1The Carolinas were discovered first by the Portuguese navigator, Diogo da Rocha, in 1525, and different groups of them were seen by early Spanish navigators. In 1686, one of them was discovered by the Spanish admiral, Francisco Lezcano, who named it Carolina, in honor of Cárlos II, and the whole archipelago finally took its name from it. They number about 525 islands counting reefs and uninhabited rocks, and contain about 525 square miles. In the beginning of the eighteenth century they were entirely abandoned by Spain, and were only brought back to public notice in the beginning of the nineteenth century through several scientific expeditions. Gradually German commercial interests became paramount, and in 1885 the German flag was hoisted in the island of Yap in the presence of two Spanish gunboats. The pope arbitrating on the matter declared that the islands belonged to Spain, but gave special privileges to Germany. In 1899, the Carolinas, Palaos, and all of the Ladrones except Guam were ceded to Germany in payment of 16,750,000 marks. See Montero y Vidal’sArchipiélago, pp. 483–505 (who gives the propositions submitted by the pope); Gregorio Miguel’sEstudio sobre las islas Carolinas; andNew International Encyclopædia.2The volcano of Apo is located on the highest summit of the Philippines, which is 10,311 ft. high. The first to attempt its ascent was JoséOyangúrenin 1859, but he failed. It was first ascended in 1880 by Montano, Joaquin Rajal, and Mateo Gisbert, S. J. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 202–204.3The Bilans are an exceedingly timid and wild people, fleeing, it is said, even from Moros with whom they are unacquainted. They inhabit the mountains south and west of Lake Bulúan, in South Mindanao, their range being southeast of that of the Tirurayes. Their religion is a sort of demon worship and they are very superstitious. They do not live in communities but each family by itself in a house at least one-half mile from any other house. The brief examination of those houses by Lieutenant H. Rodgers of the Philippine scouts, leads to the belief that the Bilans are a race superior to the Moro, being more cleanly, industrious, and more wealthy. The Moros do not allow them to trade direct with the Chinese merchants. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 560, 561.4Dr. Barrows says (Census of Philippines, i, p. 461): “Manobois a native word which, in the Bagobo language on the Gulf of Dávao, means ‘man.’ It is so given in Padre Gisbert’s vocabulary and also in a special vocabulary taken for the ethnological survey. Blumentritt, however, suggests—and I believe with merit—that Manobo here in Northern Mindanao is a derivation ofManubo, which is itself derived fromMasuba, meaning ‘people of the river.’ This term Manobo should be retained for all of this great group living along the affluents and tributary streams of the river Agusan, and the term might, with propriety, I believe, be extended to the Montes farther west and back of Misamis. If there are objections to applying the term Manobo to these pagans of Misamis, I would suggest the application of our general term Bukidnon.”5This letter is addressed directly to the superior of the mission.6On the prevailing custom of making slaves among the peoples in Mindanao, Father Gisbert says in a letter written May 20, 1886 (Cartas, Manila, 1887): “The slavehunt is not always easy. By availing themselves of tricks and surprises, they can generally capture the old people, women, and the children easily. They first kill those who can make any resistance.”7Literally “shields.” That is, the rice was measured into the shield.8i.e., So so,or, just as it was.9On the Moros, seeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 465–467, 561–585.10The Yakan are a primitive Malayan tribe of the same type and general culture as the Subanon of the Mindanao mainland, who live in Basilan, and who, some generations ago, accepted the Mahometan faith and are fanatical adherents thereof. They live scattered over the island cultivating a little maize, rice, and tapioca, bringing out some jungle product, but living as a whole miserably and in poverty. Some of them have migrated to the peninsula of Zamboanga and the islands adjacent to this coast. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 465, 466.11According toCensus of Philippines, the population of the comandancia of Basilan is 30,179, of whom 28,848 are uncivilized.12Among the Sámal Laút boys are trained for the priesthood by making their homes with priests, where they remain for several years in the capacity of servant and pupil. Occasionally, when grown they are sent to Singapore for continuous study, but such cases are rare. If a man goes to Mekka he is given the honorable title of pilgrim and is held in high consideration. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 571.13i.e., A distance of two palm-lengths.14A dish made in the Philippines from the inner and harder shell of the cocoanut.—See Echegaray’sDiccionario etimológico, and Noceda and Sanlucar’sVocabulario de la lengua tagala.15See beliefs and superstitions of the North American Indians in regard to eclipses inJesuit Relations(Cleveland reissue), vi, p. 223, xii, pp. 31, 73, xxii, p. 295.16The principal articles of food are rice, for which corn is sometimes substituted, fish, chickens, vegetables, wild fruits, and cocoanut oil. The natives are fond of chickens and eggs, and most families raise poultry for the table. Pork is forbidden by their faith, and the use of venison, or the flesh of the carabao, ox, sheep, or goat, is limited, the Moros being apparently not fond of meat. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 564.17Cogon (Imperata koenigii) is a species of grass of general natural growth, the young shoots of which afford excellent food for cattle. The grass is used in some localities as a substitute for nipa, where the latter does not grow, in thatching roofs. The name “cogon” is applied to many coarse, rank-growing grasses. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 118.18We give the verses in the original language with the Spanish translation of Father Pablo Cavallería, and add the English translation of the latter, which is necessarily crude.19An authority among the Moros, after the panglima, and as well a name denoting nobility of race and blood. SeeCartas de ... la mision de Filipinas(Manila, 1887), p. 34, note.20The letter occupies pp. 326–349, and is accompanied by an ethnographical map (which we do not reproduce) made by the fathers of the Society of Jesuits. Our extract relates to the ethnology of Mindanao, and occupies pp. 336–349.21Dr. Barrows (Census of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 463), says in speaking of the tribes of Mindanao that the term Indonesian has been applied to some of them to explain their higher stature and finer physique, which means that they are connected with people of mixed Caucasian blood, who were in primitive times distributed across the Malay Archipelago, and who find their purest living type in the Polynesians. He does not accept the evidence, as the perceptible gain in height among such peoples is not apparently accompanied by the other distinguishing marks of the Caucasian or Polynesian, and consequently regards them as Malayan. See also Le Roy’sPhilippine Life(New York, 1905), p. 20.22See laws of the Sámal Laút in regard to family and social life inCensus of Philippines, i, p. 569.23The root of the plant gabe (Colocasia antiquorumvariety) is highly prized and extensively cultivated, the leaves also being used as food. Of the resins and oils mentioned, piayo, also called conferal and galagala (Agathis orantifolia—Salisb.) is used for burning and lighting, and the manufacture of varnish; and balao or malapaho (Dipterocarpus velulinno—Bl.) is used for calking. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 121, 202, 221; andPhilippine Gazetteer, p. 78.24Cabo Negro (Caryota urens) is a palm from which a kind of starch or sago is extracted. The camagon (Diospyros discolor) is a native persimmon tree 30 to 45 ft. high growing in Luzón and some of the other islands. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 139, 143.25Salt is produced by evaporation, from a method taught prior to the coming of the Spaniards by the Chinese. Sea-water, enclosed in a depression surrounded by dykes, is evaporated by the sun’s rays; when the water has disappeared, the salt deposited on the floor of the basin is gathered up and cleaned by filtration. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 469.26This is theMusa sapientum, which is a variety of banana. This fiber is inferior to abacá. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 167.27SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 566, 567, for the industrial life of the Moros. The occupation of smith is especially honorable.28TheCoripha minor. Its trunk is black and very straight, and the wood is very hard. It is also used for making stockades and for conducting water. See Blanco, p. 161.29Blanco describes a shrub calledtubli, the fruit of which is very small, and which he does not believe to belong to the speciesGalactiaunder which he describes it. Thelagtanorlactang(Anamirta cocculus) is a coarse woody plant whose stems are used for tying and binding. The wood is of a yellow color. It like the preceding plant makes the fish that eat mixtures containing it exhibit the appearance of intoxication so that they can be caught by the hand. The fruit is calledbayatiby the natives. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 155; Blanco, pp. 411, 557, 558.30The claims often put forward by many writers that some of the peoples of the Philippines arise from a mixture of Chinese and Japanese blood with the Malay have no foundation. The Chinese have, it is true, mingled with almost every tribe in the archipelago, but they have not given rise to a new tribe or race.31i.e., They are a Negrito tribe.32This is theCalamus maximus, a very large species of rattan. See Blanco, pp. 185, 186; andCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 159.33Seeante, p. 241, note 106.34Throughout the friar chronicles and accounts the words “reduce” and “reduction” are frequently employed. As used the words have a rather wide application. The primary meaning is of course “conversion” to the Christian faith, but along with this idea must be understood the settlement of the converts in villages in a civilized manner, where they could be under the immediate eye of their spiritual directors. Hence the words bear in a sense a two-fold meaning—the one religious, and the other civil.35An allusion to Joseph Montano’sRapport à M. le ministre de l’instruction publique sur une Mission aux Îles Philippines et en Malaise(Paris, 1885). Of him Pardo de Tavera says (Biblioteca filipino, p. 270): “Doctor Montano is a French anthropologist and physician.... This book is very important and the author divides it into five parts, namely, geology, meteorology, anthropology, pathology, and dialects and political geography, with a few notices regarding agriculture and commerce. The most important chapters are those relating to anthropology and linguistics.”36Census of Philippines, i, p. 473, calls these people a branch of the Mandayas.37Dr. Barrows (Census of Philippines, i, p. 460) restricts the term “Buquidnon” to mountain-dwellers in Luzón and the Visayas, who escaped reduction when those islands were christianized. The term “Buquidnon” means “people of the mountain forest.”38These are the Negritos. Aetas is the oldest known name for that people. It is probably derived from the Tagálog worditim, “black.” In many places the Negrito seems to have disappeared by absorption into the conquering Malay race. There are about 23,000 of them still in the islands. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 468, 478, 532, 533.39Dr. Barrows (Census, i, p. 471) calls this people a division of the Bagobos.40The Bagobos, together with the Moros and Mandayas, are migratory in habit, though they do not leave the province. They are said to be fire worshipers. The blood feud prevails. The Ocacola Bagobos have discontinued their annual sacrifice which they would eat. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 463, 531.41Called by Barrows (Census, i, p. 470) a Bagobo tribe.42Seeante, p. 199, note 84.43A more complete title of this book by Jose Gumilla, S. J., is,El Orinoco ilustrado, historia natural, civil, y geographica, de este gran rio ... govierno, usos y costumbres de los Indios sus habitadores(Madrid, 1741).44Seeante, p. 197, note 82. Pardo de Tavera derives Tiruray fromatew rooter, “people living above,” that is, “up the river.” This branch of the Manobos are described by First Lieut. G. S. Turner, Tenth U. S. Infantry, who collected information for theCensusamong them, “as ignorant, shiftless savages ruled by superstitions and fear, with little moral or legal restraint upon their desires or passions. They were formerly much preyed upon by Moros and Manobos, but they are troubled no longer in this respect.” SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 549–552.45The Sámal are an exceedingly important element in the Sulu Archipelago. Their former locus, where the pure Sámal dialect was spoken, is in the islands between Basilan and Joló, especially Tonguil and Balanguingui. These were the very latest pirate haunts to be broken up by the Spaniards. The Sámal are now scattered along the coast of Zamboanga and nearly everywhere in the archipelago of Sulu. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 475.46It is the custom among the heathen to change, suppress, and add vowels. For example:biñagforbuñag, “baptism;”bidiforbudi, “girl;”isugforusug, “man;”buhayforbahay, “woman;”guiangaforguanga, “forest;”inayforina, “mother;”budiayforbudi;difordili, “no;” etc.—Pablo Pastells, S. J.47An important pagan tribe whose habitat is about the bay of Sibuguey and the bay of Dumanquilas. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 461, 462, 476.48“The campaign of General Terrero in 1887 against the Sultanates of Buhayen, Bacat, and Kuduranga in the ‘cuenca’ of the Pulangui resulted in the occupation of Liong, Bacat, and Kuduranga, taking possession likewise at this time of the cove of Pujaga (east coast) of the bay of Sarangani, the port of Lebak, and that of Santa Maria, commencing work on the trocha of Tukuran.”Memoria de Mindanaoby Julian Gonzales Parrado.In 1902 two military roads were planned by General George W. Davis through Mindanao, one passing from the south and one from the north coast of Mindanao into the very heart of the Moro country, and meeting on the waters of Lake Lanao. See the story of the building of the roads by Major R. L. Bullard of the 28th U.S. Infantry, who is stationed at Iligan, Mindanao, in theAtlantic Monthlyfor December, 1903.49Governor Narciso Clavería personally conducted an expedition against the Moros in 1848. The three vessels were under command of José Ruiz de Apodaca, of the royal navy. He administered heavy defeats on the Moros at several points. The expedition of Antonio de Urbistondo against Joló was made in 1850–1851. The expedition of Jose Malcampo y Monje was made in 1875. By these three expeditions the Moro power was badly crippled. See Montero y Vidal,Historia de la piratería, andHistoria general, iii.50Speaking of the efforts of the Jesuits in Mindanao in hisMemoria de Mindanao, Julian Gonzales Parrado says: “This proper zeal causes them, nevertheless, not to see this question clearly and leads them to an excusable optimism, but which gives them credit for the success obtained in so many years of preaching and teaching as to what relates to the Moros. In spite of their efforts, sacrifices, and infinite constancy, neither in Joló nor in Mindanao have they succeeded during the three centuries in causing to be admitted into the labarum of the Evangelist more than an insignificant number of Mahometans, and even of this small contingent of converts and baptized, nearly all have been observed to have abjured their new religion and returned to their former practices as soon as possible; or the interest or the danger that impelled them at receiving the baptism more than anything else, has ceased.” He concludes by saying that this is not to the discredit of the Jesuits, but due to the peculiarities of the Moros, and to their fanatic religion. It is advised that no forcible attempt be made to convert them, but that they adopt Christianity only if they so desire.
1The Carolinas were discovered first by the Portuguese navigator, Diogo da Rocha, in 1525, and different groups of them were seen by early Spanish navigators. In 1686, one of them was discovered by the Spanish admiral, Francisco Lezcano, who named it Carolina, in honor of Cárlos II, and the whole archipelago finally took its name from it. They number about 525 islands counting reefs and uninhabited rocks, and contain about 525 square miles. In the beginning of the eighteenth century they were entirely abandoned by Spain, and were only brought back to public notice in the beginning of the nineteenth century through several scientific expeditions. Gradually German commercial interests became paramount, and in 1885 the German flag was hoisted in the island of Yap in the presence of two Spanish gunboats. The pope arbitrating on the matter declared that the islands belonged to Spain, but gave special privileges to Germany. In 1899, the Carolinas, Palaos, and all of the Ladrones except Guam were ceded to Germany in payment of 16,750,000 marks. See Montero y Vidal’sArchipiélago, pp. 483–505 (who gives the propositions submitted by the pope); Gregorio Miguel’sEstudio sobre las islas Carolinas; andNew International Encyclopædia.2The volcano of Apo is located on the highest summit of the Philippines, which is 10,311 ft. high. The first to attempt its ascent was JoséOyangúrenin 1859, but he failed. It was first ascended in 1880 by Montano, Joaquin Rajal, and Mateo Gisbert, S. J. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 202–204.3The Bilans are an exceedingly timid and wild people, fleeing, it is said, even from Moros with whom they are unacquainted. They inhabit the mountains south and west of Lake Bulúan, in South Mindanao, their range being southeast of that of the Tirurayes. Their religion is a sort of demon worship and they are very superstitious. They do not live in communities but each family by itself in a house at least one-half mile from any other house. The brief examination of those houses by Lieutenant H. Rodgers of the Philippine scouts, leads to the belief that the Bilans are a race superior to the Moro, being more cleanly, industrious, and more wealthy. The Moros do not allow them to trade direct with the Chinese merchants. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 560, 561.4Dr. Barrows says (Census of Philippines, i, p. 461): “Manobois a native word which, in the Bagobo language on the Gulf of Dávao, means ‘man.’ It is so given in Padre Gisbert’s vocabulary and also in a special vocabulary taken for the ethnological survey. Blumentritt, however, suggests—and I believe with merit—that Manobo here in Northern Mindanao is a derivation ofManubo, which is itself derived fromMasuba, meaning ‘people of the river.’ This term Manobo should be retained for all of this great group living along the affluents and tributary streams of the river Agusan, and the term might, with propriety, I believe, be extended to the Montes farther west and back of Misamis. If there are objections to applying the term Manobo to these pagans of Misamis, I would suggest the application of our general term Bukidnon.”5This letter is addressed directly to the superior of the mission.6On the prevailing custom of making slaves among the peoples in Mindanao, Father Gisbert says in a letter written May 20, 1886 (Cartas, Manila, 1887): “The slavehunt is not always easy. By availing themselves of tricks and surprises, they can generally capture the old people, women, and the children easily. They first kill those who can make any resistance.”7Literally “shields.” That is, the rice was measured into the shield.8i.e., So so,or, just as it was.9On the Moros, seeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 465–467, 561–585.10The Yakan are a primitive Malayan tribe of the same type and general culture as the Subanon of the Mindanao mainland, who live in Basilan, and who, some generations ago, accepted the Mahometan faith and are fanatical adherents thereof. They live scattered over the island cultivating a little maize, rice, and tapioca, bringing out some jungle product, but living as a whole miserably and in poverty. Some of them have migrated to the peninsula of Zamboanga and the islands adjacent to this coast. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 465, 466.11According toCensus of Philippines, the population of the comandancia of Basilan is 30,179, of whom 28,848 are uncivilized.12Among the Sámal Laút boys are trained for the priesthood by making their homes with priests, where they remain for several years in the capacity of servant and pupil. Occasionally, when grown they are sent to Singapore for continuous study, but such cases are rare. If a man goes to Mekka he is given the honorable title of pilgrim and is held in high consideration. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 571.13i.e., A distance of two palm-lengths.14A dish made in the Philippines from the inner and harder shell of the cocoanut.—See Echegaray’sDiccionario etimológico, and Noceda and Sanlucar’sVocabulario de la lengua tagala.15See beliefs and superstitions of the North American Indians in regard to eclipses inJesuit Relations(Cleveland reissue), vi, p. 223, xii, pp. 31, 73, xxii, p. 295.16The principal articles of food are rice, for which corn is sometimes substituted, fish, chickens, vegetables, wild fruits, and cocoanut oil. The natives are fond of chickens and eggs, and most families raise poultry for the table. Pork is forbidden by their faith, and the use of venison, or the flesh of the carabao, ox, sheep, or goat, is limited, the Moros being apparently not fond of meat. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 564.17Cogon (Imperata koenigii) is a species of grass of general natural growth, the young shoots of which afford excellent food for cattle. The grass is used in some localities as a substitute for nipa, where the latter does not grow, in thatching roofs. The name “cogon” is applied to many coarse, rank-growing grasses. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 118.18We give the verses in the original language with the Spanish translation of Father Pablo Cavallería, and add the English translation of the latter, which is necessarily crude.19An authority among the Moros, after the panglima, and as well a name denoting nobility of race and blood. SeeCartas de ... la mision de Filipinas(Manila, 1887), p. 34, note.20The letter occupies pp. 326–349, and is accompanied by an ethnographical map (which we do not reproduce) made by the fathers of the Society of Jesuits. Our extract relates to the ethnology of Mindanao, and occupies pp. 336–349.21Dr. Barrows (Census of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 463), says in speaking of the tribes of Mindanao that the term Indonesian has been applied to some of them to explain their higher stature and finer physique, which means that they are connected with people of mixed Caucasian blood, who were in primitive times distributed across the Malay Archipelago, and who find their purest living type in the Polynesians. He does not accept the evidence, as the perceptible gain in height among such peoples is not apparently accompanied by the other distinguishing marks of the Caucasian or Polynesian, and consequently regards them as Malayan. See also Le Roy’sPhilippine Life(New York, 1905), p. 20.22See laws of the Sámal Laút in regard to family and social life inCensus of Philippines, i, p. 569.23The root of the plant gabe (Colocasia antiquorumvariety) is highly prized and extensively cultivated, the leaves also being used as food. Of the resins and oils mentioned, piayo, also called conferal and galagala (Agathis orantifolia—Salisb.) is used for burning and lighting, and the manufacture of varnish; and balao or malapaho (Dipterocarpus velulinno—Bl.) is used for calking. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 121, 202, 221; andPhilippine Gazetteer, p. 78.24Cabo Negro (Caryota urens) is a palm from which a kind of starch or sago is extracted. The camagon (Diospyros discolor) is a native persimmon tree 30 to 45 ft. high growing in Luzón and some of the other islands. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 139, 143.25Salt is produced by evaporation, from a method taught prior to the coming of the Spaniards by the Chinese. Sea-water, enclosed in a depression surrounded by dykes, is evaporated by the sun’s rays; when the water has disappeared, the salt deposited on the floor of the basin is gathered up and cleaned by filtration. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 469.26This is theMusa sapientum, which is a variety of banana. This fiber is inferior to abacá. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 167.27SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 566, 567, for the industrial life of the Moros. The occupation of smith is especially honorable.28TheCoripha minor. Its trunk is black and very straight, and the wood is very hard. It is also used for making stockades and for conducting water. See Blanco, p. 161.29Blanco describes a shrub calledtubli, the fruit of which is very small, and which he does not believe to belong to the speciesGalactiaunder which he describes it. Thelagtanorlactang(Anamirta cocculus) is a coarse woody plant whose stems are used for tying and binding. The wood is of a yellow color. It like the preceding plant makes the fish that eat mixtures containing it exhibit the appearance of intoxication so that they can be caught by the hand. The fruit is calledbayatiby the natives. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 155; Blanco, pp. 411, 557, 558.30The claims often put forward by many writers that some of the peoples of the Philippines arise from a mixture of Chinese and Japanese blood with the Malay have no foundation. The Chinese have, it is true, mingled with almost every tribe in the archipelago, but they have not given rise to a new tribe or race.31i.e., They are a Negrito tribe.32This is theCalamus maximus, a very large species of rattan. See Blanco, pp. 185, 186; andCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 159.33Seeante, p. 241, note 106.34Throughout the friar chronicles and accounts the words “reduce” and “reduction” are frequently employed. As used the words have a rather wide application. The primary meaning is of course “conversion” to the Christian faith, but along with this idea must be understood the settlement of the converts in villages in a civilized manner, where they could be under the immediate eye of their spiritual directors. Hence the words bear in a sense a two-fold meaning—the one religious, and the other civil.35An allusion to Joseph Montano’sRapport à M. le ministre de l’instruction publique sur une Mission aux Îles Philippines et en Malaise(Paris, 1885). Of him Pardo de Tavera says (Biblioteca filipino, p. 270): “Doctor Montano is a French anthropologist and physician.... This book is very important and the author divides it into five parts, namely, geology, meteorology, anthropology, pathology, and dialects and political geography, with a few notices regarding agriculture and commerce. The most important chapters are those relating to anthropology and linguistics.”36Census of Philippines, i, p. 473, calls these people a branch of the Mandayas.37Dr. Barrows (Census of Philippines, i, p. 460) restricts the term “Buquidnon” to mountain-dwellers in Luzón and the Visayas, who escaped reduction when those islands were christianized. The term “Buquidnon” means “people of the mountain forest.”38These are the Negritos. Aetas is the oldest known name for that people. It is probably derived from the Tagálog worditim, “black.” In many places the Negrito seems to have disappeared by absorption into the conquering Malay race. There are about 23,000 of them still in the islands. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 468, 478, 532, 533.39Dr. Barrows (Census, i, p. 471) calls this people a division of the Bagobos.40The Bagobos, together with the Moros and Mandayas, are migratory in habit, though they do not leave the province. They are said to be fire worshipers. The blood feud prevails. The Ocacola Bagobos have discontinued their annual sacrifice which they would eat. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 463, 531.41Called by Barrows (Census, i, p. 470) a Bagobo tribe.42Seeante, p. 199, note 84.43A more complete title of this book by Jose Gumilla, S. J., is,El Orinoco ilustrado, historia natural, civil, y geographica, de este gran rio ... govierno, usos y costumbres de los Indios sus habitadores(Madrid, 1741).44Seeante, p. 197, note 82. Pardo de Tavera derives Tiruray fromatew rooter, “people living above,” that is, “up the river.” This branch of the Manobos are described by First Lieut. G. S. Turner, Tenth U. S. Infantry, who collected information for theCensusamong them, “as ignorant, shiftless savages ruled by superstitions and fear, with little moral or legal restraint upon their desires or passions. They were formerly much preyed upon by Moros and Manobos, but they are troubled no longer in this respect.” SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 549–552.45The Sámal are an exceedingly important element in the Sulu Archipelago. Their former locus, where the pure Sámal dialect was spoken, is in the islands between Basilan and Joló, especially Tonguil and Balanguingui. These were the very latest pirate haunts to be broken up by the Spaniards. The Sámal are now scattered along the coast of Zamboanga and nearly everywhere in the archipelago of Sulu. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 475.46It is the custom among the heathen to change, suppress, and add vowels. For example:biñagforbuñag, “baptism;”bidiforbudi, “girl;”isugforusug, “man;”buhayforbahay, “woman;”guiangaforguanga, “forest;”inayforina, “mother;”budiayforbudi;difordili, “no;” etc.—Pablo Pastells, S. J.47An important pagan tribe whose habitat is about the bay of Sibuguey and the bay of Dumanquilas. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 461, 462, 476.48“The campaign of General Terrero in 1887 against the Sultanates of Buhayen, Bacat, and Kuduranga in the ‘cuenca’ of the Pulangui resulted in the occupation of Liong, Bacat, and Kuduranga, taking possession likewise at this time of the cove of Pujaga (east coast) of the bay of Sarangani, the port of Lebak, and that of Santa Maria, commencing work on the trocha of Tukuran.”Memoria de Mindanaoby Julian Gonzales Parrado.In 1902 two military roads were planned by General George W. Davis through Mindanao, one passing from the south and one from the north coast of Mindanao into the very heart of the Moro country, and meeting on the waters of Lake Lanao. See the story of the building of the roads by Major R. L. Bullard of the 28th U.S. Infantry, who is stationed at Iligan, Mindanao, in theAtlantic Monthlyfor December, 1903.49Governor Narciso Clavería personally conducted an expedition against the Moros in 1848. The three vessels were under command of José Ruiz de Apodaca, of the royal navy. He administered heavy defeats on the Moros at several points. The expedition of Antonio de Urbistondo against Joló was made in 1850–1851. The expedition of Jose Malcampo y Monje was made in 1875. By these three expeditions the Moro power was badly crippled. See Montero y Vidal,Historia de la piratería, andHistoria general, iii.50Speaking of the efforts of the Jesuits in Mindanao in hisMemoria de Mindanao, Julian Gonzales Parrado says: “This proper zeal causes them, nevertheless, not to see this question clearly and leads them to an excusable optimism, but which gives them credit for the success obtained in so many years of preaching and teaching as to what relates to the Moros. In spite of their efforts, sacrifices, and infinite constancy, neither in Joló nor in Mindanao have they succeeded during the three centuries in causing to be admitted into the labarum of the Evangelist more than an insignificant number of Mahometans, and even of this small contingent of converts and baptized, nearly all have been observed to have abjured their new religion and returned to their former practices as soon as possible; or the interest or the danger that impelled them at receiving the baptism more than anything else, has ceased.” He concludes by saying that this is not to the discredit of the Jesuits, but due to the peculiarities of the Moros, and to their fanatic religion. It is advised that no forcible attempt be made to convert them, but that they adopt Christianity only if they so desire.
1The Carolinas were discovered first by the Portuguese navigator, Diogo da Rocha, in 1525, and different groups of them were seen by early Spanish navigators. In 1686, one of them was discovered by the Spanish admiral, Francisco Lezcano, who named it Carolina, in honor of Cárlos II, and the whole archipelago finally took its name from it. They number about 525 islands counting reefs and uninhabited rocks, and contain about 525 square miles. In the beginning of the eighteenth century they were entirely abandoned by Spain, and were only brought back to public notice in the beginning of the nineteenth century through several scientific expeditions. Gradually German commercial interests became paramount, and in 1885 the German flag was hoisted in the island of Yap in the presence of two Spanish gunboats. The pope arbitrating on the matter declared that the islands belonged to Spain, but gave special privileges to Germany. In 1899, the Carolinas, Palaos, and all of the Ladrones except Guam were ceded to Germany in payment of 16,750,000 marks. See Montero y Vidal’sArchipiélago, pp. 483–505 (who gives the propositions submitted by the pope); Gregorio Miguel’sEstudio sobre las islas Carolinas; andNew International Encyclopædia.2The volcano of Apo is located on the highest summit of the Philippines, which is 10,311 ft. high. The first to attempt its ascent was JoséOyangúrenin 1859, but he failed. It was first ascended in 1880 by Montano, Joaquin Rajal, and Mateo Gisbert, S. J. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 202–204.3The Bilans are an exceedingly timid and wild people, fleeing, it is said, even from Moros with whom they are unacquainted. They inhabit the mountains south and west of Lake Bulúan, in South Mindanao, their range being southeast of that of the Tirurayes. Their religion is a sort of demon worship and they are very superstitious. They do not live in communities but each family by itself in a house at least one-half mile from any other house. The brief examination of those houses by Lieutenant H. Rodgers of the Philippine scouts, leads to the belief that the Bilans are a race superior to the Moro, being more cleanly, industrious, and more wealthy. The Moros do not allow them to trade direct with the Chinese merchants. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 560, 561.4Dr. Barrows says (Census of Philippines, i, p. 461): “Manobois a native word which, in the Bagobo language on the Gulf of Dávao, means ‘man.’ It is so given in Padre Gisbert’s vocabulary and also in a special vocabulary taken for the ethnological survey. Blumentritt, however, suggests—and I believe with merit—that Manobo here in Northern Mindanao is a derivation ofManubo, which is itself derived fromMasuba, meaning ‘people of the river.’ This term Manobo should be retained for all of this great group living along the affluents and tributary streams of the river Agusan, and the term might, with propriety, I believe, be extended to the Montes farther west and back of Misamis. If there are objections to applying the term Manobo to these pagans of Misamis, I would suggest the application of our general term Bukidnon.”5This letter is addressed directly to the superior of the mission.6On the prevailing custom of making slaves among the peoples in Mindanao, Father Gisbert says in a letter written May 20, 1886 (Cartas, Manila, 1887): “The slavehunt is not always easy. By availing themselves of tricks and surprises, they can generally capture the old people, women, and the children easily. They first kill those who can make any resistance.”7Literally “shields.” That is, the rice was measured into the shield.8i.e., So so,or, just as it was.9On the Moros, seeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 465–467, 561–585.10The Yakan are a primitive Malayan tribe of the same type and general culture as the Subanon of the Mindanao mainland, who live in Basilan, and who, some generations ago, accepted the Mahometan faith and are fanatical adherents thereof. They live scattered over the island cultivating a little maize, rice, and tapioca, bringing out some jungle product, but living as a whole miserably and in poverty. Some of them have migrated to the peninsula of Zamboanga and the islands adjacent to this coast. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 465, 466.11According toCensus of Philippines, the population of the comandancia of Basilan is 30,179, of whom 28,848 are uncivilized.12Among the Sámal Laút boys are trained for the priesthood by making their homes with priests, where they remain for several years in the capacity of servant and pupil. Occasionally, when grown they are sent to Singapore for continuous study, but such cases are rare. If a man goes to Mekka he is given the honorable title of pilgrim and is held in high consideration. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 571.13i.e., A distance of two palm-lengths.14A dish made in the Philippines from the inner and harder shell of the cocoanut.—See Echegaray’sDiccionario etimológico, and Noceda and Sanlucar’sVocabulario de la lengua tagala.15See beliefs and superstitions of the North American Indians in regard to eclipses inJesuit Relations(Cleveland reissue), vi, p. 223, xii, pp. 31, 73, xxii, p. 295.16The principal articles of food are rice, for which corn is sometimes substituted, fish, chickens, vegetables, wild fruits, and cocoanut oil. The natives are fond of chickens and eggs, and most families raise poultry for the table. Pork is forbidden by their faith, and the use of venison, or the flesh of the carabao, ox, sheep, or goat, is limited, the Moros being apparently not fond of meat. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 564.17Cogon (Imperata koenigii) is a species of grass of general natural growth, the young shoots of which afford excellent food for cattle. The grass is used in some localities as a substitute for nipa, where the latter does not grow, in thatching roofs. The name “cogon” is applied to many coarse, rank-growing grasses. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 118.18We give the verses in the original language with the Spanish translation of Father Pablo Cavallería, and add the English translation of the latter, which is necessarily crude.19An authority among the Moros, after the panglima, and as well a name denoting nobility of race and blood. SeeCartas de ... la mision de Filipinas(Manila, 1887), p. 34, note.20The letter occupies pp. 326–349, and is accompanied by an ethnographical map (which we do not reproduce) made by the fathers of the Society of Jesuits. Our extract relates to the ethnology of Mindanao, and occupies pp. 336–349.21Dr. Barrows (Census of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 463), says in speaking of the tribes of Mindanao that the term Indonesian has been applied to some of them to explain their higher stature and finer physique, which means that they are connected with people of mixed Caucasian blood, who were in primitive times distributed across the Malay Archipelago, and who find their purest living type in the Polynesians. He does not accept the evidence, as the perceptible gain in height among such peoples is not apparently accompanied by the other distinguishing marks of the Caucasian or Polynesian, and consequently regards them as Malayan. See also Le Roy’sPhilippine Life(New York, 1905), p. 20.22See laws of the Sámal Laút in regard to family and social life inCensus of Philippines, i, p. 569.23The root of the plant gabe (Colocasia antiquorumvariety) is highly prized and extensively cultivated, the leaves also being used as food. Of the resins and oils mentioned, piayo, also called conferal and galagala (Agathis orantifolia—Salisb.) is used for burning and lighting, and the manufacture of varnish; and balao or malapaho (Dipterocarpus velulinno—Bl.) is used for calking. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 121, 202, 221; andPhilippine Gazetteer, p. 78.24Cabo Negro (Caryota urens) is a palm from which a kind of starch or sago is extracted. The camagon (Diospyros discolor) is a native persimmon tree 30 to 45 ft. high growing in Luzón and some of the other islands. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 139, 143.25Salt is produced by evaporation, from a method taught prior to the coming of the Spaniards by the Chinese. Sea-water, enclosed in a depression surrounded by dykes, is evaporated by the sun’s rays; when the water has disappeared, the salt deposited on the floor of the basin is gathered up and cleaned by filtration. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 469.26This is theMusa sapientum, which is a variety of banana. This fiber is inferior to abacá. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 167.27SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 566, 567, for the industrial life of the Moros. The occupation of smith is especially honorable.28TheCoripha minor. Its trunk is black and very straight, and the wood is very hard. It is also used for making stockades and for conducting water. See Blanco, p. 161.29Blanco describes a shrub calledtubli, the fruit of which is very small, and which he does not believe to belong to the speciesGalactiaunder which he describes it. Thelagtanorlactang(Anamirta cocculus) is a coarse woody plant whose stems are used for tying and binding. The wood is of a yellow color. It like the preceding plant makes the fish that eat mixtures containing it exhibit the appearance of intoxication so that they can be caught by the hand. The fruit is calledbayatiby the natives. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 155; Blanco, pp. 411, 557, 558.30The claims often put forward by many writers that some of the peoples of the Philippines arise from a mixture of Chinese and Japanese blood with the Malay have no foundation. The Chinese have, it is true, mingled with almost every tribe in the archipelago, but they have not given rise to a new tribe or race.31i.e., They are a Negrito tribe.32This is theCalamus maximus, a very large species of rattan. See Blanco, pp. 185, 186; andCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 159.33Seeante, p. 241, note 106.34Throughout the friar chronicles and accounts the words “reduce” and “reduction” are frequently employed. As used the words have a rather wide application. The primary meaning is of course “conversion” to the Christian faith, but along with this idea must be understood the settlement of the converts in villages in a civilized manner, where they could be under the immediate eye of their spiritual directors. Hence the words bear in a sense a two-fold meaning—the one religious, and the other civil.35An allusion to Joseph Montano’sRapport à M. le ministre de l’instruction publique sur une Mission aux Îles Philippines et en Malaise(Paris, 1885). Of him Pardo de Tavera says (Biblioteca filipino, p. 270): “Doctor Montano is a French anthropologist and physician.... This book is very important and the author divides it into five parts, namely, geology, meteorology, anthropology, pathology, and dialects and political geography, with a few notices regarding agriculture and commerce. The most important chapters are those relating to anthropology and linguistics.”36Census of Philippines, i, p. 473, calls these people a branch of the Mandayas.37Dr. Barrows (Census of Philippines, i, p. 460) restricts the term “Buquidnon” to mountain-dwellers in Luzón and the Visayas, who escaped reduction when those islands were christianized. The term “Buquidnon” means “people of the mountain forest.”38These are the Negritos. Aetas is the oldest known name for that people. It is probably derived from the Tagálog worditim, “black.” In many places the Negrito seems to have disappeared by absorption into the conquering Malay race. There are about 23,000 of them still in the islands. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 468, 478, 532, 533.39Dr. Barrows (Census, i, p. 471) calls this people a division of the Bagobos.40The Bagobos, together with the Moros and Mandayas, are migratory in habit, though they do not leave the province. They are said to be fire worshipers. The blood feud prevails. The Ocacola Bagobos have discontinued their annual sacrifice which they would eat. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 463, 531.41Called by Barrows (Census, i, p. 470) a Bagobo tribe.42Seeante, p. 199, note 84.43A more complete title of this book by Jose Gumilla, S. J., is,El Orinoco ilustrado, historia natural, civil, y geographica, de este gran rio ... govierno, usos y costumbres de los Indios sus habitadores(Madrid, 1741).44Seeante, p. 197, note 82. Pardo de Tavera derives Tiruray fromatew rooter, “people living above,” that is, “up the river.” This branch of the Manobos are described by First Lieut. G. S. Turner, Tenth U. S. Infantry, who collected information for theCensusamong them, “as ignorant, shiftless savages ruled by superstitions and fear, with little moral or legal restraint upon their desires or passions. They were formerly much preyed upon by Moros and Manobos, but they are troubled no longer in this respect.” SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 549–552.45The Sámal are an exceedingly important element in the Sulu Archipelago. Their former locus, where the pure Sámal dialect was spoken, is in the islands between Basilan and Joló, especially Tonguil and Balanguingui. These were the very latest pirate haunts to be broken up by the Spaniards. The Sámal are now scattered along the coast of Zamboanga and nearly everywhere in the archipelago of Sulu. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 475.46It is the custom among the heathen to change, suppress, and add vowels. For example:biñagforbuñag, “baptism;”bidiforbudi, “girl;”isugforusug, “man;”buhayforbahay, “woman;”guiangaforguanga, “forest;”inayforina, “mother;”budiayforbudi;difordili, “no;” etc.—Pablo Pastells, S. J.47An important pagan tribe whose habitat is about the bay of Sibuguey and the bay of Dumanquilas. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 461, 462, 476.48“The campaign of General Terrero in 1887 against the Sultanates of Buhayen, Bacat, and Kuduranga in the ‘cuenca’ of the Pulangui resulted in the occupation of Liong, Bacat, and Kuduranga, taking possession likewise at this time of the cove of Pujaga (east coast) of the bay of Sarangani, the port of Lebak, and that of Santa Maria, commencing work on the trocha of Tukuran.”Memoria de Mindanaoby Julian Gonzales Parrado.In 1902 two military roads were planned by General George W. Davis through Mindanao, one passing from the south and one from the north coast of Mindanao into the very heart of the Moro country, and meeting on the waters of Lake Lanao. See the story of the building of the roads by Major R. L. Bullard of the 28th U.S. Infantry, who is stationed at Iligan, Mindanao, in theAtlantic Monthlyfor December, 1903.49Governor Narciso Clavería personally conducted an expedition against the Moros in 1848. The three vessels were under command of José Ruiz de Apodaca, of the royal navy. He administered heavy defeats on the Moros at several points. The expedition of Antonio de Urbistondo against Joló was made in 1850–1851. The expedition of Jose Malcampo y Monje was made in 1875. By these three expeditions the Moro power was badly crippled. See Montero y Vidal,Historia de la piratería, andHistoria general, iii.50Speaking of the efforts of the Jesuits in Mindanao in hisMemoria de Mindanao, Julian Gonzales Parrado says: “This proper zeal causes them, nevertheless, not to see this question clearly and leads them to an excusable optimism, but which gives them credit for the success obtained in so many years of preaching and teaching as to what relates to the Moros. In spite of their efforts, sacrifices, and infinite constancy, neither in Joló nor in Mindanao have they succeeded during the three centuries in causing to be admitted into the labarum of the Evangelist more than an insignificant number of Mahometans, and even of this small contingent of converts and baptized, nearly all have been observed to have abjured their new religion and returned to their former practices as soon as possible; or the interest or the danger that impelled them at receiving the baptism more than anything else, has ceased.” He concludes by saying that this is not to the discredit of the Jesuits, but due to the peculiarities of the Moros, and to their fanatic religion. It is advised that no forcible attempt be made to convert them, but that they adopt Christianity only if they so desire.
1The Carolinas were discovered first by the Portuguese navigator, Diogo da Rocha, in 1525, and different groups of them were seen by early Spanish navigators. In 1686, one of them was discovered by the Spanish admiral, Francisco Lezcano, who named it Carolina, in honor of Cárlos II, and the whole archipelago finally took its name from it. They number about 525 islands counting reefs and uninhabited rocks, and contain about 525 square miles. In the beginning of the eighteenth century they were entirely abandoned by Spain, and were only brought back to public notice in the beginning of the nineteenth century through several scientific expeditions. Gradually German commercial interests became paramount, and in 1885 the German flag was hoisted in the island of Yap in the presence of two Spanish gunboats. The pope arbitrating on the matter declared that the islands belonged to Spain, but gave special privileges to Germany. In 1899, the Carolinas, Palaos, and all of the Ladrones except Guam were ceded to Germany in payment of 16,750,000 marks. See Montero y Vidal’sArchipiélago, pp. 483–505 (who gives the propositions submitted by the pope); Gregorio Miguel’sEstudio sobre las islas Carolinas; andNew International Encyclopædia.
2The volcano of Apo is located on the highest summit of the Philippines, which is 10,311 ft. high. The first to attempt its ascent was JoséOyangúrenin 1859, but he failed. It was first ascended in 1880 by Montano, Joaquin Rajal, and Mateo Gisbert, S. J. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 202–204.
3The Bilans are an exceedingly timid and wild people, fleeing, it is said, even from Moros with whom they are unacquainted. They inhabit the mountains south and west of Lake Bulúan, in South Mindanao, their range being southeast of that of the Tirurayes. Their religion is a sort of demon worship and they are very superstitious. They do not live in communities but each family by itself in a house at least one-half mile from any other house. The brief examination of those houses by Lieutenant H. Rodgers of the Philippine scouts, leads to the belief that the Bilans are a race superior to the Moro, being more cleanly, industrious, and more wealthy. The Moros do not allow them to trade direct with the Chinese merchants. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 560, 561.
4Dr. Barrows says (Census of Philippines, i, p. 461): “Manobois a native word which, in the Bagobo language on the Gulf of Dávao, means ‘man.’ It is so given in Padre Gisbert’s vocabulary and also in a special vocabulary taken for the ethnological survey. Blumentritt, however, suggests—and I believe with merit—that Manobo here in Northern Mindanao is a derivation ofManubo, which is itself derived fromMasuba, meaning ‘people of the river.’ This term Manobo should be retained for all of this great group living along the affluents and tributary streams of the river Agusan, and the term might, with propriety, I believe, be extended to the Montes farther west and back of Misamis. If there are objections to applying the term Manobo to these pagans of Misamis, I would suggest the application of our general term Bukidnon.”
5This letter is addressed directly to the superior of the mission.
6On the prevailing custom of making slaves among the peoples in Mindanao, Father Gisbert says in a letter written May 20, 1886 (Cartas, Manila, 1887): “The slavehunt is not always easy. By availing themselves of tricks and surprises, they can generally capture the old people, women, and the children easily. They first kill those who can make any resistance.”
7Literally “shields.” That is, the rice was measured into the shield.
8i.e., So so,or, just as it was.
9On the Moros, seeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 465–467, 561–585.
10The Yakan are a primitive Malayan tribe of the same type and general culture as the Subanon of the Mindanao mainland, who live in Basilan, and who, some generations ago, accepted the Mahometan faith and are fanatical adherents thereof. They live scattered over the island cultivating a little maize, rice, and tapioca, bringing out some jungle product, but living as a whole miserably and in poverty. Some of them have migrated to the peninsula of Zamboanga and the islands adjacent to this coast. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 465, 466.
11According toCensus of Philippines, the population of the comandancia of Basilan is 30,179, of whom 28,848 are uncivilized.
12Among the Sámal Laút boys are trained for the priesthood by making their homes with priests, where they remain for several years in the capacity of servant and pupil. Occasionally, when grown they are sent to Singapore for continuous study, but such cases are rare. If a man goes to Mekka he is given the honorable title of pilgrim and is held in high consideration. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 571.
13i.e., A distance of two palm-lengths.
14A dish made in the Philippines from the inner and harder shell of the cocoanut.—See Echegaray’sDiccionario etimológico, and Noceda and Sanlucar’sVocabulario de la lengua tagala.
15See beliefs and superstitions of the North American Indians in regard to eclipses inJesuit Relations(Cleveland reissue), vi, p. 223, xii, pp. 31, 73, xxii, p. 295.
16The principal articles of food are rice, for which corn is sometimes substituted, fish, chickens, vegetables, wild fruits, and cocoanut oil. The natives are fond of chickens and eggs, and most families raise poultry for the table. Pork is forbidden by their faith, and the use of venison, or the flesh of the carabao, ox, sheep, or goat, is limited, the Moros being apparently not fond of meat. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 564.
17Cogon (Imperata koenigii) is a species of grass of general natural growth, the young shoots of which afford excellent food for cattle. The grass is used in some localities as a substitute for nipa, where the latter does not grow, in thatching roofs. The name “cogon” is applied to many coarse, rank-growing grasses. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 118.
18We give the verses in the original language with the Spanish translation of Father Pablo Cavallería, and add the English translation of the latter, which is necessarily crude.
19An authority among the Moros, after the panglima, and as well a name denoting nobility of race and blood. SeeCartas de ... la mision de Filipinas(Manila, 1887), p. 34, note.
20The letter occupies pp. 326–349, and is accompanied by an ethnographical map (which we do not reproduce) made by the fathers of the Society of Jesuits. Our extract relates to the ethnology of Mindanao, and occupies pp. 336–349.
21Dr. Barrows (Census of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 463), says in speaking of the tribes of Mindanao that the term Indonesian has been applied to some of them to explain their higher stature and finer physique, which means that they are connected with people of mixed Caucasian blood, who were in primitive times distributed across the Malay Archipelago, and who find their purest living type in the Polynesians. He does not accept the evidence, as the perceptible gain in height among such peoples is not apparently accompanied by the other distinguishing marks of the Caucasian or Polynesian, and consequently regards them as Malayan. See also Le Roy’sPhilippine Life(New York, 1905), p. 20.
22See laws of the Sámal Laút in regard to family and social life inCensus of Philippines, i, p. 569.
23The root of the plant gabe (Colocasia antiquorumvariety) is highly prized and extensively cultivated, the leaves also being used as food. Of the resins and oils mentioned, piayo, also called conferal and galagala (Agathis orantifolia—Salisb.) is used for burning and lighting, and the manufacture of varnish; and balao or malapaho (Dipterocarpus velulinno—Bl.) is used for calking. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 121, 202, 221; andPhilippine Gazetteer, p. 78.
24Cabo Negro (Caryota urens) is a palm from which a kind of starch or sago is extracted. The camagon (Diospyros discolor) is a native persimmon tree 30 to 45 ft. high growing in Luzón and some of the other islands. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, pp. 139, 143.
25Salt is produced by evaporation, from a method taught prior to the coming of the Spaniards by the Chinese. Sea-water, enclosed in a depression surrounded by dykes, is evaporated by the sun’s rays; when the water has disappeared, the salt deposited on the floor of the basin is gathered up and cleaned by filtration. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 469.
26This is theMusa sapientum, which is a variety of banana. This fiber is inferior to abacá. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 167.
27SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 566, 567, for the industrial life of the Moros. The occupation of smith is especially honorable.
28TheCoripha minor. Its trunk is black and very straight, and the wood is very hard. It is also used for making stockades and for conducting water. See Blanco, p. 161.
29Blanco describes a shrub calledtubli, the fruit of which is very small, and which he does not believe to belong to the speciesGalactiaunder which he describes it. Thelagtanorlactang(Anamirta cocculus) is a coarse woody plant whose stems are used for tying and binding. The wood is of a yellow color. It like the preceding plant makes the fish that eat mixtures containing it exhibit the appearance of intoxication so that they can be caught by the hand. The fruit is calledbayatiby the natives. SeeCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 155; Blanco, pp. 411, 557, 558.
30The claims often put forward by many writers that some of the peoples of the Philippines arise from a mixture of Chinese and Japanese blood with the Malay have no foundation. The Chinese have, it is true, mingled with almost every tribe in the archipelago, but they have not given rise to a new tribe or race.
31i.e., They are a Negrito tribe.
32This is theCalamus maximus, a very large species of rattan. See Blanco, pp. 185, 186; andCensus of Philippines, iv, p. 159.
33Seeante, p. 241, note 106.
34Throughout the friar chronicles and accounts the words “reduce” and “reduction” are frequently employed. As used the words have a rather wide application. The primary meaning is of course “conversion” to the Christian faith, but along with this idea must be understood the settlement of the converts in villages in a civilized manner, where they could be under the immediate eye of their spiritual directors. Hence the words bear in a sense a two-fold meaning—the one religious, and the other civil.
35An allusion to Joseph Montano’sRapport à M. le ministre de l’instruction publique sur une Mission aux Îles Philippines et en Malaise(Paris, 1885). Of him Pardo de Tavera says (Biblioteca filipino, p. 270): “Doctor Montano is a French anthropologist and physician.... This book is very important and the author divides it into five parts, namely, geology, meteorology, anthropology, pathology, and dialects and political geography, with a few notices regarding agriculture and commerce. The most important chapters are those relating to anthropology and linguistics.”
36Census of Philippines, i, p. 473, calls these people a branch of the Mandayas.
37Dr. Barrows (Census of Philippines, i, p. 460) restricts the term “Buquidnon” to mountain-dwellers in Luzón and the Visayas, who escaped reduction when those islands were christianized. The term “Buquidnon” means “people of the mountain forest.”
38These are the Negritos. Aetas is the oldest known name for that people. It is probably derived from the Tagálog worditim, “black.” In many places the Negrito seems to have disappeared by absorption into the conquering Malay race. There are about 23,000 of them still in the islands. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 468, 478, 532, 533.
39Dr. Barrows (Census, i, p. 471) calls this people a division of the Bagobos.
40The Bagobos, together with the Moros and Mandayas, are migratory in habit, though they do not leave the province. They are said to be fire worshipers. The blood feud prevails. The Ocacola Bagobos have discontinued their annual sacrifice which they would eat. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 463, 531.
41Called by Barrows (Census, i, p. 470) a Bagobo tribe.
42Seeante, p. 199, note 84.
43A more complete title of this book by Jose Gumilla, S. J., is,El Orinoco ilustrado, historia natural, civil, y geographica, de este gran rio ... govierno, usos y costumbres de los Indios sus habitadores(Madrid, 1741).
44Seeante, p. 197, note 82. Pardo de Tavera derives Tiruray fromatew rooter, “people living above,” that is, “up the river.” This branch of the Manobos are described by First Lieut. G. S. Turner, Tenth U. S. Infantry, who collected information for theCensusamong them, “as ignorant, shiftless savages ruled by superstitions and fear, with little moral or legal restraint upon their desires or passions. They were formerly much preyed upon by Moros and Manobos, but they are troubled no longer in this respect.” SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 462, 549–552.
45The Sámal are an exceedingly important element in the Sulu Archipelago. Their former locus, where the pure Sámal dialect was spoken, is in the islands between Basilan and Joló, especially Tonguil and Balanguingui. These were the very latest pirate haunts to be broken up by the Spaniards. The Sámal are now scattered along the coast of Zamboanga and nearly everywhere in the archipelago of Sulu. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, p. 475.
46It is the custom among the heathen to change, suppress, and add vowels. For example:biñagforbuñag, “baptism;”bidiforbudi, “girl;”isugforusug, “man;”buhayforbahay, “woman;”guiangaforguanga, “forest;”inayforina, “mother;”budiayforbudi;difordili, “no;” etc.—Pablo Pastells, S. J.
47An important pagan tribe whose habitat is about the bay of Sibuguey and the bay of Dumanquilas. SeeCensus of Philippines, i, pp. 461, 462, 476.
48“The campaign of General Terrero in 1887 against the Sultanates of Buhayen, Bacat, and Kuduranga in the ‘cuenca’ of the Pulangui resulted in the occupation of Liong, Bacat, and Kuduranga, taking possession likewise at this time of the cove of Pujaga (east coast) of the bay of Sarangani, the port of Lebak, and that of Santa Maria, commencing work on the trocha of Tukuran.”Memoria de Mindanaoby Julian Gonzales Parrado.
In 1902 two military roads were planned by General George W. Davis through Mindanao, one passing from the south and one from the north coast of Mindanao into the very heart of the Moro country, and meeting on the waters of Lake Lanao. See the story of the building of the roads by Major R. L. Bullard of the 28th U.S. Infantry, who is stationed at Iligan, Mindanao, in theAtlantic Monthlyfor December, 1903.
49Governor Narciso Clavería personally conducted an expedition against the Moros in 1848. The three vessels were under command of José Ruiz de Apodaca, of the royal navy. He administered heavy defeats on the Moros at several points. The expedition of Antonio de Urbistondo against Joló was made in 1850–1851. The expedition of Jose Malcampo y Monje was made in 1875. By these three expeditions the Moro power was badly crippled. See Montero y Vidal,Historia de la piratería, andHistoria general, iii.
50Speaking of the efforts of the Jesuits in Mindanao in hisMemoria de Mindanao, Julian Gonzales Parrado says: “This proper zeal causes them, nevertheless, not to see this question clearly and leads them to an excusable optimism, but which gives them credit for the success obtained in so many years of preaching and teaching as to what relates to the Moros. In spite of their efforts, sacrifices, and infinite constancy, neither in Joló nor in Mindanao have they succeeded during the three centuries in causing to be admitted into the labarum of the Evangelist more than an insignificant number of Mahometans, and even of this small contingent of converts and baptized, nearly all have been observed to have abjured their new religion and returned to their former practices as soon as possible; or the interest or the danger that impelled them at receiving the baptism more than anything else, has ceased.” He concludes by saying that this is not to the discredit of the Jesuits, but due to the peculiarities of the Moros, and to their fanatic religion. It is advised that no forcible attempt be made to convert them, but that they adopt Christianity only if they so desire.