259Pflüger,Die sensorischen Functionen des Rückenmarks der Wirbelthiere.260ExceptAuerbach, who repeated and varied the experiments; andFunke, who partially adopted the conclusions in his systematic treatise on Physiology.261Schiff,Lehrbuch der Physiologie, 208.262Landry,Traité des Paralysies, 1859, maintains that the cord is a centre of sensation, and that there is in it a facultyanalogousto the perception and judgment of the brain. Compare pp. 163et sq.and 305. He also cites an essay by Dr.Patonof Edinburgh (Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1846), in which the sensational and volitional claims of the spinal cord are advanced.263Goltz,Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des Froeches, 1869.264Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 158.265See Prob. II. §183.266“Il y a donc une mémoire par le cerveau et une mémoire par l’automate. Tous les organes ont une mémoire propre, c’est à direune tendance àreproduire les séries d’actes qu’ils ont plusieurs fois executés.”—Gratiolet,Anat. du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 464.267To obviate misunderstanding let me say that, unless the contrary is specified, I use the term Brain throughout this argument as equivalent to the cerebral hemispheres, because it is in these that sensation, volition, and consciousness are localized by the generality of writers, many of whom, indeed, regard the cells of the gray matter of the convolutions as the exclusive seat of these phenomena, dividing these cells into sensational, emotional, and intellectual. There are physiologists who extend sensation to the cerebral ganglia and gray masses of the medulla oblongata; but the medulla spinalis is so clearly continuous with the medulla oblongata that there is a glaring inconsistency in excluding sensation from the one if it is accorded to the other; and the grounds on which sensitive phenomena are admitted in the absence of the hemispheres, force us to admit analogous phenomena in the absence of the ganglia and medulla oblongata: in each case the phenomena are less complex and varied as the mechanisms become less complex.268CompareLussanaeLemoigne,Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, 1871, II. 239, 240, 330.269See a very interesting case of this special loss of memory in a priest who still occupied himself reading classic authors and performing his official duties many months after an injury to the brain.LussanaeLemoigne,Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, I. 201.270Bouillaud,Recherches Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Cerveau en général, 1830, p. 5,sq.271Longet,Traité de Physiologie, II. 240.272Dalton,Human Physiology, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 362.273Dalton, p. 362.274Dalton, p. 363.275Flourens, p. 89.276Leydenin theBerliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1867, No. 7.Meissner,Jahresbericht über Physiol., 1867, p. 410.277Voitin theSitzungsberichte der Münchener Academie, 1868, p. 105. Comp. alsoGoltzinPflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. 435.278Vulpian,Système Nerveux, 542–48.279For other examples seeGintrac,Pathologie Interne, 1868, VI. 51–57.280If the water is perfectly still the fish sinks to the bottom and remains motionless until the water be stirred. Merecontactdoes not suffice; there must be intermittent pulses from the moving water.281LussanaeLemoigne,Op. cit., I. 15.282Archives de Physiologie, 1869, p. 539.283Brücke,Physiologie, II. p. 53. While these sheets are passing through the press,Goltzhas published his second series of experiments on the brain. The following detail is a good illustration of what is said in the text: A dog deprived of a portion of both hemispheres displayed a marked imperfection in the execution of ordinary instincts. Although sight was impaired he could see, and recognize men and certain objects: the sight of a whip made him cower, but the sight of meat did not suffice to set the feeding mechanism in action. When meat was suspended above his head, the scent caused him to sniff about in search, but he failed to find it, and even when he was so placed that he could see the suspended meat, theunusualimpression failed to guide him. If the meat were held towards him, or placed before him in a dish, he took it at once—this being the customary stimulation. So also, if the hand were held up, in the usual way when dogs are made to leap for food, this dog sprang vigorously up and caught the food; but he would spring up in the same way when the hand was held empty, and continue fruitlessly springing, whereas an uninjured dog ceases to spring when he sees the hand is empty.—Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 419.284Gratiolet,Anat. Comparée du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 459.285LussanaeLemoigne,Op. cit., I. 363.286Virchow’s Archiv, Bd. LX. pp. 130–33. Yet there are many physiologists who persist in placing themotorium communein thecorpora strata! And they place thesensorium communein the optic thalami, although, not to mention the ambiguous evidence of Pathology, the experiments ofNothengelandVeyssièreshow that destruction of the thalami does not destroy sensation. SeeVeyssière,Recherches sur l’hémianesthésie de cause cérébrale, 1874, pp. 83, 84. I may observe, in passing, that the notion of thecorpora striatabeing the necessary channel for volitional impulses, and theoptic thalamifor reflex actions, is utterly disproved by the experimental evidence recorded in the text, as well as in §66.287Pflüger’s Archiv, Bde. VIII. and IX.
259Pflüger,Die sensorischen Functionen des Rückenmarks der Wirbelthiere.260ExceptAuerbach, who repeated and varied the experiments; andFunke, who partially adopted the conclusions in his systematic treatise on Physiology.261Schiff,Lehrbuch der Physiologie, 208.262Landry,Traité des Paralysies, 1859, maintains that the cord is a centre of sensation, and that there is in it a facultyanalogousto the perception and judgment of the brain. Compare pp. 163et sq.and 305. He also cites an essay by Dr.Patonof Edinburgh (Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1846), in which the sensational and volitional claims of the spinal cord are advanced.263Goltz,Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des Froeches, 1869.264Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 158.265See Prob. II. §183.266“Il y a donc une mémoire par le cerveau et une mémoire par l’automate. Tous les organes ont une mémoire propre, c’est à direune tendance àreproduire les séries d’actes qu’ils ont plusieurs fois executés.”—Gratiolet,Anat. du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 464.267To obviate misunderstanding let me say that, unless the contrary is specified, I use the term Brain throughout this argument as equivalent to the cerebral hemispheres, because it is in these that sensation, volition, and consciousness are localized by the generality of writers, many of whom, indeed, regard the cells of the gray matter of the convolutions as the exclusive seat of these phenomena, dividing these cells into sensational, emotional, and intellectual. There are physiologists who extend sensation to the cerebral ganglia and gray masses of the medulla oblongata; but the medulla spinalis is so clearly continuous with the medulla oblongata that there is a glaring inconsistency in excluding sensation from the one if it is accorded to the other; and the grounds on which sensitive phenomena are admitted in the absence of the hemispheres, force us to admit analogous phenomena in the absence of the ganglia and medulla oblongata: in each case the phenomena are less complex and varied as the mechanisms become less complex.268CompareLussanaeLemoigne,Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, 1871, II. 239, 240, 330.269See a very interesting case of this special loss of memory in a priest who still occupied himself reading classic authors and performing his official duties many months after an injury to the brain.LussanaeLemoigne,Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, I. 201.270Bouillaud,Recherches Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Cerveau en général, 1830, p. 5,sq.271Longet,Traité de Physiologie, II. 240.272Dalton,Human Physiology, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 362.273Dalton, p. 362.274Dalton, p. 363.275Flourens, p. 89.276Leydenin theBerliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1867, No. 7.Meissner,Jahresbericht über Physiol., 1867, p. 410.277Voitin theSitzungsberichte der Münchener Academie, 1868, p. 105. Comp. alsoGoltzinPflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. 435.278Vulpian,Système Nerveux, 542–48.279For other examples seeGintrac,Pathologie Interne, 1868, VI. 51–57.280If the water is perfectly still the fish sinks to the bottom and remains motionless until the water be stirred. Merecontactdoes not suffice; there must be intermittent pulses from the moving water.281LussanaeLemoigne,Op. cit., I. 15.282Archives de Physiologie, 1869, p. 539.283Brücke,Physiologie, II. p. 53. While these sheets are passing through the press,Goltzhas published his second series of experiments on the brain. The following detail is a good illustration of what is said in the text: A dog deprived of a portion of both hemispheres displayed a marked imperfection in the execution of ordinary instincts. Although sight was impaired he could see, and recognize men and certain objects: the sight of a whip made him cower, but the sight of meat did not suffice to set the feeding mechanism in action. When meat was suspended above his head, the scent caused him to sniff about in search, but he failed to find it, and even when he was so placed that he could see the suspended meat, theunusualimpression failed to guide him. If the meat were held towards him, or placed before him in a dish, he took it at once—this being the customary stimulation. So also, if the hand were held up, in the usual way when dogs are made to leap for food, this dog sprang vigorously up and caught the food; but he would spring up in the same way when the hand was held empty, and continue fruitlessly springing, whereas an uninjured dog ceases to spring when he sees the hand is empty.—Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 419.284Gratiolet,Anat. Comparée du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 459.285LussanaeLemoigne,Op. cit., I. 363.286Virchow’s Archiv, Bd. LX. pp. 130–33. Yet there are many physiologists who persist in placing themotorium communein thecorpora strata! And they place thesensorium communein the optic thalami, although, not to mention the ambiguous evidence of Pathology, the experiments ofNothengelandVeyssièreshow that destruction of the thalami does not destroy sensation. SeeVeyssière,Recherches sur l’hémianesthésie de cause cérébrale, 1874, pp. 83, 84. I may observe, in passing, that the notion of thecorpora striatabeing the necessary channel for volitional impulses, and theoptic thalamifor reflex actions, is utterly disproved by the experimental evidence recorded in the text, as well as in §66.287Pflüger’s Archiv, Bde. VIII. and IX.
259Pflüger,Die sensorischen Functionen des Rückenmarks der Wirbelthiere.
259Pflüger,Die sensorischen Functionen des Rückenmarks der Wirbelthiere.
260ExceptAuerbach, who repeated and varied the experiments; andFunke, who partially adopted the conclusions in his systematic treatise on Physiology.
260ExceptAuerbach, who repeated and varied the experiments; andFunke, who partially adopted the conclusions in his systematic treatise on Physiology.
261Schiff,Lehrbuch der Physiologie, 208.
261Schiff,Lehrbuch der Physiologie, 208.
262Landry,Traité des Paralysies, 1859, maintains that the cord is a centre of sensation, and that there is in it a facultyanalogousto the perception and judgment of the brain. Compare pp. 163et sq.and 305. He also cites an essay by Dr.Patonof Edinburgh (Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1846), in which the sensational and volitional claims of the spinal cord are advanced.
262Landry,Traité des Paralysies, 1859, maintains that the cord is a centre of sensation, and that there is in it a facultyanalogousto the perception and judgment of the brain. Compare pp. 163et sq.and 305. He also cites an essay by Dr.Patonof Edinburgh (Edinburgh Medical Journal, 1846), in which the sensational and volitional claims of the spinal cord are advanced.
263Goltz,Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des Froeches, 1869.
263Goltz,Beiträge zur Lehre von den Functionen der Nervencentren des Froeches, 1869.
264Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 158.
264Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 158.
265See Prob. II. §183.
265See Prob. II. §183.
266“Il y a donc une mémoire par le cerveau et une mémoire par l’automate. Tous les organes ont une mémoire propre, c’est à direune tendance àreproduire les séries d’actes qu’ils ont plusieurs fois executés.”—Gratiolet,Anat. du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 464.
266“Il y a donc une mémoire par le cerveau et une mémoire par l’automate. Tous les organes ont une mémoire propre, c’est à direune tendance àreproduire les séries d’actes qu’ils ont plusieurs fois executés.”—Gratiolet,Anat. du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 464.
267To obviate misunderstanding let me say that, unless the contrary is specified, I use the term Brain throughout this argument as equivalent to the cerebral hemispheres, because it is in these that sensation, volition, and consciousness are localized by the generality of writers, many of whom, indeed, regard the cells of the gray matter of the convolutions as the exclusive seat of these phenomena, dividing these cells into sensational, emotional, and intellectual. There are physiologists who extend sensation to the cerebral ganglia and gray masses of the medulla oblongata; but the medulla spinalis is so clearly continuous with the medulla oblongata that there is a glaring inconsistency in excluding sensation from the one if it is accorded to the other; and the grounds on which sensitive phenomena are admitted in the absence of the hemispheres, force us to admit analogous phenomena in the absence of the ganglia and medulla oblongata: in each case the phenomena are less complex and varied as the mechanisms become less complex.
267To obviate misunderstanding let me say that, unless the contrary is specified, I use the term Brain throughout this argument as equivalent to the cerebral hemispheres, because it is in these that sensation, volition, and consciousness are localized by the generality of writers, many of whom, indeed, regard the cells of the gray matter of the convolutions as the exclusive seat of these phenomena, dividing these cells into sensational, emotional, and intellectual. There are physiologists who extend sensation to the cerebral ganglia and gray masses of the medulla oblongata; but the medulla spinalis is so clearly continuous with the medulla oblongata that there is a glaring inconsistency in excluding sensation from the one if it is accorded to the other; and the grounds on which sensitive phenomena are admitted in the absence of the hemispheres, force us to admit analogous phenomena in the absence of the ganglia and medulla oblongata: in each case the phenomena are less complex and varied as the mechanisms become less complex.
268CompareLussanaeLemoigne,Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, 1871, II. 239, 240, 330.
268CompareLussanaeLemoigne,Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, 1871, II. 239, 240, 330.
269See a very interesting case of this special loss of memory in a priest who still occupied himself reading classic authors and performing his official duties many months after an injury to the brain.LussanaeLemoigne,Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, I. 201.
269See a very interesting case of this special loss of memory in a priest who still occupied himself reading classic authors and performing his official duties many months after an injury to the brain.LussanaeLemoigne,Fisiologia dei centri encefalici, I. 201.
270Bouillaud,Recherches Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Cerveau en général, 1830, p. 5,sq.
270Bouillaud,Recherches Expérimentales sur les Fonctions du Cerveau en général, 1830, p. 5,sq.
271Longet,Traité de Physiologie, II. 240.
271Longet,Traité de Physiologie, II. 240.
272Dalton,Human Physiology, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 362.
272Dalton,Human Physiology, Philadelphia, 1859, p. 362.
273Dalton, p. 362.
273Dalton, p. 362.
274Dalton, p. 363.
274Dalton, p. 363.
275Flourens, p. 89.
275Flourens, p. 89.
276Leydenin theBerliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1867, No. 7.Meissner,Jahresbericht über Physiol., 1867, p. 410.
276Leydenin theBerliner klinische Wochenschrift, 1867, No. 7.Meissner,Jahresbericht über Physiol., 1867, p. 410.
277Voitin theSitzungsberichte der Münchener Academie, 1868, p. 105. Comp. alsoGoltzinPflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. 435.
277Voitin theSitzungsberichte der Münchener Academie, 1868, p. 105. Comp. alsoGoltzinPflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. 435.
278Vulpian,Système Nerveux, 542–48.
278Vulpian,Système Nerveux, 542–48.
279For other examples seeGintrac,Pathologie Interne, 1868, VI. 51–57.
279For other examples seeGintrac,Pathologie Interne, 1868, VI. 51–57.
280If the water is perfectly still the fish sinks to the bottom and remains motionless until the water be stirred. Merecontactdoes not suffice; there must be intermittent pulses from the moving water.
280If the water is perfectly still the fish sinks to the bottom and remains motionless until the water be stirred. Merecontactdoes not suffice; there must be intermittent pulses from the moving water.
281LussanaeLemoigne,Op. cit., I. 15.
281LussanaeLemoigne,Op. cit., I. 15.
282Archives de Physiologie, 1869, p. 539.
282Archives de Physiologie, 1869, p. 539.
283Brücke,Physiologie, II. p. 53. While these sheets are passing through the press,Goltzhas published his second series of experiments on the brain. The following detail is a good illustration of what is said in the text: A dog deprived of a portion of both hemispheres displayed a marked imperfection in the execution of ordinary instincts. Although sight was impaired he could see, and recognize men and certain objects: the sight of a whip made him cower, but the sight of meat did not suffice to set the feeding mechanism in action. When meat was suspended above his head, the scent caused him to sniff about in search, but he failed to find it, and even when he was so placed that he could see the suspended meat, theunusualimpression failed to guide him. If the meat were held towards him, or placed before him in a dish, he took it at once—this being the customary stimulation. So also, if the hand were held up, in the usual way when dogs are made to leap for food, this dog sprang vigorously up and caught the food; but he would spring up in the same way when the hand was held empty, and continue fruitlessly springing, whereas an uninjured dog ceases to spring when he sees the hand is empty.—Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 419.
283Brücke,Physiologie, II. p. 53. While these sheets are passing through the press,Goltzhas published his second series of experiments on the brain. The following detail is a good illustration of what is said in the text: A dog deprived of a portion of both hemispheres displayed a marked imperfection in the execution of ordinary instincts. Although sight was impaired he could see, and recognize men and certain objects: the sight of a whip made him cower, but the sight of meat did not suffice to set the feeding mechanism in action. When meat was suspended above his head, the scent caused him to sniff about in search, but he failed to find it, and even when he was so placed that he could see the suspended meat, theunusualimpression failed to guide him. If the meat were held towards him, or placed before him in a dish, he took it at once—this being the customary stimulation. So also, if the hand were held up, in the usual way when dogs are made to leap for food, this dog sprang vigorously up and caught the food; but he would spring up in the same way when the hand was held empty, and continue fruitlessly springing, whereas an uninjured dog ceases to spring when he sees the hand is empty.—Pflüger’s Archiv, Bd. XIV. p. 419.
284Gratiolet,Anat. Comparée du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 459.
284Gratiolet,Anat. Comparée du Système Nerveux, 1857, p. 459.
285LussanaeLemoigne,Op. cit., I. 363.
285LussanaeLemoigne,Op. cit., I. 363.
286Virchow’s Archiv, Bd. LX. pp. 130–33. Yet there are many physiologists who persist in placing themotorium communein thecorpora strata! And they place thesensorium communein the optic thalami, although, not to mention the ambiguous evidence of Pathology, the experiments ofNothengelandVeyssièreshow that destruction of the thalami does not destroy sensation. SeeVeyssière,Recherches sur l’hémianesthésie de cause cérébrale, 1874, pp. 83, 84. I may observe, in passing, that the notion of thecorpora striatabeing the necessary channel for volitional impulses, and theoptic thalamifor reflex actions, is utterly disproved by the experimental evidence recorded in the text, as well as in §66.
286Virchow’s Archiv, Bd. LX. pp. 130–33. Yet there are many physiologists who persist in placing themotorium communein thecorpora strata! And they place thesensorium communein the optic thalami, although, not to mention the ambiguous evidence of Pathology, the experiments ofNothengelandVeyssièreshow that destruction of the thalami does not destroy sensation. SeeVeyssière,Recherches sur l’hémianesthésie de cause cérébrale, 1874, pp. 83, 84. I may observe, in passing, that the notion of thecorpora striatabeing the necessary channel for volitional impulses, and theoptic thalamifor reflex actions, is utterly disproved by the experimental evidence recorded in the text, as well as in §66.
287Pflüger’s Archiv, Bde. VIII. and IX.
287Pflüger’s Archiv, Bde. VIII. and IX.