substitute, his communications not acknowledged, incorporation of detailed Covenant in Treaty irreconcilable differences between Wilson's and Lansing's plans Lansing on diplomatic adjustment versus judicial settlement Lansing urges international court as nucleus three doctrines of Lansing's plan Lansing's first view of Wilson's draft his opinion of its form of its principles Wilson considers affirmative guaranty essential, effect on Treaty American Commission ignored on matters concerning Cecil plan Wilson's opposition to it question of self-determination Lansing's proposed resolution of principles in Treaty and later detailing detailed Covenant or speedy peace Wilson utilizes desire for peace to force acceptance of League Lansing proposes resolution to Wilson and to Council of Ten drafted resolution of principles Commission on the League of Nations appointed, American members resolution and Wilson's return to United States Wilson's draft before Commission Wilson pigeonholes resolution revision of Wilson's draft Lansing's appeal for international court it is ignored elimination of appeal from arbitral awards, how effected report of Commission, Wilson's address character of report and work of Commission, main principles unaltered Wilson and American opposition (Feb.) American Commission and report amendments to placate American opinion reaction in Europe due to American opposition change in character and addition of functions to preserve it summary of Lansing's objections and French alliance in a preliminary treaty as amodus vivendias subject of Wilson's private consultations secrecy in negotiations and Shantung bargain Bullitt's report of Lansing's attitude and carrying out of the Treaty as merely a name for the Quintuple Alliance text of Wilson's original draft of Cecil plan in TreatySee alsoMandates.
League to Enforce Peace Wilson's address
Lithuania Wilson and autonomy
Lloyd George, David, Supreme War Council, 14 and French allianceSee alsoCouncil of Four.
Log-rolling at Conference
London, Pact of
Makino, Baron and Shantung
Mandates, in Smuts plan, Wilson adopts it Lansing's criticism retained in reported Covenant political difficulties Wilson's attitude legal difficulties usefulness questioned as means of justifying the League and indemnities altruistic, to be share of United States in Wilson's original draft in Treaty.
Meeting-place of League in Wilson's original draft in Cecil plan inTreaty.
Membership in League in Wilson's original draft in Treaty withdrawal.
Mezes, Sidney E., Commission of Inquiry and data.
Miller, David Hunter and drafting of Covenant andprojetof a treaty.
Modus vivendi, Wilson and a preliminary treaty as
Monroe Doctrine and affirmative covenant preservation in Treaty
Montenegro in Jugo-Slavia Fourteen Points on
Moravia, disposition
Munitions regulation of manufacture and trade in Wilson's original draft in Treaty
National safety, dominance of principle
Near East United States and mandates Lansing's memorandum on territorial settlements mandates in Wilson's original draft mandates in Treaty Fourteen points on
Negative guaranty.SeeSelf-denying covenant.
Non-intercourse as form of peace promotion constitutionality in Wilson's original draft in Treaty
Norway, Spitzbergen
Open Door in Lansing's plan in Near East in former German colonies principle in Wilson's original draft and in Treaty in Fourteen Points
Outlet to the sea for each nation
Orlando, Vittorio Emanuele
Palestine autonomySee alsoNear East.
Pan-America, proposed mutual guaranty treaty
Papineau Rebellion, and self-determination
Peace, Treaty of inclusion of detailed Covenant as subject of disagreement expected preliminary treaty speedy restoration of peace versus detailed Covenant Wilson employs desire for, to force acceptance of League, resulting delay, delay, delay on League causes definitive rather than preliminary treaty subjects for a preliminary treaty influence of lack of American programme Wilson's decision for a definitive treaty Lansing's views of finished treaty British opinion protests of experts and officials of American Commission Lansing and ratificationSee alsoLeague.
Persia, disposition
Phillimore, Lord, report on League of Nations
Poland and Anglo-Franco-American alliance independence Danzig
Postponement of hostilities as form of peace promotion in Wilson's original draft in Cecil plan in Treaty
President as delegate as subject of disagreement Lansing's opposition origin of Wilson's intention influence of belligerency on plan influence of presence on domination of situation personal reasons for attending decision to go to Paris decision to be a delegate attitude of House League as reason for decision
Prevention of war in Wilson's original draft in Cecil plan in TreatySec alsoArbitration; League.
Publication of treaties in Lansing's plan in Treaty
Publicity as basis of Lansing's planSee alsoSecret diplomacy.
Quintuple Alliance, League of Nations as name for
Racial equality issue in Shantung bargain
Racial minorities protection, in Wilson's original draft
Ratification of Treaty Lansing's attitude
Red Cross promotion in Treaty
Rhenish Republic as buffer state
Roumania Bucharest Treaty to be abrogated territory Fourteen Points on
Russia Wilson's policy and route for Germany to the East Lansing's notes on territorial settlement Fourteen Points on
Ruthenians and Ukraine
Schleswig-Holstein disposition
Scott, James Brown drafts French alliance treaty andprojetof a treaty
Secret diplomacy as subject of disagreement in negotiation of League as evil at Conference Lansing's opposition, its effect on Wilson Wilson's consultations and Wilson's "open diplomacy" in Council of Four public resentment Fiume affair as lesson on perfunctory open plenary sessions of Conference Council of Ten effect on Wilson's prestige responsibility effect on delegates of smaller nations climax, text of Treaty withheld from delegates psychological effect great opportunity for reform missed and Shantung Fourteen Points onSee alsoPublicity
Secretariat of the League in Wilson's original draft in Cecil plan inTreaty
"Self-denying covenant" for guaranty of territory and independenceLansing's advocacy House and Wilson rejects suggested by others toWilson
Self-determination in Wilson's draft of Covenant why omitted from treaty in theory and in practice Wilson abandons violation in the treaties and Civil War and Fiume colonial, in Fourteen Points Wilson's statement (Feb. 1918)
Senate of United States and affirmative guaranty opposition and Wilson's threat plan to check opposition by amodus vivendi
Separation of powers Wilson's attitude
Serbia Jugo-Slavia territory Fourteen Points on
Serbs, Croats, and SlovenesSeeJugoslavia
Shantung Settlement as subject of disagreement and secret diplomacy bargain injustice, blackmail influence of Japanese bluff not to agree to the League German control Japanese occupation moral effect Chinese agreement to Japanese demands, resulting legal and moral status status after China's declaration of war on Germany attitude of Allied delegates attitude of American Commission, letter to Wilson argument before Council of Ten Japanese threat to American Commission before Council of Four value of Japanese promises questioned and Fiume question of resignation of American Commission over China refuses to sign Treaty Wilson permits American Commission to share in negotiations American public opinion text of Treaty articles on
Silesia and Czecho-Slovakia
Slavonia disposition
Slovakia disposition
Small nationsSeeEquality.
Smuts, General and disarmament plan for mandates
Society for the Judicial Settlement of International Disputes
Sonnino, Baron SidneySeeFiume
Sovereignty question in system of mandates
Spitzbergen disposition
Strategic influence on boundary lines
Straus, Oscar S. favors League as reported
Supreme War Council, American members added, 14; and Cecil plan; andCouncil of Ten.
Syria, protectorate.See alsoNear East.
Taft, William H., supports League as reported.
Transylvania, disposition,
Treaty of Peace.SeePeace.
Treaty-making power, President's responsibility, duties of negotiators, and affirmative guaranty,
Trieste, disposition; importance,
Turkey, dismemberment and mandates,See alsoNear East.
Ukraine, Wilson and; autonomy, and Ruthenians.
Unanimity, requirement in League.
Violation of the League, action concerning, in Wilson's original draft, in Cecil plan; in Treaty,
War.SeeArbitration; League of Nations; Prevention.
White, Henry, arrival in Paris; opposes affirmative guaranty; andCovenant as reported and later amendments; and proposed Frenchalliance; and Shantung question.See alsoAmerican programme;American Commission.
Wickersham, George W., supports League as reported.
Williams, E. T., and Shantung question,
Wilson, Woodrow, responsibility for foreign relations; duties of negotiators to, and opposition, presumption of self-assurance, conference on armistice terms; disregard of precedent; and need of defeat of enemy; and Commission of Inquiry; open-mindedness; and advice on personal conduct; positiveness and indecision; and election of 1918; prejudice against legal attitude; prefers written advice, arrives in Paris, reception abroad, on equality of nations, and separation of powers, denounces balance of power, and self-determination, conference of Jan. 10, contempt for Hague Tribunal, fidelity to convictions, return to United States, return to Paris, and mandates, and French alliance, and open rupture with Lansing, and team-work, decides for a definitive treaty only, rigidity of mind, secretive nature, and Fiume, Italian resentment and Shantung, and Bullitt affair, Treaty as abandonment of his principles, Fourteen Points, principles of peace (Feb. 1918),See alsoAmerican programme; Commission on the League; Council of Four; Lansing; League; Peace; President as delegate; Secret diplomacy.
Withdrawal from League, provision in Treaty, through failure to approve amendments.
World Peace Foundation,
Zionism, and self-determination,
Zone system in mutual guaranty plan,