1Diaz’s accountante, gives this name as Juan de Velas. The Franciscan was Antonio de San Gregorio.↑2In no. 11 of his firsttratado, p. 39, Navarrete says of this fruit: “Thelechia, calledli chiby the Chinese, is considered in that region as the queen of fruits. One is not deceived in this, for I am sure that if theate[i.e.,Anona] did not exceed it, I could not find any fruit that would be better. Although it is a fact that good things are few and scarce,lechiasare so plentiful, that the yield in the maritime provinces alone is immense; but they do not lose any of the esteem in which they are held for that reason. They are small, being slightly larger than a large nut, and the shell is green and thin. The inside is as white as snow, and it has a kernel in the middle as black as jet. Its savor, taste, refreshing powers, and odor make one praise the Creator. When they eat them, they generally put them in fresh water, for they say that they are somewhat hot. They eat as many as they can, drink a little water, and then the appetite is keen to go at it again. The tree is very tall and beautiful. I discovered them for Governor Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in the mountains of Bantan, the year when I arrived at those islands. But, as they were wild, they were not so large as those in China. Mendoça calls themciruelas[i.e., plums], but they deserve a better name.” This tree is also known as the alipai (Euphoria litchi), which is the name given it by the natives. The name “lechia” may be a corruption of the Chinese; on the other hand the Chinese name as given by Navarrete may be the corruption of “lechia.” Blanco (p. 199), describes the tree and fruit. See alsoOfficial Handbook of Philippines, p. 297.↑3Apparently referring to the direction of the wind, as determined on the circumference of the compass or other instrument.↑4Thecalantas, or Philippine cedar (Cedrela, of the orderMeliaceæ); it is a valuable lumber tree.↑5See list of Philippine fiber plants inOfficial Handbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), part i, pp. 328–339; also list of fruits and vegetables, pp. 296–328. Both the scientific and the native vernacular names are given, with valuable notes on many plants and trees.↑6Literally, “woman fish”—the dugong (VOL. XXIX, p. 302). See Delgado’s detailed description of this creature, made from personal examination of it, inHist. de Filipinas, pp. 910–912; he also mentions the virtue in its bones.↑7The maguey or American agave (Agave vivipara) was introduced into the Philippines from America, and is cultivated there to a slight extent. It yields a fiber from which a cloth callednipisis woven. The fiber itself has been exported in bulk to Europe, China, and Japan for many years. SeeCensus of Philippine Islands, iv, p. 120.↑8A reference toMatthew xxiv, 40: “Then two shall be in the field: one shall be taken, and one shall be left.”↑9The ecclesiastical ceremony of washing the feet of twelve persons on Maundy Thursday.↑10i.e., “the things that are their own, and not the things that are Jesus Christ’s.”↑11The garfish or sea-needle (Belone vulgaris).↑12The village and lake of Nauján. The former is located on the Nauján River, about two miles from its mouth in northeastern Mindoro. The lake of Nauján, which is drained by the Adlobang and Nauján rivers, is about 2½ miles inland from the coast, and is about 6×10 miles in size. The water is almost stagnant, and the lake contains many sharks which enter at high tide, while crocodiles are frequent; numerous kaseles, or snake-birds, and other water birds are also to be found there. SeeU. S. Philippine Gazetteer.↑13Misprint for the lake of Bombon.↑14Oton and Iloilo are here confused with the island of Panay, and Caraga with that of Mindanao.↑15Navarrete says (Tratados, p. 2): “The Chinese traders who crossed over to Manila, when asked who they were and what they desired, answered,Xang Lai; that is, ‘We come to trade and barter.’ The Spaniards, who did not understand the Chinese language, imagined that that was the name of a nation; and united those two words into one, by which until this day they designate the Chinese, calling them Sangleys. In this way we Europeans have corrupted many other words for that part of the world. The Philipinas Islands are called Liù Sung; the Spaniard corrupted the words, and calls them Luzon. The city of Manila is called Mainila, which means ‘marsh’ or ‘mire;’ our people cut out an ‘i,’ and the name became Manila. The island which the natives call Minolo is named Mindoro by the Spaniards, and that of Malindic we call Marinduque.”↑16The guayaba or guava (Psidium guayava), well-known and valued in America for its acid fruit, and early introduced thence into the Philippines, where it is known asbayabas.↑17The macupa (Eugenio malaccensis—Linn.) is about the size of a sweet pepper and of somewhat the same shape, rather larger and quite red in color, but more lustrous; bitter-sweet in taste, somewhat agreeable, but has no solid flesh which can be eaten. The proper season for the fruit is April, May, and June. The leaves of the tree have medicinal properties. The balimbing (Averrhora carambola—Linn.) has the odor of a quince, and is used by the natives as food with dry fish or meat. There are several varieties, and the flesh is watery. It makes an excellent preserve, and is a good sea food. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 505, 506, 512; andCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; also, for the paho, santol, and papaw (papaya), ourVOL. XIII, p. 141, note 20,VOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72, andVOL. XXI, p. 144, note 36.↑18SeeVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72. See alsoCensus of Philippines, p. 125.↑19Athanasius Kircher was born near Fulda, Germany, in 1602, and became a Jesuit novice at the age of sixteen. He was for several years a teacher in the Jesuit college at Wurtzburg, but was driven to France (1632) by the war then waging in Germany. Having spent some time at Avignon, he was sent to Rome, where he died on November 27, 1680. He was one of the most illustrious writers in the Jesuit order; see list of his works in Sommervogel’sBibliothèque, iv, cols. 1046–1077. They embrace a wide range of subjects—science, mathematics, Egyptian hieroglyphics, archæology, etc. The allusion in the text is probably to Kircher’sChina monumentis(Rome, 1667).↑20The small sapota orchico zapote(Achras sapota—Linn.) was, according to Delgado, peculiar to Nueva España. The tree is tall, wide-spreading, and tufted. Delgado also describes another variety calledzapote prieto(Diospyros ebenaster—Retz), of which there are two varieties, one white and one black, which he declares to be natives of Nueva España. TheCensus of Philippinessays, however, that they are natives of China. The fruit resembles a medium-sized apple, and has a green exterior. A pleasant preserve is made of it. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 517, 518, andCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 126.↑21Ates (Anona squamosa—Linn.) is a fruit somewhat resembling in appearance a small pineapple. Its exterior is green and the interior white, and it contains many beautiful bright seeds. It is aromatic and delicate in flavor, and mild and pleasant to the taste. It is heating in its effects. Oranges of various indigenous species are found, among them being several wild species—one of the latter, theamumuntay(citrus histrix), being twelve or thirteen inches in circumference and very juicy and bitter. There are seven varieties of lemons, some of superior quality. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 519, 520, 548–560;Census of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; ourVOL. V, p. 169, andVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72.↑22The iguana is very abundant in some localities, and sometimes attains a size of five feet, and can swallow fair-sized fowls whole. They are often found on trees or in bushes along the river banks. When disturbed they drop into the water and thus escape. The eggs are considered a great delicacy by the natives, and the flesh of one species, the ibid, ibit, or pelubid, is highly esteemed. SeeHandbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), p. 150.↑23Tunasan is in the province of Laguna, which is thus mentioned in theU. S. Philippine Gazetteer(p. 574): “This province is considered the garden of the Philippines. Its soil and climate are adapted to the successful growth of every variety of tropical plant and tree known to the archipelago.” Both mechanical and agricultural industries are considerably developed in Laguna.↑24In the irrigated lands of Pangasinán the rice yield is eighty-fold; in dry lands fifty-fold; in highlands of the third class, at least forty- to sixty-fold. The most fertile farm of the Philippines (Imus) has 13,442 hectares devoted to rice cultivation. Its lands of the first class yield one hundred-fold; of the second, seventy-five-fold; and of the third fifty-fold. Other lands in the islands yield from fifteen-fold up. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 93.↑25In the Dominican mission of 1632 came a lay-brother named Fray Diego de Santa María, a son of the convent at Sevilla. Through charity, he sheltered and educated orphan boys, as Fray Geronimo Guerrero (VOL. XXII, p. 109) had done earlier. In 1640 these two enterprises were consolidated, under the auspices of the Dominican order in Manila, and organized into the college of San Juan Letran. Fray Diego remained in charge of it for many years; but finally, having obtained permission to return to Spain, he died on the way, at Acapulco, in 1657. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 418, 419.)↑26“The boys themselves received ten pesos each for assisting at burials, which were very frequent” (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 420).↑27Used here because the secular clergy wear a bonnet, in contradistinction to a friar, who wears a hood or cowl. See Appleton’sNew Velázquez Dictionary.↑28Theses controverted and defended in the schools. Seeut supra.↑29Spanish,andauan a la rebatiña—a locution which can hardly find an exact equivalent in English.↑30On the northern coast of the island Celebes were two villages named Bool and Tontoli, about twenty (Dutch) miles apart; see Valentyn’sOud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, st. ii, p. 134, and map in deel i, facing p. 1.↑31The most important starch-producing palm of the Philippines is the buri (Corypha umbraculifera) which gave name to the island of Burias and from which sago is obtained. “It blooms but once, and then perishes” (Blanco). The sago is procured by felling the tree near the root, and taking out the soft interior portion of the trunk, which is placed in casks or troughs and the bitter sap drained off. It is then pounded with paddles or mallets, which separate the starch into fine grains. The starch is then gathered and dried, and converted into flour. A wine is also obtained from the tree. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 123; also Blanco’sFlora, p. 160; Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 660–662; andVOL. XXXIV, p. 154, note 499.↑32A reference toPsalm cxlvii, v. 16: “[Praise the Lord,] Who giveth snow like wool.”↑33Valentyn mentions the village of Cajeli (Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, p. 134 of section on Macasar). Crawfurd describes Kaili as a country on the western side of Celebes.↑34Probably the paper mulberry (Brousson etia papyrifera), from which the South Sea islanders make their clothing, using the inner bark. See Crawfurd’sDict. Ind. Islands, pp. 327, 328.↑35On the map in Valentyn’s work, referred to in note 30,ante, appears the village of Mamoia, north of Macasar.↑36Mandhar is a district of Celebes, lying between Kaili and Macasar; its people have a language peculiar to themselves, and are among the more civilized peoples of that island. (Crawfurd’sDictionary, pp. 88, 264.)↑
1Diaz’s accountante, gives this name as Juan de Velas. The Franciscan was Antonio de San Gregorio.↑2In no. 11 of his firsttratado, p. 39, Navarrete says of this fruit: “Thelechia, calledli chiby the Chinese, is considered in that region as the queen of fruits. One is not deceived in this, for I am sure that if theate[i.e.,Anona] did not exceed it, I could not find any fruit that would be better. Although it is a fact that good things are few and scarce,lechiasare so plentiful, that the yield in the maritime provinces alone is immense; but they do not lose any of the esteem in which they are held for that reason. They are small, being slightly larger than a large nut, and the shell is green and thin. The inside is as white as snow, and it has a kernel in the middle as black as jet. Its savor, taste, refreshing powers, and odor make one praise the Creator. When they eat them, they generally put them in fresh water, for they say that they are somewhat hot. They eat as many as they can, drink a little water, and then the appetite is keen to go at it again. The tree is very tall and beautiful. I discovered them for Governor Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in the mountains of Bantan, the year when I arrived at those islands. But, as they were wild, they were not so large as those in China. Mendoça calls themciruelas[i.e., plums], but they deserve a better name.” This tree is also known as the alipai (Euphoria litchi), which is the name given it by the natives. The name “lechia” may be a corruption of the Chinese; on the other hand the Chinese name as given by Navarrete may be the corruption of “lechia.” Blanco (p. 199), describes the tree and fruit. See alsoOfficial Handbook of Philippines, p. 297.↑3Apparently referring to the direction of the wind, as determined on the circumference of the compass or other instrument.↑4Thecalantas, or Philippine cedar (Cedrela, of the orderMeliaceæ); it is a valuable lumber tree.↑5See list of Philippine fiber plants inOfficial Handbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), part i, pp. 328–339; also list of fruits and vegetables, pp. 296–328. Both the scientific and the native vernacular names are given, with valuable notes on many plants and trees.↑6Literally, “woman fish”—the dugong (VOL. XXIX, p. 302). See Delgado’s detailed description of this creature, made from personal examination of it, inHist. de Filipinas, pp. 910–912; he also mentions the virtue in its bones.↑7The maguey or American agave (Agave vivipara) was introduced into the Philippines from America, and is cultivated there to a slight extent. It yields a fiber from which a cloth callednipisis woven. The fiber itself has been exported in bulk to Europe, China, and Japan for many years. SeeCensus of Philippine Islands, iv, p. 120.↑8A reference toMatthew xxiv, 40: “Then two shall be in the field: one shall be taken, and one shall be left.”↑9The ecclesiastical ceremony of washing the feet of twelve persons on Maundy Thursday.↑10i.e., “the things that are their own, and not the things that are Jesus Christ’s.”↑11The garfish or sea-needle (Belone vulgaris).↑12The village and lake of Nauján. The former is located on the Nauján River, about two miles from its mouth in northeastern Mindoro. The lake of Nauján, which is drained by the Adlobang and Nauján rivers, is about 2½ miles inland from the coast, and is about 6×10 miles in size. The water is almost stagnant, and the lake contains many sharks which enter at high tide, while crocodiles are frequent; numerous kaseles, or snake-birds, and other water birds are also to be found there. SeeU. S. Philippine Gazetteer.↑13Misprint for the lake of Bombon.↑14Oton and Iloilo are here confused with the island of Panay, and Caraga with that of Mindanao.↑15Navarrete says (Tratados, p. 2): “The Chinese traders who crossed over to Manila, when asked who they were and what they desired, answered,Xang Lai; that is, ‘We come to trade and barter.’ The Spaniards, who did not understand the Chinese language, imagined that that was the name of a nation; and united those two words into one, by which until this day they designate the Chinese, calling them Sangleys. In this way we Europeans have corrupted many other words for that part of the world. The Philipinas Islands are called Liù Sung; the Spaniard corrupted the words, and calls them Luzon. The city of Manila is called Mainila, which means ‘marsh’ or ‘mire;’ our people cut out an ‘i,’ and the name became Manila. The island which the natives call Minolo is named Mindoro by the Spaniards, and that of Malindic we call Marinduque.”↑16The guayaba or guava (Psidium guayava), well-known and valued in America for its acid fruit, and early introduced thence into the Philippines, where it is known asbayabas.↑17The macupa (Eugenio malaccensis—Linn.) is about the size of a sweet pepper and of somewhat the same shape, rather larger and quite red in color, but more lustrous; bitter-sweet in taste, somewhat agreeable, but has no solid flesh which can be eaten. The proper season for the fruit is April, May, and June. The leaves of the tree have medicinal properties. The balimbing (Averrhora carambola—Linn.) has the odor of a quince, and is used by the natives as food with dry fish or meat. There are several varieties, and the flesh is watery. It makes an excellent preserve, and is a good sea food. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 505, 506, 512; andCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; also, for the paho, santol, and papaw (papaya), ourVOL. XIII, p. 141, note 20,VOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72, andVOL. XXI, p. 144, note 36.↑18SeeVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72. See alsoCensus of Philippines, p. 125.↑19Athanasius Kircher was born near Fulda, Germany, in 1602, and became a Jesuit novice at the age of sixteen. He was for several years a teacher in the Jesuit college at Wurtzburg, but was driven to France (1632) by the war then waging in Germany. Having spent some time at Avignon, he was sent to Rome, where he died on November 27, 1680. He was one of the most illustrious writers in the Jesuit order; see list of his works in Sommervogel’sBibliothèque, iv, cols. 1046–1077. They embrace a wide range of subjects—science, mathematics, Egyptian hieroglyphics, archæology, etc. The allusion in the text is probably to Kircher’sChina monumentis(Rome, 1667).↑20The small sapota orchico zapote(Achras sapota—Linn.) was, according to Delgado, peculiar to Nueva España. The tree is tall, wide-spreading, and tufted. Delgado also describes another variety calledzapote prieto(Diospyros ebenaster—Retz), of which there are two varieties, one white and one black, which he declares to be natives of Nueva España. TheCensus of Philippinessays, however, that they are natives of China. The fruit resembles a medium-sized apple, and has a green exterior. A pleasant preserve is made of it. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 517, 518, andCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 126.↑21Ates (Anona squamosa—Linn.) is a fruit somewhat resembling in appearance a small pineapple. Its exterior is green and the interior white, and it contains many beautiful bright seeds. It is aromatic and delicate in flavor, and mild and pleasant to the taste. It is heating in its effects. Oranges of various indigenous species are found, among them being several wild species—one of the latter, theamumuntay(citrus histrix), being twelve or thirteen inches in circumference and very juicy and bitter. There are seven varieties of lemons, some of superior quality. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 519, 520, 548–560;Census of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; ourVOL. V, p. 169, andVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72.↑22The iguana is very abundant in some localities, and sometimes attains a size of five feet, and can swallow fair-sized fowls whole. They are often found on trees or in bushes along the river banks. When disturbed they drop into the water and thus escape. The eggs are considered a great delicacy by the natives, and the flesh of one species, the ibid, ibit, or pelubid, is highly esteemed. SeeHandbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), p. 150.↑23Tunasan is in the province of Laguna, which is thus mentioned in theU. S. Philippine Gazetteer(p. 574): “This province is considered the garden of the Philippines. Its soil and climate are adapted to the successful growth of every variety of tropical plant and tree known to the archipelago.” Both mechanical and agricultural industries are considerably developed in Laguna.↑24In the irrigated lands of Pangasinán the rice yield is eighty-fold; in dry lands fifty-fold; in highlands of the third class, at least forty- to sixty-fold. The most fertile farm of the Philippines (Imus) has 13,442 hectares devoted to rice cultivation. Its lands of the first class yield one hundred-fold; of the second, seventy-five-fold; and of the third fifty-fold. Other lands in the islands yield from fifteen-fold up. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 93.↑25In the Dominican mission of 1632 came a lay-brother named Fray Diego de Santa María, a son of the convent at Sevilla. Through charity, he sheltered and educated orphan boys, as Fray Geronimo Guerrero (VOL. XXII, p. 109) had done earlier. In 1640 these two enterprises were consolidated, under the auspices of the Dominican order in Manila, and organized into the college of San Juan Letran. Fray Diego remained in charge of it for many years; but finally, having obtained permission to return to Spain, he died on the way, at Acapulco, in 1657. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 418, 419.)↑26“The boys themselves received ten pesos each for assisting at burials, which were very frequent” (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 420).↑27Used here because the secular clergy wear a bonnet, in contradistinction to a friar, who wears a hood or cowl. See Appleton’sNew Velázquez Dictionary.↑28Theses controverted and defended in the schools. Seeut supra.↑29Spanish,andauan a la rebatiña—a locution which can hardly find an exact equivalent in English.↑30On the northern coast of the island Celebes were two villages named Bool and Tontoli, about twenty (Dutch) miles apart; see Valentyn’sOud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, st. ii, p. 134, and map in deel i, facing p. 1.↑31The most important starch-producing palm of the Philippines is the buri (Corypha umbraculifera) which gave name to the island of Burias and from which sago is obtained. “It blooms but once, and then perishes” (Blanco). The sago is procured by felling the tree near the root, and taking out the soft interior portion of the trunk, which is placed in casks or troughs and the bitter sap drained off. It is then pounded with paddles or mallets, which separate the starch into fine grains. The starch is then gathered and dried, and converted into flour. A wine is also obtained from the tree. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 123; also Blanco’sFlora, p. 160; Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 660–662; andVOL. XXXIV, p. 154, note 499.↑32A reference toPsalm cxlvii, v. 16: “[Praise the Lord,] Who giveth snow like wool.”↑33Valentyn mentions the village of Cajeli (Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, p. 134 of section on Macasar). Crawfurd describes Kaili as a country on the western side of Celebes.↑34Probably the paper mulberry (Brousson etia papyrifera), from which the South Sea islanders make their clothing, using the inner bark. See Crawfurd’sDict. Ind. Islands, pp. 327, 328.↑35On the map in Valentyn’s work, referred to in note 30,ante, appears the village of Mamoia, north of Macasar.↑36Mandhar is a district of Celebes, lying between Kaili and Macasar; its people have a language peculiar to themselves, and are among the more civilized peoples of that island. (Crawfurd’sDictionary, pp. 88, 264.)↑
1Diaz’s accountante, gives this name as Juan de Velas. The Franciscan was Antonio de San Gregorio.↑2In no. 11 of his firsttratado, p. 39, Navarrete says of this fruit: “Thelechia, calledli chiby the Chinese, is considered in that region as the queen of fruits. One is not deceived in this, for I am sure that if theate[i.e.,Anona] did not exceed it, I could not find any fruit that would be better. Although it is a fact that good things are few and scarce,lechiasare so plentiful, that the yield in the maritime provinces alone is immense; but they do not lose any of the esteem in which they are held for that reason. They are small, being slightly larger than a large nut, and the shell is green and thin. The inside is as white as snow, and it has a kernel in the middle as black as jet. Its savor, taste, refreshing powers, and odor make one praise the Creator. When they eat them, they generally put them in fresh water, for they say that they are somewhat hot. They eat as many as they can, drink a little water, and then the appetite is keen to go at it again. The tree is very tall and beautiful. I discovered them for Governor Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in the mountains of Bantan, the year when I arrived at those islands. But, as they were wild, they were not so large as those in China. Mendoça calls themciruelas[i.e., plums], but they deserve a better name.” This tree is also known as the alipai (Euphoria litchi), which is the name given it by the natives. The name “lechia” may be a corruption of the Chinese; on the other hand the Chinese name as given by Navarrete may be the corruption of “lechia.” Blanco (p. 199), describes the tree and fruit. See alsoOfficial Handbook of Philippines, p. 297.↑3Apparently referring to the direction of the wind, as determined on the circumference of the compass or other instrument.↑4Thecalantas, or Philippine cedar (Cedrela, of the orderMeliaceæ); it is a valuable lumber tree.↑5See list of Philippine fiber plants inOfficial Handbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), part i, pp. 328–339; also list of fruits and vegetables, pp. 296–328. Both the scientific and the native vernacular names are given, with valuable notes on many plants and trees.↑6Literally, “woman fish”—the dugong (VOL. XXIX, p. 302). See Delgado’s detailed description of this creature, made from personal examination of it, inHist. de Filipinas, pp. 910–912; he also mentions the virtue in its bones.↑7The maguey or American agave (Agave vivipara) was introduced into the Philippines from America, and is cultivated there to a slight extent. It yields a fiber from which a cloth callednipisis woven. The fiber itself has been exported in bulk to Europe, China, and Japan for many years. SeeCensus of Philippine Islands, iv, p. 120.↑8A reference toMatthew xxiv, 40: “Then two shall be in the field: one shall be taken, and one shall be left.”↑9The ecclesiastical ceremony of washing the feet of twelve persons on Maundy Thursday.↑10i.e., “the things that are their own, and not the things that are Jesus Christ’s.”↑11The garfish or sea-needle (Belone vulgaris).↑12The village and lake of Nauján. The former is located on the Nauján River, about two miles from its mouth in northeastern Mindoro. The lake of Nauján, which is drained by the Adlobang and Nauján rivers, is about 2½ miles inland from the coast, and is about 6×10 miles in size. The water is almost stagnant, and the lake contains many sharks which enter at high tide, while crocodiles are frequent; numerous kaseles, or snake-birds, and other water birds are also to be found there. SeeU. S. Philippine Gazetteer.↑13Misprint for the lake of Bombon.↑14Oton and Iloilo are here confused with the island of Panay, and Caraga with that of Mindanao.↑15Navarrete says (Tratados, p. 2): “The Chinese traders who crossed over to Manila, when asked who they were and what they desired, answered,Xang Lai; that is, ‘We come to trade and barter.’ The Spaniards, who did not understand the Chinese language, imagined that that was the name of a nation; and united those two words into one, by which until this day they designate the Chinese, calling them Sangleys. In this way we Europeans have corrupted many other words for that part of the world. The Philipinas Islands are called Liù Sung; the Spaniard corrupted the words, and calls them Luzon. The city of Manila is called Mainila, which means ‘marsh’ or ‘mire;’ our people cut out an ‘i,’ and the name became Manila. The island which the natives call Minolo is named Mindoro by the Spaniards, and that of Malindic we call Marinduque.”↑16The guayaba or guava (Psidium guayava), well-known and valued in America for its acid fruit, and early introduced thence into the Philippines, where it is known asbayabas.↑17The macupa (Eugenio malaccensis—Linn.) is about the size of a sweet pepper and of somewhat the same shape, rather larger and quite red in color, but more lustrous; bitter-sweet in taste, somewhat agreeable, but has no solid flesh which can be eaten. The proper season for the fruit is April, May, and June. The leaves of the tree have medicinal properties. The balimbing (Averrhora carambola—Linn.) has the odor of a quince, and is used by the natives as food with dry fish or meat. There are several varieties, and the flesh is watery. It makes an excellent preserve, and is a good sea food. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 505, 506, 512; andCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; also, for the paho, santol, and papaw (papaya), ourVOL. XIII, p. 141, note 20,VOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72, andVOL. XXI, p. 144, note 36.↑18SeeVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72. See alsoCensus of Philippines, p. 125.↑19Athanasius Kircher was born near Fulda, Germany, in 1602, and became a Jesuit novice at the age of sixteen. He was for several years a teacher in the Jesuit college at Wurtzburg, but was driven to France (1632) by the war then waging in Germany. Having spent some time at Avignon, he was sent to Rome, where he died on November 27, 1680. He was one of the most illustrious writers in the Jesuit order; see list of his works in Sommervogel’sBibliothèque, iv, cols. 1046–1077. They embrace a wide range of subjects—science, mathematics, Egyptian hieroglyphics, archæology, etc. The allusion in the text is probably to Kircher’sChina monumentis(Rome, 1667).↑20The small sapota orchico zapote(Achras sapota—Linn.) was, according to Delgado, peculiar to Nueva España. The tree is tall, wide-spreading, and tufted. Delgado also describes another variety calledzapote prieto(Diospyros ebenaster—Retz), of which there are two varieties, one white and one black, which he declares to be natives of Nueva España. TheCensus of Philippinessays, however, that they are natives of China. The fruit resembles a medium-sized apple, and has a green exterior. A pleasant preserve is made of it. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 517, 518, andCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 126.↑21Ates (Anona squamosa—Linn.) is a fruit somewhat resembling in appearance a small pineapple. Its exterior is green and the interior white, and it contains many beautiful bright seeds. It is aromatic and delicate in flavor, and mild and pleasant to the taste. It is heating in its effects. Oranges of various indigenous species are found, among them being several wild species—one of the latter, theamumuntay(citrus histrix), being twelve or thirteen inches in circumference and very juicy and bitter. There are seven varieties of lemons, some of superior quality. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 519, 520, 548–560;Census of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; ourVOL. V, p. 169, andVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72.↑22The iguana is very abundant in some localities, and sometimes attains a size of five feet, and can swallow fair-sized fowls whole. They are often found on trees or in bushes along the river banks. When disturbed they drop into the water and thus escape. The eggs are considered a great delicacy by the natives, and the flesh of one species, the ibid, ibit, or pelubid, is highly esteemed. SeeHandbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), p. 150.↑23Tunasan is in the province of Laguna, which is thus mentioned in theU. S. Philippine Gazetteer(p. 574): “This province is considered the garden of the Philippines. Its soil and climate are adapted to the successful growth of every variety of tropical plant and tree known to the archipelago.” Both mechanical and agricultural industries are considerably developed in Laguna.↑24In the irrigated lands of Pangasinán the rice yield is eighty-fold; in dry lands fifty-fold; in highlands of the third class, at least forty- to sixty-fold. The most fertile farm of the Philippines (Imus) has 13,442 hectares devoted to rice cultivation. Its lands of the first class yield one hundred-fold; of the second, seventy-five-fold; and of the third fifty-fold. Other lands in the islands yield from fifteen-fold up. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 93.↑25In the Dominican mission of 1632 came a lay-brother named Fray Diego de Santa María, a son of the convent at Sevilla. Through charity, he sheltered and educated orphan boys, as Fray Geronimo Guerrero (VOL. XXII, p. 109) had done earlier. In 1640 these two enterprises were consolidated, under the auspices of the Dominican order in Manila, and organized into the college of San Juan Letran. Fray Diego remained in charge of it for many years; but finally, having obtained permission to return to Spain, he died on the way, at Acapulco, in 1657. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 418, 419.)↑26“The boys themselves received ten pesos each for assisting at burials, which were very frequent” (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 420).↑27Used here because the secular clergy wear a bonnet, in contradistinction to a friar, who wears a hood or cowl. See Appleton’sNew Velázquez Dictionary.↑28Theses controverted and defended in the schools. Seeut supra.↑29Spanish,andauan a la rebatiña—a locution which can hardly find an exact equivalent in English.↑30On the northern coast of the island Celebes were two villages named Bool and Tontoli, about twenty (Dutch) miles apart; see Valentyn’sOud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, st. ii, p. 134, and map in deel i, facing p. 1.↑31The most important starch-producing palm of the Philippines is the buri (Corypha umbraculifera) which gave name to the island of Burias and from which sago is obtained. “It blooms but once, and then perishes” (Blanco). The sago is procured by felling the tree near the root, and taking out the soft interior portion of the trunk, which is placed in casks or troughs and the bitter sap drained off. It is then pounded with paddles or mallets, which separate the starch into fine grains. The starch is then gathered and dried, and converted into flour. A wine is also obtained from the tree. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 123; also Blanco’sFlora, p. 160; Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 660–662; andVOL. XXXIV, p. 154, note 499.↑32A reference toPsalm cxlvii, v. 16: “[Praise the Lord,] Who giveth snow like wool.”↑33Valentyn mentions the village of Cajeli (Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, p. 134 of section on Macasar). Crawfurd describes Kaili as a country on the western side of Celebes.↑34Probably the paper mulberry (Brousson etia papyrifera), from which the South Sea islanders make their clothing, using the inner bark. See Crawfurd’sDict. Ind. Islands, pp. 327, 328.↑35On the map in Valentyn’s work, referred to in note 30,ante, appears the village of Mamoia, north of Macasar.↑36Mandhar is a district of Celebes, lying between Kaili and Macasar; its people have a language peculiar to themselves, and are among the more civilized peoples of that island. (Crawfurd’sDictionary, pp. 88, 264.)↑
1Diaz’s accountante, gives this name as Juan de Velas. The Franciscan was Antonio de San Gregorio.↑2In no. 11 of his firsttratado, p. 39, Navarrete says of this fruit: “Thelechia, calledli chiby the Chinese, is considered in that region as the queen of fruits. One is not deceived in this, for I am sure that if theate[i.e.,Anona] did not exceed it, I could not find any fruit that would be better. Although it is a fact that good things are few and scarce,lechiasare so plentiful, that the yield in the maritime provinces alone is immense; but they do not lose any of the esteem in which they are held for that reason. They are small, being slightly larger than a large nut, and the shell is green and thin. The inside is as white as snow, and it has a kernel in the middle as black as jet. Its savor, taste, refreshing powers, and odor make one praise the Creator. When they eat them, they generally put them in fresh water, for they say that they are somewhat hot. They eat as many as they can, drink a little water, and then the appetite is keen to go at it again. The tree is very tall and beautiful. I discovered them for Governor Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in the mountains of Bantan, the year when I arrived at those islands. But, as they were wild, they were not so large as those in China. Mendoça calls themciruelas[i.e., plums], but they deserve a better name.” This tree is also known as the alipai (Euphoria litchi), which is the name given it by the natives. The name “lechia” may be a corruption of the Chinese; on the other hand the Chinese name as given by Navarrete may be the corruption of “lechia.” Blanco (p. 199), describes the tree and fruit. See alsoOfficial Handbook of Philippines, p. 297.↑3Apparently referring to the direction of the wind, as determined on the circumference of the compass or other instrument.↑4Thecalantas, or Philippine cedar (Cedrela, of the orderMeliaceæ); it is a valuable lumber tree.↑5See list of Philippine fiber plants inOfficial Handbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), part i, pp. 328–339; also list of fruits and vegetables, pp. 296–328. Both the scientific and the native vernacular names are given, with valuable notes on many plants and trees.↑6Literally, “woman fish”—the dugong (VOL. XXIX, p. 302). See Delgado’s detailed description of this creature, made from personal examination of it, inHist. de Filipinas, pp. 910–912; he also mentions the virtue in its bones.↑7The maguey or American agave (Agave vivipara) was introduced into the Philippines from America, and is cultivated there to a slight extent. It yields a fiber from which a cloth callednipisis woven. The fiber itself has been exported in bulk to Europe, China, and Japan for many years. SeeCensus of Philippine Islands, iv, p. 120.↑8A reference toMatthew xxiv, 40: “Then two shall be in the field: one shall be taken, and one shall be left.”↑9The ecclesiastical ceremony of washing the feet of twelve persons on Maundy Thursday.↑10i.e., “the things that are their own, and not the things that are Jesus Christ’s.”↑11The garfish or sea-needle (Belone vulgaris).↑12The village and lake of Nauján. The former is located on the Nauján River, about two miles from its mouth in northeastern Mindoro. The lake of Nauján, which is drained by the Adlobang and Nauján rivers, is about 2½ miles inland from the coast, and is about 6×10 miles in size. The water is almost stagnant, and the lake contains many sharks which enter at high tide, while crocodiles are frequent; numerous kaseles, or snake-birds, and other water birds are also to be found there. SeeU. S. Philippine Gazetteer.↑13Misprint for the lake of Bombon.↑14Oton and Iloilo are here confused with the island of Panay, and Caraga with that of Mindanao.↑15Navarrete says (Tratados, p. 2): “The Chinese traders who crossed over to Manila, when asked who they were and what they desired, answered,Xang Lai; that is, ‘We come to trade and barter.’ The Spaniards, who did not understand the Chinese language, imagined that that was the name of a nation; and united those two words into one, by which until this day they designate the Chinese, calling them Sangleys. In this way we Europeans have corrupted many other words for that part of the world. The Philipinas Islands are called Liù Sung; the Spaniard corrupted the words, and calls them Luzon. The city of Manila is called Mainila, which means ‘marsh’ or ‘mire;’ our people cut out an ‘i,’ and the name became Manila. The island which the natives call Minolo is named Mindoro by the Spaniards, and that of Malindic we call Marinduque.”↑16The guayaba or guava (Psidium guayava), well-known and valued in America for its acid fruit, and early introduced thence into the Philippines, where it is known asbayabas.↑17The macupa (Eugenio malaccensis—Linn.) is about the size of a sweet pepper and of somewhat the same shape, rather larger and quite red in color, but more lustrous; bitter-sweet in taste, somewhat agreeable, but has no solid flesh which can be eaten. The proper season for the fruit is April, May, and June. The leaves of the tree have medicinal properties. The balimbing (Averrhora carambola—Linn.) has the odor of a quince, and is used by the natives as food with dry fish or meat. There are several varieties, and the flesh is watery. It makes an excellent preserve, and is a good sea food. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 505, 506, 512; andCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; also, for the paho, santol, and papaw (papaya), ourVOL. XIII, p. 141, note 20,VOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72, andVOL. XXI, p. 144, note 36.↑18SeeVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72. See alsoCensus of Philippines, p. 125.↑19Athanasius Kircher was born near Fulda, Germany, in 1602, and became a Jesuit novice at the age of sixteen. He was for several years a teacher in the Jesuit college at Wurtzburg, but was driven to France (1632) by the war then waging in Germany. Having spent some time at Avignon, he was sent to Rome, where he died on November 27, 1680. He was one of the most illustrious writers in the Jesuit order; see list of his works in Sommervogel’sBibliothèque, iv, cols. 1046–1077. They embrace a wide range of subjects—science, mathematics, Egyptian hieroglyphics, archæology, etc. The allusion in the text is probably to Kircher’sChina monumentis(Rome, 1667).↑20The small sapota orchico zapote(Achras sapota—Linn.) was, according to Delgado, peculiar to Nueva España. The tree is tall, wide-spreading, and tufted. Delgado also describes another variety calledzapote prieto(Diospyros ebenaster—Retz), of which there are two varieties, one white and one black, which he declares to be natives of Nueva España. TheCensus of Philippinessays, however, that they are natives of China. The fruit resembles a medium-sized apple, and has a green exterior. A pleasant preserve is made of it. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 517, 518, andCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 126.↑21Ates (Anona squamosa—Linn.) is a fruit somewhat resembling in appearance a small pineapple. Its exterior is green and the interior white, and it contains many beautiful bright seeds. It is aromatic and delicate in flavor, and mild and pleasant to the taste. It is heating in its effects. Oranges of various indigenous species are found, among them being several wild species—one of the latter, theamumuntay(citrus histrix), being twelve or thirteen inches in circumference and very juicy and bitter. There are seven varieties of lemons, some of superior quality. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 519, 520, 548–560;Census of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; ourVOL. V, p. 169, andVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72.↑22The iguana is very abundant in some localities, and sometimes attains a size of five feet, and can swallow fair-sized fowls whole. They are often found on trees or in bushes along the river banks. When disturbed they drop into the water and thus escape. The eggs are considered a great delicacy by the natives, and the flesh of one species, the ibid, ibit, or pelubid, is highly esteemed. SeeHandbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), p. 150.↑23Tunasan is in the province of Laguna, which is thus mentioned in theU. S. Philippine Gazetteer(p. 574): “This province is considered the garden of the Philippines. Its soil and climate are adapted to the successful growth of every variety of tropical plant and tree known to the archipelago.” Both mechanical and agricultural industries are considerably developed in Laguna.↑24In the irrigated lands of Pangasinán the rice yield is eighty-fold; in dry lands fifty-fold; in highlands of the third class, at least forty- to sixty-fold. The most fertile farm of the Philippines (Imus) has 13,442 hectares devoted to rice cultivation. Its lands of the first class yield one hundred-fold; of the second, seventy-five-fold; and of the third fifty-fold. Other lands in the islands yield from fifteen-fold up. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 93.↑25In the Dominican mission of 1632 came a lay-brother named Fray Diego de Santa María, a son of the convent at Sevilla. Through charity, he sheltered and educated orphan boys, as Fray Geronimo Guerrero (VOL. XXII, p. 109) had done earlier. In 1640 these two enterprises were consolidated, under the auspices of the Dominican order in Manila, and organized into the college of San Juan Letran. Fray Diego remained in charge of it for many years; but finally, having obtained permission to return to Spain, he died on the way, at Acapulco, in 1657. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 418, 419.)↑26“The boys themselves received ten pesos each for assisting at burials, which were very frequent” (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 420).↑27Used here because the secular clergy wear a bonnet, in contradistinction to a friar, who wears a hood or cowl. See Appleton’sNew Velázquez Dictionary.↑28Theses controverted and defended in the schools. Seeut supra.↑29Spanish,andauan a la rebatiña—a locution which can hardly find an exact equivalent in English.↑30On the northern coast of the island Celebes were two villages named Bool and Tontoli, about twenty (Dutch) miles apart; see Valentyn’sOud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, st. ii, p. 134, and map in deel i, facing p. 1.↑31The most important starch-producing palm of the Philippines is the buri (Corypha umbraculifera) which gave name to the island of Burias and from which sago is obtained. “It blooms but once, and then perishes” (Blanco). The sago is procured by felling the tree near the root, and taking out the soft interior portion of the trunk, which is placed in casks or troughs and the bitter sap drained off. It is then pounded with paddles or mallets, which separate the starch into fine grains. The starch is then gathered and dried, and converted into flour. A wine is also obtained from the tree. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 123; also Blanco’sFlora, p. 160; Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 660–662; andVOL. XXXIV, p. 154, note 499.↑32A reference toPsalm cxlvii, v. 16: “[Praise the Lord,] Who giveth snow like wool.”↑33Valentyn mentions the village of Cajeli (Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, p. 134 of section on Macasar). Crawfurd describes Kaili as a country on the western side of Celebes.↑34Probably the paper mulberry (Brousson etia papyrifera), from which the South Sea islanders make their clothing, using the inner bark. See Crawfurd’sDict. Ind. Islands, pp. 327, 328.↑35On the map in Valentyn’s work, referred to in note 30,ante, appears the village of Mamoia, north of Macasar.↑36Mandhar is a district of Celebes, lying between Kaili and Macasar; its people have a language peculiar to themselves, and are among the more civilized peoples of that island. (Crawfurd’sDictionary, pp. 88, 264.)↑
1Diaz’s accountante, gives this name as Juan de Velas. The Franciscan was Antonio de San Gregorio.↑
2In no. 11 of his firsttratado, p. 39, Navarrete says of this fruit: “Thelechia, calledli chiby the Chinese, is considered in that region as the queen of fruits. One is not deceived in this, for I am sure that if theate[i.e.,Anona] did not exceed it, I could not find any fruit that would be better. Although it is a fact that good things are few and scarce,lechiasare so plentiful, that the yield in the maritime provinces alone is immense; but they do not lose any of the esteem in which they are held for that reason. They are small, being slightly larger than a large nut, and the shell is green and thin. The inside is as white as snow, and it has a kernel in the middle as black as jet. Its savor, taste, refreshing powers, and odor make one praise the Creator. When they eat them, they generally put them in fresh water, for they say that they are somewhat hot. They eat as many as they can, drink a little water, and then the appetite is keen to go at it again. The tree is very tall and beautiful. I discovered them for Governor Don Sabiniano Manrique de Lara in the mountains of Bantan, the year when I arrived at those islands. But, as they were wild, they were not so large as those in China. Mendoça calls themciruelas[i.e., plums], but they deserve a better name.” This tree is also known as the alipai (Euphoria litchi), which is the name given it by the natives. The name “lechia” may be a corruption of the Chinese; on the other hand the Chinese name as given by Navarrete may be the corruption of “lechia.” Blanco (p. 199), describes the tree and fruit. See alsoOfficial Handbook of Philippines, p. 297.↑
3Apparently referring to the direction of the wind, as determined on the circumference of the compass or other instrument.↑
4Thecalantas, or Philippine cedar (Cedrela, of the orderMeliaceæ); it is a valuable lumber tree.↑
5See list of Philippine fiber plants inOfficial Handbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), part i, pp. 328–339; also list of fruits and vegetables, pp. 296–328. Both the scientific and the native vernacular names are given, with valuable notes on many plants and trees.↑
6Literally, “woman fish”—the dugong (VOL. XXIX, p. 302). See Delgado’s detailed description of this creature, made from personal examination of it, inHist. de Filipinas, pp. 910–912; he also mentions the virtue in its bones.↑
7The maguey or American agave (Agave vivipara) was introduced into the Philippines from America, and is cultivated there to a slight extent. It yields a fiber from which a cloth callednipisis woven. The fiber itself has been exported in bulk to Europe, China, and Japan for many years. SeeCensus of Philippine Islands, iv, p. 120.↑
8A reference toMatthew xxiv, 40: “Then two shall be in the field: one shall be taken, and one shall be left.”↑
9The ecclesiastical ceremony of washing the feet of twelve persons on Maundy Thursday.↑
10i.e., “the things that are their own, and not the things that are Jesus Christ’s.”↑
11The garfish or sea-needle (Belone vulgaris).↑
12The village and lake of Nauján. The former is located on the Nauján River, about two miles from its mouth in northeastern Mindoro. The lake of Nauján, which is drained by the Adlobang and Nauján rivers, is about 2½ miles inland from the coast, and is about 6×10 miles in size. The water is almost stagnant, and the lake contains many sharks which enter at high tide, while crocodiles are frequent; numerous kaseles, or snake-birds, and other water birds are also to be found there. SeeU. S. Philippine Gazetteer.↑
13Misprint for the lake of Bombon.↑
14Oton and Iloilo are here confused with the island of Panay, and Caraga with that of Mindanao.↑
15Navarrete says (Tratados, p. 2): “The Chinese traders who crossed over to Manila, when asked who they were and what they desired, answered,Xang Lai; that is, ‘We come to trade and barter.’ The Spaniards, who did not understand the Chinese language, imagined that that was the name of a nation; and united those two words into one, by which until this day they designate the Chinese, calling them Sangleys. In this way we Europeans have corrupted many other words for that part of the world. The Philipinas Islands are called Liù Sung; the Spaniard corrupted the words, and calls them Luzon. The city of Manila is called Mainila, which means ‘marsh’ or ‘mire;’ our people cut out an ‘i,’ and the name became Manila. The island which the natives call Minolo is named Mindoro by the Spaniards, and that of Malindic we call Marinduque.”↑
16The guayaba or guava (Psidium guayava), well-known and valued in America for its acid fruit, and early introduced thence into the Philippines, where it is known asbayabas.↑
17The macupa (Eugenio malaccensis—Linn.) is about the size of a sweet pepper and of somewhat the same shape, rather larger and quite red in color, but more lustrous; bitter-sweet in taste, somewhat agreeable, but has no solid flesh which can be eaten. The proper season for the fruit is April, May, and June. The leaves of the tree have medicinal properties. The balimbing (Averrhora carambola—Linn.) has the odor of a quince, and is used by the natives as food with dry fish or meat. There are several varieties, and the flesh is watery. It makes an excellent preserve, and is a good sea food. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 505, 506, 512; andCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; also, for the paho, santol, and papaw (papaya), ourVOL. XIII, p. 141, note 20,VOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72, andVOL. XXI, p. 144, note 36.↑
18SeeVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72. See alsoCensus of Philippines, p. 125.↑
19Athanasius Kircher was born near Fulda, Germany, in 1602, and became a Jesuit novice at the age of sixteen. He was for several years a teacher in the Jesuit college at Wurtzburg, but was driven to France (1632) by the war then waging in Germany. Having spent some time at Avignon, he was sent to Rome, where he died on November 27, 1680. He was one of the most illustrious writers in the Jesuit order; see list of his works in Sommervogel’sBibliothèque, iv, cols. 1046–1077. They embrace a wide range of subjects—science, mathematics, Egyptian hieroglyphics, archæology, etc. The allusion in the text is probably to Kircher’sChina monumentis(Rome, 1667).↑
20The small sapota orchico zapote(Achras sapota—Linn.) was, according to Delgado, peculiar to Nueva España. The tree is tall, wide-spreading, and tufted. Delgado also describes another variety calledzapote prieto(Diospyros ebenaster—Retz), of which there are two varieties, one white and one black, which he declares to be natives of Nueva España. TheCensus of Philippinessays, however, that they are natives of China. The fruit resembles a medium-sized apple, and has a green exterior. A pleasant preserve is made of it. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 517, 518, andCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 126.↑
21Ates (Anona squamosa—Linn.) is a fruit somewhat resembling in appearance a small pineapple. Its exterior is green and the interior white, and it contains many beautiful bright seeds. It is aromatic and delicate in flavor, and mild and pleasant to the taste. It is heating in its effects. Oranges of various indigenous species are found, among them being several wild species—one of the latter, theamumuntay(citrus histrix), being twelve or thirteen inches in circumference and very juicy and bitter. There are seven varieties of lemons, some of superior quality. See Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 519, 520, 548–560;Census of Philippines, iv, pp. 124–126; ourVOL. V, p. 169, andVOL. XVI, p. 87, note 72.↑
22The iguana is very abundant in some localities, and sometimes attains a size of five feet, and can swallow fair-sized fowls whole. They are often found on trees or in bushes along the river banks. When disturbed they drop into the water and thus escape. The eggs are considered a great delicacy by the natives, and the flesh of one species, the ibid, ibit, or pelubid, is highly esteemed. SeeHandbook of the Philippines(Manila, 1903), p. 150.↑
23Tunasan is in the province of Laguna, which is thus mentioned in theU. S. Philippine Gazetteer(p. 574): “This province is considered the garden of the Philippines. Its soil and climate are adapted to the successful growth of every variety of tropical plant and tree known to the archipelago.” Both mechanical and agricultural industries are considerably developed in Laguna.↑
24In the irrigated lands of Pangasinán the rice yield is eighty-fold; in dry lands fifty-fold; in highlands of the third class, at least forty- to sixty-fold. The most fertile farm of the Philippines (Imus) has 13,442 hectares devoted to rice cultivation. Its lands of the first class yield one hundred-fold; of the second, seventy-five-fold; and of the third fifty-fold. Other lands in the islands yield from fifteen-fold up. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 93.↑
25In the Dominican mission of 1632 came a lay-brother named Fray Diego de Santa María, a son of the convent at Sevilla. Through charity, he sheltered and educated orphan boys, as Fray Geronimo Guerrero (VOL. XXII, p. 109) had done earlier. In 1640 these two enterprises were consolidated, under the auspices of the Dominican order in Manila, and organized into the college of San Juan Letran. Fray Diego remained in charge of it for many years; but finally, having obtained permission to return to Spain, he died on the way, at Acapulco, in 1657. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 418, 419.)↑
26“The boys themselves received ten pesos each for assisting at burials, which were very frequent” (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 420).↑
27Used here because the secular clergy wear a bonnet, in contradistinction to a friar, who wears a hood or cowl. See Appleton’sNew Velázquez Dictionary.↑
28Theses controverted and defended in the schools. Seeut supra.↑
29Spanish,andauan a la rebatiña—a locution which can hardly find an exact equivalent in English.↑
30On the northern coast of the island Celebes were two villages named Bool and Tontoli, about twenty (Dutch) miles apart; see Valentyn’sOud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, st. ii, p. 134, and map in deel i, facing p. 1.↑
31The most important starch-producing palm of the Philippines is the buri (Corypha umbraculifera) which gave name to the island of Burias and from which sago is obtained. “It blooms but once, and then perishes” (Blanco). The sago is procured by felling the tree near the root, and taking out the soft interior portion of the trunk, which is placed in casks or troughs and the bitter sap drained off. It is then pounded with paddles or mallets, which separate the starch into fine grains. The starch is then gathered and dried, and converted into flour. A wine is also obtained from the tree. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 123; also Blanco’sFlora, p. 160; Delgado’sHistoria, pp. 660–662; andVOL. XXXIV, p. 154, note 499.↑
32A reference toPsalm cxlvii, v. 16: “[Praise the Lord,] Who giveth snow like wool.”↑
33Valentyn mentions the village of Cajeli (Oud en Nieuw Oost-Indien, deel iii, p. 134 of section on Macasar). Crawfurd describes Kaili as a country on the western side of Celebes.↑
34Probably the paper mulberry (Brousson etia papyrifera), from which the South Sea islanders make their clothing, using the inner bark. See Crawfurd’sDict. Ind. Islands, pp. 327, 328.↑
35On the map in Valentyn’s work, referred to in note 30,ante, appears the village of Mamoia, north of Macasar.↑
36Mandhar is a district of Celebes, lying between Kaili and Macasar; its people have a language peculiar to themselves, and are among the more civilized peoples of that island. (Crawfurd’sDictionary, pp. 88, 264.)↑