[Note: In the following notes, citations from Richard Eden are made from Arber’s reprintThe first three English books on America(Birmingham, 1885), from the third book, entitledThe decades of the newe worlde, first printed in London in 1555; from Mosto, fromIl primo viaggio, intorno al globo di Antonio Pigafetta, by Andrea da Mosto (Roma, 1894), which was published as a portion of part v of volume iii ofRaccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione Colombiana pel quarto centenario dalla scoperta dell’America, appearing under the auspices of the Minister of Public Instruction; and from Stanley, from hisFirst voyage round the world, by Magellan(Hakluyt Society publications, London, 1874), which was translated by Lord Stanley in part from the longer French MS. in theBibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and in part from the Amoretti publication (Milan, 1800) made from the Italian MS. in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana.]1The greater part of the life of Antonio Pigafetta is shrouded in darkness. The Pigafetta family, who resided at Venice, and was formerly of Tuscan origin, dates back before him for several centuries. The Pigafetta escutcheon was white above and black below with a white transverse bar running from left to right. On the lower part were three red roses, one of them on the bar. The old family house is still standing and shows the mottoIl nest rose sans espine,i.e., “No rose without a thorn,” which was probably carved in 1481, when the house was repaired, and not by Antonio Pigafetta after his return from his voyage as some assert. Antonio Pigafetta was born toward the close of the fifteenth century, but the date cannot be positively fixed, some declaring it to be 1491; but Harrisse who follows Marzari, gives the date as 1480. It is unknown who his parents were and some have asserted that he was a natural child, although this is evidently unfounded, as he was received into the military order of St. John. At an early age he probably became familiar with the sea and developed his taste for traveling. He went to Spain with the Roman ambassador Chieregato, in 1519, but in what capacity is unknown. Hearing details of Magalhães’s intended voyage he contrived to accompany him. Navarrete surmises that he is the Antonio Lombardo mentioned in the list of the captain’s servants and volunteers who sailed on the expedition, so calledas his country was Lombardy. After the return of the “Victoria,” he journeyed in Spain, Portugal, and France, and returned to Italy probably in January, 1523. The relation presented by him to Cárlos I was probably a draft of his notes taken daily throughout the voyage. HisRelationas we know it was undertaken at the request of the marchioness of Mantova, but its composition was arrested by an order from Clement VII to come to Rome, whither he went in December, 1523, or January, 1524, meeting Villiers l’Isle-Adam on his journey thither. He remained in the pope’s service but a short time, for in April, 1524, he was back in Venice. That same year he was granted a copyright on hisRelation, which he intended to print, for twenty years. Pozzo says that he was received into the Order of St. John, October 3, 1524, but it was probably somewhat before that date. Between the dates of August, 1524, and August, 1530, his work was presented to Villiers l’Isle-Adam. Nothing further is known of him, though some say that he fought against the Turks as late as 1536, while others have placed his death in 1534 or 1535 and at Malta. In addition to hisRelationPigafetta wrote aTreatise on the art of navigation, which follows hisRelation. This is not presented in the present publication, notwithstanding its importance, as being outside of the present scope. It is reproduced by Mosto. He has sometimes been confused with Marcantonio Pigafetta (a Venetian gentleman), the author ofItinerario da Vienna a Constantinopoli(London, 1585); and wrongly called Vincenzo Antonio Pigafetta, the “Vincenzo” being an error for “vicentino,”i.e., “Venetian.” See Mosto,Il primo viaggio ... di Antonio Pigafetta(Roma, 1894), pp. 13–30; Larousse’sDictionnaire; andLa grande Encyclopédie(Paris).2The Order of St. John of Jerusalem. SeeVol. II, p. 26, note 2. Throughout thisRelationPigafetta’s spelling of proper names is retained.3Philippe de Villiers l’Isle-Adam, the forty-third grand master of the Order of the Knights of St. John (called Knights of Malta after 1530), was born of an old and distinguished family at Beauvais, in 1464, and died at Malta, August 21, 1534, at grief, some say, over the dissensions in his order. He was elected grand master of his order in 1521 and in the following year occurred his heroic defense of Rhodes with but four thousand five hundred soldiers against the huge fleet and army of Soliman. After six months he was compelled to surrender his stronghold in October, and refusing Soliman’s entreaties to remain with him, went to Italy. In 1524 he was given the city of Viterbe by Clement VII, where in June of 1527 he held a general chapter of his order, at which it was decided to accept the island of Malta which had been offered by Charles V. The gift was confirmed by the letters-patent of Charles V in 1530, and Villiers l’Isle-AdamAdam went thither in October of that year. He was always held in high esteem for his bravery, prudence, and piety. See Moreri’sDictionaire, and Larousse’sDictionnaire.4The four MSS. of Pigafetta’sRelationare those known as the Ambrosian or Italian, so called from its place of deposit, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan; no. 5,650, conserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, in French; no. 24,224, in the same library, also in French; and the Nancy MS. (also French) so called because it was conserved in Nancy, France, now owned by the heirs of Sir Thomas Phillips, Cheltenham, England. The MSS. of the Bibliothèque Nationale are both shorter than the Italian MS. The Nancy MS. is said to be the most complete of the French manuscripts. The best bibliographical account of these four MSS. that has yet appeared is by Mostout supra. A full bibliographical account of both the MSS. and printed books will be given in the volume on bibliography in this series.There are a number of radical differences between the Paris MS. no. 5,650 (which will be hereafter referred to simply as MS. 5,650) and the Italian MS., these differences including paragraph structure and the division of MS. 5,650 into various chapters, although the sequence is on the whole identical. The most radical of the differences will be shown in these notes. MS. 5,650 contains the following title on the page immediately preceding the beginning of the relation proper: “Navigation and discovery of Upper Indie, written by me, Anthoyne Pigaphete, a Venetian, and knight of Rhodes.”5The emperor Charles V; but he was not elected to that dignity until June, 1519. Pigafetta writing after that date is not explicit.6Francesco Chiericati was born in Venice, in one of the most ancient and famous families of that city, at the end of the fifteenth century. He attained preëminence at Sienna in both civil and ecclesiastical law. Aided by Cardinal Matteo Lang, bishop of Sion, he was received among the prelates of the apostolic palace. Later he conducted several diplomatic missions with great skill. He left Rome for Spain in December, 1518, on a private mission for the pope, and especially to effect a crusade against the Turks who were then invading Egypt and threatening Christianity. His house at Barcelona became the meeting-place of the savants of that day who discussed literature and science. See Mosto, p. 19, note 3.7MS. 5,650 adds: “scholars and men of understanding.”8MS. 5,650 reads: “so that I might satisfy the wish of the said gentlemen and also my own desire, so that it could be said that I had made the said voyage and indeed been an eyewitness of the things hereafter written.”9SeeVol. I, p. 250, note 192 for sketch of Magalhães. The only adequate life of Magalhães in English is that of Guillemard.10That is, the Order of Santiago. SeeVol. I, p. 145, note 171. Magalhães and Falero were decorated with the cross of comendador of the order by Cárlos I in the presence of the royal Council in July, 1518. See Guillemard’sFerdinand Magellan, p. 114.11SeeVol. Ifor various documents during the period of the preparation of the fleet; also Guillemard’sMagellan, pp. 114–116 and 130–134; and Stanley’sFirst Voyage, pp. xxxiv–xlvi.12Pope Clement VII, who assumed the papacy November 19, 1523. Pigafetta was summoned to Rome very soon after Clement’s election, for he was in Rome either in December, 1523, or January, 1524.13The Amoretti edition (Milan, 1800; a wofully garbled adaptation of the Italian MS.) wrongly ascribes this desire to Clement VII, instead of Villiers L’Isle-Adam. See Stanley, p. 36, note 3.14MS. 5,650 reads: “Finally, most illustrious Lordship, after all provisions had been made and the ships were in readiness, the captain-general, a wise and virtuous man, and one mindful of his honor, would not commence his voyage without first making some good and suitable rules, such as it is the approved custom to make for those who go to sea, although he did not entirely declare the voyage that he was about to make lest those men, through astonishment and fear, should refuse to accompany him on the so long voyage that he had determined upon. In consideration of the furious and violent storms that reign on the Ocean Sea where he was about to sail, and in consideration of another reason also, namely, that the masters and captains of the other ships in his fleet had no liking for him (the reason for which I know not, unless because he, the captain-general, was a Portuguese, and they Spaniards or Castilians, who have for a long while been biased and ill-disposed toward one another, but who, in spite of that, rendered him obedience), he made his rules such as follow, so that his ships might not go astray or become separated from one another during storms at sea. He published those rules and gave them in writing to every master in the ships and ordered them to be inviolably observed and kept, unless for urgent and legitimate excuse, and the proof that any other action was impossible.”15A Spanish word, meaning “lantern.”16Mosto wrongly derivesstrenguefrom the Spanishtrenza“braid” or “twist.” Instead it is the Spanish wordestrenque,which denotes a large rope made from Spanish grass hemp (stipa)—known to the Spaniards asesparto. MS. 5,650 reads: “Sometimes he set out a lantern; at other times a thick rush cord which was lighted and was called ‘trenche’ [i.e., ‘estrenque,’ ‘rope of Spanish grass hemp’].” Barcio (Diccionario general etimológico) says that the origin ofestrenqueis unknown.17MS. 5,650 reads: “If he wished the other ships to haul in a bonnet-sail, which was a part of the sail attached to the mainsail, he showed three lights. Also by three lights notwithstanding that the weather might be favorable for making better time, it was understood that the bonnet-sail was to be hauled in, so that the mainsail might be sooner and easier struck and furled when bad weather came suddenly in any squall or otherwise.”18MS. 5,650 adds: “which he had extinguished immediately after;” and continues: “then showing a single light as a sign that he intended to stop there and wait until the other ships should do as he.”19MS. 5,650 adds: “that is to say, a rock in the sea.”20Stanley translates the following passage wrongly. Rightly translated, it is: “Also when he desired the bonnet-sail to be reattached to the sail, he showed three fires.”21This passage is omitted in MS. 5,650.22Hora de la modorrais in Spanish that part of the night immediately preceding the dawn. Mosto, p. 52, note 8.23Contra maestro(boatswain) corresponding to the French contremaître and the Spanishcontramaestre, was formerly the third officer of a ship’s crew. Nochiero (Frenchnocher) was the officer next to contramaestre, although the name, according to Littré was applied to the master or seacaptain of certain small craft. Themaestro(Frenchmaître) was a sub-officer in charge of all the crew. The pilot was next to the captain in importance. The translator or adapter who made MS. 5,650 confuses the above officers (see following note).24The instructions pertaining to the different watches are as follows in MS. 5,650: “In addition to the said rules for carrying on the art of navigation as is fitting, and in order to avoid the dangers that may come upon those who do not have watches set, the said captain, who was skilled in the things required and in navigation, ordered three watches to be set. The first was at the beginning of the night; the second at midnight; and the third toward daybreak, which is commonly called the ‘diane’ [i.e., ‘morn’] or otherwise ‘the star of dawn.’ The abovenamed watches were changed nightly: that is to say, that he who had stood first watch stood second the day following, while hewho had stood second, stood third; and thus did they continue to change nightly. The said captain ordered that his rules, both those of signals and of watches, be thoroughly observed, so that their voyage might be made with the greatest of safety. The men of the said fleet were divided into three divisions: the first was that of the captain; the second that of the pilot or boatswain’s mate; and the third that of the master. The above rules having been instituted, the captain-general determined to depart, as follows.”25See Guillemard’sMagellan, pp. 329–336, and Navarrete,Col. de viages, iv, pp. 3–11, 162–188, for the stores and equipments of the fleet and their cost. The stores carried consisted of wine, olive oil, vinegar, fish, pork, peas and beans, flour, garlic, cheese, honey, almonds, anchovies, raisins, prunes, figs, sugar, quince preserves, capers, mustard, beef, and rice. The apothecary supplies were carried in the “Trinidad,” and the ecclesiastical ornaments in that ship and the “San Antonio.”26The exact number of men who accompanied Magalhães is a matter of doubt. A royal decree, dated Barcelona, May 5, 1519, conserved in the papers of the India House of Trade in Archivo general de Indias at Sevilla, with pressmark est. 41, caj. 6, leg. 2–25, orders that only two hundred and thirty-five persons sail in the fleet. The same archives contain various registers of the fleet (sec Llorens Ascensio’sPrimera vuelta al mundo, Madrid, 1903), one of which is published by Medina in hisColección(i, p. 113). Guillemard (Magellan, p. 326) says that at least two hundred and sixty-eight men went as is shown by the official lists and “the casual occurrence of names in the numerous and lengthyautos fiscalesconnected with the expedition.” Guillemard conjectures that the total number must have been between two hundred and seventy and two hundred and eighty. Mosto (p. 53, note 2) says: “Castanheda and Barros say that the crews amounted to 250 men, while Herrera says 234. Navarrete’s lists show a total of 265 men. At least 37 were Portuguese, and in addition to them and the Spaniards, the crews contained Genoese and Italians (thirty or more), French (nineteen), Flemings, Germans, Sicilians, English, Corfiotes, Malays, Negroes, Moors, Madeirans, and natives of the Azores and Canary Islands. But seventeen are recorded from Seville, while there are many Biscayans. (See Guillemard,ut supra, pp. 326–329.) The registers of men as given by Navarrete (Col. de viages, iv, pp. 12–26) are as follows.Trinidad(Flagship of 110 tons)CapacityNameNationalityChief captain of the fleetHernando de MagallanesPortuguese, citizen of OportoPilot of his HighnessEsteban GomezPortugueseNotaryLeon de EspeletaMasterJuan Bautista de Punzorol1Cestre, on the Genoese shoreAlguacil2Gonzalo Gomez de EspinosaEspinosaContramaestreFrancisco Albo3Axio, citizen of RodasSurgeonJuan de Morales4SevillaBarberMarcos de BayasSan Lucar de AlpechinCarpenterMaster AntonioGenoeseStewardCristóbal RosorRodriguezLepeCalkerFelipe5Genoese, native of RecoCooperFrancisco MartinSevillaSailorFrancisco de EspinosaDe le BrizuelaSailorGinés de MafraJerezSailorLeon Pancaldo6Saona, in GénovaSailorJuan Ginovés7San RemóSailorFrancisco PioraSaonaSailorMartin GinovésCestreSailorAnton Hernandez ColmeneroHuelvaSailorAnton Ros,orRodriguezHuelvaSailorBartolomé SanchezHuelvaSailorTomas de NatiaCestreSailorDiego MartinHuelvaSailorDomingo de Urrutia8LequeitioSailorFrancisco MartinHuelvaSailorJuan RodriguezSevillaGunnerMaster Andres, chief gunnerBristol, in EnglandGunnerJuan BautistaMompellerGunnerGuillermo TañeguiLila de GroyaCommon seamanAntonio de GoaLoróCommon seamanAnton de Noya9Noya in GaliciaCommon seamanFrancisco de AyamonteAyamonteCommon seamanJuan de Santandres10CuetoCommon seamanBlas de Toledo11Almunia in AragonCommon seamanAnton12BlackCommon seamanBasco Gomez GallegoPortugueseCommon seamanJuan GallegoPontevedraCommon seamanLuis de Beas13Beas in GaliciaCommon seamanJuan de GrijolGrijol in PortugalBoyGutierrezAsturian from VillasevilBoyJuan Genovés14A port on the Genoese shoreBoyAndres de la Cruz15SevillaServants of the captain and sobresalientes16ServantCristóbal RabeloPortuguese, native of OportoSobresalienteJoan MiñezorMartinezSevillaServantFernando Portogues17Portuguese, native ofOportoSobresalienteAntonio Lombardo18LombardíaPeti-JoanFrench, native of Angeo [i.e., Anjou]Gonzalo RodriguezPortugueseDiego Sanchez BarrasaSevillaLuis Alonso,de Gois19Portuguese, citizen of AyamonteDuarte BarbosaPortugueseAlbaro de la MezquitaPortugueseServantNuñoPortuguese, native of Montemayor NuevoServantDiegoSan LucarCaptain’s boyFrancisco20Portuguese, native of EstremizIdemJorge MoriscoLombardíaChaplainPedro de BalderramaEcijaMerinoAlberto21MerinoCordovaServant of the alguacilPero GomezHornilla la PrietaArmorerPero Sanchez22SevillaInterpreter, a servantHenrique de Malaca23MalacaLázaro de TorresAracenaSan Antonio(120 tons)CapacityNameNationalityCaptain and supervisor of the fleetJuan de CartagenaAccountantAntonio de CocaNotaryHierónimo GuerraHis Majesty’s pilotAndres de San MartinPilot of his HighnessJuan Rodriguez de MafraMasterJuan de Elorriaga24GuipúzcoaBoatswainDiego HernandezSevillaBarberPedro Olabarrieta25BilbaoStewardJuan Ortiz de Gopegar26BilbaoCalkerPedro de BilbaoBilbaoCarpenterPedro de SabtuaBermeoCalkerMartin de GoytisoloBaquioCooperJoan de OviedoSevillaSailorSebastian de OlarteBilbaoSailorLope de UguarteSailorJoanes de SeguraSegura in GuipúzcoaSailorJoan de FranciaRuan [i.e., Rouen]SailorJácome de MecinaMesinaSailorChristóbal GarcíaFrom PalosSailorPero HernandezRivadesellaSailorAntonio Rodríguez, Calderero [i.e., blacksmith]SevillaSailorHernando de Morales27From MoguerSailorFrancisco, Marinero [i.e., a sailor]Citizen of HuelvaSailorFrancisco Ros, or RodriguezFrom HuelvaSailorPedro de LaredoPortogaleteSailorSimon de AsioAxioGunnerMaster Jacques, chief gunnerFrom Tierra Lorena [i.e., land of Lorraine]GunnerRojer DupictMonaymGunnerJoan JorgeSilvedrinCommon seamanLuis,28Grumete [i.e., a common seaman]GaliciaCommon seamanMartin de AguirreArrigorriagaCommon seamanColumbazoBolonia [i.e., Bologna]Common seamanLucas de MecinaMesinaCommon seamanLorencio RodriguezFrom MoguerCommon seamanMiguelPravia, in AstúriasCommon seamanJoanes de Irun IranzoIrun Iranza in GuipúzcoaCommon seamanJoan GinovesSaonaCommon seamanJoan de OrueMunguiaCommon seamanAlonso del Puerto29Puerto de Santa MaríaBoyDiego, son of Cristóbal GarciaFrom PalosBoyDiego, son of Juan Rodriguez de MafraServants and sobresalientesChaplainBernardo CalmetaLaytora in FranceSobresalienteJoan de ChinchillaMurciaSobresalienteAnton de EscobarTalaveraSobresalienteFrancisco de AnguloMoronServant to the captainFrancisco de MolinoBaezaServant to the captainRoque PeleaSalamancaServant to the captainRodrigo Nieto, a GalicianOrenseServant to the captainAlonso del RioBúrgosServant to the captainPedro de BalpuestaCitizen of BúrgosServant to the captainJoan de LeonLeonServant to the captainGutierre de Tuñon30Tunon in AstúriasServant to the captainJoan de Sagredo,31merinoRevenga, in the land of BúrgosServant to the captainJoan de Minchaca, a crossbowmanBilbaoCaptain’s servantAntonio Hernandez; interpreterAyamonteServant to the accountantJuan Gomez de EspinosaEspinosaServant to the accountantPedro de UrreaBrujasConcepcion(90 tons)CaptainGaspar de QuesadaNotarySancho de HerediaPilot of his HighnessJoan Lopez CaraballoPortugueseMasterJoan Sebastian de Elcano32GuetariaBoatswainJoan de AcurioBermeoBarberHernando de Bustamente33MéridaCalkerAntonio de Basazabal34BermeoCarpenterDomingo de Iraza35DevaStewardJoan de CamposAlcalá de HenaresCooperPero PerezSevillaSailorFrancisco Rodriguez36SevillaSailorFrancisco RuizMoguerSailorMateo de Gorfo37GorfoSailorJoan Rodriguez38HuelvaSailorSebastian Garcia39HuelvaSailorGomez HernandezHuelvaSailorLorenzo de Iruna40Socavila in GuipúzcoaSailorJoan Rodriguez,41el sordo [i.e., the deaf man]SevillaSailorJoan de AguírreBermeoSailorJoan de OrtegaCifuentesGunnerHans Vargue,42chief gunnerGermanGunnerMaster PedroBruselasGunnerRoldan de ArgoteFlandes, in BrujasCommon seamanJoan de Olivar43Common seamanGuillermo de Lole44Common seamanCristóbal de Costa45JerezCommon seamanGuillenGalveyCommon seamanGonzalo de VigoVigoCommon seamanPedro de MuguerteguiMuguerteguiCommon seamanMartin de IsaurragaBermeoCommon seamanRodrigo MaciasSevillaCommon seamanJoan Navarro46PamplonaCommon seamanJoanes de TuyBoyJuanillo47GalbeyBoyPedro de Churdurza48BermeoSobresalientesCaptain’s servantLuis del MolinoBaezaCaptain’s servantAntonio FernandezPortuguese, of SevillaCaptain’s servantAlonso Coto49GenoeseCaptain’s servantFrancisco Diaz de MadridMadridMerinoMartin de JudicibusGenoeseJuan de SilvaIsla Graciosa, in AzoresBlacksmithGonzalo HernandezSanta María del PuertoMartin de MagallaynsPortuguese, of LisboaJoan de la TorreAlmonaster, a boundary of SevillaVictoria(85 tons)Captain and treasurer of fleetLuis de MendozaPilot of his HighnessBasco GallegoPortugueseNotaryMartin MendezCitizen of SevillaMasterAnton SalomonTrápana in SiciliaBoatswainMiguel de RodasRodasAlguacilDiego de PeraltaPeralta in NavarraStewardAlonso GonzalesPortugueseCalkerSimon de la RochelaFrom La RochelaCarpenterMartin de Griate50From DevaSailorMiguel BenescianoBresáSailorDiego GallegoBayona in GaliciaSailorLope NavarroTudelaSailorNicolas GinovesGénovaSailorNicolao de NápolesNápoles de RomaníaSailorMiguel SanchezRodasSailorNicolao de CapuaCapuaSailorBenito GenovésArvengaSailorFelipe de RodasRodasSailorEsteban Villon51TroyaSailorJoan GriegoNápoles de RomaníaGunnerJorge Aleman [i.e., the German], chief gunnerFrom EstricGunnerFiliberto de Torres52TorianaGunnerHans, a German53AganCommon seamanJoanico,54a ViscayanSomorostroCommon seamanJoan de Arratia55BilbaoCommon seamanOchote56BilbaoCommon seamanMartin de AyamonteCommon seamanPedro de TolosaTolosa in GuipúzcoaCommon seamanSebastian OrtizGelverCommon seamanAntonioBaresa in GénovaCommon seamanBernal Mahuri57NarbonaCommon seamanRodrigo Gallego [i.e., a Galician]CoruñaCommon seamanDomingo Portogues [i.e., a Portuguese]CoimbraBoyJuan de Zuvileta, the son of Basco GallegoBaracaldoSobresalientes
[Note: In the following notes, citations from Richard Eden are made from Arber’s reprintThe first three English books on America(Birmingham, 1885), from the third book, entitledThe decades of the newe worlde, first printed in London in 1555; from Mosto, fromIl primo viaggio, intorno al globo di Antonio Pigafetta, by Andrea da Mosto (Roma, 1894), which was published as a portion of part v of volume iii ofRaccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione Colombiana pel quarto centenario dalla scoperta dell’America, appearing under the auspices of the Minister of Public Instruction; and from Stanley, from hisFirst voyage round the world, by Magellan(Hakluyt Society publications, London, 1874), which was translated by Lord Stanley in part from the longer French MS. in theBibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and in part from the Amoretti publication (Milan, 1800) made from the Italian MS. in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana.]1The greater part of the life of Antonio Pigafetta is shrouded in darkness. The Pigafetta family, who resided at Venice, and was formerly of Tuscan origin, dates back before him for several centuries. The Pigafetta escutcheon was white above and black below with a white transverse bar running from left to right. On the lower part were three red roses, one of them on the bar. The old family house is still standing and shows the mottoIl nest rose sans espine,i.e., “No rose without a thorn,” which was probably carved in 1481, when the house was repaired, and not by Antonio Pigafetta after his return from his voyage as some assert. Antonio Pigafetta was born toward the close of the fifteenth century, but the date cannot be positively fixed, some declaring it to be 1491; but Harrisse who follows Marzari, gives the date as 1480. It is unknown who his parents were and some have asserted that he was a natural child, although this is evidently unfounded, as he was received into the military order of St. John. At an early age he probably became familiar with the sea and developed his taste for traveling. He went to Spain with the Roman ambassador Chieregato, in 1519, but in what capacity is unknown. Hearing details of Magalhães’s intended voyage he contrived to accompany him. Navarrete surmises that he is the Antonio Lombardo mentioned in the list of the captain’s servants and volunteers who sailed on the expedition, so calledas his country was Lombardy. After the return of the “Victoria,” he journeyed in Spain, Portugal, and France, and returned to Italy probably in January, 1523. The relation presented by him to Cárlos I was probably a draft of his notes taken daily throughout the voyage. HisRelationas we know it was undertaken at the request of the marchioness of Mantova, but its composition was arrested by an order from Clement VII to come to Rome, whither he went in December, 1523, or January, 1524, meeting Villiers l’Isle-Adam on his journey thither. He remained in the pope’s service but a short time, for in April, 1524, he was back in Venice. That same year he was granted a copyright on hisRelation, which he intended to print, for twenty years. Pozzo says that he was received into the Order of St. John, October 3, 1524, but it was probably somewhat before that date. Between the dates of August, 1524, and August, 1530, his work was presented to Villiers l’Isle-Adam. Nothing further is known of him, though some say that he fought against the Turks as late as 1536, while others have placed his death in 1534 or 1535 and at Malta. In addition to hisRelationPigafetta wrote aTreatise on the art of navigation, which follows hisRelation. This is not presented in the present publication, notwithstanding its importance, as being outside of the present scope. It is reproduced by Mosto. He has sometimes been confused with Marcantonio Pigafetta (a Venetian gentleman), the author ofItinerario da Vienna a Constantinopoli(London, 1585); and wrongly called Vincenzo Antonio Pigafetta, the “Vincenzo” being an error for “vicentino,”i.e., “Venetian.” See Mosto,Il primo viaggio ... di Antonio Pigafetta(Roma, 1894), pp. 13–30; Larousse’sDictionnaire; andLa grande Encyclopédie(Paris).2The Order of St. John of Jerusalem. SeeVol. II, p. 26, note 2. Throughout thisRelationPigafetta’s spelling of proper names is retained.3Philippe de Villiers l’Isle-Adam, the forty-third grand master of the Order of the Knights of St. John (called Knights of Malta after 1530), was born of an old and distinguished family at Beauvais, in 1464, and died at Malta, August 21, 1534, at grief, some say, over the dissensions in his order. He was elected grand master of his order in 1521 and in the following year occurred his heroic defense of Rhodes with but four thousand five hundred soldiers against the huge fleet and army of Soliman. After six months he was compelled to surrender his stronghold in October, and refusing Soliman’s entreaties to remain with him, went to Italy. In 1524 he was given the city of Viterbe by Clement VII, where in June of 1527 he held a general chapter of his order, at which it was decided to accept the island of Malta which had been offered by Charles V. The gift was confirmed by the letters-patent of Charles V in 1530, and Villiers l’Isle-AdamAdam went thither in October of that year. He was always held in high esteem for his bravery, prudence, and piety. See Moreri’sDictionaire, and Larousse’sDictionnaire.4The four MSS. of Pigafetta’sRelationare those known as the Ambrosian or Italian, so called from its place of deposit, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan; no. 5,650, conserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, in French; no. 24,224, in the same library, also in French; and the Nancy MS. (also French) so called because it was conserved in Nancy, France, now owned by the heirs of Sir Thomas Phillips, Cheltenham, England. The MSS. of the Bibliothèque Nationale are both shorter than the Italian MS. The Nancy MS. is said to be the most complete of the French manuscripts. The best bibliographical account of these four MSS. that has yet appeared is by Mostout supra. A full bibliographical account of both the MSS. and printed books will be given in the volume on bibliography in this series.There are a number of radical differences between the Paris MS. no. 5,650 (which will be hereafter referred to simply as MS. 5,650) and the Italian MS., these differences including paragraph structure and the division of MS. 5,650 into various chapters, although the sequence is on the whole identical. The most radical of the differences will be shown in these notes. MS. 5,650 contains the following title on the page immediately preceding the beginning of the relation proper: “Navigation and discovery of Upper Indie, written by me, Anthoyne Pigaphete, a Venetian, and knight of Rhodes.”5The emperor Charles V; but he was not elected to that dignity until June, 1519. Pigafetta writing after that date is not explicit.6Francesco Chiericati was born in Venice, in one of the most ancient and famous families of that city, at the end of the fifteenth century. He attained preëminence at Sienna in both civil and ecclesiastical law. Aided by Cardinal Matteo Lang, bishop of Sion, he was received among the prelates of the apostolic palace. Later he conducted several diplomatic missions with great skill. He left Rome for Spain in December, 1518, on a private mission for the pope, and especially to effect a crusade against the Turks who were then invading Egypt and threatening Christianity. His house at Barcelona became the meeting-place of the savants of that day who discussed literature and science. See Mosto, p. 19, note 3.7MS. 5,650 adds: “scholars and men of understanding.”8MS. 5,650 reads: “so that I might satisfy the wish of the said gentlemen and also my own desire, so that it could be said that I had made the said voyage and indeed been an eyewitness of the things hereafter written.”9SeeVol. I, p. 250, note 192 for sketch of Magalhães. The only adequate life of Magalhães in English is that of Guillemard.10That is, the Order of Santiago. SeeVol. I, p. 145, note 171. Magalhães and Falero were decorated with the cross of comendador of the order by Cárlos I in the presence of the royal Council in July, 1518. See Guillemard’sFerdinand Magellan, p. 114.11SeeVol. Ifor various documents during the period of the preparation of the fleet; also Guillemard’sMagellan, pp. 114–116 and 130–134; and Stanley’sFirst Voyage, pp. xxxiv–xlvi.12Pope Clement VII, who assumed the papacy November 19, 1523. Pigafetta was summoned to Rome very soon after Clement’s election, for he was in Rome either in December, 1523, or January, 1524.13The Amoretti edition (Milan, 1800; a wofully garbled adaptation of the Italian MS.) wrongly ascribes this desire to Clement VII, instead of Villiers L’Isle-Adam. See Stanley, p. 36, note 3.14MS. 5,650 reads: “Finally, most illustrious Lordship, after all provisions had been made and the ships were in readiness, the captain-general, a wise and virtuous man, and one mindful of his honor, would not commence his voyage without first making some good and suitable rules, such as it is the approved custom to make for those who go to sea, although he did not entirely declare the voyage that he was about to make lest those men, through astonishment and fear, should refuse to accompany him on the so long voyage that he had determined upon. In consideration of the furious and violent storms that reign on the Ocean Sea where he was about to sail, and in consideration of another reason also, namely, that the masters and captains of the other ships in his fleet had no liking for him (the reason for which I know not, unless because he, the captain-general, was a Portuguese, and they Spaniards or Castilians, who have for a long while been biased and ill-disposed toward one another, but who, in spite of that, rendered him obedience), he made his rules such as follow, so that his ships might not go astray or become separated from one another during storms at sea. He published those rules and gave them in writing to every master in the ships and ordered them to be inviolably observed and kept, unless for urgent and legitimate excuse, and the proof that any other action was impossible.”15A Spanish word, meaning “lantern.”16Mosto wrongly derivesstrenguefrom the Spanishtrenza“braid” or “twist.” Instead it is the Spanish wordestrenque,which denotes a large rope made from Spanish grass hemp (stipa)—known to the Spaniards asesparto. MS. 5,650 reads: “Sometimes he set out a lantern; at other times a thick rush cord which was lighted and was called ‘trenche’ [i.e., ‘estrenque,’ ‘rope of Spanish grass hemp’].” Barcio (Diccionario general etimológico) says that the origin ofestrenqueis unknown.17MS. 5,650 reads: “If he wished the other ships to haul in a bonnet-sail, which was a part of the sail attached to the mainsail, he showed three lights. Also by three lights notwithstanding that the weather might be favorable for making better time, it was understood that the bonnet-sail was to be hauled in, so that the mainsail might be sooner and easier struck and furled when bad weather came suddenly in any squall or otherwise.”18MS. 5,650 adds: “which he had extinguished immediately after;” and continues: “then showing a single light as a sign that he intended to stop there and wait until the other ships should do as he.”19MS. 5,650 adds: “that is to say, a rock in the sea.”20Stanley translates the following passage wrongly. Rightly translated, it is: “Also when he desired the bonnet-sail to be reattached to the sail, he showed three fires.”21This passage is omitted in MS. 5,650.22Hora de la modorrais in Spanish that part of the night immediately preceding the dawn. Mosto, p. 52, note 8.23Contra maestro(boatswain) corresponding to the French contremaître and the Spanishcontramaestre, was formerly the third officer of a ship’s crew. Nochiero (Frenchnocher) was the officer next to contramaestre, although the name, according to Littré was applied to the master or seacaptain of certain small craft. Themaestro(Frenchmaître) was a sub-officer in charge of all the crew. The pilot was next to the captain in importance. The translator or adapter who made MS. 5,650 confuses the above officers (see following note).24The instructions pertaining to the different watches are as follows in MS. 5,650: “In addition to the said rules for carrying on the art of navigation as is fitting, and in order to avoid the dangers that may come upon those who do not have watches set, the said captain, who was skilled in the things required and in navigation, ordered three watches to be set. The first was at the beginning of the night; the second at midnight; and the third toward daybreak, which is commonly called the ‘diane’ [i.e., ‘morn’] or otherwise ‘the star of dawn.’ The abovenamed watches were changed nightly: that is to say, that he who had stood first watch stood second the day following, while hewho had stood second, stood third; and thus did they continue to change nightly. The said captain ordered that his rules, both those of signals and of watches, be thoroughly observed, so that their voyage might be made with the greatest of safety. The men of the said fleet were divided into three divisions: the first was that of the captain; the second that of the pilot or boatswain’s mate; and the third that of the master. The above rules having been instituted, the captain-general determined to depart, as follows.”25See Guillemard’sMagellan, pp. 329–336, and Navarrete,Col. de viages, iv, pp. 3–11, 162–188, for the stores and equipments of the fleet and their cost. The stores carried consisted of wine, olive oil, vinegar, fish, pork, peas and beans, flour, garlic, cheese, honey, almonds, anchovies, raisins, prunes, figs, sugar, quince preserves, capers, mustard, beef, and rice. The apothecary supplies were carried in the “Trinidad,” and the ecclesiastical ornaments in that ship and the “San Antonio.”26The exact number of men who accompanied Magalhães is a matter of doubt. A royal decree, dated Barcelona, May 5, 1519, conserved in the papers of the India House of Trade in Archivo general de Indias at Sevilla, with pressmark est. 41, caj. 6, leg. 2–25, orders that only two hundred and thirty-five persons sail in the fleet. The same archives contain various registers of the fleet (sec Llorens Ascensio’sPrimera vuelta al mundo, Madrid, 1903), one of which is published by Medina in hisColección(i, p. 113). Guillemard (Magellan, p. 326) says that at least two hundred and sixty-eight men went as is shown by the official lists and “the casual occurrence of names in the numerous and lengthyautos fiscalesconnected with the expedition.” Guillemard conjectures that the total number must have been between two hundred and seventy and two hundred and eighty. Mosto (p. 53, note 2) says: “Castanheda and Barros say that the crews amounted to 250 men, while Herrera says 234. Navarrete’s lists show a total of 265 men. At least 37 were Portuguese, and in addition to them and the Spaniards, the crews contained Genoese and Italians (thirty or more), French (nineteen), Flemings, Germans, Sicilians, English, Corfiotes, Malays, Negroes, Moors, Madeirans, and natives of the Azores and Canary Islands. But seventeen are recorded from Seville, while there are many Biscayans. (See Guillemard,ut supra, pp. 326–329.) The registers of men as given by Navarrete (Col. de viages, iv, pp. 12–26) are as follows.Trinidad(Flagship of 110 tons)CapacityNameNationalityChief captain of the fleetHernando de MagallanesPortuguese, citizen of OportoPilot of his HighnessEsteban GomezPortugueseNotaryLeon de EspeletaMasterJuan Bautista de Punzorol1Cestre, on the Genoese shoreAlguacil2Gonzalo Gomez de EspinosaEspinosaContramaestreFrancisco Albo3Axio, citizen of RodasSurgeonJuan de Morales4SevillaBarberMarcos de BayasSan Lucar de AlpechinCarpenterMaster AntonioGenoeseStewardCristóbal RosorRodriguezLepeCalkerFelipe5Genoese, native of RecoCooperFrancisco MartinSevillaSailorFrancisco de EspinosaDe le BrizuelaSailorGinés de MafraJerezSailorLeon Pancaldo6Saona, in GénovaSailorJuan Ginovés7San RemóSailorFrancisco PioraSaonaSailorMartin GinovésCestreSailorAnton Hernandez ColmeneroHuelvaSailorAnton Ros,orRodriguezHuelvaSailorBartolomé SanchezHuelvaSailorTomas de NatiaCestreSailorDiego MartinHuelvaSailorDomingo de Urrutia8LequeitioSailorFrancisco MartinHuelvaSailorJuan RodriguezSevillaGunnerMaster Andres, chief gunnerBristol, in EnglandGunnerJuan BautistaMompellerGunnerGuillermo TañeguiLila de GroyaCommon seamanAntonio de GoaLoróCommon seamanAnton de Noya9Noya in GaliciaCommon seamanFrancisco de AyamonteAyamonteCommon seamanJuan de Santandres10CuetoCommon seamanBlas de Toledo11Almunia in AragonCommon seamanAnton12BlackCommon seamanBasco Gomez GallegoPortugueseCommon seamanJuan GallegoPontevedraCommon seamanLuis de Beas13Beas in GaliciaCommon seamanJuan de GrijolGrijol in PortugalBoyGutierrezAsturian from VillasevilBoyJuan Genovés14A port on the Genoese shoreBoyAndres de la Cruz15SevillaServants of the captain and sobresalientes16ServantCristóbal RabeloPortuguese, native of OportoSobresalienteJoan MiñezorMartinezSevillaServantFernando Portogues17Portuguese, native ofOportoSobresalienteAntonio Lombardo18LombardíaPeti-JoanFrench, native of Angeo [i.e., Anjou]Gonzalo RodriguezPortugueseDiego Sanchez BarrasaSevillaLuis Alonso,de Gois19Portuguese, citizen of AyamonteDuarte BarbosaPortugueseAlbaro de la MezquitaPortugueseServantNuñoPortuguese, native of Montemayor NuevoServantDiegoSan LucarCaptain’s boyFrancisco20Portuguese, native of EstremizIdemJorge MoriscoLombardíaChaplainPedro de BalderramaEcijaMerinoAlberto21MerinoCordovaServant of the alguacilPero GomezHornilla la PrietaArmorerPero Sanchez22SevillaInterpreter, a servantHenrique de Malaca23MalacaLázaro de TorresAracenaSan Antonio(120 tons)CapacityNameNationalityCaptain and supervisor of the fleetJuan de CartagenaAccountantAntonio de CocaNotaryHierónimo GuerraHis Majesty’s pilotAndres de San MartinPilot of his HighnessJuan Rodriguez de MafraMasterJuan de Elorriaga24GuipúzcoaBoatswainDiego HernandezSevillaBarberPedro Olabarrieta25BilbaoStewardJuan Ortiz de Gopegar26BilbaoCalkerPedro de BilbaoBilbaoCarpenterPedro de SabtuaBermeoCalkerMartin de GoytisoloBaquioCooperJoan de OviedoSevillaSailorSebastian de OlarteBilbaoSailorLope de UguarteSailorJoanes de SeguraSegura in GuipúzcoaSailorJoan de FranciaRuan [i.e., Rouen]SailorJácome de MecinaMesinaSailorChristóbal GarcíaFrom PalosSailorPero HernandezRivadesellaSailorAntonio Rodríguez, Calderero [i.e., blacksmith]SevillaSailorHernando de Morales27From MoguerSailorFrancisco, Marinero [i.e., a sailor]Citizen of HuelvaSailorFrancisco Ros, or RodriguezFrom HuelvaSailorPedro de LaredoPortogaleteSailorSimon de AsioAxioGunnerMaster Jacques, chief gunnerFrom Tierra Lorena [i.e., land of Lorraine]GunnerRojer DupictMonaymGunnerJoan JorgeSilvedrinCommon seamanLuis,28Grumete [i.e., a common seaman]GaliciaCommon seamanMartin de AguirreArrigorriagaCommon seamanColumbazoBolonia [i.e., Bologna]Common seamanLucas de MecinaMesinaCommon seamanLorencio RodriguezFrom MoguerCommon seamanMiguelPravia, in AstúriasCommon seamanJoanes de Irun IranzoIrun Iranza in GuipúzcoaCommon seamanJoan GinovesSaonaCommon seamanJoan de OrueMunguiaCommon seamanAlonso del Puerto29Puerto de Santa MaríaBoyDiego, son of Cristóbal GarciaFrom PalosBoyDiego, son of Juan Rodriguez de MafraServants and sobresalientesChaplainBernardo CalmetaLaytora in FranceSobresalienteJoan de ChinchillaMurciaSobresalienteAnton de EscobarTalaveraSobresalienteFrancisco de AnguloMoronServant to the captainFrancisco de MolinoBaezaServant to the captainRoque PeleaSalamancaServant to the captainRodrigo Nieto, a GalicianOrenseServant to the captainAlonso del RioBúrgosServant to the captainPedro de BalpuestaCitizen of BúrgosServant to the captainJoan de LeonLeonServant to the captainGutierre de Tuñon30Tunon in AstúriasServant to the captainJoan de Sagredo,31merinoRevenga, in the land of BúrgosServant to the captainJoan de Minchaca, a crossbowmanBilbaoCaptain’s servantAntonio Hernandez; interpreterAyamonteServant to the accountantJuan Gomez de EspinosaEspinosaServant to the accountantPedro de UrreaBrujasConcepcion(90 tons)CaptainGaspar de QuesadaNotarySancho de HerediaPilot of his HighnessJoan Lopez CaraballoPortugueseMasterJoan Sebastian de Elcano32GuetariaBoatswainJoan de AcurioBermeoBarberHernando de Bustamente33MéridaCalkerAntonio de Basazabal34BermeoCarpenterDomingo de Iraza35DevaStewardJoan de CamposAlcalá de HenaresCooperPero PerezSevillaSailorFrancisco Rodriguez36SevillaSailorFrancisco RuizMoguerSailorMateo de Gorfo37GorfoSailorJoan Rodriguez38HuelvaSailorSebastian Garcia39HuelvaSailorGomez HernandezHuelvaSailorLorenzo de Iruna40Socavila in GuipúzcoaSailorJoan Rodriguez,41el sordo [i.e., the deaf man]SevillaSailorJoan de AguírreBermeoSailorJoan de OrtegaCifuentesGunnerHans Vargue,42chief gunnerGermanGunnerMaster PedroBruselasGunnerRoldan de ArgoteFlandes, in BrujasCommon seamanJoan de Olivar43Common seamanGuillermo de Lole44Common seamanCristóbal de Costa45JerezCommon seamanGuillenGalveyCommon seamanGonzalo de VigoVigoCommon seamanPedro de MuguerteguiMuguerteguiCommon seamanMartin de IsaurragaBermeoCommon seamanRodrigo MaciasSevillaCommon seamanJoan Navarro46PamplonaCommon seamanJoanes de TuyBoyJuanillo47GalbeyBoyPedro de Churdurza48BermeoSobresalientesCaptain’s servantLuis del MolinoBaezaCaptain’s servantAntonio FernandezPortuguese, of SevillaCaptain’s servantAlonso Coto49GenoeseCaptain’s servantFrancisco Diaz de MadridMadridMerinoMartin de JudicibusGenoeseJuan de SilvaIsla Graciosa, in AzoresBlacksmithGonzalo HernandezSanta María del PuertoMartin de MagallaynsPortuguese, of LisboaJoan de la TorreAlmonaster, a boundary of SevillaVictoria(85 tons)Captain and treasurer of fleetLuis de MendozaPilot of his HighnessBasco GallegoPortugueseNotaryMartin MendezCitizen of SevillaMasterAnton SalomonTrápana in SiciliaBoatswainMiguel de RodasRodasAlguacilDiego de PeraltaPeralta in NavarraStewardAlonso GonzalesPortugueseCalkerSimon de la RochelaFrom La RochelaCarpenterMartin de Griate50From DevaSailorMiguel BenescianoBresáSailorDiego GallegoBayona in GaliciaSailorLope NavarroTudelaSailorNicolas GinovesGénovaSailorNicolao de NápolesNápoles de RomaníaSailorMiguel SanchezRodasSailorNicolao de CapuaCapuaSailorBenito GenovésArvengaSailorFelipe de RodasRodasSailorEsteban Villon51TroyaSailorJoan GriegoNápoles de RomaníaGunnerJorge Aleman [i.e., the German], chief gunnerFrom EstricGunnerFiliberto de Torres52TorianaGunnerHans, a German53AganCommon seamanJoanico,54a ViscayanSomorostroCommon seamanJoan de Arratia55BilbaoCommon seamanOchote56BilbaoCommon seamanMartin de AyamonteCommon seamanPedro de TolosaTolosa in GuipúzcoaCommon seamanSebastian OrtizGelverCommon seamanAntonioBaresa in GénovaCommon seamanBernal Mahuri57NarbonaCommon seamanRodrigo Gallego [i.e., a Galician]CoruñaCommon seamanDomingo Portogues [i.e., a Portuguese]CoimbraBoyJuan de Zuvileta, the son of Basco GallegoBaracaldoSobresalientes
[Note: In the following notes, citations from Richard Eden are made from Arber’s reprintThe first three English books on America(Birmingham, 1885), from the third book, entitledThe decades of the newe worlde, first printed in London in 1555; from Mosto, fromIl primo viaggio, intorno al globo di Antonio Pigafetta, by Andrea da Mosto (Roma, 1894), which was published as a portion of part v of volume iii ofRaccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione Colombiana pel quarto centenario dalla scoperta dell’America, appearing under the auspices of the Minister of Public Instruction; and from Stanley, from hisFirst voyage round the world, by Magellan(Hakluyt Society publications, London, 1874), which was translated by Lord Stanley in part from the longer French MS. in theBibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and in part from the Amoretti publication (Milan, 1800) made from the Italian MS. in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana.]1The greater part of the life of Antonio Pigafetta is shrouded in darkness. The Pigafetta family, who resided at Venice, and was formerly of Tuscan origin, dates back before him for several centuries. The Pigafetta escutcheon was white above and black below with a white transverse bar running from left to right. On the lower part were three red roses, one of them on the bar. The old family house is still standing and shows the mottoIl nest rose sans espine,i.e., “No rose without a thorn,” which was probably carved in 1481, when the house was repaired, and not by Antonio Pigafetta after his return from his voyage as some assert. Antonio Pigafetta was born toward the close of the fifteenth century, but the date cannot be positively fixed, some declaring it to be 1491; but Harrisse who follows Marzari, gives the date as 1480. It is unknown who his parents were and some have asserted that he was a natural child, although this is evidently unfounded, as he was received into the military order of St. John. At an early age he probably became familiar with the sea and developed his taste for traveling. He went to Spain with the Roman ambassador Chieregato, in 1519, but in what capacity is unknown. Hearing details of Magalhães’s intended voyage he contrived to accompany him. Navarrete surmises that he is the Antonio Lombardo mentioned in the list of the captain’s servants and volunteers who sailed on the expedition, so calledas his country was Lombardy. After the return of the “Victoria,” he journeyed in Spain, Portugal, and France, and returned to Italy probably in January, 1523. The relation presented by him to Cárlos I was probably a draft of his notes taken daily throughout the voyage. HisRelationas we know it was undertaken at the request of the marchioness of Mantova, but its composition was arrested by an order from Clement VII to come to Rome, whither he went in December, 1523, or January, 1524, meeting Villiers l’Isle-Adam on his journey thither. He remained in the pope’s service but a short time, for in April, 1524, he was back in Venice. That same year he was granted a copyright on hisRelation, which he intended to print, for twenty years. Pozzo says that he was received into the Order of St. John, October 3, 1524, but it was probably somewhat before that date. Between the dates of August, 1524, and August, 1530, his work was presented to Villiers l’Isle-Adam. Nothing further is known of him, though some say that he fought against the Turks as late as 1536, while others have placed his death in 1534 or 1535 and at Malta. In addition to hisRelationPigafetta wrote aTreatise on the art of navigation, which follows hisRelation. This is not presented in the present publication, notwithstanding its importance, as being outside of the present scope. It is reproduced by Mosto. He has sometimes been confused with Marcantonio Pigafetta (a Venetian gentleman), the author ofItinerario da Vienna a Constantinopoli(London, 1585); and wrongly called Vincenzo Antonio Pigafetta, the “Vincenzo” being an error for “vicentino,”i.e., “Venetian.” See Mosto,Il primo viaggio ... di Antonio Pigafetta(Roma, 1894), pp. 13–30; Larousse’sDictionnaire; andLa grande Encyclopédie(Paris).2The Order of St. John of Jerusalem. SeeVol. II, p. 26, note 2. Throughout thisRelationPigafetta’s spelling of proper names is retained.3Philippe de Villiers l’Isle-Adam, the forty-third grand master of the Order of the Knights of St. John (called Knights of Malta after 1530), was born of an old and distinguished family at Beauvais, in 1464, and died at Malta, August 21, 1534, at grief, some say, over the dissensions in his order. He was elected grand master of his order in 1521 and in the following year occurred his heroic defense of Rhodes with but four thousand five hundred soldiers against the huge fleet and army of Soliman. After six months he was compelled to surrender his stronghold in October, and refusing Soliman’s entreaties to remain with him, went to Italy. In 1524 he was given the city of Viterbe by Clement VII, where in June of 1527 he held a general chapter of his order, at which it was decided to accept the island of Malta which had been offered by Charles V. The gift was confirmed by the letters-patent of Charles V in 1530, and Villiers l’Isle-AdamAdam went thither in October of that year. He was always held in high esteem for his bravery, prudence, and piety. See Moreri’sDictionaire, and Larousse’sDictionnaire.4The four MSS. of Pigafetta’sRelationare those known as the Ambrosian or Italian, so called from its place of deposit, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan; no. 5,650, conserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, in French; no. 24,224, in the same library, also in French; and the Nancy MS. (also French) so called because it was conserved in Nancy, France, now owned by the heirs of Sir Thomas Phillips, Cheltenham, England. The MSS. of the Bibliothèque Nationale are both shorter than the Italian MS. The Nancy MS. is said to be the most complete of the French manuscripts. The best bibliographical account of these four MSS. that has yet appeared is by Mostout supra. A full bibliographical account of both the MSS. and printed books will be given in the volume on bibliography in this series.There are a number of radical differences between the Paris MS. no. 5,650 (which will be hereafter referred to simply as MS. 5,650) and the Italian MS., these differences including paragraph structure and the division of MS. 5,650 into various chapters, although the sequence is on the whole identical. The most radical of the differences will be shown in these notes. MS. 5,650 contains the following title on the page immediately preceding the beginning of the relation proper: “Navigation and discovery of Upper Indie, written by me, Anthoyne Pigaphete, a Venetian, and knight of Rhodes.”5The emperor Charles V; but he was not elected to that dignity until June, 1519. Pigafetta writing after that date is not explicit.6Francesco Chiericati was born in Venice, in one of the most ancient and famous families of that city, at the end of the fifteenth century. He attained preëminence at Sienna in both civil and ecclesiastical law. Aided by Cardinal Matteo Lang, bishop of Sion, he was received among the prelates of the apostolic palace. Later he conducted several diplomatic missions with great skill. He left Rome for Spain in December, 1518, on a private mission for the pope, and especially to effect a crusade against the Turks who were then invading Egypt and threatening Christianity. His house at Barcelona became the meeting-place of the savants of that day who discussed literature and science. See Mosto, p. 19, note 3.7MS. 5,650 adds: “scholars and men of understanding.”8MS. 5,650 reads: “so that I might satisfy the wish of the said gentlemen and also my own desire, so that it could be said that I had made the said voyage and indeed been an eyewitness of the things hereafter written.”9SeeVol. I, p. 250, note 192 for sketch of Magalhães. The only adequate life of Magalhães in English is that of Guillemard.10That is, the Order of Santiago. SeeVol. I, p. 145, note 171. Magalhães and Falero were decorated with the cross of comendador of the order by Cárlos I in the presence of the royal Council in July, 1518. See Guillemard’sFerdinand Magellan, p. 114.11SeeVol. Ifor various documents during the period of the preparation of the fleet; also Guillemard’sMagellan, pp. 114–116 and 130–134; and Stanley’sFirst Voyage, pp. xxxiv–xlvi.12Pope Clement VII, who assumed the papacy November 19, 1523. Pigafetta was summoned to Rome very soon after Clement’s election, for he was in Rome either in December, 1523, or January, 1524.13The Amoretti edition (Milan, 1800; a wofully garbled adaptation of the Italian MS.) wrongly ascribes this desire to Clement VII, instead of Villiers L’Isle-Adam. See Stanley, p. 36, note 3.14MS. 5,650 reads: “Finally, most illustrious Lordship, after all provisions had been made and the ships were in readiness, the captain-general, a wise and virtuous man, and one mindful of his honor, would not commence his voyage without first making some good and suitable rules, such as it is the approved custom to make for those who go to sea, although he did not entirely declare the voyage that he was about to make lest those men, through astonishment and fear, should refuse to accompany him on the so long voyage that he had determined upon. In consideration of the furious and violent storms that reign on the Ocean Sea where he was about to sail, and in consideration of another reason also, namely, that the masters and captains of the other ships in his fleet had no liking for him (the reason for which I know not, unless because he, the captain-general, was a Portuguese, and they Spaniards or Castilians, who have for a long while been biased and ill-disposed toward one another, but who, in spite of that, rendered him obedience), he made his rules such as follow, so that his ships might not go astray or become separated from one another during storms at sea. He published those rules and gave them in writing to every master in the ships and ordered them to be inviolably observed and kept, unless for urgent and legitimate excuse, and the proof that any other action was impossible.”15A Spanish word, meaning “lantern.”16Mosto wrongly derivesstrenguefrom the Spanishtrenza“braid” or “twist.” Instead it is the Spanish wordestrenque,which denotes a large rope made from Spanish grass hemp (stipa)—known to the Spaniards asesparto. MS. 5,650 reads: “Sometimes he set out a lantern; at other times a thick rush cord which was lighted and was called ‘trenche’ [i.e., ‘estrenque,’ ‘rope of Spanish grass hemp’].” Barcio (Diccionario general etimológico) says that the origin ofestrenqueis unknown.17MS. 5,650 reads: “If he wished the other ships to haul in a bonnet-sail, which was a part of the sail attached to the mainsail, he showed three lights. Also by three lights notwithstanding that the weather might be favorable for making better time, it was understood that the bonnet-sail was to be hauled in, so that the mainsail might be sooner and easier struck and furled when bad weather came suddenly in any squall or otherwise.”18MS. 5,650 adds: “which he had extinguished immediately after;” and continues: “then showing a single light as a sign that he intended to stop there and wait until the other ships should do as he.”19MS. 5,650 adds: “that is to say, a rock in the sea.”20Stanley translates the following passage wrongly. Rightly translated, it is: “Also when he desired the bonnet-sail to be reattached to the sail, he showed three fires.”21This passage is omitted in MS. 5,650.22Hora de la modorrais in Spanish that part of the night immediately preceding the dawn. Mosto, p. 52, note 8.23Contra maestro(boatswain) corresponding to the French contremaître and the Spanishcontramaestre, was formerly the third officer of a ship’s crew. Nochiero (Frenchnocher) was the officer next to contramaestre, although the name, according to Littré was applied to the master or seacaptain of certain small craft. Themaestro(Frenchmaître) was a sub-officer in charge of all the crew. The pilot was next to the captain in importance. The translator or adapter who made MS. 5,650 confuses the above officers (see following note).24The instructions pertaining to the different watches are as follows in MS. 5,650: “In addition to the said rules for carrying on the art of navigation as is fitting, and in order to avoid the dangers that may come upon those who do not have watches set, the said captain, who was skilled in the things required and in navigation, ordered three watches to be set. The first was at the beginning of the night; the second at midnight; and the third toward daybreak, which is commonly called the ‘diane’ [i.e., ‘morn’] or otherwise ‘the star of dawn.’ The abovenamed watches were changed nightly: that is to say, that he who had stood first watch stood second the day following, while hewho had stood second, stood third; and thus did they continue to change nightly. The said captain ordered that his rules, both those of signals and of watches, be thoroughly observed, so that their voyage might be made with the greatest of safety. The men of the said fleet were divided into three divisions: the first was that of the captain; the second that of the pilot or boatswain’s mate; and the third that of the master. The above rules having been instituted, the captain-general determined to depart, as follows.”25See Guillemard’sMagellan, pp. 329–336, and Navarrete,Col. de viages, iv, pp. 3–11, 162–188, for the stores and equipments of the fleet and their cost. The stores carried consisted of wine, olive oil, vinegar, fish, pork, peas and beans, flour, garlic, cheese, honey, almonds, anchovies, raisins, prunes, figs, sugar, quince preserves, capers, mustard, beef, and rice. The apothecary supplies were carried in the “Trinidad,” and the ecclesiastical ornaments in that ship and the “San Antonio.”26The exact number of men who accompanied Magalhães is a matter of doubt. A royal decree, dated Barcelona, May 5, 1519, conserved in the papers of the India House of Trade in Archivo general de Indias at Sevilla, with pressmark est. 41, caj. 6, leg. 2–25, orders that only two hundred and thirty-five persons sail in the fleet. The same archives contain various registers of the fleet (sec Llorens Ascensio’sPrimera vuelta al mundo, Madrid, 1903), one of which is published by Medina in hisColección(i, p. 113). Guillemard (Magellan, p. 326) says that at least two hundred and sixty-eight men went as is shown by the official lists and “the casual occurrence of names in the numerous and lengthyautos fiscalesconnected with the expedition.” Guillemard conjectures that the total number must have been between two hundred and seventy and two hundred and eighty. Mosto (p. 53, note 2) says: “Castanheda and Barros say that the crews amounted to 250 men, while Herrera says 234. Navarrete’s lists show a total of 265 men. At least 37 were Portuguese, and in addition to them and the Spaniards, the crews contained Genoese and Italians (thirty or more), French (nineteen), Flemings, Germans, Sicilians, English, Corfiotes, Malays, Negroes, Moors, Madeirans, and natives of the Azores and Canary Islands. But seventeen are recorded from Seville, while there are many Biscayans. (See Guillemard,ut supra, pp. 326–329.) The registers of men as given by Navarrete (Col. de viages, iv, pp. 12–26) are as follows.Trinidad(Flagship of 110 tons)CapacityNameNationalityChief captain of the fleetHernando de MagallanesPortuguese, citizen of OportoPilot of his HighnessEsteban GomezPortugueseNotaryLeon de EspeletaMasterJuan Bautista de Punzorol1Cestre, on the Genoese shoreAlguacil2Gonzalo Gomez de EspinosaEspinosaContramaestreFrancisco Albo3Axio, citizen of RodasSurgeonJuan de Morales4SevillaBarberMarcos de BayasSan Lucar de AlpechinCarpenterMaster AntonioGenoeseStewardCristóbal RosorRodriguezLepeCalkerFelipe5Genoese, native of RecoCooperFrancisco MartinSevillaSailorFrancisco de EspinosaDe le BrizuelaSailorGinés de MafraJerezSailorLeon Pancaldo6Saona, in GénovaSailorJuan Ginovés7San RemóSailorFrancisco PioraSaonaSailorMartin GinovésCestreSailorAnton Hernandez ColmeneroHuelvaSailorAnton Ros,orRodriguezHuelvaSailorBartolomé SanchezHuelvaSailorTomas de NatiaCestreSailorDiego MartinHuelvaSailorDomingo de Urrutia8LequeitioSailorFrancisco MartinHuelvaSailorJuan RodriguezSevillaGunnerMaster Andres, chief gunnerBristol, in EnglandGunnerJuan BautistaMompellerGunnerGuillermo TañeguiLila de GroyaCommon seamanAntonio de GoaLoróCommon seamanAnton de Noya9Noya in GaliciaCommon seamanFrancisco de AyamonteAyamonteCommon seamanJuan de Santandres10CuetoCommon seamanBlas de Toledo11Almunia in AragonCommon seamanAnton12BlackCommon seamanBasco Gomez GallegoPortugueseCommon seamanJuan GallegoPontevedraCommon seamanLuis de Beas13Beas in GaliciaCommon seamanJuan de GrijolGrijol in PortugalBoyGutierrezAsturian from VillasevilBoyJuan Genovés14A port on the Genoese shoreBoyAndres de la Cruz15SevillaServants of the captain and sobresalientes16ServantCristóbal RabeloPortuguese, native of OportoSobresalienteJoan MiñezorMartinezSevillaServantFernando Portogues17Portuguese, native ofOportoSobresalienteAntonio Lombardo18LombardíaPeti-JoanFrench, native of Angeo [i.e., Anjou]Gonzalo RodriguezPortugueseDiego Sanchez BarrasaSevillaLuis Alonso,de Gois19Portuguese, citizen of AyamonteDuarte BarbosaPortugueseAlbaro de la MezquitaPortugueseServantNuñoPortuguese, native of Montemayor NuevoServantDiegoSan LucarCaptain’s boyFrancisco20Portuguese, native of EstremizIdemJorge MoriscoLombardíaChaplainPedro de BalderramaEcijaMerinoAlberto21MerinoCordovaServant of the alguacilPero GomezHornilla la PrietaArmorerPero Sanchez22SevillaInterpreter, a servantHenrique de Malaca23MalacaLázaro de TorresAracenaSan Antonio(120 tons)CapacityNameNationalityCaptain and supervisor of the fleetJuan de CartagenaAccountantAntonio de CocaNotaryHierónimo GuerraHis Majesty’s pilotAndres de San MartinPilot of his HighnessJuan Rodriguez de MafraMasterJuan de Elorriaga24GuipúzcoaBoatswainDiego HernandezSevillaBarberPedro Olabarrieta25BilbaoStewardJuan Ortiz de Gopegar26BilbaoCalkerPedro de BilbaoBilbaoCarpenterPedro de SabtuaBermeoCalkerMartin de GoytisoloBaquioCooperJoan de OviedoSevillaSailorSebastian de OlarteBilbaoSailorLope de UguarteSailorJoanes de SeguraSegura in GuipúzcoaSailorJoan de FranciaRuan [i.e., Rouen]SailorJácome de MecinaMesinaSailorChristóbal GarcíaFrom PalosSailorPero HernandezRivadesellaSailorAntonio Rodríguez, Calderero [i.e., blacksmith]SevillaSailorHernando de Morales27From MoguerSailorFrancisco, Marinero [i.e., a sailor]Citizen of HuelvaSailorFrancisco Ros, or RodriguezFrom HuelvaSailorPedro de LaredoPortogaleteSailorSimon de AsioAxioGunnerMaster Jacques, chief gunnerFrom Tierra Lorena [i.e., land of Lorraine]GunnerRojer DupictMonaymGunnerJoan JorgeSilvedrinCommon seamanLuis,28Grumete [i.e., a common seaman]GaliciaCommon seamanMartin de AguirreArrigorriagaCommon seamanColumbazoBolonia [i.e., Bologna]Common seamanLucas de MecinaMesinaCommon seamanLorencio RodriguezFrom MoguerCommon seamanMiguelPravia, in AstúriasCommon seamanJoanes de Irun IranzoIrun Iranza in GuipúzcoaCommon seamanJoan GinovesSaonaCommon seamanJoan de OrueMunguiaCommon seamanAlonso del Puerto29Puerto de Santa MaríaBoyDiego, son of Cristóbal GarciaFrom PalosBoyDiego, son of Juan Rodriguez de MafraServants and sobresalientesChaplainBernardo CalmetaLaytora in FranceSobresalienteJoan de ChinchillaMurciaSobresalienteAnton de EscobarTalaveraSobresalienteFrancisco de AnguloMoronServant to the captainFrancisco de MolinoBaezaServant to the captainRoque PeleaSalamancaServant to the captainRodrigo Nieto, a GalicianOrenseServant to the captainAlonso del RioBúrgosServant to the captainPedro de BalpuestaCitizen of BúrgosServant to the captainJoan de LeonLeonServant to the captainGutierre de Tuñon30Tunon in AstúriasServant to the captainJoan de Sagredo,31merinoRevenga, in the land of BúrgosServant to the captainJoan de Minchaca, a crossbowmanBilbaoCaptain’s servantAntonio Hernandez; interpreterAyamonteServant to the accountantJuan Gomez de EspinosaEspinosaServant to the accountantPedro de UrreaBrujasConcepcion(90 tons)CaptainGaspar de QuesadaNotarySancho de HerediaPilot of his HighnessJoan Lopez CaraballoPortugueseMasterJoan Sebastian de Elcano32GuetariaBoatswainJoan de AcurioBermeoBarberHernando de Bustamente33MéridaCalkerAntonio de Basazabal34BermeoCarpenterDomingo de Iraza35DevaStewardJoan de CamposAlcalá de HenaresCooperPero PerezSevillaSailorFrancisco Rodriguez36SevillaSailorFrancisco RuizMoguerSailorMateo de Gorfo37GorfoSailorJoan Rodriguez38HuelvaSailorSebastian Garcia39HuelvaSailorGomez HernandezHuelvaSailorLorenzo de Iruna40Socavila in GuipúzcoaSailorJoan Rodriguez,41el sordo [i.e., the deaf man]SevillaSailorJoan de AguírreBermeoSailorJoan de OrtegaCifuentesGunnerHans Vargue,42chief gunnerGermanGunnerMaster PedroBruselasGunnerRoldan de ArgoteFlandes, in BrujasCommon seamanJoan de Olivar43Common seamanGuillermo de Lole44Common seamanCristóbal de Costa45JerezCommon seamanGuillenGalveyCommon seamanGonzalo de VigoVigoCommon seamanPedro de MuguerteguiMuguerteguiCommon seamanMartin de IsaurragaBermeoCommon seamanRodrigo MaciasSevillaCommon seamanJoan Navarro46PamplonaCommon seamanJoanes de TuyBoyJuanillo47GalbeyBoyPedro de Churdurza48BermeoSobresalientesCaptain’s servantLuis del MolinoBaezaCaptain’s servantAntonio FernandezPortuguese, of SevillaCaptain’s servantAlonso Coto49GenoeseCaptain’s servantFrancisco Diaz de MadridMadridMerinoMartin de JudicibusGenoeseJuan de SilvaIsla Graciosa, in AzoresBlacksmithGonzalo HernandezSanta María del PuertoMartin de MagallaynsPortuguese, of LisboaJoan de la TorreAlmonaster, a boundary of SevillaVictoria(85 tons)Captain and treasurer of fleetLuis de MendozaPilot of his HighnessBasco GallegoPortugueseNotaryMartin MendezCitizen of SevillaMasterAnton SalomonTrápana in SiciliaBoatswainMiguel de RodasRodasAlguacilDiego de PeraltaPeralta in NavarraStewardAlonso GonzalesPortugueseCalkerSimon de la RochelaFrom La RochelaCarpenterMartin de Griate50From DevaSailorMiguel BenescianoBresáSailorDiego GallegoBayona in GaliciaSailorLope NavarroTudelaSailorNicolas GinovesGénovaSailorNicolao de NápolesNápoles de RomaníaSailorMiguel SanchezRodasSailorNicolao de CapuaCapuaSailorBenito GenovésArvengaSailorFelipe de RodasRodasSailorEsteban Villon51TroyaSailorJoan GriegoNápoles de RomaníaGunnerJorge Aleman [i.e., the German], chief gunnerFrom EstricGunnerFiliberto de Torres52TorianaGunnerHans, a German53AganCommon seamanJoanico,54a ViscayanSomorostroCommon seamanJoan de Arratia55BilbaoCommon seamanOchote56BilbaoCommon seamanMartin de AyamonteCommon seamanPedro de TolosaTolosa in GuipúzcoaCommon seamanSebastian OrtizGelverCommon seamanAntonioBaresa in GénovaCommon seamanBernal Mahuri57NarbonaCommon seamanRodrigo Gallego [i.e., a Galician]CoruñaCommon seamanDomingo Portogues [i.e., a Portuguese]CoimbraBoyJuan de Zuvileta, the son of Basco GallegoBaracaldoSobresalientes
[Note: In the following notes, citations from Richard Eden are made from Arber’s reprintThe first three English books on America(Birmingham, 1885), from the third book, entitledThe decades of the newe worlde, first printed in London in 1555; from Mosto, fromIl primo viaggio, intorno al globo di Antonio Pigafetta, by Andrea da Mosto (Roma, 1894), which was published as a portion of part v of volume iii ofRaccolta di documenti e studi pubblicati dalla R. Commissione Colombiana pel quarto centenario dalla scoperta dell’America, appearing under the auspices of the Minister of Public Instruction; and from Stanley, from hisFirst voyage round the world, by Magellan(Hakluyt Society publications, London, 1874), which was translated by Lord Stanley in part from the longer French MS. in theBibliothèque Nationale, Paris, and in part from the Amoretti publication (Milan, 1800) made from the Italian MS. in the Biblioteca Ambrosiana.]
1The greater part of the life of Antonio Pigafetta is shrouded in darkness. The Pigafetta family, who resided at Venice, and was formerly of Tuscan origin, dates back before him for several centuries. The Pigafetta escutcheon was white above and black below with a white transverse bar running from left to right. On the lower part were three red roses, one of them on the bar. The old family house is still standing and shows the mottoIl nest rose sans espine,i.e., “No rose without a thorn,” which was probably carved in 1481, when the house was repaired, and not by Antonio Pigafetta after his return from his voyage as some assert. Antonio Pigafetta was born toward the close of the fifteenth century, but the date cannot be positively fixed, some declaring it to be 1491; but Harrisse who follows Marzari, gives the date as 1480. It is unknown who his parents were and some have asserted that he was a natural child, although this is evidently unfounded, as he was received into the military order of St. John. At an early age he probably became familiar with the sea and developed his taste for traveling. He went to Spain with the Roman ambassador Chieregato, in 1519, but in what capacity is unknown. Hearing details of Magalhães’s intended voyage he contrived to accompany him. Navarrete surmises that he is the Antonio Lombardo mentioned in the list of the captain’s servants and volunteers who sailed on the expedition, so calledas his country was Lombardy. After the return of the “Victoria,” he journeyed in Spain, Portugal, and France, and returned to Italy probably in January, 1523. The relation presented by him to Cárlos I was probably a draft of his notes taken daily throughout the voyage. HisRelationas we know it was undertaken at the request of the marchioness of Mantova, but its composition was arrested by an order from Clement VII to come to Rome, whither he went in December, 1523, or January, 1524, meeting Villiers l’Isle-Adam on his journey thither. He remained in the pope’s service but a short time, for in April, 1524, he was back in Venice. That same year he was granted a copyright on hisRelation, which he intended to print, for twenty years. Pozzo says that he was received into the Order of St. John, October 3, 1524, but it was probably somewhat before that date. Between the dates of August, 1524, and August, 1530, his work was presented to Villiers l’Isle-Adam. Nothing further is known of him, though some say that he fought against the Turks as late as 1536, while others have placed his death in 1534 or 1535 and at Malta. In addition to hisRelationPigafetta wrote aTreatise on the art of navigation, which follows hisRelation. This is not presented in the present publication, notwithstanding its importance, as being outside of the present scope. It is reproduced by Mosto. He has sometimes been confused with Marcantonio Pigafetta (a Venetian gentleman), the author ofItinerario da Vienna a Constantinopoli(London, 1585); and wrongly called Vincenzo Antonio Pigafetta, the “Vincenzo” being an error for “vicentino,”i.e., “Venetian.” See Mosto,Il primo viaggio ... di Antonio Pigafetta(Roma, 1894), pp. 13–30; Larousse’sDictionnaire; andLa grande Encyclopédie(Paris).
2The Order of St. John of Jerusalem. SeeVol. II, p. 26, note 2. Throughout thisRelationPigafetta’s spelling of proper names is retained.
3Philippe de Villiers l’Isle-Adam, the forty-third grand master of the Order of the Knights of St. John (called Knights of Malta after 1530), was born of an old and distinguished family at Beauvais, in 1464, and died at Malta, August 21, 1534, at grief, some say, over the dissensions in his order. He was elected grand master of his order in 1521 and in the following year occurred his heroic defense of Rhodes with but four thousand five hundred soldiers against the huge fleet and army of Soliman. After six months he was compelled to surrender his stronghold in October, and refusing Soliman’s entreaties to remain with him, went to Italy. In 1524 he was given the city of Viterbe by Clement VII, where in June of 1527 he held a general chapter of his order, at which it was decided to accept the island of Malta which had been offered by Charles V. The gift was confirmed by the letters-patent of Charles V in 1530, and Villiers l’Isle-AdamAdam went thither in October of that year. He was always held in high esteem for his bravery, prudence, and piety. See Moreri’sDictionaire, and Larousse’sDictionnaire.
4The four MSS. of Pigafetta’sRelationare those known as the Ambrosian or Italian, so called from its place of deposit, the Biblioteca Ambrosiana in Milan; no. 5,650, conserved in the Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, in French; no. 24,224, in the same library, also in French; and the Nancy MS. (also French) so called because it was conserved in Nancy, France, now owned by the heirs of Sir Thomas Phillips, Cheltenham, England. The MSS. of the Bibliothèque Nationale are both shorter than the Italian MS. The Nancy MS. is said to be the most complete of the French manuscripts. The best bibliographical account of these four MSS. that has yet appeared is by Mostout supra. A full bibliographical account of both the MSS. and printed books will be given in the volume on bibliography in this series.
There are a number of radical differences between the Paris MS. no. 5,650 (which will be hereafter referred to simply as MS. 5,650) and the Italian MS., these differences including paragraph structure and the division of MS. 5,650 into various chapters, although the sequence is on the whole identical. The most radical of the differences will be shown in these notes. MS. 5,650 contains the following title on the page immediately preceding the beginning of the relation proper: “Navigation and discovery of Upper Indie, written by me, Anthoyne Pigaphete, a Venetian, and knight of Rhodes.”
5The emperor Charles V; but he was not elected to that dignity until June, 1519. Pigafetta writing after that date is not explicit.
6Francesco Chiericati was born in Venice, in one of the most ancient and famous families of that city, at the end of the fifteenth century. He attained preëminence at Sienna in both civil and ecclesiastical law. Aided by Cardinal Matteo Lang, bishop of Sion, he was received among the prelates of the apostolic palace. Later he conducted several diplomatic missions with great skill. He left Rome for Spain in December, 1518, on a private mission for the pope, and especially to effect a crusade against the Turks who were then invading Egypt and threatening Christianity. His house at Barcelona became the meeting-place of the savants of that day who discussed literature and science. See Mosto, p. 19, note 3.
7MS. 5,650 adds: “scholars and men of understanding.”
8MS. 5,650 reads: “so that I might satisfy the wish of the said gentlemen and also my own desire, so that it could be said that I had made the said voyage and indeed been an eyewitness of the things hereafter written.”
9SeeVol. I, p. 250, note 192 for sketch of Magalhães. The only adequate life of Magalhães in English is that of Guillemard.
10That is, the Order of Santiago. SeeVol. I, p. 145, note 171. Magalhães and Falero were decorated with the cross of comendador of the order by Cárlos I in the presence of the royal Council in July, 1518. See Guillemard’sFerdinand Magellan, p. 114.
11SeeVol. Ifor various documents during the period of the preparation of the fleet; also Guillemard’sMagellan, pp. 114–116 and 130–134; and Stanley’sFirst Voyage, pp. xxxiv–xlvi.
12Pope Clement VII, who assumed the papacy November 19, 1523. Pigafetta was summoned to Rome very soon after Clement’s election, for he was in Rome either in December, 1523, or January, 1524.
13The Amoretti edition (Milan, 1800; a wofully garbled adaptation of the Italian MS.) wrongly ascribes this desire to Clement VII, instead of Villiers L’Isle-Adam. See Stanley, p. 36, note 3.
14MS. 5,650 reads: “Finally, most illustrious Lordship, after all provisions had been made and the ships were in readiness, the captain-general, a wise and virtuous man, and one mindful of his honor, would not commence his voyage without first making some good and suitable rules, such as it is the approved custom to make for those who go to sea, although he did not entirely declare the voyage that he was about to make lest those men, through astonishment and fear, should refuse to accompany him on the so long voyage that he had determined upon. In consideration of the furious and violent storms that reign on the Ocean Sea where he was about to sail, and in consideration of another reason also, namely, that the masters and captains of the other ships in his fleet had no liking for him (the reason for which I know not, unless because he, the captain-general, was a Portuguese, and they Spaniards or Castilians, who have for a long while been biased and ill-disposed toward one another, but who, in spite of that, rendered him obedience), he made his rules such as follow, so that his ships might not go astray or become separated from one another during storms at sea. He published those rules and gave them in writing to every master in the ships and ordered them to be inviolably observed and kept, unless for urgent and legitimate excuse, and the proof that any other action was impossible.”
15A Spanish word, meaning “lantern.”
16Mosto wrongly derivesstrenguefrom the Spanishtrenza“braid” or “twist.” Instead it is the Spanish wordestrenque,which denotes a large rope made from Spanish grass hemp (stipa)—known to the Spaniards asesparto. MS. 5,650 reads: “Sometimes he set out a lantern; at other times a thick rush cord which was lighted and was called ‘trenche’ [i.e., ‘estrenque,’ ‘rope of Spanish grass hemp’].” Barcio (Diccionario general etimológico) says that the origin ofestrenqueis unknown.
17MS. 5,650 reads: “If he wished the other ships to haul in a bonnet-sail, which was a part of the sail attached to the mainsail, he showed three lights. Also by three lights notwithstanding that the weather might be favorable for making better time, it was understood that the bonnet-sail was to be hauled in, so that the mainsail might be sooner and easier struck and furled when bad weather came suddenly in any squall or otherwise.”
18MS. 5,650 adds: “which he had extinguished immediately after;” and continues: “then showing a single light as a sign that he intended to stop there and wait until the other ships should do as he.”
19MS. 5,650 adds: “that is to say, a rock in the sea.”
20Stanley translates the following passage wrongly. Rightly translated, it is: “Also when he desired the bonnet-sail to be reattached to the sail, he showed three fires.”
21This passage is omitted in MS. 5,650.
22Hora de la modorrais in Spanish that part of the night immediately preceding the dawn. Mosto, p. 52, note 8.
23Contra maestro(boatswain) corresponding to the French contremaître and the Spanishcontramaestre, was formerly the third officer of a ship’s crew. Nochiero (Frenchnocher) was the officer next to contramaestre, although the name, according to Littré was applied to the master or seacaptain of certain small craft. Themaestro(Frenchmaître) was a sub-officer in charge of all the crew. The pilot was next to the captain in importance. The translator or adapter who made MS. 5,650 confuses the above officers (see following note).
24The instructions pertaining to the different watches are as follows in MS. 5,650: “In addition to the said rules for carrying on the art of navigation as is fitting, and in order to avoid the dangers that may come upon those who do not have watches set, the said captain, who was skilled in the things required and in navigation, ordered three watches to be set. The first was at the beginning of the night; the second at midnight; and the third toward daybreak, which is commonly called the ‘diane’ [i.e., ‘morn’] or otherwise ‘the star of dawn.’ The abovenamed watches were changed nightly: that is to say, that he who had stood first watch stood second the day following, while hewho had stood second, stood third; and thus did they continue to change nightly. The said captain ordered that his rules, both those of signals and of watches, be thoroughly observed, so that their voyage might be made with the greatest of safety. The men of the said fleet were divided into three divisions: the first was that of the captain; the second that of the pilot or boatswain’s mate; and the third that of the master. The above rules having been instituted, the captain-general determined to depart, as follows.”
25See Guillemard’sMagellan, pp. 329–336, and Navarrete,Col. de viages, iv, pp. 3–11, 162–188, for the stores and equipments of the fleet and their cost. The stores carried consisted of wine, olive oil, vinegar, fish, pork, peas and beans, flour, garlic, cheese, honey, almonds, anchovies, raisins, prunes, figs, sugar, quince preserves, capers, mustard, beef, and rice. The apothecary supplies were carried in the “Trinidad,” and the ecclesiastical ornaments in that ship and the “San Antonio.”
26The exact number of men who accompanied Magalhães is a matter of doubt. A royal decree, dated Barcelona, May 5, 1519, conserved in the papers of the India House of Trade in Archivo general de Indias at Sevilla, with pressmark est. 41, caj. 6, leg. 2–25, orders that only two hundred and thirty-five persons sail in the fleet. The same archives contain various registers of the fleet (sec Llorens Ascensio’sPrimera vuelta al mundo, Madrid, 1903), one of which is published by Medina in hisColección(i, p. 113). Guillemard (Magellan, p. 326) says that at least two hundred and sixty-eight men went as is shown by the official lists and “the casual occurrence of names in the numerous and lengthyautos fiscalesconnected with the expedition.” Guillemard conjectures that the total number must have been between two hundred and seventy and two hundred and eighty. Mosto (p. 53, note 2) says: “Castanheda and Barros say that the crews amounted to 250 men, while Herrera says 234. Navarrete’s lists show a total of 265 men. At least 37 were Portuguese, and in addition to them and the Spaniards, the crews contained Genoese and Italians (thirty or more), French (nineteen), Flemings, Germans, Sicilians, English, Corfiotes, Malays, Negroes, Moors, Madeirans, and natives of the Azores and Canary Islands. But seventeen are recorded from Seville, while there are many Biscayans. (See Guillemard,ut supra, pp. 326–329.) The registers of men as given by Navarrete (Col. de viages, iv, pp. 12–26) are as follows.
Trinidad
(Flagship of 110 tons)
CapacityNameNationalityChief captain of the fleetHernando de MagallanesPortuguese, citizen of OportoPilot of his HighnessEsteban GomezPortugueseNotaryLeon de EspeletaMasterJuan Bautista de Punzorol1Cestre, on the Genoese shoreAlguacil2Gonzalo Gomez de EspinosaEspinosaContramaestreFrancisco Albo3Axio, citizen of RodasSurgeonJuan de Morales4SevillaBarberMarcos de BayasSan Lucar de AlpechinCarpenterMaster AntonioGenoeseStewardCristóbal RosorRodriguezLepeCalkerFelipe5Genoese, native of RecoCooperFrancisco MartinSevillaSailorFrancisco de EspinosaDe le BrizuelaSailorGinés de MafraJerezSailorLeon Pancaldo6Saona, in GénovaSailorJuan Ginovés7San RemóSailorFrancisco PioraSaonaSailorMartin GinovésCestreSailorAnton Hernandez ColmeneroHuelvaSailorAnton Ros,orRodriguezHuelvaSailorBartolomé SanchezHuelvaSailorTomas de NatiaCestreSailorDiego MartinHuelvaSailorDomingo de Urrutia8LequeitioSailorFrancisco MartinHuelvaSailorJuan RodriguezSevillaGunnerMaster Andres, chief gunnerBristol, in EnglandGunnerJuan BautistaMompellerGunnerGuillermo TañeguiLila de GroyaCommon seamanAntonio de GoaLoróCommon seamanAnton de Noya9Noya in GaliciaCommon seamanFrancisco de AyamonteAyamonteCommon seamanJuan de Santandres10CuetoCommon seamanBlas de Toledo11Almunia in AragonCommon seamanAnton12BlackCommon seamanBasco Gomez GallegoPortugueseCommon seamanJuan GallegoPontevedraCommon seamanLuis de Beas13Beas in GaliciaCommon seamanJuan de GrijolGrijol in PortugalBoyGutierrezAsturian from VillasevilBoyJuan Genovés14A port on the Genoese shoreBoyAndres de la Cruz15Sevilla
Servants of the captain and sobresalientes16
ServantCristóbal RabeloPortuguese, native of OportoSobresalienteJoan MiñezorMartinezSevillaServantFernando Portogues17Portuguese, native ofOportoSobresalienteAntonio Lombardo18LombardíaPeti-JoanFrench, native of Angeo [i.e., Anjou]Gonzalo RodriguezPortugueseDiego Sanchez BarrasaSevillaLuis Alonso,de Gois19Portuguese, citizen of AyamonteDuarte BarbosaPortugueseAlbaro de la MezquitaPortugueseServantNuñoPortuguese, native of Montemayor NuevoServantDiegoSan LucarCaptain’s boyFrancisco20Portuguese, native of EstremizIdemJorge MoriscoLombardíaChaplainPedro de BalderramaEcijaMerinoAlberto21MerinoCordovaServant of the alguacilPero GomezHornilla la PrietaArmorerPero Sanchez22SevillaInterpreter, a servantHenrique de Malaca23MalacaLázaro de TorresAracena
San Antonio
(120 tons)
CapacityNameNationalityCaptain and supervisor of the fleetJuan de CartagenaAccountantAntonio de CocaNotaryHierónimo GuerraHis Majesty’s pilotAndres de San MartinPilot of his HighnessJuan Rodriguez de MafraMasterJuan de Elorriaga24GuipúzcoaBoatswainDiego HernandezSevillaBarberPedro Olabarrieta25BilbaoStewardJuan Ortiz de Gopegar26BilbaoCalkerPedro de BilbaoBilbaoCarpenterPedro de SabtuaBermeoCalkerMartin de GoytisoloBaquioCooperJoan de OviedoSevillaSailorSebastian de OlarteBilbaoSailorLope de UguarteSailorJoanes de SeguraSegura in GuipúzcoaSailorJoan de FranciaRuan [i.e., Rouen]SailorJácome de MecinaMesinaSailorChristóbal GarcíaFrom PalosSailorPero HernandezRivadesellaSailorAntonio Rodríguez, Calderero [i.e., blacksmith]SevillaSailorHernando de Morales27From MoguerSailorFrancisco, Marinero [i.e., a sailor]Citizen of HuelvaSailorFrancisco Ros, or RodriguezFrom HuelvaSailorPedro de LaredoPortogaleteSailorSimon de AsioAxioGunnerMaster Jacques, chief gunnerFrom Tierra Lorena [i.e., land of Lorraine]GunnerRojer DupictMonaymGunnerJoan JorgeSilvedrinCommon seamanLuis,28Grumete [i.e., a common seaman]GaliciaCommon seamanMartin de AguirreArrigorriagaCommon seamanColumbazoBolonia [i.e., Bologna]Common seamanLucas de MecinaMesinaCommon seamanLorencio RodriguezFrom MoguerCommon seamanMiguelPravia, in AstúriasCommon seamanJoanes de Irun IranzoIrun Iranza in GuipúzcoaCommon seamanJoan GinovesSaonaCommon seamanJoan de OrueMunguiaCommon seamanAlonso del Puerto29Puerto de Santa MaríaBoyDiego, son of Cristóbal GarciaFrom PalosBoyDiego, son of Juan Rodriguez de Mafra
Servants and sobresalientes
ChaplainBernardo CalmetaLaytora in FranceSobresalienteJoan de ChinchillaMurciaSobresalienteAnton de EscobarTalaveraSobresalienteFrancisco de AnguloMoronServant to the captainFrancisco de MolinoBaezaServant to the captainRoque PeleaSalamancaServant to the captainRodrigo Nieto, a GalicianOrenseServant to the captainAlonso del RioBúrgosServant to the captainPedro de BalpuestaCitizen of BúrgosServant to the captainJoan de LeonLeonServant to the captainGutierre de Tuñon30Tunon in AstúriasServant to the captainJoan de Sagredo,31merinoRevenga, in the land of BúrgosServant to the captainJoan de Minchaca, a crossbowmanBilbaoCaptain’s servantAntonio Hernandez; interpreterAyamonteServant to the accountantJuan Gomez de EspinosaEspinosaServant to the accountantPedro de UrreaBrujas
Concepcion
(90 tons)
CaptainGaspar de QuesadaNotarySancho de HerediaPilot of his HighnessJoan Lopez CaraballoPortugueseMasterJoan Sebastian de Elcano32GuetariaBoatswainJoan de AcurioBermeoBarberHernando de Bustamente33MéridaCalkerAntonio de Basazabal34BermeoCarpenterDomingo de Iraza35DevaStewardJoan de CamposAlcalá de HenaresCooperPero PerezSevillaSailorFrancisco Rodriguez36SevillaSailorFrancisco RuizMoguerSailorMateo de Gorfo37GorfoSailorJoan Rodriguez38HuelvaSailorSebastian Garcia39HuelvaSailorGomez HernandezHuelvaSailorLorenzo de Iruna40Socavila in GuipúzcoaSailorJoan Rodriguez,41el sordo [i.e., the deaf man]SevillaSailorJoan de AguírreBermeoSailorJoan de OrtegaCifuentesGunnerHans Vargue,42chief gunnerGermanGunnerMaster PedroBruselasGunnerRoldan de ArgoteFlandes, in BrujasCommon seamanJoan de Olivar43Common seamanGuillermo de Lole44Common seamanCristóbal de Costa45JerezCommon seamanGuillenGalveyCommon seamanGonzalo de VigoVigoCommon seamanPedro de MuguerteguiMuguerteguiCommon seamanMartin de IsaurragaBermeoCommon seamanRodrigo MaciasSevillaCommon seamanJoan Navarro46PamplonaCommon seamanJoanes de TuyBoyJuanillo47GalbeyBoyPedro de Churdurza48Bermeo
Sobresalientes
Captain’s servantLuis del MolinoBaezaCaptain’s servantAntonio FernandezPortuguese, of SevillaCaptain’s servantAlonso Coto49GenoeseCaptain’s servantFrancisco Diaz de MadridMadridMerinoMartin de JudicibusGenoeseJuan de SilvaIsla Graciosa, in AzoresBlacksmithGonzalo HernandezSanta María del PuertoMartin de MagallaynsPortuguese, of LisboaJoan de la TorreAlmonaster, a boundary of Sevilla
Victoria
(85 tons)
Captain and treasurer of fleetLuis de MendozaPilot of his HighnessBasco GallegoPortugueseNotaryMartin MendezCitizen of SevillaMasterAnton SalomonTrápana in SiciliaBoatswainMiguel de RodasRodasAlguacilDiego de PeraltaPeralta in NavarraStewardAlonso GonzalesPortugueseCalkerSimon de la RochelaFrom La RochelaCarpenterMartin de Griate50From DevaSailorMiguel BenescianoBresáSailorDiego GallegoBayona in GaliciaSailorLope NavarroTudelaSailorNicolas GinovesGénovaSailorNicolao de NápolesNápoles de RomaníaSailorMiguel SanchezRodasSailorNicolao de CapuaCapuaSailorBenito GenovésArvengaSailorFelipe de RodasRodasSailorEsteban Villon51TroyaSailorJoan GriegoNápoles de RomaníaGunnerJorge Aleman [i.e., the German], chief gunnerFrom EstricGunnerFiliberto de Torres52TorianaGunnerHans, a German53AganCommon seamanJoanico,54a ViscayanSomorostroCommon seamanJoan de Arratia55BilbaoCommon seamanOchote56BilbaoCommon seamanMartin de AyamonteCommon seamanPedro de TolosaTolosa in GuipúzcoaCommon seamanSebastian OrtizGelverCommon seamanAntonioBaresa in GénovaCommon seamanBernal Mahuri57NarbonaCommon seamanRodrigo Gallego [i.e., a Galician]CoruñaCommon seamanDomingo Portogues [i.e., a Portuguese]CoimbraBoyJuan de Zuvileta, the son of Basco GallegoBaracaldo
Sobresalientes