1i.e., “The holy synod commands parish priests and other preachers to the Indians to instruct them often and earnestly in the doctrine of this mystery;” and, “To those whom the parish priest shall regard as sufficiently instructed, and made fit by the correctness of their lives, he shall not fail to administer the holy eucharist, on the first Easter following.”2Francisco Blancas de San José was a native of Tarazona, and entered the Dominican order at Alcalá de Henares. He came to Manila with the mission of 1595, and was sent to Bataán; afterward he spent several years in the Manila convent, preaching to Indians and Chinese, as well as Spaniards. He also gave especial attention to the instruction of the negroes and slaves there, of whom there were many thousands. He also labored in Cagayán and (1609) in Mindoro and Balayan. In 1614 he sailed for Spain, but died on the voyage, before reaching Mexico. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 172–177.)3Jacinto de San Jerónimo came to the islands with the mission of 1604. The rest of his life was spent mainly in the missions of Cagayán; near its end, he went to the new mission of Ituy (now Nueva Vizcaya), where he died in 1637. (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 327.)4Probably referring to the expedition sent from Mexico early in 1559, to conquer Florida, under command of Tristan de Luna y Arellano; it included 500 Spanish soldiers and a considerable number of Indian allies. This attempt proved unsuccessful, and most of the Spaniards were slain by the warlike Florida Indians.5The sketch of Salazar’s life given inReseña biográfica(i, pp. 35–49) states that he obtained permission to carry twenty religious with him to the Philippines, all of whom he procured from the convent at Salamanca. But twelve of them died (apparently from ship-fever) before reaching Mexico; and the others were so prostrated by sickness that they could go no farther.6i.e., “Reprove, entreat, rebuke, in all patience and doctrine.”7Cantaro(from Latin,cantharus): the name of a large earthen or metal receptacle for liquids, hence for the amount contained in it; also, a measure for wine, varying in different parts of Spain. The cantaro (or alquiére) of Portugal is equivalent to nearly 2⅕ or 3⅓ U. S. gallons in Lisbon and Oporto respectively.8Referring to the cultivation of their rice, usually in fields more or less under water.9i.e., the fifth Sunday in Lent.10These were Dominicans and Franciscans (Vol. IX, pp. 161, 172). One of the latter was named Gregorio da Cruz; a letter from him to Dasmariñas may be found inVol. IX, p. 197. Huerta, however, says (Estado, pp. 672, 673) that the early Franciscan missions lasted only from 1583 to 1586, and were not resumed until the year 1700.11See Morga’s account of this expedition and its results, inVol. XV, pp. 78–89, 130–160, 187–190. Cf. letters sent from Manila to Camboja, and papers connected with the embassy sent to Dasmariñas, inVol. IX, pp. 76–78, 86, 87, 161–180.12The island (and group) of Lubang, southwest of Manila; a dependency formerly of the province of Cavite, but now of Marinduque.13Pulo Obi—that is, Obi Island; it lies near Cape Camâo (sometimes called Cambodia), the southernmost point of Cochinchina.14It is difficult to identify this town with exactness, but it is probably the same as the modern Pnom-penh (Panomping) on the great river Me-khong (also called Cambodia). The usurper of Langara’s throne was Anacaparan (see Morga’s account, inVol. XV).15That is, the usurper Anacaparan. According to Morga, he resided at Sistor, which probably was the modern Udong.16Tiuman (Timoan, Timun) Island is off the eastern coast of the Malay peninsula; it is about ten miles long and five broad, and is a mass of rock, rising into heights of 2,000 to 3,000 feet.17Pedro de Ledesma, although an old man when he came to the islands, lived until 1625, after having filled several offices in his order—mainly at Manila, where he died. He brought seven missionaries with him (1596).18For meaning of this title, seeVol. XV, p. 88.19See Morga’s account of this expedition (Vol. XV, pp. 160–168). Another relation (unsigned) is presented in a MS. document conserved in the Archivo general de Indias, with the pressmark: “Simancas-Secular; Cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas; años 1600 á 1628; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 7.”20According to the MS. mentioned in preceding note, this officer was Pedro de Beaztegui (probably for Verastegui).21Spanish,Avia yo andado todas estas estaçiones: an allusion to the “stations” which represent, in a Roman Catholic church, the stages in Christ’s sufferings; and to the devotion which consists in making the circuit of these stations.22SeeVol. XV, p. 206.23Apparently meaning here, “the country of the Irrayas,” rather than the name of any distinct district. The Irrayas are in modern times a heathen tribe, of mixed Malay and Negrito blood, dwelling in the southern part of Isabela province, Luzón, on the western slopes of the Palanan range, and on tributary streams far up the Rio Grande de Cagayán.24The Angatatan River, on which is situated the hamlet of Magaldan; it falls into Lingayén Gulf.25Thus in Aduarte’s text, but misprinted for Guadaira. Alcala de Guadaira is a small town in the diocese of Sevilla.26Prauncar, the son of Langara; he had been replaced on his throne by the Spanish adventurers. See Morga’s account of Joan de Mendoza’s expedition to Camboja, and the death of these two Dominicans, inVol. XV, pp. 183–190, 244–247.27According to Morga’s account, this friar was a Dominican.28The Dominicans made their first establishment at the City of Mexico in 1526; nine years later, their houses were organized into the province of Santiago de Mexico. In 1550, Chiapas and Guatemala were separated therefrom, and formed into a new province; and in 1592 permission was given to cut out still another, the province of Oajaca. Alonso de Vayllo was its second provincial (1594–97). See account of the Dominican order in Nueva España in the sixteenth century, in Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 724–733.29i.e., “Christ became, for our sake, obedient even unto death.”30Tomás Hernández was sent, soon after his arrival at Manila (1602), to the Japan mission; but at the end of four years he returned with broken health, which compelled him to cease his labors. He lingered, however, until 1642, when he died at Manila.31See list of these missionaries inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 307–319. Thirty-one arrived at Manila, besides the two who died on the way.32One of the year-periods used in Japanese chronology (seeVol. VIII, p. 263). The Keicho period is 1596–1615.33All these priests became martyrs, except Hernandez; the fate of the lay brother is unknown.34One of the Koshiki Islands, lying west of Satsuma, and belonging to that district.35Konishi Yukinaga Tsu-no-Kami, a noted general, was converted in 1584, and took the name of Augustin. In 1592 he commanded the main army (composed mainly of Christian Japanese) sent by Taikô-sama for the conquest of Korea. Konishi won renown in that enterprise, in which he was engaged until Taikô-sama’s death (1598) caused the recall of the Japanese troops from Korea. Opposing Iyeyasu, Konishi was among the prisoners taken at the battle of Sekigahara (1600), and was beheaded at Kioto. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 284–288, 290, 299.36Owotomo Bungo-no-Kami (called Franciscus by the Jesuits), the most powerful feudal lord in Kiushiu, was one of the first daimiôs in Japan to accept Christianity, and was the main support of the missions in their early years. He died in 1587. The family of this prince were deprived, under Iyeyasu, of their possessions, which were divided among the latter’s adherents. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 273, 519.37This was a soldier named Joan Diaz (Vol. XV, pp. 189, 279). Cf. Morga’s account of this Dominican mission (Vol. XV, pp. 279, 280).38Jerónimo de Belén, a Portuguese by birth, came in the mission of 1595, from Puebla de los Angeles, Mexico. He ministered at Bataán, Manila, and Cavite respectively; in 1603 went on the Camboja mission, and on its failure returned to Manila. He died in 1642, in Pampanga.39Sketches of the lives of all these friars are given inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 320–327.40This friar came in 1604; he died at Nasiping, July 16, 1611.41Pedro Muriel came to the islands in 1615, and was sent to the Cagayán missions, where he seems to have spent most of his remaining years. He died at Manila, about 1642.42Itaves is a district south of central Cagayán, on the waters of the Rio Chico de Cagayan (or Bangag River). It has over 15,000 inhabitants, contained in more than a hundred villages; these people are mainly Calauas, and are heathen Malays. SeeU. S. Gazetteer of Philippine Islands, p. 561; also SmithsonianReport, 1899, p. 535.43Juan de Naya spent most of his missionary life in Cagayán. Finally being ordered to Mexico, he died on the voyage thither, January 27, 1620.44Andres de Haro, a native of Toledo, made his profession at Cuenca in 1613. He came to the Philippines in 1615, and spent more than forty years in the Cagayán missions. At various times he filled important offices in Manila, among them, that of commissary of the Inquisition. He died in that city, September 19, 1670, at the age of seventy-six years.45Apparently a reference to the Jesuit Alonso Sanchéz, who had gone in 1586 to Spain (seeVol. VI) as envoy from the various estates of the Philippine colony.46i.e., “Farewell in the Lord, beloved of my heart; may you fare well and happily forever.”47This was Matsura Shigenobu Hô in, the daimiô of Hirado (Firando) and Iki. He succeeded his father in 1584, and died in 1614, at the age of sixty-five. He was an officer in the Korean campaigns under Konishi, and served during 1592–98. See Satow’s note regarding him, inVoyage of Saris(Hakluyt Society’s publications, London, 1900), p. 79; also his portrait, p. 80.48The same as bagacay or bacacae; seeVol. XVI, p. 55.49Hizen is one of the most notable provinces of Japan, commercially and historically. Its chief city is Nagasaki, which about 1586 was wrested from the daimiô of Omura by Taikô-sama, and declared the property of the central government. The Dutch maintained a factory there, although under humiliating conditions and restrictions, from 1639 to 1859. Another notable town in Hizen is Arima, where the Christians were so cruelly persecuted in 1637. The daimiô of Hizen, mentioned by Aduarte, was probably Nabeshima, prince of Saga, who was a favorite with Iyeyasu.See Rein’sJapan, pp. 300, 520–523.50Juan de San Jacinto made his profession in the Dominican convent at Salamanca, in 1594. He came to Manila in the mission of 1602, and ministered to the natives in Pangasinan and afterward in Ituy. He was finally compelled by ill-health to retire to Manila, where he died in 1626. SeeReseña biográfica, i, p. 316.51Pedro de Santo Tomás came to the islands in the mission of 1602, and labored twenty years in the Cagayán missions—especially among the Irrayas, whom he pacified after their revolt against the Spaniards. He died at Lal-ló, June 29, 1622.52The Japanese custom ofhara-kiri, orseppuku; see description Rein’sJapan, pp. 328, 329; cf. Griffis’sMikado’s Empire, p. 221.53The bonzes are the priests of the Buddhist temples; but they belong to various sects under the general appellation of Buddhism.54This daimiô was Shimadzu Yoshihisa; he was commissioned to subjugate the Riu-Kiu Islands, which were then added to the province of Satsuma.55i.e., Yamaguchi, in Nagato; the latter is the province at the southwest extremity of Hondo (or Nippon) Island, and lies opposite Kiushiu Island (in which are Satsuma and Hizen).56Father Organtinus (Sommervogel can find no distinctive Christian name) was born at Brescia in 1530, and entered the order in 1556. He set out from Lisbon for India in 1567; and soon went to Japan, where he spent the rest of his life, dying at Nagasaki in May, 1609.Murdoch and Yamagata’sHistory of Japan, 1542–1651(Kobe, 1903), gives this Jesuit’s name as Organtino Gnecchi (or Soldi), and the date of his arrival in Japan as 1572; and furnishes considerable information (partly derived from Charlevoix) regarding Gnecchi’s labors in Japan.57Takayama (called Justo Ukondono by the Jesuits) the governor of Akashi, in Harima; at Adzuchi-yama, on Lake Birva, he built a house and church for the Jesuits, and otherwise favored them. About 1615, he was, with other Christians, banished to Manila.Nobunaga became, about the middle of the sixteenth century, the most powerful feudal lord in Japan. He strove to govern the country in the name of the Mikado, but aroused the enmity of the other feudal lords and of the Buddhist priesthood, and was treacherously slain in 1582. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 267–273, 306.58Diego Carlos was a native of Guatemala, and made his profession at Puebla de los Angeles in 1592. Six years later, he came to the Philippines, and spent the rest of his life in the Cagayan missions, where he died in 1626.59Probably referring to the act of Villamanrique in sending to Spain ignominiously (1588) the Franciscan commissary Alonzo Ponce (Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 717, 718).
1i.e., “The holy synod commands parish priests and other preachers to the Indians to instruct them often and earnestly in the doctrine of this mystery;” and, “To those whom the parish priest shall regard as sufficiently instructed, and made fit by the correctness of their lives, he shall not fail to administer the holy eucharist, on the first Easter following.”2Francisco Blancas de San José was a native of Tarazona, and entered the Dominican order at Alcalá de Henares. He came to Manila with the mission of 1595, and was sent to Bataán; afterward he spent several years in the Manila convent, preaching to Indians and Chinese, as well as Spaniards. He also gave especial attention to the instruction of the negroes and slaves there, of whom there were many thousands. He also labored in Cagayán and (1609) in Mindoro and Balayan. In 1614 he sailed for Spain, but died on the voyage, before reaching Mexico. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 172–177.)3Jacinto de San Jerónimo came to the islands with the mission of 1604. The rest of his life was spent mainly in the missions of Cagayán; near its end, he went to the new mission of Ituy (now Nueva Vizcaya), where he died in 1637. (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 327.)4Probably referring to the expedition sent from Mexico early in 1559, to conquer Florida, under command of Tristan de Luna y Arellano; it included 500 Spanish soldiers and a considerable number of Indian allies. This attempt proved unsuccessful, and most of the Spaniards were slain by the warlike Florida Indians.5The sketch of Salazar’s life given inReseña biográfica(i, pp. 35–49) states that he obtained permission to carry twenty religious with him to the Philippines, all of whom he procured from the convent at Salamanca. But twelve of them died (apparently from ship-fever) before reaching Mexico; and the others were so prostrated by sickness that they could go no farther.6i.e., “Reprove, entreat, rebuke, in all patience and doctrine.”7Cantaro(from Latin,cantharus): the name of a large earthen or metal receptacle for liquids, hence for the amount contained in it; also, a measure for wine, varying in different parts of Spain. The cantaro (or alquiére) of Portugal is equivalent to nearly 2⅕ or 3⅓ U. S. gallons in Lisbon and Oporto respectively.8Referring to the cultivation of their rice, usually in fields more or less under water.9i.e., the fifth Sunday in Lent.10These were Dominicans and Franciscans (Vol. IX, pp. 161, 172). One of the latter was named Gregorio da Cruz; a letter from him to Dasmariñas may be found inVol. IX, p. 197. Huerta, however, says (Estado, pp. 672, 673) that the early Franciscan missions lasted only from 1583 to 1586, and were not resumed until the year 1700.11See Morga’s account of this expedition and its results, inVol. XV, pp. 78–89, 130–160, 187–190. Cf. letters sent from Manila to Camboja, and papers connected with the embassy sent to Dasmariñas, inVol. IX, pp. 76–78, 86, 87, 161–180.12The island (and group) of Lubang, southwest of Manila; a dependency formerly of the province of Cavite, but now of Marinduque.13Pulo Obi—that is, Obi Island; it lies near Cape Camâo (sometimes called Cambodia), the southernmost point of Cochinchina.14It is difficult to identify this town with exactness, but it is probably the same as the modern Pnom-penh (Panomping) on the great river Me-khong (also called Cambodia). The usurper of Langara’s throne was Anacaparan (see Morga’s account, inVol. XV).15That is, the usurper Anacaparan. According to Morga, he resided at Sistor, which probably was the modern Udong.16Tiuman (Timoan, Timun) Island is off the eastern coast of the Malay peninsula; it is about ten miles long and five broad, and is a mass of rock, rising into heights of 2,000 to 3,000 feet.17Pedro de Ledesma, although an old man when he came to the islands, lived until 1625, after having filled several offices in his order—mainly at Manila, where he died. He brought seven missionaries with him (1596).18For meaning of this title, seeVol. XV, p. 88.19See Morga’s account of this expedition (Vol. XV, pp. 160–168). Another relation (unsigned) is presented in a MS. document conserved in the Archivo general de Indias, with the pressmark: “Simancas-Secular; Cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas; años 1600 á 1628; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 7.”20According to the MS. mentioned in preceding note, this officer was Pedro de Beaztegui (probably for Verastegui).21Spanish,Avia yo andado todas estas estaçiones: an allusion to the “stations” which represent, in a Roman Catholic church, the stages in Christ’s sufferings; and to the devotion which consists in making the circuit of these stations.22SeeVol. XV, p. 206.23Apparently meaning here, “the country of the Irrayas,” rather than the name of any distinct district. The Irrayas are in modern times a heathen tribe, of mixed Malay and Negrito blood, dwelling in the southern part of Isabela province, Luzón, on the western slopes of the Palanan range, and on tributary streams far up the Rio Grande de Cagayán.24The Angatatan River, on which is situated the hamlet of Magaldan; it falls into Lingayén Gulf.25Thus in Aduarte’s text, but misprinted for Guadaira. Alcala de Guadaira is a small town in the diocese of Sevilla.26Prauncar, the son of Langara; he had been replaced on his throne by the Spanish adventurers. See Morga’s account of Joan de Mendoza’s expedition to Camboja, and the death of these two Dominicans, inVol. XV, pp. 183–190, 244–247.27According to Morga’s account, this friar was a Dominican.28The Dominicans made their first establishment at the City of Mexico in 1526; nine years later, their houses were organized into the province of Santiago de Mexico. In 1550, Chiapas and Guatemala were separated therefrom, and formed into a new province; and in 1592 permission was given to cut out still another, the province of Oajaca. Alonso de Vayllo was its second provincial (1594–97). See account of the Dominican order in Nueva España in the sixteenth century, in Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 724–733.29i.e., “Christ became, for our sake, obedient even unto death.”30Tomás Hernández was sent, soon after his arrival at Manila (1602), to the Japan mission; but at the end of four years he returned with broken health, which compelled him to cease his labors. He lingered, however, until 1642, when he died at Manila.31See list of these missionaries inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 307–319. Thirty-one arrived at Manila, besides the two who died on the way.32One of the year-periods used in Japanese chronology (seeVol. VIII, p. 263). The Keicho period is 1596–1615.33All these priests became martyrs, except Hernandez; the fate of the lay brother is unknown.34One of the Koshiki Islands, lying west of Satsuma, and belonging to that district.35Konishi Yukinaga Tsu-no-Kami, a noted general, was converted in 1584, and took the name of Augustin. In 1592 he commanded the main army (composed mainly of Christian Japanese) sent by Taikô-sama for the conquest of Korea. Konishi won renown in that enterprise, in which he was engaged until Taikô-sama’s death (1598) caused the recall of the Japanese troops from Korea. Opposing Iyeyasu, Konishi was among the prisoners taken at the battle of Sekigahara (1600), and was beheaded at Kioto. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 284–288, 290, 299.36Owotomo Bungo-no-Kami (called Franciscus by the Jesuits), the most powerful feudal lord in Kiushiu, was one of the first daimiôs in Japan to accept Christianity, and was the main support of the missions in their early years. He died in 1587. The family of this prince were deprived, under Iyeyasu, of their possessions, which were divided among the latter’s adherents. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 273, 519.37This was a soldier named Joan Diaz (Vol. XV, pp. 189, 279). Cf. Morga’s account of this Dominican mission (Vol. XV, pp. 279, 280).38Jerónimo de Belén, a Portuguese by birth, came in the mission of 1595, from Puebla de los Angeles, Mexico. He ministered at Bataán, Manila, and Cavite respectively; in 1603 went on the Camboja mission, and on its failure returned to Manila. He died in 1642, in Pampanga.39Sketches of the lives of all these friars are given inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 320–327.40This friar came in 1604; he died at Nasiping, July 16, 1611.41Pedro Muriel came to the islands in 1615, and was sent to the Cagayán missions, where he seems to have spent most of his remaining years. He died at Manila, about 1642.42Itaves is a district south of central Cagayán, on the waters of the Rio Chico de Cagayan (or Bangag River). It has over 15,000 inhabitants, contained in more than a hundred villages; these people are mainly Calauas, and are heathen Malays. SeeU. S. Gazetteer of Philippine Islands, p. 561; also SmithsonianReport, 1899, p. 535.43Juan de Naya spent most of his missionary life in Cagayán. Finally being ordered to Mexico, he died on the voyage thither, January 27, 1620.44Andres de Haro, a native of Toledo, made his profession at Cuenca in 1613. He came to the Philippines in 1615, and spent more than forty years in the Cagayán missions. At various times he filled important offices in Manila, among them, that of commissary of the Inquisition. He died in that city, September 19, 1670, at the age of seventy-six years.45Apparently a reference to the Jesuit Alonso Sanchéz, who had gone in 1586 to Spain (seeVol. VI) as envoy from the various estates of the Philippine colony.46i.e., “Farewell in the Lord, beloved of my heart; may you fare well and happily forever.”47This was Matsura Shigenobu Hô in, the daimiô of Hirado (Firando) and Iki. He succeeded his father in 1584, and died in 1614, at the age of sixty-five. He was an officer in the Korean campaigns under Konishi, and served during 1592–98. See Satow’s note regarding him, inVoyage of Saris(Hakluyt Society’s publications, London, 1900), p. 79; also his portrait, p. 80.48The same as bagacay or bacacae; seeVol. XVI, p. 55.49Hizen is one of the most notable provinces of Japan, commercially and historically. Its chief city is Nagasaki, which about 1586 was wrested from the daimiô of Omura by Taikô-sama, and declared the property of the central government. The Dutch maintained a factory there, although under humiliating conditions and restrictions, from 1639 to 1859. Another notable town in Hizen is Arima, where the Christians were so cruelly persecuted in 1637. The daimiô of Hizen, mentioned by Aduarte, was probably Nabeshima, prince of Saga, who was a favorite with Iyeyasu.See Rein’sJapan, pp. 300, 520–523.50Juan de San Jacinto made his profession in the Dominican convent at Salamanca, in 1594. He came to Manila in the mission of 1602, and ministered to the natives in Pangasinan and afterward in Ituy. He was finally compelled by ill-health to retire to Manila, where he died in 1626. SeeReseña biográfica, i, p. 316.51Pedro de Santo Tomás came to the islands in the mission of 1602, and labored twenty years in the Cagayán missions—especially among the Irrayas, whom he pacified after their revolt against the Spaniards. He died at Lal-ló, June 29, 1622.52The Japanese custom ofhara-kiri, orseppuku; see description Rein’sJapan, pp. 328, 329; cf. Griffis’sMikado’s Empire, p. 221.53The bonzes are the priests of the Buddhist temples; but they belong to various sects under the general appellation of Buddhism.54This daimiô was Shimadzu Yoshihisa; he was commissioned to subjugate the Riu-Kiu Islands, which were then added to the province of Satsuma.55i.e., Yamaguchi, in Nagato; the latter is the province at the southwest extremity of Hondo (or Nippon) Island, and lies opposite Kiushiu Island (in which are Satsuma and Hizen).56Father Organtinus (Sommervogel can find no distinctive Christian name) was born at Brescia in 1530, and entered the order in 1556. He set out from Lisbon for India in 1567; and soon went to Japan, where he spent the rest of his life, dying at Nagasaki in May, 1609.Murdoch and Yamagata’sHistory of Japan, 1542–1651(Kobe, 1903), gives this Jesuit’s name as Organtino Gnecchi (or Soldi), and the date of his arrival in Japan as 1572; and furnishes considerable information (partly derived from Charlevoix) regarding Gnecchi’s labors in Japan.57Takayama (called Justo Ukondono by the Jesuits) the governor of Akashi, in Harima; at Adzuchi-yama, on Lake Birva, he built a house and church for the Jesuits, and otherwise favored them. About 1615, he was, with other Christians, banished to Manila.Nobunaga became, about the middle of the sixteenth century, the most powerful feudal lord in Japan. He strove to govern the country in the name of the Mikado, but aroused the enmity of the other feudal lords and of the Buddhist priesthood, and was treacherously slain in 1582. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 267–273, 306.58Diego Carlos was a native of Guatemala, and made his profession at Puebla de los Angeles in 1592. Six years later, he came to the Philippines, and spent the rest of his life in the Cagayan missions, where he died in 1626.59Probably referring to the act of Villamanrique in sending to Spain ignominiously (1588) the Franciscan commissary Alonzo Ponce (Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 717, 718).
1i.e., “The holy synod commands parish priests and other preachers to the Indians to instruct them often and earnestly in the doctrine of this mystery;” and, “To those whom the parish priest shall regard as sufficiently instructed, and made fit by the correctness of their lives, he shall not fail to administer the holy eucharist, on the first Easter following.”2Francisco Blancas de San José was a native of Tarazona, and entered the Dominican order at Alcalá de Henares. He came to Manila with the mission of 1595, and was sent to Bataán; afterward he spent several years in the Manila convent, preaching to Indians and Chinese, as well as Spaniards. He also gave especial attention to the instruction of the negroes and slaves there, of whom there were many thousands. He also labored in Cagayán and (1609) in Mindoro and Balayan. In 1614 he sailed for Spain, but died on the voyage, before reaching Mexico. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 172–177.)3Jacinto de San Jerónimo came to the islands with the mission of 1604. The rest of his life was spent mainly in the missions of Cagayán; near its end, he went to the new mission of Ituy (now Nueva Vizcaya), where he died in 1637. (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 327.)4Probably referring to the expedition sent from Mexico early in 1559, to conquer Florida, under command of Tristan de Luna y Arellano; it included 500 Spanish soldiers and a considerable number of Indian allies. This attempt proved unsuccessful, and most of the Spaniards were slain by the warlike Florida Indians.5The sketch of Salazar’s life given inReseña biográfica(i, pp. 35–49) states that he obtained permission to carry twenty religious with him to the Philippines, all of whom he procured from the convent at Salamanca. But twelve of them died (apparently from ship-fever) before reaching Mexico; and the others were so prostrated by sickness that they could go no farther.6i.e., “Reprove, entreat, rebuke, in all patience and doctrine.”7Cantaro(from Latin,cantharus): the name of a large earthen or metal receptacle for liquids, hence for the amount contained in it; also, a measure for wine, varying in different parts of Spain. The cantaro (or alquiére) of Portugal is equivalent to nearly 2⅕ or 3⅓ U. S. gallons in Lisbon and Oporto respectively.8Referring to the cultivation of their rice, usually in fields more or less under water.9i.e., the fifth Sunday in Lent.10These were Dominicans and Franciscans (Vol. IX, pp. 161, 172). One of the latter was named Gregorio da Cruz; a letter from him to Dasmariñas may be found inVol. IX, p. 197. Huerta, however, says (Estado, pp. 672, 673) that the early Franciscan missions lasted only from 1583 to 1586, and were not resumed until the year 1700.11See Morga’s account of this expedition and its results, inVol. XV, pp. 78–89, 130–160, 187–190. Cf. letters sent from Manila to Camboja, and papers connected with the embassy sent to Dasmariñas, inVol. IX, pp. 76–78, 86, 87, 161–180.12The island (and group) of Lubang, southwest of Manila; a dependency formerly of the province of Cavite, but now of Marinduque.13Pulo Obi—that is, Obi Island; it lies near Cape Camâo (sometimes called Cambodia), the southernmost point of Cochinchina.14It is difficult to identify this town with exactness, but it is probably the same as the modern Pnom-penh (Panomping) on the great river Me-khong (also called Cambodia). The usurper of Langara’s throne was Anacaparan (see Morga’s account, inVol. XV).15That is, the usurper Anacaparan. According to Morga, he resided at Sistor, which probably was the modern Udong.16Tiuman (Timoan, Timun) Island is off the eastern coast of the Malay peninsula; it is about ten miles long and five broad, and is a mass of rock, rising into heights of 2,000 to 3,000 feet.17Pedro de Ledesma, although an old man when he came to the islands, lived until 1625, after having filled several offices in his order—mainly at Manila, where he died. He brought seven missionaries with him (1596).18For meaning of this title, seeVol. XV, p. 88.19See Morga’s account of this expedition (Vol. XV, pp. 160–168). Another relation (unsigned) is presented in a MS. document conserved in the Archivo general de Indias, with the pressmark: “Simancas-Secular; Cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas; años 1600 á 1628; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 7.”20According to the MS. mentioned in preceding note, this officer was Pedro de Beaztegui (probably for Verastegui).21Spanish,Avia yo andado todas estas estaçiones: an allusion to the “stations” which represent, in a Roman Catholic church, the stages in Christ’s sufferings; and to the devotion which consists in making the circuit of these stations.22SeeVol. XV, p. 206.23Apparently meaning here, “the country of the Irrayas,” rather than the name of any distinct district. The Irrayas are in modern times a heathen tribe, of mixed Malay and Negrito blood, dwelling in the southern part of Isabela province, Luzón, on the western slopes of the Palanan range, and on tributary streams far up the Rio Grande de Cagayán.24The Angatatan River, on which is situated the hamlet of Magaldan; it falls into Lingayén Gulf.25Thus in Aduarte’s text, but misprinted for Guadaira. Alcala de Guadaira is a small town in the diocese of Sevilla.26Prauncar, the son of Langara; he had been replaced on his throne by the Spanish adventurers. See Morga’s account of Joan de Mendoza’s expedition to Camboja, and the death of these two Dominicans, inVol. XV, pp. 183–190, 244–247.27According to Morga’s account, this friar was a Dominican.28The Dominicans made their first establishment at the City of Mexico in 1526; nine years later, their houses were organized into the province of Santiago de Mexico. In 1550, Chiapas and Guatemala were separated therefrom, and formed into a new province; and in 1592 permission was given to cut out still another, the province of Oajaca. Alonso de Vayllo was its second provincial (1594–97). See account of the Dominican order in Nueva España in the sixteenth century, in Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 724–733.29i.e., “Christ became, for our sake, obedient even unto death.”30Tomás Hernández was sent, soon after his arrival at Manila (1602), to the Japan mission; but at the end of four years he returned with broken health, which compelled him to cease his labors. He lingered, however, until 1642, when he died at Manila.31See list of these missionaries inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 307–319. Thirty-one arrived at Manila, besides the two who died on the way.32One of the year-periods used in Japanese chronology (seeVol. VIII, p. 263). The Keicho period is 1596–1615.33All these priests became martyrs, except Hernandez; the fate of the lay brother is unknown.34One of the Koshiki Islands, lying west of Satsuma, and belonging to that district.35Konishi Yukinaga Tsu-no-Kami, a noted general, was converted in 1584, and took the name of Augustin. In 1592 he commanded the main army (composed mainly of Christian Japanese) sent by Taikô-sama for the conquest of Korea. Konishi won renown in that enterprise, in which he was engaged until Taikô-sama’s death (1598) caused the recall of the Japanese troops from Korea. Opposing Iyeyasu, Konishi was among the prisoners taken at the battle of Sekigahara (1600), and was beheaded at Kioto. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 284–288, 290, 299.36Owotomo Bungo-no-Kami (called Franciscus by the Jesuits), the most powerful feudal lord in Kiushiu, was one of the first daimiôs in Japan to accept Christianity, and was the main support of the missions in their early years. He died in 1587. The family of this prince were deprived, under Iyeyasu, of their possessions, which were divided among the latter’s adherents. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 273, 519.37This was a soldier named Joan Diaz (Vol. XV, pp. 189, 279). Cf. Morga’s account of this Dominican mission (Vol. XV, pp. 279, 280).38Jerónimo de Belén, a Portuguese by birth, came in the mission of 1595, from Puebla de los Angeles, Mexico. He ministered at Bataán, Manila, and Cavite respectively; in 1603 went on the Camboja mission, and on its failure returned to Manila. He died in 1642, in Pampanga.39Sketches of the lives of all these friars are given inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 320–327.40This friar came in 1604; he died at Nasiping, July 16, 1611.41Pedro Muriel came to the islands in 1615, and was sent to the Cagayán missions, where he seems to have spent most of his remaining years. He died at Manila, about 1642.42Itaves is a district south of central Cagayán, on the waters of the Rio Chico de Cagayan (or Bangag River). It has over 15,000 inhabitants, contained in more than a hundred villages; these people are mainly Calauas, and are heathen Malays. SeeU. S. Gazetteer of Philippine Islands, p. 561; also SmithsonianReport, 1899, p. 535.43Juan de Naya spent most of his missionary life in Cagayán. Finally being ordered to Mexico, he died on the voyage thither, January 27, 1620.44Andres de Haro, a native of Toledo, made his profession at Cuenca in 1613. He came to the Philippines in 1615, and spent more than forty years in the Cagayán missions. At various times he filled important offices in Manila, among them, that of commissary of the Inquisition. He died in that city, September 19, 1670, at the age of seventy-six years.45Apparently a reference to the Jesuit Alonso Sanchéz, who had gone in 1586 to Spain (seeVol. VI) as envoy from the various estates of the Philippine colony.46i.e., “Farewell in the Lord, beloved of my heart; may you fare well and happily forever.”47This was Matsura Shigenobu Hô in, the daimiô of Hirado (Firando) and Iki. He succeeded his father in 1584, and died in 1614, at the age of sixty-five. He was an officer in the Korean campaigns under Konishi, and served during 1592–98. See Satow’s note regarding him, inVoyage of Saris(Hakluyt Society’s publications, London, 1900), p. 79; also his portrait, p. 80.48The same as bagacay or bacacae; seeVol. XVI, p. 55.49Hizen is one of the most notable provinces of Japan, commercially and historically. Its chief city is Nagasaki, which about 1586 was wrested from the daimiô of Omura by Taikô-sama, and declared the property of the central government. The Dutch maintained a factory there, although under humiliating conditions and restrictions, from 1639 to 1859. Another notable town in Hizen is Arima, where the Christians were so cruelly persecuted in 1637. The daimiô of Hizen, mentioned by Aduarte, was probably Nabeshima, prince of Saga, who was a favorite with Iyeyasu.See Rein’sJapan, pp. 300, 520–523.50Juan de San Jacinto made his profession in the Dominican convent at Salamanca, in 1594. He came to Manila in the mission of 1602, and ministered to the natives in Pangasinan and afterward in Ituy. He was finally compelled by ill-health to retire to Manila, where he died in 1626. SeeReseña biográfica, i, p. 316.51Pedro de Santo Tomás came to the islands in the mission of 1602, and labored twenty years in the Cagayán missions—especially among the Irrayas, whom he pacified after their revolt against the Spaniards. He died at Lal-ló, June 29, 1622.52The Japanese custom ofhara-kiri, orseppuku; see description Rein’sJapan, pp. 328, 329; cf. Griffis’sMikado’s Empire, p. 221.53The bonzes are the priests of the Buddhist temples; but they belong to various sects under the general appellation of Buddhism.54This daimiô was Shimadzu Yoshihisa; he was commissioned to subjugate the Riu-Kiu Islands, which were then added to the province of Satsuma.55i.e., Yamaguchi, in Nagato; the latter is the province at the southwest extremity of Hondo (or Nippon) Island, and lies opposite Kiushiu Island (in which are Satsuma and Hizen).56Father Organtinus (Sommervogel can find no distinctive Christian name) was born at Brescia in 1530, and entered the order in 1556. He set out from Lisbon for India in 1567; and soon went to Japan, where he spent the rest of his life, dying at Nagasaki in May, 1609.Murdoch and Yamagata’sHistory of Japan, 1542–1651(Kobe, 1903), gives this Jesuit’s name as Organtino Gnecchi (or Soldi), and the date of his arrival in Japan as 1572; and furnishes considerable information (partly derived from Charlevoix) regarding Gnecchi’s labors in Japan.57Takayama (called Justo Ukondono by the Jesuits) the governor of Akashi, in Harima; at Adzuchi-yama, on Lake Birva, he built a house and church for the Jesuits, and otherwise favored them. About 1615, he was, with other Christians, banished to Manila.Nobunaga became, about the middle of the sixteenth century, the most powerful feudal lord in Japan. He strove to govern the country in the name of the Mikado, but aroused the enmity of the other feudal lords and of the Buddhist priesthood, and was treacherously slain in 1582. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 267–273, 306.58Diego Carlos was a native of Guatemala, and made his profession at Puebla de los Angeles in 1592. Six years later, he came to the Philippines, and spent the rest of his life in the Cagayan missions, where he died in 1626.59Probably referring to the act of Villamanrique in sending to Spain ignominiously (1588) the Franciscan commissary Alonzo Ponce (Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 717, 718).
1i.e., “The holy synod commands parish priests and other preachers to the Indians to instruct them often and earnestly in the doctrine of this mystery;” and, “To those whom the parish priest shall regard as sufficiently instructed, and made fit by the correctness of their lives, he shall not fail to administer the holy eucharist, on the first Easter following.”2Francisco Blancas de San José was a native of Tarazona, and entered the Dominican order at Alcalá de Henares. He came to Manila with the mission of 1595, and was sent to Bataán; afterward he spent several years in the Manila convent, preaching to Indians and Chinese, as well as Spaniards. He also gave especial attention to the instruction of the negroes and slaves there, of whom there were many thousands. He also labored in Cagayán and (1609) in Mindoro and Balayan. In 1614 he sailed for Spain, but died on the voyage, before reaching Mexico. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 172–177.)3Jacinto de San Jerónimo came to the islands with the mission of 1604. The rest of his life was spent mainly in the missions of Cagayán; near its end, he went to the new mission of Ituy (now Nueva Vizcaya), where he died in 1637. (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 327.)4Probably referring to the expedition sent from Mexico early in 1559, to conquer Florida, under command of Tristan de Luna y Arellano; it included 500 Spanish soldiers and a considerable number of Indian allies. This attempt proved unsuccessful, and most of the Spaniards were slain by the warlike Florida Indians.5The sketch of Salazar’s life given inReseña biográfica(i, pp. 35–49) states that he obtained permission to carry twenty religious with him to the Philippines, all of whom he procured from the convent at Salamanca. But twelve of them died (apparently from ship-fever) before reaching Mexico; and the others were so prostrated by sickness that they could go no farther.6i.e., “Reprove, entreat, rebuke, in all patience and doctrine.”7Cantaro(from Latin,cantharus): the name of a large earthen or metal receptacle for liquids, hence for the amount contained in it; also, a measure for wine, varying in different parts of Spain. The cantaro (or alquiére) of Portugal is equivalent to nearly 2⅕ or 3⅓ U. S. gallons in Lisbon and Oporto respectively.8Referring to the cultivation of their rice, usually in fields more or less under water.9i.e., the fifth Sunday in Lent.10These were Dominicans and Franciscans (Vol. IX, pp. 161, 172). One of the latter was named Gregorio da Cruz; a letter from him to Dasmariñas may be found inVol. IX, p. 197. Huerta, however, says (Estado, pp. 672, 673) that the early Franciscan missions lasted only from 1583 to 1586, and were not resumed until the year 1700.11See Morga’s account of this expedition and its results, inVol. XV, pp. 78–89, 130–160, 187–190. Cf. letters sent from Manila to Camboja, and papers connected with the embassy sent to Dasmariñas, inVol. IX, pp. 76–78, 86, 87, 161–180.12The island (and group) of Lubang, southwest of Manila; a dependency formerly of the province of Cavite, but now of Marinduque.13Pulo Obi—that is, Obi Island; it lies near Cape Camâo (sometimes called Cambodia), the southernmost point of Cochinchina.14It is difficult to identify this town with exactness, but it is probably the same as the modern Pnom-penh (Panomping) on the great river Me-khong (also called Cambodia). The usurper of Langara’s throne was Anacaparan (see Morga’s account, inVol. XV).15That is, the usurper Anacaparan. According to Morga, he resided at Sistor, which probably was the modern Udong.16Tiuman (Timoan, Timun) Island is off the eastern coast of the Malay peninsula; it is about ten miles long and five broad, and is a mass of rock, rising into heights of 2,000 to 3,000 feet.17Pedro de Ledesma, although an old man when he came to the islands, lived until 1625, after having filled several offices in his order—mainly at Manila, where he died. He brought seven missionaries with him (1596).18For meaning of this title, seeVol. XV, p. 88.19See Morga’s account of this expedition (Vol. XV, pp. 160–168). Another relation (unsigned) is presented in a MS. document conserved in the Archivo general de Indias, with the pressmark: “Simancas-Secular; Cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas; años 1600 á 1628; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 7.”20According to the MS. mentioned in preceding note, this officer was Pedro de Beaztegui (probably for Verastegui).21Spanish,Avia yo andado todas estas estaçiones: an allusion to the “stations” which represent, in a Roman Catholic church, the stages in Christ’s sufferings; and to the devotion which consists in making the circuit of these stations.22SeeVol. XV, p. 206.23Apparently meaning here, “the country of the Irrayas,” rather than the name of any distinct district. The Irrayas are in modern times a heathen tribe, of mixed Malay and Negrito blood, dwelling in the southern part of Isabela province, Luzón, on the western slopes of the Palanan range, and on tributary streams far up the Rio Grande de Cagayán.24The Angatatan River, on which is situated the hamlet of Magaldan; it falls into Lingayén Gulf.25Thus in Aduarte’s text, but misprinted for Guadaira. Alcala de Guadaira is a small town in the diocese of Sevilla.26Prauncar, the son of Langara; he had been replaced on his throne by the Spanish adventurers. See Morga’s account of Joan de Mendoza’s expedition to Camboja, and the death of these two Dominicans, inVol. XV, pp. 183–190, 244–247.27According to Morga’s account, this friar was a Dominican.28The Dominicans made their first establishment at the City of Mexico in 1526; nine years later, their houses were organized into the province of Santiago de Mexico. In 1550, Chiapas and Guatemala were separated therefrom, and formed into a new province; and in 1592 permission was given to cut out still another, the province of Oajaca. Alonso de Vayllo was its second provincial (1594–97). See account of the Dominican order in Nueva España in the sixteenth century, in Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 724–733.29i.e., “Christ became, for our sake, obedient even unto death.”30Tomás Hernández was sent, soon after his arrival at Manila (1602), to the Japan mission; but at the end of four years he returned with broken health, which compelled him to cease his labors. He lingered, however, until 1642, when he died at Manila.31See list of these missionaries inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 307–319. Thirty-one arrived at Manila, besides the two who died on the way.32One of the year-periods used in Japanese chronology (seeVol. VIII, p. 263). The Keicho period is 1596–1615.33All these priests became martyrs, except Hernandez; the fate of the lay brother is unknown.34One of the Koshiki Islands, lying west of Satsuma, and belonging to that district.35Konishi Yukinaga Tsu-no-Kami, a noted general, was converted in 1584, and took the name of Augustin. In 1592 he commanded the main army (composed mainly of Christian Japanese) sent by Taikô-sama for the conquest of Korea. Konishi won renown in that enterprise, in which he was engaged until Taikô-sama’s death (1598) caused the recall of the Japanese troops from Korea. Opposing Iyeyasu, Konishi was among the prisoners taken at the battle of Sekigahara (1600), and was beheaded at Kioto. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 284–288, 290, 299.36Owotomo Bungo-no-Kami (called Franciscus by the Jesuits), the most powerful feudal lord in Kiushiu, was one of the first daimiôs in Japan to accept Christianity, and was the main support of the missions in their early years. He died in 1587. The family of this prince were deprived, under Iyeyasu, of their possessions, which were divided among the latter’s adherents. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 273, 519.37This was a soldier named Joan Diaz (Vol. XV, pp. 189, 279). Cf. Morga’s account of this Dominican mission (Vol. XV, pp. 279, 280).38Jerónimo de Belén, a Portuguese by birth, came in the mission of 1595, from Puebla de los Angeles, Mexico. He ministered at Bataán, Manila, and Cavite respectively; in 1603 went on the Camboja mission, and on its failure returned to Manila. He died in 1642, in Pampanga.39Sketches of the lives of all these friars are given inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 320–327.40This friar came in 1604; he died at Nasiping, July 16, 1611.41Pedro Muriel came to the islands in 1615, and was sent to the Cagayán missions, where he seems to have spent most of his remaining years. He died at Manila, about 1642.42Itaves is a district south of central Cagayán, on the waters of the Rio Chico de Cagayan (or Bangag River). It has over 15,000 inhabitants, contained in more than a hundred villages; these people are mainly Calauas, and are heathen Malays. SeeU. S. Gazetteer of Philippine Islands, p. 561; also SmithsonianReport, 1899, p. 535.43Juan de Naya spent most of his missionary life in Cagayán. Finally being ordered to Mexico, he died on the voyage thither, January 27, 1620.44Andres de Haro, a native of Toledo, made his profession at Cuenca in 1613. He came to the Philippines in 1615, and spent more than forty years in the Cagayán missions. At various times he filled important offices in Manila, among them, that of commissary of the Inquisition. He died in that city, September 19, 1670, at the age of seventy-six years.45Apparently a reference to the Jesuit Alonso Sanchéz, who had gone in 1586 to Spain (seeVol. VI) as envoy from the various estates of the Philippine colony.46i.e., “Farewell in the Lord, beloved of my heart; may you fare well and happily forever.”47This was Matsura Shigenobu Hô in, the daimiô of Hirado (Firando) and Iki. He succeeded his father in 1584, and died in 1614, at the age of sixty-five. He was an officer in the Korean campaigns under Konishi, and served during 1592–98. See Satow’s note regarding him, inVoyage of Saris(Hakluyt Society’s publications, London, 1900), p. 79; also his portrait, p. 80.48The same as bagacay or bacacae; seeVol. XVI, p. 55.49Hizen is one of the most notable provinces of Japan, commercially and historically. Its chief city is Nagasaki, which about 1586 was wrested from the daimiô of Omura by Taikô-sama, and declared the property of the central government. The Dutch maintained a factory there, although under humiliating conditions and restrictions, from 1639 to 1859. Another notable town in Hizen is Arima, where the Christians were so cruelly persecuted in 1637. The daimiô of Hizen, mentioned by Aduarte, was probably Nabeshima, prince of Saga, who was a favorite with Iyeyasu.See Rein’sJapan, pp. 300, 520–523.50Juan de San Jacinto made his profession in the Dominican convent at Salamanca, in 1594. He came to Manila in the mission of 1602, and ministered to the natives in Pangasinan and afterward in Ituy. He was finally compelled by ill-health to retire to Manila, where he died in 1626. SeeReseña biográfica, i, p. 316.51Pedro de Santo Tomás came to the islands in the mission of 1602, and labored twenty years in the Cagayán missions—especially among the Irrayas, whom he pacified after their revolt against the Spaniards. He died at Lal-ló, June 29, 1622.52The Japanese custom ofhara-kiri, orseppuku; see description Rein’sJapan, pp. 328, 329; cf. Griffis’sMikado’s Empire, p. 221.53The bonzes are the priests of the Buddhist temples; but they belong to various sects under the general appellation of Buddhism.54This daimiô was Shimadzu Yoshihisa; he was commissioned to subjugate the Riu-Kiu Islands, which were then added to the province of Satsuma.55i.e., Yamaguchi, in Nagato; the latter is the province at the southwest extremity of Hondo (or Nippon) Island, and lies opposite Kiushiu Island (in which are Satsuma and Hizen).56Father Organtinus (Sommervogel can find no distinctive Christian name) was born at Brescia in 1530, and entered the order in 1556. He set out from Lisbon for India in 1567; and soon went to Japan, where he spent the rest of his life, dying at Nagasaki in May, 1609.Murdoch and Yamagata’sHistory of Japan, 1542–1651(Kobe, 1903), gives this Jesuit’s name as Organtino Gnecchi (or Soldi), and the date of his arrival in Japan as 1572; and furnishes considerable information (partly derived from Charlevoix) regarding Gnecchi’s labors in Japan.57Takayama (called Justo Ukondono by the Jesuits) the governor of Akashi, in Harima; at Adzuchi-yama, on Lake Birva, he built a house and church for the Jesuits, and otherwise favored them. About 1615, he was, with other Christians, banished to Manila.Nobunaga became, about the middle of the sixteenth century, the most powerful feudal lord in Japan. He strove to govern the country in the name of the Mikado, but aroused the enmity of the other feudal lords and of the Buddhist priesthood, and was treacherously slain in 1582. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 267–273, 306.58Diego Carlos was a native of Guatemala, and made his profession at Puebla de los Angeles in 1592. Six years later, he came to the Philippines, and spent the rest of his life in the Cagayan missions, where he died in 1626.59Probably referring to the act of Villamanrique in sending to Spain ignominiously (1588) the Franciscan commissary Alonzo Ponce (Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 717, 718).
1i.e., “The holy synod commands parish priests and other preachers to the Indians to instruct them often and earnestly in the doctrine of this mystery;” and, “To those whom the parish priest shall regard as sufficiently instructed, and made fit by the correctness of their lives, he shall not fail to administer the holy eucharist, on the first Easter following.”
2Francisco Blancas de San José was a native of Tarazona, and entered the Dominican order at Alcalá de Henares. He came to Manila with the mission of 1595, and was sent to Bataán; afterward he spent several years in the Manila convent, preaching to Indians and Chinese, as well as Spaniards. He also gave especial attention to the instruction of the negroes and slaves there, of whom there were many thousands. He also labored in Cagayán and (1609) in Mindoro and Balayan. In 1614 he sailed for Spain, but died on the voyage, before reaching Mexico. (Reseña biográfica, i, pp. 172–177.)
3Jacinto de San Jerónimo came to the islands with the mission of 1604. The rest of his life was spent mainly in the missions of Cagayán; near its end, he went to the new mission of Ituy (now Nueva Vizcaya), where he died in 1637. (Reseña biográfica, i, p. 327.)
4Probably referring to the expedition sent from Mexico early in 1559, to conquer Florida, under command of Tristan de Luna y Arellano; it included 500 Spanish soldiers and a considerable number of Indian allies. This attempt proved unsuccessful, and most of the Spaniards were slain by the warlike Florida Indians.
5The sketch of Salazar’s life given inReseña biográfica(i, pp. 35–49) states that he obtained permission to carry twenty religious with him to the Philippines, all of whom he procured from the convent at Salamanca. But twelve of them died (apparently from ship-fever) before reaching Mexico; and the others were so prostrated by sickness that they could go no farther.
6i.e., “Reprove, entreat, rebuke, in all patience and doctrine.”
7Cantaro(from Latin,cantharus): the name of a large earthen or metal receptacle for liquids, hence for the amount contained in it; also, a measure for wine, varying in different parts of Spain. The cantaro (or alquiére) of Portugal is equivalent to nearly 2⅕ or 3⅓ U. S. gallons in Lisbon and Oporto respectively.
8Referring to the cultivation of their rice, usually in fields more or less under water.
9i.e., the fifth Sunday in Lent.
10These were Dominicans and Franciscans (Vol. IX, pp. 161, 172). One of the latter was named Gregorio da Cruz; a letter from him to Dasmariñas may be found inVol. IX, p. 197. Huerta, however, says (Estado, pp. 672, 673) that the early Franciscan missions lasted only from 1583 to 1586, and were not resumed until the year 1700.
11See Morga’s account of this expedition and its results, inVol. XV, pp. 78–89, 130–160, 187–190. Cf. letters sent from Manila to Camboja, and papers connected with the embassy sent to Dasmariñas, inVol. IX, pp. 76–78, 86, 87, 161–180.
12The island (and group) of Lubang, southwest of Manila; a dependency formerly of the province of Cavite, but now of Marinduque.
13Pulo Obi—that is, Obi Island; it lies near Cape Camâo (sometimes called Cambodia), the southernmost point of Cochinchina.
14It is difficult to identify this town with exactness, but it is probably the same as the modern Pnom-penh (Panomping) on the great river Me-khong (also called Cambodia). The usurper of Langara’s throne was Anacaparan (see Morga’s account, inVol. XV).
15That is, the usurper Anacaparan. According to Morga, he resided at Sistor, which probably was the modern Udong.
16Tiuman (Timoan, Timun) Island is off the eastern coast of the Malay peninsula; it is about ten miles long and five broad, and is a mass of rock, rising into heights of 2,000 to 3,000 feet.
17Pedro de Ledesma, although an old man when he came to the islands, lived until 1625, after having filled several offices in his order—mainly at Manila, where he died. He brought seven missionaries with him (1596).
18For meaning of this title, seeVol. XV, p. 88.
19See Morga’s account of this expedition (Vol. XV, pp. 160–168). Another relation (unsigned) is presented in a MS. document conserved in the Archivo general de Indias, with the pressmark: “Simancas-Secular; Cartas y expedientes del gobernador de Filipinas; años 1600 á 1628; est. 67, caj. 6, leg. 7.”
20According to the MS. mentioned in preceding note, this officer was Pedro de Beaztegui (probably for Verastegui).
21Spanish,Avia yo andado todas estas estaçiones: an allusion to the “stations” which represent, in a Roman Catholic church, the stages in Christ’s sufferings; and to the devotion which consists in making the circuit of these stations.
22SeeVol. XV, p. 206.
23Apparently meaning here, “the country of the Irrayas,” rather than the name of any distinct district. The Irrayas are in modern times a heathen tribe, of mixed Malay and Negrito blood, dwelling in the southern part of Isabela province, Luzón, on the western slopes of the Palanan range, and on tributary streams far up the Rio Grande de Cagayán.
24The Angatatan River, on which is situated the hamlet of Magaldan; it falls into Lingayén Gulf.
25Thus in Aduarte’s text, but misprinted for Guadaira. Alcala de Guadaira is a small town in the diocese of Sevilla.
26Prauncar, the son of Langara; he had been replaced on his throne by the Spanish adventurers. See Morga’s account of Joan de Mendoza’s expedition to Camboja, and the death of these two Dominicans, inVol. XV, pp. 183–190, 244–247.
27According to Morga’s account, this friar was a Dominican.
28The Dominicans made their first establishment at the City of Mexico in 1526; nine years later, their houses were organized into the province of Santiago de Mexico. In 1550, Chiapas and Guatemala were separated therefrom, and formed into a new province; and in 1592 permission was given to cut out still another, the province of Oajaca. Alonso de Vayllo was its second provincial (1594–97). See account of the Dominican order in Nueva España in the sixteenth century, in Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 724–733.
29i.e., “Christ became, for our sake, obedient even unto death.”
30Tomás Hernández was sent, soon after his arrival at Manila (1602), to the Japan mission; but at the end of four years he returned with broken health, which compelled him to cease his labors. He lingered, however, until 1642, when he died at Manila.
31See list of these missionaries inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 307–319. Thirty-one arrived at Manila, besides the two who died on the way.
32One of the year-periods used in Japanese chronology (seeVol. VIII, p. 263). The Keicho period is 1596–1615.
33All these priests became martyrs, except Hernandez; the fate of the lay brother is unknown.
34One of the Koshiki Islands, lying west of Satsuma, and belonging to that district.
35Konishi Yukinaga Tsu-no-Kami, a noted general, was converted in 1584, and took the name of Augustin. In 1592 he commanded the main army (composed mainly of Christian Japanese) sent by Taikô-sama for the conquest of Korea. Konishi won renown in that enterprise, in which he was engaged until Taikô-sama’s death (1598) caused the recall of the Japanese troops from Korea. Opposing Iyeyasu, Konishi was among the prisoners taken at the battle of Sekigahara (1600), and was beheaded at Kioto. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 284–288, 290, 299.
36Owotomo Bungo-no-Kami (called Franciscus by the Jesuits), the most powerful feudal lord in Kiushiu, was one of the first daimiôs in Japan to accept Christianity, and was the main support of the missions in their early years. He died in 1587. The family of this prince were deprived, under Iyeyasu, of their possessions, which were divided among the latter’s adherents. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 273, 519.
37This was a soldier named Joan Diaz (Vol. XV, pp. 189, 279). Cf. Morga’s account of this Dominican mission (Vol. XV, pp. 279, 280).
38Jerónimo de Belén, a Portuguese by birth, came in the mission of 1595, from Puebla de los Angeles, Mexico. He ministered at Bataán, Manila, and Cavite respectively; in 1603 went on the Camboja mission, and on its failure returned to Manila. He died in 1642, in Pampanga.
39Sketches of the lives of all these friars are given inReseña biográfica, i, pp. 320–327.
40This friar came in 1604; he died at Nasiping, July 16, 1611.
41Pedro Muriel came to the islands in 1615, and was sent to the Cagayán missions, where he seems to have spent most of his remaining years. He died at Manila, about 1642.
42Itaves is a district south of central Cagayán, on the waters of the Rio Chico de Cagayan (or Bangag River). It has over 15,000 inhabitants, contained in more than a hundred villages; these people are mainly Calauas, and are heathen Malays. SeeU. S. Gazetteer of Philippine Islands, p. 561; also SmithsonianReport, 1899, p. 535.
43Juan de Naya spent most of his missionary life in Cagayán. Finally being ordered to Mexico, he died on the voyage thither, January 27, 1620.
44Andres de Haro, a native of Toledo, made his profession at Cuenca in 1613. He came to the Philippines in 1615, and spent more than forty years in the Cagayán missions. At various times he filled important offices in Manila, among them, that of commissary of the Inquisition. He died in that city, September 19, 1670, at the age of seventy-six years.
45Apparently a reference to the Jesuit Alonso Sanchéz, who had gone in 1586 to Spain (seeVol. VI) as envoy from the various estates of the Philippine colony.
46i.e., “Farewell in the Lord, beloved of my heart; may you fare well and happily forever.”
47This was Matsura Shigenobu Hô in, the daimiô of Hirado (Firando) and Iki. He succeeded his father in 1584, and died in 1614, at the age of sixty-five. He was an officer in the Korean campaigns under Konishi, and served during 1592–98. See Satow’s note regarding him, inVoyage of Saris(Hakluyt Society’s publications, London, 1900), p. 79; also his portrait, p. 80.
48The same as bagacay or bacacae; seeVol. XVI, p. 55.
49Hizen is one of the most notable provinces of Japan, commercially and historically. Its chief city is Nagasaki, which about 1586 was wrested from the daimiô of Omura by Taikô-sama, and declared the property of the central government. The Dutch maintained a factory there, although under humiliating conditions and restrictions, from 1639 to 1859. Another notable town in Hizen is Arima, where the Christians were so cruelly persecuted in 1637. The daimiô of Hizen, mentioned by Aduarte, was probably Nabeshima, prince of Saga, who was a favorite with Iyeyasu.
See Rein’sJapan, pp. 300, 520–523.
50Juan de San Jacinto made his profession in the Dominican convent at Salamanca, in 1594. He came to Manila in the mission of 1602, and ministered to the natives in Pangasinan and afterward in Ituy. He was finally compelled by ill-health to retire to Manila, where he died in 1626. SeeReseña biográfica, i, p. 316.
51Pedro de Santo Tomás came to the islands in the mission of 1602, and labored twenty years in the Cagayán missions—especially among the Irrayas, whom he pacified after their revolt against the Spaniards. He died at Lal-ló, June 29, 1622.
52The Japanese custom ofhara-kiri, orseppuku; see description Rein’sJapan, pp. 328, 329; cf. Griffis’sMikado’s Empire, p. 221.
53The bonzes are the priests of the Buddhist temples; but they belong to various sects under the general appellation of Buddhism.
54This daimiô was Shimadzu Yoshihisa; he was commissioned to subjugate the Riu-Kiu Islands, which were then added to the province of Satsuma.
55i.e., Yamaguchi, in Nagato; the latter is the province at the southwest extremity of Hondo (or Nippon) Island, and lies opposite Kiushiu Island (in which are Satsuma and Hizen).
56Father Organtinus (Sommervogel can find no distinctive Christian name) was born at Brescia in 1530, and entered the order in 1556. He set out from Lisbon for India in 1567; and soon went to Japan, where he spent the rest of his life, dying at Nagasaki in May, 1609.
Murdoch and Yamagata’sHistory of Japan, 1542–1651(Kobe, 1903), gives this Jesuit’s name as Organtino Gnecchi (or Soldi), and the date of his arrival in Japan as 1572; and furnishes considerable information (partly derived from Charlevoix) regarding Gnecchi’s labors in Japan.
57Takayama (called Justo Ukondono by the Jesuits) the governor of Akashi, in Harima; at Adzuchi-yama, on Lake Birva, he built a house and church for the Jesuits, and otherwise favored them. About 1615, he was, with other Christians, banished to Manila.
Nobunaga became, about the middle of the sixteenth century, the most powerful feudal lord in Japan. He strove to govern the country in the name of the Mikado, but aroused the enmity of the other feudal lords and of the Buddhist priesthood, and was treacherously slain in 1582. See Rein’sJapan, pp. 267–273, 306.
58Diego Carlos was a native of Guatemala, and made his profession at Puebla de los Angeles in 1592. Six years later, he came to the Philippines, and spent the rest of his life in the Cagayan missions, where he died in 1626.
59Probably referring to the act of Villamanrique in sending to Spain ignominiously (1588) the Franciscan commissary Alonzo Ponce (Bancroft’sHist. Mexico, ii, pp. 717, 718).