AAcetaldehyde and paraldehyde,204Acetic acid, chloroform, water,241Acetone, phenol, water,248Adsorption,176Alcohol, chloroform, water,246——, ether, water,246Alloys, equilibrium curves of,221—— of copper and tin, liquefaction of, by cooling,194—— of iron and carbon,223—— of thallium and mercury,222——, ternary,246Ammonia compounds of metal chlorides,82Ammonia silver chlorides,82—— —— ——, dissociation pressures of,84Ammonia-soda process,320Ammonium chloride, dissociation of,3,79—— cyanide, dissociation of,80—— hydrosulphide, dissociation of,80—— nitrate, solubility of,113Aniline, phenol, water,250Astracanite,260,261,268,274BBabo, law of,126Barium acetate, solubility of,143Barium carbonate and potassium sulphate,328—— nitrite, preparation of,327Basic salts,296Benzaldoximes,203Benzene and picric acid,216Bismuth, effect of pressure on the melting point of,67——, lead, tin,255—— nitrates, basic,298Bivariant systems,16Bromocinnamic aldehyde and chlorocinnamic aldehyde,183CCalcium carbonate, dissociation of,3,11,81—— chloride hexahydrate, solubility of,146—— ——, solubility of hydrates of,148—— ——, vapour-pressure of hydrates of,88Camphor oximes,219,257Carnallite,284Carvoximes,186,219Cementite,224Chlorine and iodine,161Chlorocinnamic aldehyde and bromocinnamic aldehyde,183Chloroform, acetic acid, water,241——, alcohol, water,246Classification of systems,17Component,8,10,12——, systems of one,21,55Components, choice of,12,13,14,76,313——, determination of number of,13——, systems of four,312——, —— of three,234——, —— of two,76,207——, variation in number of,11,14Composition, determination of, without analysis,228,302Concentration-temperature curve for two liquids,101Condensed systems,36Constituent,10Cooling curve,230Copper calcium acetate,260—— chloride, heat of solution of,110—— dipotassium chloride,259—— sulphate,85Critical concentration,98,242—— pressure of water,23—— solution temperature,98—— temperature of water,23Cryohydrates,117,118Cryohydric point,117—— ——, changes at the,119—— —— for silver nitrate and ice,116Crystals, liquid,51——, ——, equilibria of,53——, ——, list of,54——, ——, nature of,52——, mixed,180Crystallization, velocity of,72,74——, spontaneous,114DDeliquescence,130Devitrification,73Diethylamine and water, solubility of,101Dilatometer, determination of transition points by,331Dineric surface,247Dissociation equilibrium, effect of addition of dissociation products on,4—— of ammonia compounds of metal chlorides,82,84—— of ammonium chloride,3,79—— —— cyanide,80—— —— hydrosulphide,80—— of calcium carbonate,3,81—— of compounds, degree of,147—— of phosphonium bromide,80—— of salt hydrates,85——, phenomena of,79Dissociation pressure,81Distillation of supercooled liquid to solid,32,50Double salt interval,278—— salts, crystallization from solution,280—— ——, decomposition by water,267—— ——, formation of,258,273,315EEfflorescence,86Electrical methods of determining transition points,338Enantiotropy,44,51Equilibria, Gibbs's theory of,8——, metastable,69Equilibrium apparent (false),5,6—— between ice and solution,116—— between ice and water,25—— between ice, water, vapour,27—— between water and vapour,21——, chemical,3,16——, heterogeneous,5——, homogeneous,5——, independence of, on amounts of phases,9——, law of movable,58——, physical,3,16—— real (true),5,6Ether, alcohol, water,246——, succinic nitrile, water,252Ethylene bromide, picric acid,β-naphthol,256Eutectic mixtures,117,191,209,255,257—— point,117,209,213,253FFerric chloride, evaporation of solutions of,155—— ——, hydrates of,151,153—— ——, hydrogen chloride and water, systems of,290Ferrite, modifications of,224Freedom, degree of,14Freezing mixtures,120—— point, natural,198Fusion curve,66—— —— of ice,25—— of ice, influence of pressure on,26——, partial,139GGlaserite,315,317Glasses,176Glauber's salt,13,134—— ——, transition curve of,68,140Graphic representation in space,77,284HHydrates, range of existence of,89—— chloride and water,174Hydrogen bromide and water,174Hylotropic substances,198IIce I.,32—— II.,32—— III.,32——, equilibrium between water and,25——, influence of pressure on melting point of,25,26——, sublimation curve of,24——, vapour pressure of,25,31Indifferent point,150Individual, chemical,92Inversion temperature,36Iodine and chlorine,161Iron—carbon alloys,223——, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide,305Isomerides, dynamic,195,196——, ——, equilibrium between,195,196——, ——, equilibrium point of,198——, transformation of unstable into stable,201Isomerism, dynamic,196Isothermal evaporation,278—— solubility curves,272LLead, bismuth, tin,255——, desilverization of,247——, silver, zinc,246Le Chatelier, theorem of,57Lime, burning of,3Liquidus curve,182MMandelic acid,217Martensite,224Mass action, law of,7Melting point, influence of pressure on,66—— ——, congruent,146—— ——, incongruent,139—— under the solvent,122Menthyl mandelates,219Mercuric bromide and iodide,188Mercury salts, basic,301Metastable equilibria,69—— region,30—— state,30Methylethyl ketone and water,100Minerals, formation of,232Miscibility of liquids, complete,95,104,114—— ——, partial,95,96,121Mixed crystals,180,281—— ——, changes in, with temperature,192—— ——, examples of,183,186,187,190,192,219,223—— ——, formation of,181,182—— ——, fractional crystallization of,188—— ——, freezing points of,182—— ——, melting points of,182,184—— ——, pseudoracemic,219Mixtures, isomorphous,181—— of constant boiling point,105—— of constant melting point,117,186,187,192,209,255,257Monotropy,44,51Multivariant systems,16NNaphthalene and monochloracetic acid,192—— andβ-naphthol, mixed crystals of,183β-Naphthol, ethylene bromide, picric acid,256α-Naphthylamine and phenol,213Nickel iodate, solubility of,142o-Nitrophenol andp-toluidine,213OOcclusion of gases,176Optical method of determining transition points,338Optically active substances, freezing-point curves of,216Order of a system,13Organic compounds, application of Phase Rule to,212PPalladium and hydrogen,90,178Paragenesis,320Paraldehyde and acetaldehyde,204Partial pressures of two components,102Pearlite,224Phase,8—— Rule,8,16—— ——, deduction of,18—— ——, scope of,1Phases, formation of new,69——, number of,9Phenol, acetone, water,248——, aniline, water,250—— andα-naphthylamine,213—— andp-toluidine,214—— and water, solubility of,97Phosphonium bromide, dissociation of,80—— chloride,65Phosphorus,46——, distillation of white to red,50——, melting point of red,47——, —— —— of white,48——, solubility of white and red,47——, vapour pressure of white and red,46Picric acid and benzene,216—— ——, ethylene bromide, andβ-naphthol,256Polymorphic forms, solubility of,112—— substances, list of,63Polymorphism,33Potassium nitrate and thallium nitrate,192Potential, chemical,19Pressure-concentration diagram for two liquids,102Pressure-temperature diagram for solutions,126Pseudomonotropy,45Pseudo-racemic mixed crystals,21Pyridine and methyl iodide,147Pyrometer, registering,230QQuadruple point,116Quintuple point,234,261RRacemates, characterization of,217,282Reactions, law of successive,73Reciprocal salt-pairs,313—— ——, transition point of,314Rubidium tartrates,265SSalt hydrates,85—— ——, indefiniteness of vapour pressure of,87—— —— with definite melting point,145Separation of salt on evaporation,130Silicates, hydrated,176Silver, lead, zinc,246Silver nitrate, solubility of,114—— —— and sodium nitrate,190Single salt interval,278Sodium ammonium tartrates,266—— nitrate and silver nitrate,190—— sulphate and water, equilibria between,134Sodium sulphate and water, vapour pressures of,138,140—— ——, anhydrous, dehydration by,138—— ——, solubility of,135—— —— decahydrate, solubility of,134—— —— ——, transition point of,136,139—— —— heptahydrate, solubility of,136—— —— ——, transition point of,137Solidus curve,182Solubility curve at higher temperatures,114—— ——, form of,108—— —— of anhydrous salts,111—— ——, retroflex,146,151,162—— curves, interpolation and extrapolation of,111—— —— of three component systems,264——, determination of transition points by,335——, influence of pressure on,107——, —— of subdivision on,10——, —— of temperature on,109—— of metastable forms,47,112,137Solubility of polymorphic forms,112—— of salt hydrates,133,145—— of supercooled liquids,125——, retrograde,245Solute,93Solution, definition of,92——, heat of,109,110——, saturated,106,108——, supersaturated,108—— temperature, critical,98——, unsaturated,108Solutions, bivariant systems,129——, congruently saturated,279—— conjugate,97,241——, incongruently saturated,279,289——, inevaporable,157—— of gases in liquids,93—— —— in solids,176—— of liquids in liquids (binary),95—— —— —— (ternary),240—— ——, influence of temperature on,247—— of solids in liquids,106—— —— in solids,180——, solid,175,180——, univariant systems,127Space model for carnallite,284Stability limit,202Steel, formation of,223Sublimation curve,63—— —— of ice,24—— without fusion,65Succinic nitrile and water,122—— ether, water,252Sulphur,33,34—— dioxide and water,169—— —— and potassium iodide,158——, transition point of rhombic and monoclinic,36Supersaturation,113,114,124——, limits of,114Systems, condensed,36—— of one component,21—— of two components,76,77,207TTachydrite, influence of pressure on the transition point of,263Tartrate, dimethyl,217——, sodium potassium,259Tautomeric substances,195Tensimeter,91Thallium nitrate and potassium nitrate,192Theorem of van't Hoff and Le Chatelier,57Thermometric determination of transition point,337Tin,41——, lead, bismuth,255—— plague,43——, transition point of white and grey,41p-Toluidine ando-nitrophenol,213—— and phenol,214Transformation of optically active substances,220——, suspended,37,69,89,113,137,155——, velocity of,70Transition curve,66—— —— of Glauber's salt,68,140—— —— of rhombic and monoclinic sulphur,37—— interval,270,277,315—— point,34—— —— for double salts,258—— ——, influence of pressure on the,68—— points, as fixed points in thermometry,140—— ——, methods of determining,331—— —— of polymorphic substances,63Triangle, graphic representation by,235Triethylamine and water,101Triple point,27,55—— ——, arrangement of curves round,56—— ——, changes at,58—— ——, ice, water, vapour,27—— ——, ice II., ice III., and water,33—— ——, metastable,38—— ——, monoclinic sulphur, liquid, vapour,38—— ——, monoclinic and rhombic sulphur, liquid,38—— ——, monoclinic and rhombic sulphur, vapour,34—— ——, red phosphorus, liquid, vapour,47—— ——, rhombic sulphur, liquid, vapour,38—— —— solid, solid, vapour,62—— ——, white phosphorus, liquid, vapour,48UUnivariant systems,16VVan't Hoff, theorem of,57Vaporization curve,63—— ——, interpolation and extrapolation of,66—— —— of water,21,23Vapour pressure, constancy of, and formation of compounds,90—— ——, dependence of, on solid phase,88—— ——, influence of surface tension on,2—— —— in three-component systems,261—— ——, measurement of,91,334—— —— of calcium chloride solutions,150—— —— of ice,25,31—— —— of small drops,10—— —— of sodium sulphate and water,138Vapour pressure of solid, solution, vapour,126—— —— of water,21,31Variability of a system,14,16Variance of a system,16Volatile components, two,161WWater,21——, acetic acid, chloroform,241——, acetone, phenol,248——, alcohol, ether,246——, ——, chloroform,246——, aniline, phenol,250——, bivariant systems of,29——, critical pressure of,23——, critical temperature of,23——, equilibrium between ice and,25——, —— between vapour and,21——, ether, succinic nitrile,252——, supercooled,30——, ——, vapour pressure of,31——, vaporization curve of,21——, vapour pressure of,23ZZeolites,176Zinc, lead, silver,246—— chloride in water, solubility of,157
AAcetaldehyde and paraldehyde,204Acetic acid, chloroform, water,241Acetone, phenol, water,248Adsorption,176Alcohol, chloroform, water,246——, ether, water,246Alloys, equilibrium curves of,221—— of copper and tin, liquefaction of, by cooling,194—— of iron and carbon,223—— of thallium and mercury,222——, ternary,246Ammonia compounds of metal chlorides,82Ammonia silver chlorides,82—— —— ——, dissociation pressures of,84Ammonia-soda process,320Ammonium chloride, dissociation of,3,79—— cyanide, dissociation of,80—— hydrosulphide, dissociation of,80—— nitrate, solubility of,113Aniline, phenol, water,250Astracanite,260,261,268,274
A
Acetaldehyde and paraldehyde,204
Acetic acid, chloroform, water,241
Acetone, phenol, water,248
Adsorption,176
Alcohol, chloroform, water,246
——, ether, water,246
Alloys, equilibrium curves of,221
—— of copper and tin, liquefaction of, by cooling,194
—— of iron and carbon,223
—— of thallium and mercury,222
——, ternary,246
Ammonia compounds of metal chlorides,82
Ammonia silver chlorides,82
—— —— ——, dissociation pressures of,84
Ammonia-soda process,320
Ammonium chloride, dissociation of,3,79
—— cyanide, dissociation of,80
—— hydrosulphide, dissociation of,80
—— nitrate, solubility of,113
Aniline, phenol, water,250
Astracanite,260,261,268,274
BBabo, law of,126Barium acetate, solubility of,143Barium carbonate and potassium sulphate,328—— nitrite, preparation of,327Basic salts,296Benzaldoximes,203Benzene and picric acid,216Bismuth, effect of pressure on the melting point of,67——, lead, tin,255—— nitrates, basic,298Bivariant systems,16Bromocinnamic aldehyde and chlorocinnamic aldehyde,183
B
Babo, law of,126
Barium acetate, solubility of,143
Barium carbonate and potassium sulphate,328
—— nitrite, preparation of,327
Basic salts,296
Benzaldoximes,203
Benzene and picric acid,216
Bismuth, effect of pressure on the melting point of,67
——, lead, tin,255
—— nitrates, basic,298
Bivariant systems,16
Bromocinnamic aldehyde and chlorocinnamic aldehyde,183
CCalcium carbonate, dissociation of,3,11,81—— chloride hexahydrate, solubility of,146—— ——, solubility of hydrates of,148—— ——, vapour-pressure of hydrates of,88Camphor oximes,219,257Carnallite,284Carvoximes,186,219Cementite,224Chlorine and iodine,161Chlorocinnamic aldehyde and bromocinnamic aldehyde,183Chloroform, acetic acid, water,241——, alcohol, water,246Classification of systems,17Component,8,10,12——, systems of one,21,55Components, choice of,12,13,14,76,313——, determination of number of,13——, systems of four,312——, —— of three,234——, —— of two,76,207——, variation in number of,11,14Composition, determination of, without analysis,228,302Concentration-temperature curve for two liquids,101Condensed systems,36Constituent,10Cooling curve,230Copper calcium acetate,260—— chloride, heat of solution of,110—— dipotassium chloride,259—— sulphate,85Critical concentration,98,242—— pressure of water,23—— solution temperature,98—— temperature of water,23Cryohydrates,117,118Cryohydric point,117—— ——, changes at the,119—— —— for silver nitrate and ice,116Crystals, liquid,51——, ——, equilibria of,53——, ——, list of,54——, ——, nature of,52——, mixed,180Crystallization, velocity of,72,74——, spontaneous,114
C
Calcium carbonate, dissociation of,3,11,81
—— chloride hexahydrate, solubility of,146
—— ——, solubility of hydrates of,148
—— ——, vapour-pressure of hydrates of,88
Camphor oximes,219,257
Carnallite,284
Carvoximes,186,219
Cementite,224
Chlorine and iodine,161
Chlorocinnamic aldehyde and bromocinnamic aldehyde,183
Chloroform, acetic acid, water,241
——, alcohol, water,246
Classification of systems,17
Component,8,10,12
——, systems of one,21,55
Components, choice of,12,13,14,76,313
——, determination of number of,13
——, systems of four,312
——, —— of three,234
——, —— of two,76,207
——, variation in number of,11,14
Composition, determination of, without analysis,228,302
Concentration-temperature curve for two liquids,101
Condensed systems,36
Constituent,10
Cooling curve,230
Copper calcium acetate,260
—— chloride, heat of solution of,110
—— dipotassium chloride,259
—— sulphate,85
Critical concentration,98,242
—— pressure of water,23
—— solution temperature,98
—— temperature of water,23
Cryohydrates,117,118
Cryohydric point,117
—— ——, changes at the,119
—— —— for silver nitrate and ice,116
Crystals, liquid,51
——, ——, equilibria of,53
——, ——, list of,54
——, ——, nature of,52
——, mixed,180
Crystallization, velocity of,72,74
——, spontaneous,114
DDeliquescence,130Devitrification,73Diethylamine and water, solubility of,101Dilatometer, determination of transition points by,331Dineric surface,247Dissociation equilibrium, effect of addition of dissociation products on,4—— of ammonia compounds of metal chlorides,82,84—— of ammonium chloride,3,79—— —— cyanide,80—— —— hydrosulphide,80—— of calcium carbonate,3,81—— of compounds, degree of,147—— of phosphonium bromide,80—— of salt hydrates,85——, phenomena of,79Dissociation pressure,81Distillation of supercooled liquid to solid,32,50Double salt interval,278—— salts, crystallization from solution,280—— ——, decomposition by water,267—— ——, formation of,258,273,315
D
Deliquescence,130
Devitrification,73
Diethylamine and water, solubility of,101
Dilatometer, determination of transition points by,331
Dineric surface,247
Dissociation equilibrium, effect of addition of dissociation products on,4
—— of ammonia compounds of metal chlorides,82,84
—— of ammonium chloride,3,79
—— —— cyanide,80
—— —— hydrosulphide,80
—— of calcium carbonate,3,81
—— of compounds, degree of,147
—— of phosphonium bromide,80
—— of salt hydrates,85
——, phenomena of,79
Dissociation pressure,81
Distillation of supercooled liquid to solid,32,50
Double salt interval,278
—— salts, crystallization from solution,280
—— ——, decomposition by water,267
—— ——, formation of,258,273,315
EEfflorescence,86Electrical methods of determining transition points,338Enantiotropy,44,51Equilibria, Gibbs's theory of,8——, metastable,69Equilibrium apparent (false),5,6—— between ice and solution,116—— between ice and water,25—— between ice, water, vapour,27—— between water and vapour,21——, chemical,3,16——, heterogeneous,5——, homogeneous,5——, independence of, on amounts of phases,9——, law of movable,58——, physical,3,16—— real (true),5,6Ether, alcohol, water,246——, succinic nitrile, water,252Ethylene bromide, picric acid,β-naphthol,256Eutectic mixtures,117,191,209,255,257—— point,117,209,213,253
E
Efflorescence,86
Electrical methods of determining transition points,338
Enantiotropy,44,51
Equilibria, Gibbs's theory of,8
——, metastable,69
Equilibrium apparent (false),5,6
—— between ice and solution,116
—— between ice and water,25
—— between ice, water, vapour,27
—— between water and vapour,21
——, chemical,3,16
——, heterogeneous,5
——, homogeneous,5
——, independence of, on amounts of phases,9
——, law of movable,58
——, physical,3,16
—— real (true),5,6
Ether, alcohol, water,246
——, succinic nitrile, water,252
Ethylene bromide, picric acid,β-naphthol,256
Eutectic mixtures,117,191,209,255,257
—— point,117,209,213,253
FFerric chloride, evaporation of solutions of,155—— ——, hydrates of,151,153—— ——, hydrogen chloride and water, systems of,290Ferrite, modifications of,224Freedom, degree of,14Freezing mixtures,120—— point, natural,198Fusion curve,66—— —— of ice,25—— of ice, influence of pressure on,26——, partial,139
F
Ferric chloride, evaporation of solutions of,155
—— ——, hydrates of,151,153
—— ——, hydrogen chloride and water, systems of,290
Ferrite, modifications of,224
Freedom, degree of,14
Freezing mixtures,120
—— point, natural,198
Fusion curve,66
—— —— of ice,25
—— of ice, influence of pressure on,26
——, partial,139
GGlaserite,315,317Glasses,176Glauber's salt,13,134—— ——, transition curve of,68,140Graphic representation in space,77,284
G
Glaserite,315,317
Glasses,176
Glauber's salt,13,134
—— ——, transition curve of,68,140
Graphic representation in space,77,284
HHydrates, range of existence of,89—— chloride and water,174Hydrogen bromide and water,174Hylotropic substances,198
H
Hydrates, range of existence of,89
—— chloride and water,174
Hydrogen bromide and water,174
Hylotropic substances,198
IIce I.,32—— II.,32—— III.,32——, equilibrium between water and,25——, influence of pressure on melting point of,25,26——, sublimation curve of,24——, vapour pressure of,25,31Indifferent point,150Individual, chemical,92Inversion temperature,36Iodine and chlorine,161Iron—carbon alloys,223——, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide,305Isomerides, dynamic,195,196——, ——, equilibrium between,195,196——, ——, equilibrium point of,198——, transformation of unstable into stable,201Isomerism, dynamic,196Isothermal evaporation,278—— solubility curves,272
I
Ice I.,32
—— II.,32
—— III.,32
——, equilibrium between water and,25
——, influence of pressure on melting point of,25,26
——, sublimation curve of,24
——, vapour pressure of,25,31
Indifferent point,150
Individual, chemical,92
Inversion temperature,36
Iodine and chlorine,161
Iron—carbon alloys,223
——, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide,305
Isomerides, dynamic,195,196
——, ——, equilibrium between,195,196
——, ——, equilibrium point of,198
——, transformation of unstable into stable,201
Isomerism, dynamic,196
Isothermal evaporation,278
—— solubility curves,272
LLead, bismuth, tin,255——, desilverization of,247——, silver, zinc,246Le Chatelier, theorem of,57Lime, burning of,3Liquidus curve,182
L
Lead, bismuth, tin,255
——, desilverization of,247
——, silver, zinc,246
Le Chatelier, theorem of,57
Lime, burning of,3
Liquidus curve,182
MMandelic acid,217Martensite,224Mass action, law of,7Melting point, influence of pressure on,66—— ——, congruent,146—— ——, incongruent,139—— under the solvent,122Menthyl mandelates,219Mercuric bromide and iodide,188Mercury salts, basic,301Metastable equilibria,69—— region,30—— state,30Methylethyl ketone and water,100Minerals, formation of,232Miscibility of liquids, complete,95,104,114—— ——, partial,95,96,121Mixed crystals,180,281—— ——, changes in, with temperature,192—— ——, examples of,183,186,187,190,192,219,223—— ——, formation of,181,182—— ——, fractional crystallization of,188—— ——, freezing points of,182—— ——, melting points of,182,184—— ——, pseudoracemic,219Mixtures, isomorphous,181—— of constant boiling point,105—— of constant melting point,117,186,187,192,209,255,257Monotropy,44,51Multivariant systems,16
M
Mandelic acid,217
Martensite,224
Mass action, law of,7
Melting point, influence of pressure on,66
—— ——, congruent,146
—— ——, incongruent,139
—— under the solvent,122
Menthyl mandelates,219
Mercuric bromide and iodide,188
Mercury salts, basic,301
Metastable equilibria,69
—— region,30
—— state,30
Methylethyl ketone and water,100
Minerals, formation of,232
Miscibility of liquids, complete,95,104,114
—— ——, partial,95,96,121
Mixed crystals,180,281
—— ——, changes in, with temperature,192
—— ——, examples of,183,186,187,190,192,219,223
—— ——, formation of,181,182
—— ——, fractional crystallization of,188
—— ——, freezing points of,182
—— ——, melting points of,182,184
—— ——, pseudoracemic,219
Mixtures, isomorphous,181
—— of constant boiling point,105
—— of constant melting point,117,186,187,192,209,255,257
Monotropy,44,51
Multivariant systems,16
NNaphthalene and monochloracetic acid,192—— andβ-naphthol, mixed crystals of,183β-Naphthol, ethylene bromide, picric acid,256α-Naphthylamine and phenol,213Nickel iodate, solubility of,142o-Nitrophenol andp-toluidine,213
N
Naphthalene and monochloracetic acid,192
—— andβ-naphthol, mixed crystals of,183
β-Naphthol, ethylene bromide, picric acid,256
α-Naphthylamine and phenol,213
Nickel iodate, solubility of,142
o-Nitrophenol andp-toluidine,213
OOcclusion of gases,176Optical method of determining transition points,338Optically active substances, freezing-point curves of,216Order of a system,13Organic compounds, application of Phase Rule to,212
O
Occlusion of gases,176
Optical method of determining transition points,338
Optically active substances, freezing-point curves of,216
Order of a system,13
Organic compounds, application of Phase Rule to,212
PPalladium and hydrogen,90,178Paragenesis,320Paraldehyde and acetaldehyde,204Partial pressures of two components,102Pearlite,224Phase,8—— Rule,8,16—— ——, deduction of,18—— ——, scope of,1Phases, formation of new,69——, number of,9Phenol, acetone, water,248——, aniline, water,250—— andα-naphthylamine,213—— andp-toluidine,214—— and water, solubility of,97Phosphonium bromide, dissociation of,80—— chloride,65Phosphorus,46——, distillation of white to red,50——, melting point of red,47——, —— —— of white,48——, solubility of white and red,47——, vapour pressure of white and red,46Picric acid and benzene,216—— ——, ethylene bromide, andβ-naphthol,256Polymorphic forms, solubility of,112—— substances, list of,63Polymorphism,33Potassium nitrate and thallium nitrate,192Potential, chemical,19Pressure-concentration diagram for two liquids,102Pressure-temperature diagram for solutions,126Pseudomonotropy,45Pseudo-racemic mixed crystals,21Pyridine and methyl iodide,147Pyrometer, registering,230
P
Palladium and hydrogen,90,178
Paragenesis,320
Paraldehyde and acetaldehyde,204
Partial pressures of two components,102
Pearlite,224
Phase,8
—— Rule,8,16
—— ——, deduction of,18
—— ——, scope of,1
Phases, formation of new,69
——, number of,9
Phenol, acetone, water,248
——, aniline, water,250
—— andα-naphthylamine,213
—— andp-toluidine,214
—— and water, solubility of,97
Phosphonium bromide, dissociation of,80
—— chloride,65
Phosphorus,46
——, distillation of white to red,50
——, melting point of red,47
——, —— —— of white,48
——, solubility of white and red,47
——, vapour pressure of white and red,46
Picric acid and benzene,216
—— ——, ethylene bromide, andβ-naphthol,256
Polymorphic forms, solubility of,112
—— substances, list of,63
Polymorphism,33
Potassium nitrate and thallium nitrate,192
Potential, chemical,19
Pressure-concentration diagram for two liquids,102
Pressure-temperature diagram for solutions,126
Pseudomonotropy,45
Pseudo-racemic mixed crystals,21
Pyridine and methyl iodide,147
Pyrometer, registering,230
QQuadruple point,116Quintuple point,234,261
Q
Quadruple point,116
Quintuple point,234,261
RRacemates, characterization of,217,282Reactions, law of successive,73Reciprocal salt-pairs,313—— ——, transition point of,314Rubidium tartrates,265
R
Racemates, characterization of,217,282
Reactions, law of successive,73
Reciprocal salt-pairs,313
—— ——, transition point of,314
Rubidium tartrates,265
SSalt hydrates,85—— ——, indefiniteness of vapour pressure of,87—— —— with definite melting point,145Separation of salt on evaporation,130Silicates, hydrated,176Silver, lead, zinc,246Silver nitrate, solubility of,114—— —— and sodium nitrate,190Single salt interval,278Sodium ammonium tartrates,266—— nitrate and silver nitrate,190—— sulphate and water, equilibria between,134Sodium sulphate and water, vapour pressures of,138,140—— ——, anhydrous, dehydration by,138—— ——, solubility of,135—— —— decahydrate, solubility of,134—— —— ——, transition point of,136,139—— —— heptahydrate, solubility of,136—— —— ——, transition point of,137Solidus curve,182Solubility curve at higher temperatures,114—— ——, form of,108—— —— of anhydrous salts,111—— ——, retroflex,146,151,162—— curves, interpolation and extrapolation of,111—— —— of three component systems,264——, determination of transition points by,335——, influence of pressure on,107——, —— of subdivision on,10——, —— of temperature on,109—— of metastable forms,47,112,137Solubility of polymorphic forms,112—— of salt hydrates,133,145—— of supercooled liquids,125——, retrograde,245Solute,93Solution, definition of,92——, heat of,109,110——, saturated,106,108——, supersaturated,108—— temperature, critical,98——, unsaturated,108Solutions, bivariant systems,129——, congruently saturated,279—— conjugate,97,241——, incongruently saturated,279,289——, inevaporable,157—— of gases in liquids,93—— —— in solids,176—— of liquids in liquids (binary),95—— —— —— (ternary),240—— ——, influence of temperature on,247—— of solids in liquids,106—— —— in solids,180——, solid,175,180——, univariant systems,127Space model for carnallite,284Stability limit,202Steel, formation of,223Sublimation curve,63—— —— of ice,24—— without fusion,65Succinic nitrile and water,122—— ether, water,252Sulphur,33,34—— dioxide and water,169—— —— and potassium iodide,158——, transition point of rhombic and monoclinic,36Supersaturation,113,114,124——, limits of,114Systems, condensed,36—— of one component,21—— of two components,76,77,207
S
Salt hydrates,85
—— ——, indefiniteness of vapour pressure of,87
—— —— with definite melting point,145
Separation of salt on evaporation,130
Silicates, hydrated,176
Silver, lead, zinc,246
Silver nitrate, solubility of,114
—— —— and sodium nitrate,190
Single salt interval,278
Sodium ammonium tartrates,266
—— nitrate and silver nitrate,190
—— sulphate and water, equilibria between,134
Sodium sulphate and water, vapour pressures of,138,140
—— ——, anhydrous, dehydration by,138
—— ——, solubility of,135
—— —— decahydrate, solubility of,134
—— —— ——, transition point of,136,139
—— —— heptahydrate, solubility of,136
—— —— ——, transition point of,137
Solidus curve,182
Solubility curve at higher temperatures,114
—— ——, form of,108
—— —— of anhydrous salts,111
—— ——, retroflex,146,151,162
—— curves, interpolation and extrapolation of,111
—— —— of three component systems,264
——, determination of transition points by,335
——, influence of pressure on,107
——, —— of subdivision on,10
——, —— of temperature on,109
—— of metastable forms,47,112,137
Solubility of polymorphic forms,112
—— of salt hydrates,133,145
—— of supercooled liquids,125
——, retrograde,245
Solute,93
Solution, definition of,92
——, heat of,109,110
——, saturated,106,108
——, supersaturated,108
—— temperature, critical,98
——, unsaturated,108
Solutions, bivariant systems,129
——, congruently saturated,279
—— conjugate,97,241
——, incongruently saturated,279,289
——, inevaporable,157
—— of gases in liquids,93
—— —— in solids,176
—— of liquids in liquids (binary),95
—— —— —— (ternary),240
—— ——, influence of temperature on,247
—— of solids in liquids,106
—— —— in solids,180
——, solid,175,180
——, univariant systems,127
Space model for carnallite,284
Stability limit,202
Steel, formation of,223
Sublimation curve,63
—— —— of ice,24
—— without fusion,65
Succinic nitrile and water,122
—— ether, water,252
Sulphur,33,34
—— dioxide and water,169
—— —— and potassium iodide,158
——, transition point of rhombic and monoclinic,36
Supersaturation,113,114,124
——, limits of,114
Systems, condensed,36
—— of one component,21
—— of two components,76,77,207
TTachydrite, influence of pressure on the transition point of,263Tartrate, dimethyl,217——, sodium potassium,259Tautomeric substances,195Tensimeter,91Thallium nitrate and potassium nitrate,192Theorem of van't Hoff and Le Chatelier,57Thermometric determination of transition point,337Tin,41——, lead, bismuth,255—— plague,43——, transition point of white and grey,41p-Toluidine ando-nitrophenol,213—— and phenol,214Transformation of optically active substances,220——, suspended,37,69,89,113,137,155——, velocity of,70Transition curve,66—— —— of Glauber's salt,68,140—— —— of rhombic and monoclinic sulphur,37—— interval,270,277,315—— point,34—— —— for double salts,258—— ——, influence of pressure on the,68—— points, as fixed points in thermometry,140—— ——, methods of determining,331—— —— of polymorphic substances,63Triangle, graphic representation by,235Triethylamine and water,101Triple point,27,55—— ——, arrangement of curves round,56—— ——, changes at,58—— ——, ice, water, vapour,27—— ——, ice II., ice III., and water,33—— ——, metastable,38—— ——, monoclinic sulphur, liquid, vapour,38—— ——, monoclinic and rhombic sulphur, liquid,38—— ——, monoclinic and rhombic sulphur, vapour,34—— ——, red phosphorus, liquid, vapour,47—— ——, rhombic sulphur, liquid, vapour,38—— —— solid, solid, vapour,62—— ——, white phosphorus, liquid, vapour,48
T
Tachydrite, influence of pressure on the transition point of,263
Tartrate, dimethyl,217
——, sodium potassium,259
Tautomeric substances,195
Tensimeter,91
Thallium nitrate and potassium nitrate,192
Theorem of van't Hoff and Le Chatelier,57
Thermometric determination of transition point,337
Tin,41
——, lead, bismuth,255
—— plague,43
——, transition point of white and grey,41
p-Toluidine ando-nitrophenol,213
—— and phenol,214
Transformation of optically active substances,220
——, suspended,37,69,89,113,137,155
——, velocity of,70
Transition curve,66
—— —— of Glauber's salt,68,140
—— —— of rhombic and monoclinic sulphur,37
—— interval,270,277,315
—— point,34
—— —— for double salts,258
—— ——, influence of pressure on the,68
—— points, as fixed points in thermometry,140
—— ——, methods of determining,331
—— —— of polymorphic substances,63
Triangle, graphic representation by,235
Triethylamine and water,101
Triple point,27,55
—— ——, arrangement of curves round,56
—— ——, changes at,58
—— ——, ice, water, vapour,27
—— ——, ice II., ice III., and water,33
—— ——, metastable,38
—— ——, monoclinic sulphur, liquid, vapour,38
—— ——, monoclinic and rhombic sulphur, liquid,38
—— ——, monoclinic and rhombic sulphur, vapour,34
—— ——, red phosphorus, liquid, vapour,47
—— ——, rhombic sulphur, liquid, vapour,38
—— —— solid, solid, vapour,62
—— ——, white phosphorus, liquid, vapour,48
UUnivariant systems,16
U
Univariant systems,16
VVan't Hoff, theorem of,57Vaporization curve,63—— ——, interpolation and extrapolation of,66—— —— of water,21,23Vapour pressure, constancy of, and formation of compounds,90—— ——, dependence of, on solid phase,88—— ——, influence of surface tension on,2—— —— in three-component systems,261—— ——, measurement of,91,334—— —— of calcium chloride solutions,150—— —— of ice,25,31—— —— of small drops,10—— —— of sodium sulphate and water,138Vapour pressure of solid, solution, vapour,126—— —— of water,21,31Variability of a system,14,16Variance of a system,16Volatile components, two,161
V
Van't Hoff, theorem of,57
Vaporization curve,63
—— ——, interpolation and extrapolation of,66
—— —— of water,21,23
Vapour pressure, constancy of, and formation of compounds,90
—— ——, dependence of, on solid phase,88
—— ——, influence of surface tension on,2
—— —— in three-component systems,261
—— ——, measurement of,91,334
—— —— of calcium chloride solutions,150
—— —— of ice,25,31
—— —— of small drops,10
—— —— of sodium sulphate and water,138
Vapour pressure of solid, solution, vapour,126
—— —— of water,21,31
Variability of a system,14,16
Variance of a system,16
Volatile components, two,161
WWater,21——, acetic acid, chloroform,241——, acetone, phenol,248——, alcohol, ether,246——, ——, chloroform,246——, aniline, phenol,250——, bivariant systems of,29——, critical pressure of,23——, critical temperature of,23——, equilibrium between ice and,25——, —— between vapour and,21——, ether, succinic nitrile,252——, supercooled,30——, ——, vapour pressure of,31——, vaporization curve of,21——, vapour pressure of,23
W
Water,21
——, acetic acid, chloroform,241
——, acetone, phenol,248
——, alcohol, ether,246
——, ——, chloroform,246
——, aniline, phenol,250
——, bivariant systems of,29
——, critical pressure of,23
——, critical temperature of,23
——, equilibrium between ice and,25
——, —— between vapour and,21
——, ether, succinic nitrile,252
——, supercooled,30
——, ——, vapour pressure of,31
——, vaporization curve of,21
——, vapour pressure of,23
ZZeolites,176Zinc, lead, silver,246—— chloride in water, solubility of,157
Z
Zeolites,176
Zinc, lead, silver,246
—— chloride in water, solubility of,157
THE END
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