Chapter 36

[489]Collignon, “Ethn. gén. de la Tunisie,”Bull. Géogr. hist. et descr., Paris, 1887. Cf. Bertholon, “La population de la Tunisie,”Rev. gén. des Sc., Paris, 1896, p. 972 (with fig.).[490]It is to be noted that these last belong, like the islanders of Djerba, to theIbaditesect, an offshoot of orthodox Islamism.[491]Duveyrier,Les Touareg du Nord, Paris, 1864; Schirmer,loc. cit.[492]Rohlfs,Quer durch Africa, vol. i., Leipzig, 1888.[493]Faidherbe, “Les Berbers ... du Sénégal,”Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1864, p. 89; R. Collignon and Deniker, “Les Maures du Sénégal,”L’Anthropologie, 1895, p. 287.[494]According to the best preserved monuments, the ancient Egyptians had a brownish-reddish complexion of skin, long face, pointed chin, scant beard, straight or aquiline nose like the Ethiopian race (see p. 288). The hair of the mummies makes us think of the black and frizzy hair of the Ethiopians themselves. Lastly, the few ancient Egyptian skulls examined are meso- or dolicho-cephalic. See Pruner-Bey,Mem. Soc. Anthr. Paris, vol. i., 1863; Hartman,Zeits. für Ethnol., vols. i. and ii., 1869–70, andDie Nigritier, Berlin, 1876; E. Schmidt,Arch. f. Anthr., vol. xvii., 1888; S. Poole,Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xvi., 1886, p. 371; S. Bertin,ibid., 1889, vol. xviii., p. 104;Phot. Coll., Flinders Petrie (Brit. Assoc. 1887); Sergi,Africa Antropol. della stirpe camitica, Turin, 1897. Virchow (Sitzungsb. Preuss Akad. Wiss., 1888) has endeavoured to show that the most ancient type of the Egyptians was brachycephalic, but his deductions are disputable, being based on measurements of statues.[495]Sometimes the Barabras are also similarly designated, in my opinion wrongly, for this leads to a triple confusion, “Nuba” being still the name of a Negro tribe (see p. 444). It would be more correct to employ this term as a synonym ofNorthern Ethiopian; besides, according to Strabo (Book XVII.), Eratosthenes refers to the “Nubians” in his time as a people distinct from the Negroes and Egyptians. The Barabras are not so dark, have not such frizzy hair, and are not so tall as the Bejas, the Hamrans, and other Ethiopians their neighbours, and consequently belong, not only by their language, but also by their physical type, to the Arabo-Berber group.[496]For general works see Paulitschke,Beiträge Ethnogr. u. Anthr. d. Somâl. Galla, Leipzig, 1886, andEthnogr. Nordost Africas, Berlin, 1893–96, 2 vols.; Sergi,loc. cit.(Africa).[497]Hartmann, “Die Bedjah,”Zeit. f. Ethnol., vol. xi., 1879, p. 117; Virchow,Zeit. f. Ethn., vol. x., 1878 (Verh. p. 333, etc.), and vol. xi., 1879 (Verh. p. 389); Deniker,Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1880, p. 594.[498]Révoil,La Vallée du Darrar, Paris, 1882; Paulitschke,loc. cit.; Sergi,loc. cit., p. 178; Santelli,Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1893, p. 479.[499]SeeAppendices I.toIII.for the measurements given from the works already quoted of Deniker, Paulitschke, Santelli, Sergi, and Virchow.[500]J. Thomson,Through Masai Land, 2nd ed., London, 1887; Stuhlmann,Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika, Berlin, 1894; F. von Luschan,Beitr. zur Völkerk. d. Deutsch. Schulzgebiet, Berlin, 1897, with meas. and phot.[501]W. Junker,Reisen in Afrika, Vienna and Olmütz, 1889–91; andErgänzungsh. Peter. Mit., Nos. 92 and 93, Gotha, 1888–89.[502]Schweinfurth, “Die Monbuttu,”Zeits. f. Ethn., 1873, p. 1, andArtes Africanæ, Leipzig, 1875; Junker,loc. cit.; P. Comte,Les N’Sakkaras, Bar-le-Duc, 1895.[503]See Schweinfurth,loc. cit.(Artes Africanæ), andThe Heart of Africa, 2nd ed., London, 1878; Junker,loc. cit.[504]Crampel,Le Tour du Monde, 1890, 2nd half-year, p. 1; Dybowski,La Route du Tchad, Paris, 1893; Maistre,De l’Oubanghi à la Bénoué, Paris, 1895.[505]Béranger-Féraud,Peuples de la Senagambie, chap, iii., Paris, 1879; and the works of Faidherbe, Binger, Tautin, P. C. Meyer, quoted later.[506]Stature,1 m. 75; ceph. ind., 74.3; nas. ind., 95.3 (Collignon and Deniker on 32 subjects).[507]It follows from what has been said previously that in many places the northern portion of the Negro territory is invaded by the Ethiopians, the Fulah-Zandeh, and the Arabo-Berbers.[508]Nachtigal,Sahara et Soudan, vol. i. (trans. into French), p. 245, Paris, 1881.[509]Nachtigal,Sahara und Sudan, Berlin-Leipzig, 1879–89, 3 vols.[510]Schweinfurth,loc. cit., vol. i., chaps. vii. and lciv.; Stuhlmann,loc. cit., chap. xxii.; Frobenius,Die Heiden-Neger, Berlin, 1893; E. de Martonne,Annales de Géogr., Paris, 1896, p. 506, and 1897, p. 57.[511]Nachtigal,loc. cit.; Barth,Reisen ... in Nord u. Centr. Afr., Gotha, 1857–58, 5 vols.; Monteil,De Saint-Louis à Tripoli, Paris, 1895; Maistre,loc. cit.; Staudinger,Im Herzen der Haussaländer, Berlin, 1889, 2 vols.[512]The Diumma or Diammo, to the north-east of the bend of the Black Volta, are probably a branch of the Gurunga; only having for long been subject to the Ashantis they have adopted their language, which is the only one they use in addressing strangers. (Binger,Du Niger au golfe de Guinée, Paris, 1892.)[513]Béranger-Féraud,loc. cit., ch. v., andRev. Anthr., 1874, p. 444; Binger,loc. cit.[514]Faidherbe, “Les Sarakolés,”Rev. de Linguist., 1881, p. 80.[515]For details see C. Madrolle,En Guinée, Paris, 1895.[516]They must not be confounded with the Diula of the regions of Kong and the upper Niger, one of the first Mandénké tribes converted to Islamism, at the same time one of the least fanatic, perhaps because the most given to trade. (See M. Monnier,loc. cit.)[517]Coffinières de Nordeck,Tour du Monde, vol. li., p. 273, 1886.[518]Binger,loc. cit.; Tautin, “Les Castes des Mandingues,”Rev. Ethnogr., vol. iii., Paris, 1884.[519]For details in regard to the Wolofs, the Toucouleur, etc., see Béranger-Féraud,loc. cit., chap. i., andRev. Anthr., 1875; Tautin, “Études ... ethnol. peuples Senegal,”Rev. Ethnogr., 1885; Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit., p. 259; Collignon and Deniker, unpublished notes; Verneau, “Serer, Leybou, Ouolofs,”L’Anthropol., 1895, p. 510.[520]Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit.; Ten Kate and Serrurier,Musée Ethnogr. Leyden, Notices Anth., No. I., undated (1891?), in fol.[521]Buttikofer,Reisebilder aus Liberia, vol. ii., Leyden, 1890.[522]Fleuriot de Langle,Le Tour du Monde, 1873, 2nd half-year; Binger,loc. cit., 2nd vol.; Delafosse, “Les Agni,”L’Anthropologie, 1893, p. 403.[523]Ellis,The Tshi-speaking Peoples, etc., London, 1887, andThe Ewe-speaking Peoples, etc., London, 1890; Foa,Le Dahomey, Paris, 1895; D’Albecca,Le Tour du Monde, Feb. 1896; F. von Luschan,loc. cit.(Beitr. Deutsch. Schützg....).[524]Rev. Dennis Kemp,Nine Years on the Gold Coast, London, 1898.[525]The name Mina was applied in Brazil without distinction to all Negroes imported from the Slave Coast, while those from the Gold Coast were called Apollonians. Batty, “Yorouba Country,”Journ. Anthro. Inst., vol. ix. (1890), p. 160; Moloney,ibid., p. 213; Ellis, TheYoruba-speaking Peoples, London, 1894.[526]Deniker, “Les Dahoméens,”Rev. gén. Sciences, 1891, p. 174; Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit.[527]See, about these populations, the 1st Appendix, by Comte de Cardi, inWest Afric. Stud., by Miss M. Kingsley, London, 1899.[528]Schweinfurth,loc. cit.; Stanley,In Darkest Africa, London, 1890; Wolff,Zeit. f. Ethn., 1886 (Verh., p. 25); De Quatrefages,loc. cit.(Les Pygmées), p. 253; De Quatrefages and Hamy,Cran. Ethn., p. 334; Falkenstein,Zeit. f. Ethn., 1877 (Verh., p. 194 and pl. xii.-xiv.); W. Flower,Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xviii. (1889), p. 3; Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit., p. 288; Emin Bey (afterwards Pasha), “Sur les Akka, etc.,”Zeit. f. Ethn., 1886, p. 145; Junker,loc. cit.; Nebout,Tour du Monde, 1892, vol. i., p. 64; Crampel, “Les Bayagas,”Compte rend. Soc. Geogr., Paris, 1890, p. 548; O. Lenz,Ueber Zwergvölker Afr., Vienna, 1894; Deniker,Bull. Soc. Anthr., 1894, p. 440; Dybowski,La Nature, 1894, 2nd half-year; Stuhlmann,loc. cit., pl. xvi.-xvii., p. 436; Schlichter, “Pygmy of Africa,”Scot. Geog. Mag., 1892, p. 289, andPeterm. Mitteil., 1896, p. 235; Donaldson Smith,Geog. Journ., London, 1896, pp. 225 and 235; Burrows,loc. cit.[529]Schinz,loc. cit.; Emin,loc. cit.; Wissmann, Wolff, Von François, and Müller,Im Innern. Afrik., Leipzig, 1888, Appendix IV., andZeit. f. Ethn., 1884, Verh., p. 725.[530]Dybowski,loc. cit.; Maistre,loc. cit.; Clozel,Tour du Monde, 1896, vol. ii.; Guiral,Le Congo Français, Paris, 1889; Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit., p. 274; Buchner,Kamerun, Leipzig, 1887; Morgen,Durch Kamerun, Leipzig, 1893; Zintgraff,Nord-Kamerun, Berlin, 1895, and “Congo-Völk.,”Z. f. Ethn., 1886, Verh., p. 27, and 1889, p. 90; F. von Luschan,loc. cit.(Beitr., etc.); V. Jacques, “Le Congolais de l’expos. d’Anvers,”Bull. Soc. Anthr., p. 284, Brussels, 1894; J. Wauters,L’État Indép. du Congo, Brussels, 1899; Mensé, “Völk. Mittl. Kongo,”Z. f. Ethn., 1897, Verh., p. 624.[531]The Oshyeba are a section of the Fan people; they may be divided intoMakima(in the Upper Ogowe) and intoMazuna(of the Gabun). They are a people of famous warriors, composed of 200,000 individuals, which number is increasing with extraordinary rapidity.[532]A. Bastian,Zeilschr. f. Ethnol., vol. vi., 1874; E. Reclus,Geogr. Univers., vol. xiii., p. 125, Paris, 1888.[533]It is supposed that the Bubangis arrived at the north of French Congo about the eighteenth century, and their migration towards the south, stayed for the time being by the Batekes, has gone on to the present day.[534]Pogge,Im Reiche d. Muata Jamwo, Berlin, 1880, andMittheil. Afrik. Gesell., vol. iv., 1883–85, p. 179; Wolff,Verh. Gesell. Erdkunde, Berlin, 1887, No. 2; A. J. Wauters,L’État independant du Congo, Brussels, 1899, p. 257et seq.; Serpa Pinto,How I Crossed Africa, 2 vols., London, 1881, with figs.; Wissmann, Wolff, Von François, and Müller,Im Inneren Afrikas, Leipzig, 1888, with figs.; Jacques,Les Congolais.[535]L. Frobenius (Der Ursprung der Afrik. Kulturen, Berlin, 1898) sees in this last-cited fact a proof of the supposed influence of the Malays; E. Reclus (Geogr. Univers., vol. xiii., p. 271) regards it as the result of imitation of the European factories which have been established for three centuries on the coast.[536]The prefixKimeans “language,” asUmeans “country,” andVa-Ua, orBa, “people,” or “men.”[537]Fritsch,Die Eingeborenen Sud-Afrikas, Breslau, 1872, with atlas; Holub,Sieben Jahre in Sud-Afrika, Vienna, 1881, vol. ii., figs. and maps, and “Die Matabele,”Zeitschr. f. Ethnol., vol. xx., 1893; Kropf,Das Volk d. Xosa-Kaffern, Berlin, 1889; Wood,loc. cit., vol. i.; Macdonald, “Manners ... South-African Tribes,”Journ. Anth. Inst., vol. xix., p. 264, and vol. xx., p. 123 (1889–90); Johnston,British Central Africa, London, 1897; Junod, “Les Ba-Ronga,”Bull. Soc. Neuchateloise de Géogr., vol. x., 1898.[538]The Bechuana are a little shorter (1 m. 68, according to Fritsch) and more dolichocephalic (ceph. ind. of four skulls, 70.9, according to Hamy, “Documents Cafrerie,”Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., p. 357, Paris, 1882). Shrubsall (Journ. Anth. Inst., N.S., vol. i., 1898) gives the ceph. index as 71.3 for the Basuto skulls. The Herrero and Damara skulls have the indices, 71 and 72.[539]Fritsch,loc. cit.; Schinz,loc. cit.; Von Luschan,loc. cit.[540]The Bushmen represent the race almost in its purity, while the Hottentots show the traits of this race somewhat modified. The stature of the latter is higher, the head more dolichocephalic, the complexion darker, and the hands are not so small as is the case with Bushmen. Their features are more negroid, and it has been suggested that contact with the neighbouring Bantu tribes has had something to do with this. (See Deniker, “Les Hottentots,”Rev. d’Anthrop., 1889, p. 1.) The skin of the Hottentots, however, is still of a hue of yellow, and their steatopygy is almost as pronounced as with the Bushmen.[541]For particulars see Sibree,Great Afric. Island ... Madagascar, 1880; M. Leclerc, “Les peuplades de Madagascar,”Rev. d’Ethnogr., vol. v., 1886, p. 397, and vol. vi., 1887, p. 1; Catat,Voyage à Madagascar, Paris, 1895, in quarto; Grandidier, “Les Hovas,”Rev. gén. des Sciences, No. for 1st June, 1895; A. Jolly,L’Anthropologie, 1894, p. 385; Besson,ibid., p. 674; “Le Madagascar,”Rev. gén. des Sciences, Paris, No. for 15th Aug., 1895, fig.; Last,Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1896, p. 47; Bouchereau,L’Anthr., 1897, p. 149; J. Carol,Chez les Hovas, Paris, 1898.[542]The prefixAntanorAnta(in some dialectsTa) in Malagasy language means “people of,” and is found in the nomenclature of all the tribes and people of the island.[543]See the measurements given inAppendices I.toIII., according to Bouchereau,loc. cit., and my own unpublished observations made in conjunction with Dr. Collignon.[544]For particulars see C. Pleyte, “De prähist. steenen wapenen ... Oost-Indish. Archipel.,”Bijdr. t. d. Taal-Land-en Volkenk. van Nederl. Ind., Batavia, 5th series, vol. ii., p. 586; Wilken,loc. cit., p. 83; Etheridge, “Has Man a Geological History in Australia?”Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1890, p. 259; B. Smyth,loc. cit., vol. i., p. 239, and vol. ii., p. 234; R. Chapmann,Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 1891, p. 479.[545]See W. Thomson Smith,loc. cit.; Tautain, “Monuments des Marquises,”L’Anthropol., 1897, p. 4; F. Christian, “On Micronesian Weapons,”Journ. Anthr. Inst., N.S., 1899, vol. i., p. 288, pl. xx. and xxiv.[546]Besides, the Maoris of New Zealand know nothing of pottery, notwithstanding their clay deposits, nor of weaving, notwithstanding the presence in their island ofFormiumand other textile plants.[547]The division, based on physical characters, of tribes of the interior, composed of a strong people of high stature and regular features, and of tribes of the coast, formed of a little, ugly, and puny people, a division proposed by Topinard (Bull. Soc. Anthro., 1872), has not been confirmed by later investigations.[548]“Report ... Horn Scientif. Exped. Centr. Austr.,” Part IV.,Anthropology, by E. Stirling, London-Melbourne, 1896; Baldwin Spencer and F. Gillen,The Native Tribes of Central Australia, London, 1899, pl.; W. E. Roth,Ethnol. Stud.... N. W. Centr. Queensl. Aborig., Brisbane-London, 1897. For tribes of the east and south, see E. Curr,The Australian Race, Melbourne, 1886, 3 vols. with atlas; Lumholtz,Among Cannibals, London, 1890; and the works already quoted of Howitt, Fison, and B. Smyth. The measurements given in the Appendices are obtained from the works of Stirling and Gillen, Houzé (Bull. Soc. Anthr. Bruxelles, vol. iii., 1884–85); Cauvin, “Les Races de l’Océanie,”Arch. Miss. Scient., 3rd series, vol. iii., Paris, 1882; Topinard,loc. cit.; Turner,loc. cit., etc.[549]These natives and mixed breeds are apportioned by colonies, thus:—Victoria, 565; New South Wales, 8,280; South Australia, 23,789; West Australia, 6,245; Queensland, 20,585 (of which 12,000 are pure aborigines).[550]See L. Parker,Australian Legendary Tales, London and Melbourne, 1897, andMore Australian Tales,ib., 1898; Spencer and Gillen,loc. cit.[551]Estimated at 1000 in 1817, the Tasmanians numbered 340 in 1824 (first census). The number fell to 111 in 1834, to 51 in 1842, to 16 in 1854, to 4 in 1865 (H. Hull,Statist. Summary of Tasmanians, 1866). The last representative of the Tasmanian people, a woman called Truganina, died in 1876. Miss F. C. Smith, still living, and described as a Tasmanian, in 1889, is a Tasmano-European half-breed (Ling Roth,Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxvii., p. 451, 1897–98).[552]In his work,The Aborigines of Tasmania, 2nd ed., London, 1899, with figs., Ling Roth has conscientiously summarised all that has been published about the Tasmanians.[553]There is no justification for supposing that the Kalangs of Java are Negritoes, as A. R. Meyer has assumed in his memoir (Leopoldina, part xiii., Nos. 13–14, 1877). See on this point, Kohlbrugge, “L’Anthr. des Tenggerois,”L’Anthropologie, p. 4, 1898.[554]See Montano, “Mission aux Philippines,”Arch. Miss. Scient., 3rd series, vol. xi., with figs., Paris, 1885; De Quatrefages,loc. cit.(Les Pygmées); Schadenberg,Zeitschr. f. Ethnol., 1880.[555]Ten Kate, “L’Anthropologie d’Oceanie,”L’Anthropologie, vol. iv., 1893, p. 279; “Verslag eener Reis in Timorgrœp,”Tijdschr. Nederl. Aardrijk. sk. Genoot., Amsterdam, vol. xi., 1894, with summary in French; andAnthropol. Problem in Insulindie ... Festbundel ... Dr. P. Veth aangeboden, p. 212, Leyden, 1894; Lapicque,loc. cit.(Tour du Monde).[556]Modigliani,loc. cit., andL’isola delle Donne ... Engano, Milan, 1894; Danielli, “Cranii di Engano,”Archiv. p. l’anthr., vol. xxiv. See also the works already quoted of Montano, Hagen (as well as hisAnthropolog. Atlas Ostasiat.... Völk., Wiesbaden, 1898), Ten Kate, Deniker and Laloy, Lapicque, Kohlbrugge, etc.[557]Junghuhn,Battaländer auf Sumatra, vol. ii., p. 375; Hamy, “Les Alfourous de Gilolo,”Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 6th ser., vol. xiii., p. 490.[558]The dwellings in trees at Sumbawa, among the Mandayas of Mindanao (Philippines), among the Lubu of Sumatra, should also be noted.[559]Pleytte, “De Geogr. Otbreiding v. h. Koppensnellen, etc.,”Tijdschr. v. h. Aardrijksk. Genoots, p. 908, Amsterdam, 1891.[560]For the anthropometry of some of the peoples enumerated below, seeAppendices I.toIII.The figures there given are derived from the works of Hagan, Ten Kate, Lapicque, Deniker and Laloy, Kohlbrugge, Jacobs, Weisbach, Lubbers and Langen.[561]See J. Jacobs,De Badoejs, S’Gravenhage, 1891, and Kohlbrugge,loc. cit., and “De heilige bekers d. Tenegerezen,”Tijdschr. v. Ind. Taal-Land-in Volkenk, vol. xxxiv., 1896. Among the Tenggerese some vestiges of Buddhism may be discovered.[562]See Ling Roth,The Natives of Sarawak, 2 vols., London, 1896, andJour. Anthr. Inst., vols. xxi. and xxii. (1892–93).[563]Blumentritt, “Versuch. einer Ethnographie der Philip.,”Ergänzungsheft, Peterm. Mitteil., No. 67, Gotha, 1887, with map; Montano,loc. cit.; Virchow, “Die Bevölker. d. Philip.,”Sitzungsber. Berlin Acad. Wiss., 1897, p. 279, and 1899, p. 14; Brinton, “The Peoples of Philip.” (short summary),Amer. Anthropologist, October, 1898.[564]For the populations of Celebes, Timur, Floris, etc., see Max Weber,Tijdsch. Aardrijksk. Genoots., 2nd ser., vol. vii., Amsterdam, 1890, andInter. Arch. Ethnogr., suppl. to vol. iii., Leyden, 1890, pl.; Brothers Sarasin,Verh. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, 1894, 1895, and 1896; Ten Kate, “Reis in de Timor groep,”Tijd. Aardr. Genoot., 2nd ser., vol. xi., p. 199, Amsterdam, 1894, andL’Anthropologie, 1893, p. 279; Lapicque,loc. cit.[565]See my summary of what was known of the Papuans in 1882 in theRev. d’Anthr., 1883, p. 484, and the following works which have since appeared: Chalmers,Pioneering in New Guinea, London, 1887, and other works; De Clercq and Schmeltz,Ethnogr. Beschrijving van de W. en N. Nederl. New Guin., Leyden, 1893; Finsch,Samoafahrten, Leipzig, 1888, and his articles in theAnn. naturh. Hofmus., Vienna, 1888 and 1891, in theRev. d’Ethnogr., 1886, etc.; Haddon, “Decorat. art Brit. N. Guin.,”Cunningham Memoirs, vol. x.,Roy. Irish Acad., 1894; and “The Ethnography of Brit. New Guinea,”Science Progress, vol. ii., 1894, pp. 83 and 227, London, with map and bibliog.; Macgregor,Proc. R. Geogr. Soc., 1890, p. 191, and his official reports; Thomson,Brit. New Guinea, London, 1892.[566]It is also to be noted that the supposed Papuan-Polynesian cross-breeds of the south-east of New Guinea neither drink kava nor know the art of pottery, unlike true Polynesians. Besides, their language approximates more nearly to the Melanesian dialects and presents no affinities with Polynesian languages (Ray, “Languages of Brit. N. Guinea,”Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxiv., p. 15, 1894).[567]Papuan skulls are generally very dolichocephalic (av. ceph. ind. 73), and the presence of brachycephalic skulls in the series of New Guinea origin is certainly of significance, only their proportion is very slight. Out of 500 New Guinea skulls described I have been able to find only 36 brachycephalic, or seven per cent. More than half of these skulls come from one and the same locality, the Kiwai and Canoe Islands in the delta of the Fly. Either a Malay colony may therefore be assumed there, a remnant of Negritoes, or that it was a centre of the custom of deforming the head, a custom which in fact obtains in the neighbourhood of the mouth of the Fly. On this question see my summary of 1882 cited above, and Haddon,loc. cit.; Schellong, “Anthr. d. Papus,”Zeit. f. Ethn., p. 156, 1891; J. Chalmers, “Anthropometr. observ., etc.,”Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxvii. (1897).[568]The Kerepunu are good agriculturists; their mode of working is quite remarkable (Fig.152). The soil is turned up at the word of command by a row of men, each of whom thrusts into the earth two pointed sticks, then using these sticks as levers a layer of earth is raised and a furrow is thus made.[569]Hamy, “Papous de la mer d’Entrecasteaux,”Rev. Ethnog., 1889.[570]Haddon,Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xix., p. 297; S. Ray and Haddon, “Languages of Torres Straits,”Proceed. R. Irish Acad., 3rd ser., vol. iv., 1897; Rev. Hunt,Journ. Anthr.... Inst., N.S., vol. i., p. 5, 1898–99.[571]R. Codrington,The Melanesians, Oxford, 1891, fig.; Finsch,loc. cit.,Rev. Ethnogr., 1883, p. 49, andAnthrop. Ergeb. einer Reise in der Sudsee, Berlin, 1884, with fig.; Flower, “Cran. caract. Fiji Islanders,”Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. x., 1881, p. 153; Hagen and Pineau, “Les Nouvelles-Hébrides,”Rev. Ethnogr., 1888, p. 302; Guppy,The Solomon Islands and their Natives, London, 1887; Hagen, “Les Indigènes des Salomon,”L’Anthropol., 1893, pp. 1 and 192; Aug. Bernard,La Nouvelle Caledonie(thesis), p. 249et seq., Paris, 1894; Luschan,loc. cit.; Schellong,loc. cit.[572]The number of Polynesians (2,310 in 1897) has diminished by half in the Fijis since 1881, while that of the natives (100,321 in 1897) has hardly varied. The Polynesian element is appreciable in the Aoba, Tanna, and Espiritu Santo islands of the New Hebrides, but its importance has been exaggerated so far as the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia are concerned (see my note in theBull. Soc. Anthr., p. 791, 1893).[573]Ellis,Polynesian Researches, 4 vols., London, 1853; Tautain, “Les Marquisiens,”L’Anthropologie, 1894, 1895, and 1898; Meinecke,Die Inselen des stillen Oceans, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1875; Markuse,Die Hawaischen Inselen, Berlin, 1894; Lister, “Natives of Fakaofu (Bowditch Island),”Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxi., 1892, p. 43; Ch. Hedley, “The Atoll of Fanafuti, Ellice group,”Australian Museum, Memoir III., Sydney, 1897; H. Gros, “Les populations de la Polynesie française en 1891,”Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1896, p. 144; Ten Kate,loc. cit.

[489]Collignon, “Ethn. gén. de la Tunisie,”Bull. Géogr. hist. et descr., Paris, 1887. Cf. Bertholon, “La population de la Tunisie,”Rev. gén. des Sc., Paris, 1896, p. 972 (with fig.).

[490]It is to be noted that these last belong, like the islanders of Djerba, to theIbaditesect, an offshoot of orthodox Islamism.

[491]Duveyrier,Les Touareg du Nord, Paris, 1864; Schirmer,loc. cit.

[492]Rohlfs,Quer durch Africa, vol. i., Leipzig, 1888.

[493]Faidherbe, “Les Berbers ... du Sénégal,”Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1864, p. 89; R. Collignon and Deniker, “Les Maures du Sénégal,”L’Anthropologie, 1895, p. 287.

[494]According to the best preserved monuments, the ancient Egyptians had a brownish-reddish complexion of skin, long face, pointed chin, scant beard, straight or aquiline nose like the Ethiopian race (see p. 288). The hair of the mummies makes us think of the black and frizzy hair of the Ethiopians themselves. Lastly, the few ancient Egyptian skulls examined are meso- or dolicho-cephalic. See Pruner-Bey,Mem. Soc. Anthr. Paris, vol. i., 1863; Hartman,Zeits. für Ethnol., vols. i. and ii., 1869–70, andDie Nigritier, Berlin, 1876; E. Schmidt,Arch. f. Anthr., vol. xvii., 1888; S. Poole,Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xvi., 1886, p. 371; S. Bertin,ibid., 1889, vol. xviii., p. 104;Phot. Coll., Flinders Petrie (Brit. Assoc. 1887); Sergi,Africa Antropol. della stirpe camitica, Turin, 1897. Virchow (Sitzungsb. Preuss Akad. Wiss., 1888) has endeavoured to show that the most ancient type of the Egyptians was brachycephalic, but his deductions are disputable, being based on measurements of statues.

[495]Sometimes the Barabras are also similarly designated, in my opinion wrongly, for this leads to a triple confusion, “Nuba” being still the name of a Negro tribe (see p. 444). It would be more correct to employ this term as a synonym ofNorthern Ethiopian; besides, according to Strabo (Book XVII.), Eratosthenes refers to the “Nubians” in his time as a people distinct from the Negroes and Egyptians. The Barabras are not so dark, have not such frizzy hair, and are not so tall as the Bejas, the Hamrans, and other Ethiopians their neighbours, and consequently belong, not only by their language, but also by their physical type, to the Arabo-Berber group.

[496]For general works see Paulitschke,Beiträge Ethnogr. u. Anthr. d. Somâl. Galla, Leipzig, 1886, andEthnogr. Nordost Africas, Berlin, 1893–96, 2 vols.; Sergi,loc. cit.(Africa).

[497]Hartmann, “Die Bedjah,”Zeit. f. Ethnol., vol. xi., 1879, p. 117; Virchow,Zeit. f. Ethn., vol. x., 1878 (Verh. p. 333, etc.), and vol. xi., 1879 (Verh. p. 389); Deniker,Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1880, p. 594.

[498]Révoil,La Vallée du Darrar, Paris, 1882; Paulitschke,loc. cit.; Sergi,loc. cit., p. 178; Santelli,Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1893, p. 479.

[499]SeeAppendices I.toIII.for the measurements given from the works already quoted of Deniker, Paulitschke, Santelli, Sergi, and Virchow.

[500]J. Thomson,Through Masai Land, 2nd ed., London, 1887; Stuhlmann,Mit Emin Pascha ins Herz von Afrika, Berlin, 1894; F. von Luschan,Beitr. zur Völkerk. d. Deutsch. Schulzgebiet, Berlin, 1897, with meas. and phot.

[501]W. Junker,Reisen in Afrika, Vienna and Olmütz, 1889–91; andErgänzungsh. Peter. Mit., Nos. 92 and 93, Gotha, 1888–89.

[502]Schweinfurth, “Die Monbuttu,”Zeits. f. Ethn., 1873, p. 1, andArtes Africanæ, Leipzig, 1875; Junker,loc. cit.; P. Comte,Les N’Sakkaras, Bar-le-Duc, 1895.

[503]See Schweinfurth,loc. cit.(Artes Africanæ), andThe Heart of Africa, 2nd ed., London, 1878; Junker,loc. cit.

[504]Crampel,Le Tour du Monde, 1890, 2nd half-year, p. 1; Dybowski,La Route du Tchad, Paris, 1893; Maistre,De l’Oubanghi à la Bénoué, Paris, 1895.

[505]Béranger-Féraud,Peuples de la Senagambie, chap, iii., Paris, 1879; and the works of Faidherbe, Binger, Tautin, P. C. Meyer, quoted later.

[506]Stature,1 m. 75; ceph. ind., 74.3; nas. ind., 95.3 (Collignon and Deniker on 32 subjects).

[507]It follows from what has been said previously that in many places the northern portion of the Negro territory is invaded by the Ethiopians, the Fulah-Zandeh, and the Arabo-Berbers.

[508]Nachtigal,Sahara et Soudan, vol. i. (trans. into French), p. 245, Paris, 1881.

[509]Nachtigal,Sahara und Sudan, Berlin-Leipzig, 1879–89, 3 vols.

[510]Schweinfurth,loc. cit., vol. i., chaps. vii. and lciv.; Stuhlmann,loc. cit., chap. xxii.; Frobenius,Die Heiden-Neger, Berlin, 1893; E. de Martonne,Annales de Géogr., Paris, 1896, p. 506, and 1897, p. 57.

[511]Nachtigal,loc. cit.; Barth,Reisen ... in Nord u. Centr. Afr., Gotha, 1857–58, 5 vols.; Monteil,De Saint-Louis à Tripoli, Paris, 1895; Maistre,loc. cit.; Staudinger,Im Herzen der Haussaländer, Berlin, 1889, 2 vols.

[512]The Diumma or Diammo, to the north-east of the bend of the Black Volta, are probably a branch of the Gurunga; only having for long been subject to the Ashantis they have adopted their language, which is the only one they use in addressing strangers. (Binger,Du Niger au golfe de Guinée, Paris, 1892.)

[513]Béranger-Féraud,loc. cit., ch. v., andRev. Anthr., 1874, p. 444; Binger,loc. cit.

[514]Faidherbe, “Les Sarakolés,”Rev. de Linguist., 1881, p. 80.

[515]For details see C. Madrolle,En Guinée, Paris, 1895.

[516]They must not be confounded with the Diula of the regions of Kong and the upper Niger, one of the first Mandénké tribes converted to Islamism, at the same time one of the least fanatic, perhaps because the most given to trade. (See M. Monnier,loc. cit.)

[517]Coffinières de Nordeck,Tour du Monde, vol. li., p. 273, 1886.

[518]Binger,loc. cit.; Tautin, “Les Castes des Mandingues,”Rev. Ethnogr., vol. iii., Paris, 1884.

[519]For details in regard to the Wolofs, the Toucouleur, etc., see Béranger-Féraud,loc. cit., chap. i., andRev. Anthr., 1875; Tautin, “Études ... ethnol. peuples Senegal,”Rev. Ethnogr., 1885; Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit., p. 259; Collignon and Deniker, unpublished notes; Verneau, “Serer, Leybou, Ouolofs,”L’Anthropol., 1895, p. 510.

[520]Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit.; Ten Kate and Serrurier,Musée Ethnogr. Leyden, Notices Anth., No. I., undated (1891?), in fol.

[521]Buttikofer,Reisebilder aus Liberia, vol. ii., Leyden, 1890.

[522]Fleuriot de Langle,Le Tour du Monde, 1873, 2nd half-year; Binger,loc. cit., 2nd vol.; Delafosse, “Les Agni,”L’Anthropologie, 1893, p. 403.

[523]Ellis,The Tshi-speaking Peoples, etc., London, 1887, andThe Ewe-speaking Peoples, etc., London, 1890; Foa,Le Dahomey, Paris, 1895; D’Albecca,Le Tour du Monde, Feb. 1896; F. von Luschan,loc. cit.(Beitr. Deutsch. Schützg....).

[524]Rev. Dennis Kemp,Nine Years on the Gold Coast, London, 1898.

[525]The name Mina was applied in Brazil without distinction to all Negroes imported from the Slave Coast, while those from the Gold Coast were called Apollonians. Batty, “Yorouba Country,”Journ. Anthro. Inst., vol. ix. (1890), p. 160; Moloney,ibid., p. 213; Ellis, TheYoruba-speaking Peoples, London, 1894.

[526]Deniker, “Les Dahoméens,”Rev. gén. Sciences, 1891, p. 174; Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit.

[527]See, about these populations, the 1st Appendix, by Comte de Cardi, inWest Afric. Stud., by Miss M. Kingsley, London, 1899.

[528]Schweinfurth,loc. cit.; Stanley,In Darkest Africa, London, 1890; Wolff,Zeit. f. Ethn., 1886 (Verh., p. 25); De Quatrefages,loc. cit.(Les Pygmées), p. 253; De Quatrefages and Hamy,Cran. Ethn., p. 334; Falkenstein,Zeit. f. Ethn., 1877 (Verh., p. 194 and pl. xii.-xiv.); W. Flower,Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xviii. (1889), p. 3; Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit., p. 288; Emin Bey (afterwards Pasha), “Sur les Akka, etc.,”Zeit. f. Ethn., 1886, p. 145; Junker,loc. cit.; Nebout,Tour du Monde, 1892, vol. i., p. 64; Crampel, “Les Bayagas,”Compte rend. Soc. Geogr., Paris, 1890, p. 548; O. Lenz,Ueber Zwergvölker Afr., Vienna, 1894; Deniker,Bull. Soc. Anthr., 1894, p. 440; Dybowski,La Nature, 1894, 2nd half-year; Stuhlmann,loc. cit., pl. xvi.-xvii., p. 436; Schlichter, “Pygmy of Africa,”Scot. Geog. Mag., 1892, p. 289, andPeterm. Mitteil., 1896, p. 235; Donaldson Smith,Geog. Journ., London, 1896, pp. 225 and 235; Burrows,loc. cit.

[529]Schinz,loc. cit.; Emin,loc. cit.; Wissmann, Wolff, Von François, and Müller,Im Innern. Afrik., Leipzig, 1888, Appendix IV., andZeit. f. Ethn., 1884, Verh., p. 725.

[530]Dybowski,loc. cit.; Maistre,loc. cit.; Clozel,Tour du Monde, 1896, vol. ii.; Guiral,Le Congo Français, Paris, 1889; Deniker and Laloy,loc. cit., p. 274; Buchner,Kamerun, Leipzig, 1887; Morgen,Durch Kamerun, Leipzig, 1893; Zintgraff,Nord-Kamerun, Berlin, 1895, and “Congo-Völk.,”Z. f. Ethn., 1886, Verh., p. 27, and 1889, p. 90; F. von Luschan,loc. cit.(Beitr., etc.); V. Jacques, “Le Congolais de l’expos. d’Anvers,”Bull. Soc. Anthr., p. 284, Brussels, 1894; J. Wauters,L’État Indép. du Congo, Brussels, 1899; Mensé, “Völk. Mittl. Kongo,”Z. f. Ethn., 1897, Verh., p. 624.

[531]The Oshyeba are a section of the Fan people; they may be divided intoMakima(in the Upper Ogowe) and intoMazuna(of the Gabun). They are a people of famous warriors, composed of 200,000 individuals, which number is increasing with extraordinary rapidity.

[532]A. Bastian,Zeilschr. f. Ethnol., vol. vi., 1874; E. Reclus,Geogr. Univers., vol. xiii., p. 125, Paris, 1888.

[533]It is supposed that the Bubangis arrived at the north of French Congo about the eighteenth century, and their migration towards the south, stayed for the time being by the Batekes, has gone on to the present day.

[534]Pogge,Im Reiche d. Muata Jamwo, Berlin, 1880, andMittheil. Afrik. Gesell., vol. iv., 1883–85, p. 179; Wolff,Verh. Gesell. Erdkunde, Berlin, 1887, No. 2; A. J. Wauters,L’État independant du Congo, Brussels, 1899, p. 257et seq.; Serpa Pinto,How I Crossed Africa, 2 vols., London, 1881, with figs.; Wissmann, Wolff, Von François, and Müller,Im Inneren Afrikas, Leipzig, 1888, with figs.; Jacques,Les Congolais.

[535]L. Frobenius (Der Ursprung der Afrik. Kulturen, Berlin, 1898) sees in this last-cited fact a proof of the supposed influence of the Malays; E. Reclus (Geogr. Univers., vol. xiii., p. 271) regards it as the result of imitation of the European factories which have been established for three centuries on the coast.

[536]The prefixKimeans “language,” asUmeans “country,” andVa-Ua, orBa, “people,” or “men.”

[537]Fritsch,Die Eingeborenen Sud-Afrikas, Breslau, 1872, with atlas; Holub,Sieben Jahre in Sud-Afrika, Vienna, 1881, vol. ii., figs. and maps, and “Die Matabele,”Zeitschr. f. Ethnol., vol. xx., 1893; Kropf,Das Volk d. Xosa-Kaffern, Berlin, 1889; Wood,loc. cit., vol. i.; Macdonald, “Manners ... South-African Tribes,”Journ. Anth. Inst., vol. xix., p. 264, and vol. xx., p. 123 (1889–90); Johnston,British Central Africa, London, 1897; Junod, “Les Ba-Ronga,”Bull. Soc. Neuchateloise de Géogr., vol. x., 1898.

[538]The Bechuana are a little shorter (1 m. 68, according to Fritsch) and more dolichocephalic (ceph. ind. of four skulls, 70.9, according to Hamy, “Documents Cafrerie,”Arch. Mus. Hist. Nat., p. 357, Paris, 1882). Shrubsall (Journ. Anth. Inst., N.S., vol. i., 1898) gives the ceph. index as 71.3 for the Basuto skulls. The Herrero and Damara skulls have the indices, 71 and 72.

[539]Fritsch,loc. cit.; Schinz,loc. cit.; Von Luschan,loc. cit.

[540]The Bushmen represent the race almost in its purity, while the Hottentots show the traits of this race somewhat modified. The stature of the latter is higher, the head more dolichocephalic, the complexion darker, and the hands are not so small as is the case with Bushmen. Their features are more negroid, and it has been suggested that contact with the neighbouring Bantu tribes has had something to do with this. (See Deniker, “Les Hottentots,”Rev. d’Anthrop., 1889, p. 1.) The skin of the Hottentots, however, is still of a hue of yellow, and their steatopygy is almost as pronounced as with the Bushmen.

[541]For particulars see Sibree,Great Afric. Island ... Madagascar, 1880; M. Leclerc, “Les peuplades de Madagascar,”Rev. d’Ethnogr., vol. v., 1886, p. 397, and vol. vi., 1887, p. 1; Catat,Voyage à Madagascar, Paris, 1895, in quarto; Grandidier, “Les Hovas,”Rev. gén. des Sciences, No. for 1st June, 1895; A. Jolly,L’Anthropologie, 1894, p. 385; Besson,ibid., p. 674; “Le Madagascar,”Rev. gén. des Sciences, Paris, No. for 15th Aug., 1895, fig.; Last,Journ. Anthr. Inst., 1896, p. 47; Bouchereau,L’Anthr., 1897, p. 149; J. Carol,Chez les Hovas, Paris, 1898.

[542]The prefixAntanorAnta(in some dialectsTa) in Malagasy language means “people of,” and is found in the nomenclature of all the tribes and people of the island.

[543]See the measurements given inAppendices I.toIII., according to Bouchereau,loc. cit., and my own unpublished observations made in conjunction with Dr. Collignon.

[544]For particulars see C. Pleyte, “De prähist. steenen wapenen ... Oost-Indish. Archipel.,”Bijdr. t. d. Taal-Land-en Volkenk. van Nederl. Ind., Batavia, 5th series, vol. ii., p. 586; Wilken,loc. cit., p. 83; Etheridge, “Has Man a Geological History in Australia?”Proc. Linn. Soc. N. S. Wales, 1890, p. 259; B. Smyth,loc. cit., vol. i., p. 239, and vol. ii., p. 234; R. Chapmann,Trans. N. Zeal. Inst., 1891, p. 479.

[545]See W. Thomson Smith,loc. cit.; Tautain, “Monuments des Marquises,”L’Anthropol., 1897, p. 4; F. Christian, “On Micronesian Weapons,”Journ. Anthr. Inst., N.S., 1899, vol. i., p. 288, pl. xx. and xxiv.

[546]Besides, the Maoris of New Zealand know nothing of pottery, notwithstanding their clay deposits, nor of weaving, notwithstanding the presence in their island ofFormiumand other textile plants.

[547]The division, based on physical characters, of tribes of the interior, composed of a strong people of high stature and regular features, and of tribes of the coast, formed of a little, ugly, and puny people, a division proposed by Topinard (Bull. Soc. Anthro., 1872), has not been confirmed by later investigations.

[548]“Report ... Horn Scientif. Exped. Centr. Austr.,” Part IV.,Anthropology, by E. Stirling, London-Melbourne, 1896; Baldwin Spencer and F. Gillen,The Native Tribes of Central Australia, London, 1899, pl.; W. E. Roth,Ethnol. Stud.... N. W. Centr. Queensl. Aborig., Brisbane-London, 1897. For tribes of the east and south, see E. Curr,The Australian Race, Melbourne, 1886, 3 vols. with atlas; Lumholtz,Among Cannibals, London, 1890; and the works already quoted of Howitt, Fison, and B. Smyth. The measurements given in the Appendices are obtained from the works of Stirling and Gillen, Houzé (Bull. Soc. Anthr. Bruxelles, vol. iii., 1884–85); Cauvin, “Les Races de l’Océanie,”Arch. Miss. Scient., 3rd series, vol. iii., Paris, 1882; Topinard,loc. cit.; Turner,loc. cit., etc.

[549]These natives and mixed breeds are apportioned by colonies, thus:—Victoria, 565; New South Wales, 8,280; South Australia, 23,789; West Australia, 6,245; Queensland, 20,585 (of which 12,000 are pure aborigines).

[550]See L. Parker,Australian Legendary Tales, London and Melbourne, 1897, andMore Australian Tales,ib., 1898; Spencer and Gillen,loc. cit.

[551]Estimated at 1000 in 1817, the Tasmanians numbered 340 in 1824 (first census). The number fell to 111 in 1834, to 51 in 1842, to 16 in 1854, to 4 in 1865 (H. Hull,Statist. Summary of Tasmanians, 1866). The last representative of the Tasmanian people, a woman called Truganina, died in 1876. Miss F. C. Smith, still living, and described as a Tasmanian, in 1889, is a Tasmano-European half-breed (Ling Roth,Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxvii., p. 451, 1897–98).

[552]In his work,The Aborigines of Tasmania, 2nd ed., London, 1899, with figs., Ling Roth has conscientiously summarised all that has been published about the Tasmanians.

[553]There is no justification for supposing that the Kalangs of Java are Negritoes, as A. R. Meyer has assumed in his memoir (Leopoldina, part xiii., Nos. 13–14, 1877). See on this point, Kohlbrugge, “L’Anthr. des Tenggerois,”L’Anthropologie, p. 4, 1898.

[554]See Montano, “Mission aux Philippines,”Arch. Miss. Scient., 3rd series, vol. xi., with figs., Paris, 1885; De Quatrefages,loc. cit.(Les Pygmées); Schadenberg,Zeitschr. f. Ethnol., 1880.

[555]Ten Kate, “L’Anthropologie d’Oceanie,”L’Anthropologie, vol. iv., 1893, p. 279; “Verslag eener Reis in Timorgrœp,”Tijdschr. Nederl. Aardrijk. sk. Genoot., Amsterdam, vol. xi., 1894, with summary in French; andAnthropol. Problem in Insulindie ... Festbundel ... Dr. P. Veth aangeboden, p. 212, Leyden, 1894; Lapicque,loc. cit.(Tour du Monde).

[556]Modigliani,loc. cit., andL’isola delle Donne ... Engano, Milan, 1894; Danielli, “Cranii di Engano,”Archiv. p. l’anthr., vol. xxiv. See also the works already quoted of Montano, Hagen (as well as hisAnthropolog. Atlas Ostasiat.... Völk., Wiesbaden, 1898), Ten Kate, Deniker and Laloy, Lapicque, Kohlbrugge, etc.

[557]Junghuhn,Battaländer auf Sumatra, vol. ii., p. 375; Hamy, “Les Alfourous de Gilolo,”Bull. Soc. Geogr. Paris, 6th ser., vol. xiii., p. 490.

[558]The dwellings in trees at Sumbawa, among the Mandayas of Mindanao (Philippines), among the Lubu of Sumatra, should also be noted.

[559]Pleytte, “De Geogr. Otbreiding v. h. Koppensnellen, etc.,”Tijdschr. v. h. Aardrijksk. Genoots, p. 908, Amsterdam, 1891.

[560]For the anthropometry of some of the peoples enumerated below, seeAppendices I.toIII.The figures there given are derived from the works of Hagan, Ten Kate, Lapicque, Deniker and Laloy, Kohlbrugge, Jacobs, Weisbach, Lubbers and Langen.

[561]See J. Jacobs,De Badoejs, S’Gravenhage, 1891, and Kohlbrugge,loc. cit., and “De heilige bekers d. Tenegerezen,”Tijdschr. v. Ind. Taal-Land-in Volkenk, vol. xxxiv., 1896. Among the Tenggerese some vestiges of Buddhism may be discovered.

[562]See Ling Roth,The Natives of Sarawak, 2 vols., London, 1896, andJour. Anthr. Inst., vols. xxi. and xxii. (1892–93).

[563]Blumentritt, “Versuch. einer Ethnographie der Philip.,”Ergänzungsheft, Peterm. Mitteil., No. 67, Gotha, 1887, with map; Montano,loc. cit.; Virchow, “Die Bevölker. d. Philip.,”Sitzungsber. Berlin Acad. Wiss., 1897, p. 279, and 1899, p. 14; Brinton, “The Peoples of Philip.” (short summary),Amer. Anthropologist, October, 1898.

[564]For the populations of Celebes, Timur, Floris, etc., see Max Weber,Tijdsch. Aardrijksk. Genoots., 2nd ser., vol. vii., Amsterdam, 1890, andInter. Arch. Ethnogr., suppl. to vol. iii., Leyden, 1890, pl.; Brothers Sarasin,Verh. Ges. Erdk. Berlin, 1894, 1895, and 1896; Ten Kate, “Reis in de Timor groep,”Tijd. Aardr. Genoot., 2nd ser., vol. xi., p. 199, Amsterdam, 1894, andL’Anthropologie, 1893, p. 279; Lapicque,loc. cit.

[565]See my summary of what was known of the Papuans in 1882 in theRev. d’Anthr., 1883, p. 484, and the following works which have since appeared: Chalmers,Pioneering in New Guinea, London, 1887, and other works; De Clercq and Schmeltz,Ethnogr. Beschrijving van de W. en N. Nederl. New Guin., Leyden, 1893; Finsch,Samoafahrten, Leipzig, 1888, and his articles in theAnn. naturh. Hofmus., Vienna, 1888 and 1891, in theRev. d’Ethnogr., 1886, etc.; Haddon, “Decorat. art Brit. N. Guin.,”Cunningham Memoirs, vol. x.,Roy. Irish Acad., 1894; and “The Ethnography of Brit. New Guinea,”Science Progress, vol. ii., 1894, pp. 83 and 227, London, with map and bibliog.; Macgregor,Proc. R. Geogr. Soc., 1890, p. 191, and his official reports; Thomson,Brit. New Guinea, London, 1892.

[566]It is also to be noted that the supposed Papuan-Polynesian cross-breeds of the south-east of New Guinea neither drink kava nor know the art of pottery, unlike true Polynesians. Besides, their language approximates more nearly to the Melanesian dialects and presents no affinities with Polynesian languages (Ray, “Languages of Brit. N. Guinea,”Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxiv., p. 15, 1894).

[567]Papuan skulls are generally very dolichocephalic (av. ceph. ind. 73), and the presence of brachycephalic skulls in the series of New Guinea origin is certainly of significance, only their proportion is very slight. Out of 500 New Guinea skulls described I have been able to find only 36 brachycephalic, or seven per cent. More than half of these skulls come from one and the same locality, the Kiwai and Canoe Islands in the delta of the Fly. Either a Malay colony may therefore be assumed there, a remnant of Negritoes, or that it was a centre of the custom of deforming the head, a custom which in fact obtains in the neighbourhood of the mouth of the Fly. On this question see my summary of 1882 cited above, and Haddon,loc. cit.; Schellong, “Anthr. d. Papus,”Zeit. f. Ethn., p. 156, 1891; J. Chalmers, “Anthropometr. observ., etc.,”Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxvii. (1897).

[568]The Kerepunu are good agriculturists; their mode of working is quite remarkable (Fig.152). The soil is turned up at the word of command by a row of men, each of whom thrusts into the earth two pointed sticks, then using these sticks as levers a layer of earth is raised and a furrow is thus made.

[569]Hamy, “Papous de la mer d’Entrecasteaux,”Rev. Ethnog., 1889.

[570]Haddon,Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xix., p. 297; S. Ray and Haddon, “Languages of Torres Straits,”Proceed. R. Irish Acad., 3rd ser., vol. iv., 1897; Rev. Hunt,Journ. Anthr.... Inst., N.S., vol. i., p. 5, 1898–99.

[571]R. Codrington,The Melanesians, Oxford, 1891, fig.; Finsch,loc. cit.,Rev. Ethnogr., 1883, p. 49, andAnthrop. Ergeb. einer Reise in der Sudsee, Berlin, 1884, with fig.; Flower, “Cran. caract. Fiji Islanders,”Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. x., 1881, p. 153; Hagen and Pineau, “Les Nouvelles-Hébrides,”Rev. Ethnogr., 1888, p. 302; Guppy,The Solomon Islands and their Natives, London, 1887; Hagen, “Les Indigènes des Salomon,”L’Anthropol., 1893, pp. 1 and 192; Aug. Bernard,La Nouvelle Caledonie(thesis), p. 249et seq., Paris, 1894; Luschan,loc. cit.; Schellong,loc. cit.

[572]The number of Polynesians (2,310 in 1897) has diminished by half in the Fijis since 1881, while that of the natives (100,321 in 1897) has hardly varied. The Polynesian element is appreciable in the Aoba, Tanna, and Espiritu Santo islands of the New Hebrides, but its importance has been exaggerated so far as the Loyalty Islands and New Caledonia are concerned (see my note in theBull. Soc. Anthr., p. 791, 1893).

[573]Ellis,Polynesian Researches, 4 vols., London, 1853; Tautain, “Les Marquisiens,”L’Anthropologie, 1894, 1895, and 1898; Meinecke,Die Inselen des stillen Oceans, 2 vols., Leipzig, 1875; Markuse,Die Hawaischen Inselen, Berlin, 1894; Lister, “Natives of Fakaofu (Bowditch Island),”Journ. Anthr. Inst., vol. xxi., 1892, p. 43; Ch. Hedley, “The Atoll of Fanafuti, Ellice group,”Australian Museum, Memoir III., Sydney, 1897; H. Gros, “Les populations de la Polynesie française en 1891,”Bull. Soc. Anthr. Paris, 1896, p. 144; Ten Kate,loc. cit.

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