Chapter 2

"Some pigeons, Davy; a couple of short-legged hens, a joint of mutton, andany pretty little tiny kickshaws. Tell WilliamCook" (2HenryIV,v. i.).

And students of theIngoldsbyLegendswillremember that

"Ellen Bean ruled his cuisine.—He called her NellyCook."(NellCook,1. 32.)

"Ellen Bean ruled his cuisine.—He called her NellyCook."

(NellCook,1. 32.)

There are probably a goodly number of housewives of the present day who would be at a loss if suddenly asked for "cook's" name in full. It may be noted thatLequeuxmeans exactly the same, and is of identical origin, archaic Fr.lequeux, Lat.coquus, whileKewissometimes for Anglo-Fr.lekeu, wherekeuisthe accusative ofqueux(Alternative Origins, Chapter I).

NICKNAMES

The nicknames areEarl,Bull, andMuddiman. Nicknames such asEarlmay have been acquired in various ways (Chapter XV).BullandMuddimanare singularly appropriate for Rugby scrummagers, though the first may be from an inn or shop sign, rather than from physique or character. It is equivalent toThoreau, Old Fr.toreau(taureau).MuddimanisforMoodyman, where moody has its older meaning of valiant; cf. its German cognatemutig. The weather on the day in question gave a certain fitness both to the original meaning and the later form.

The above names are, with the exception ofHancock,Hudson, andMuddiman, easy to solve; but it must not be concluded that every list is as simple, or that the obvious is always right. The first page of BardsDictionaryofSurnamesmight well serve as a danger-signal to cocksure writers on this subject. The namesAbbeyandAbbottwould naturally seem to go back to an ancestor who lived in or near an and to another who had been nicknamed the abbot.

ButAbbeyismore often from the Anglo-French entryleabbé, the abbot, andAbbottmay be a diminutive of Ab, standing for Abel, or Abraham, the first of which was a common medieval font-name. FrancisHolyoakdescribes himself on the title-page of his Latin Dictionary (1612) as FranciscusdeSacraQuercu, but his name also represents the holly oak, or holm oak (Tree Names, Chapter XII). On the other hand,Hollimanalways occurs in early rolls ashaliorholiman,i.e. holy man.

MYTHICAL ETYMOLOGIES

It may be stated here, once for all, that etymologies of names which are based on medieval latinizations, family mottoes, etc., are always to be regarded with suspicion, as they involve the reversing of chronology, or the explanation of a name by a pun which has been made from it. We findLilburnelatinized asdeinsulatontis, as though it were the impossible hybriddel'isleburn, andBeautoysometimes asdebellafide, whereasfoyisthe Old French for beech, from Lat.fagus.Napierof Merchiston had the motton'apier,"has no equal," and described himself on title-pages as the Nonpareil, but his ancestor was a servant who looked after the napery. With Holyoak's rendering of his own name we may compare Parkinson's "latinization" of his name in his famous book on gardening(1629), which bears the titleParadisiinSoleParadisusTerrestris,i.e. the Earthly Paradise of "Park in Sun."

Many noble names have an anecdotic "explanation." I learnt at school thatPercycame from "pierce-eye," in allusion to a treacherous exploit at Alnwick. TheLesleysclaim descent from a hero who overthrew a Hungarian champion

"Between thelessleeand the mairHe slew the knight and left him there."(Quentin Durward, ch. xxxvii.)

"Between thelessleeand the mairHe slew the knight and left him there."

(Quentin Durward, ch. xxxvii.)

Similarly, the great nameofCourtenay,Courtney,ofFrench local origin, is derived in an Old French epic fromcourtnez, short nose, an epithet conferred on the famous Guillaume d'Orange, who, when the sword of a Saracen giant removed this important feature, exclaimed undauntedly—

"Mais que mon nés ai un poi acorcié,Bien sai mes nons en sera alongié."(LiCoronemenzLooïs,1.1159.)[Footnote: "Though I have my nose a little shortened, I know well that my name will be thereby lengthened."]

"Mais que mon nés ai un poi acorcié,Bien sai mes nons en sera alongié."

(LiCoronemenzLooïs,1.1159.)

[Footnote: "Though I have my nose a little shortened, I know well that my name will be thereby lengthened."]

I read lately in some newspaper that the originalLockharttook the "heart" of the Bruce to the Holy Land in a "locked" casket. Practically every famous Scottish name has a yarn connected with it, the gem perhaps being that which accounts forGuthrie. A Scottish king, it is said, landed weary and hungry as the sole survivor of a shipwreck. He approached a woman who was gutting fish, and asked her to prepare one for him. The kindly fishwife at once replied, "I'll gut three." Whereupon the king, dropping into rime with a readiness worthy of Mr. Wegg, said—

"Thengutthree, Your name shall be,"[Footnote added by scanner, who has not read much of Dickens:Silas Wegg was a ready-witted character in "Our Mutual Friend."]

"Thengutthree, Your name shall be,"

[Footnote added by scanner, who has not read much of Dickens:Silas Wegg was a ready-witted character in "Our Mutual Friend."]

and conferred a suitable estate on his benefactress.

After all, truth is stranger than fiction. There is quite enough legitimate cause for wonderment in the fact thatTyasisletter for letter the same name asDouch, or thatStrangeways, from a district in Manchester which, lying between the Irwell and the Irk, formerly subject to floods, is etymologicallystrong-wash. The JoannesAcutuswhose tomb stands in Florence is the great free-lance captain Sir JohnHawkwood, "omitting thehin Latin as frivolous, and thekandwas unusual" (Verstegan,RestitutionofDecayedIntelligence, ch. ix), which makes him almost as unrecognizable as that Peter Gower, the supposed founder of freemasonry, who turned out to be Pythagoras.

ALTERNATIVE ORIGINS

Many names are susceptible of two, three, or more explanations. This is especially true of some of our commonest monosyllabic surnames.Bellmay be from Anglo-Fr.lebel(beau), or from a shop sign, or from residence near the church or town bell. It may even have been applied to the man who pulled the bell. Finally, the ancestor may have been a lady called Isabel, a supposition which does not necessarily imply illegitimacy (Chapter X).Ballissometimes the shortened form of the once favourite Baldwin. It is also from a shop sign, and perhaps most frequently of all is forbald. The latter word is properlyballed,i.e., marked with aball, or white streak, a word of Celtic origin; cf. "piebald,"i.e.,balledlike a (mag)pie, and the "bald-faced stag."[Footnote:Halliwell notes that the nicknameBallisthe name of a horse in Chaucer and in Tusser, of a sheep in thePromptoriumParvulorum, and of a dog in the Privy Purse Expenses of Henry VIII. In each case the name alludes to a white mark, or what horsy people call a star. A cow thus marked is called in Scotland aboasandcow, and from the same word comes the obsoletebawson, badger.]From the same word we get the augmentativeBallard, used, according to Wyclif, by the little boys who unwisely called to an irritable prophet—

"Stey upballard"(2 Kings ii. 23).

The name may also be personal, Anglo-Sax. Beal-heard.Rowemay be local, from residence in a row (cf. Fr.Delarue), or it may be an accidental spelling of the nicknameRoe, which also survives in the Mid. English formRay(Beasts, Chapter XXIII).

ButRowwas also the shortened form of Rowland, or Roland.Cobbisan Anglo-Saxon name, as in the local Cobham, but it is also from the first syllable ofCobbold(for either Cuthbeald or Godbeald) and the second of Jacob. From Jacob come the diminutivesCobbinand Coppin.

Or, to take some less common names,Housenot only represents the medievaldelahouse, but also stands forHowes, which, in its turn, may be the plural ofhow, ahill(Chapter XII), or the genitive ofHow, one of the numerous medieval forms of Hugh (Chapter VI).Hindmay be forHine, a farm servant (Chapter III), or for Mid. Eng.hende, courteous (cf. for the vowel changeInd, Chapter XIII), and is perhaps sometimes also an animal nickname (Beasts, Chapter XXIII).Rouseisgenerally Fr. roux,i.e. the red, but it may also be the nominative form of Rou,i.e. of Rolf, or Rollo, the sea-king who conquered Normandy.[Footnote:Old French had a declension in two cases. The nominative, which has now almost disappeared, was usually distinguished by -s. This survives in a few words, e.g.fils, and proper names such asCharles,Jules,etc]WasHolmanthe holy man, the man who lived near aholm,i.e. holly (Chapter XII), on aholm, or river island (Chapter XII), or in ahole, or hollow? All these origins have equal claims.

As a rule, when an apparent nickname is also susceptible of another solution, baptismal, local, or occupative, the alternative explanation is to be preferred, as the popular tendency has always been towards twisting names into significant words. Thus, to take an example of each class,Diamondis sometimes for an old name Daymond (Daegmund),Portwineis a corruption of Poitevin, the man from Poitou (Chapter XI), andTipler, which now suggests alcoholic excess, was, as late as the seventeenth century, the regular name for an alehouse keeper.

In a very large number of cases there is a considerable choice for the modern bearer of a name. AnyBoonorBonewho wishes to assert that

Of Hereford's high blood he came,A race renown'd for knightly fame(LordoftheIsles,vi.15),

Of Hereford's high blood he came,A race renown'd for knightly fame

(LordoftheIsles,vi.15),

can claim descent from de Bohun. While, if he holds that kind hearts are more than coronets, he has an alternative descent from some medievallebon. This adjective, used as a personal name, gave alsoBunnandBunce;for the spelling of the latter name cf.Dancefor Dans, andPearcefor Piers, the nominative of Pierre(Alternative Origins, Chapter I), which also survives inPearsandPearson.Swainmay go back to the father of Canute, or to some hoary-headed swain who, possibly, tended the swine. Not all theSeymoursareSt. Maurs. Some of them were onceSeamers,i.e. tailors.Goslingisrather trivial, but it represents the romantic Jocelyn, in Normandy Gosselin, a diminutive of the once very popular personal name Josse.Gossis usually for goose, but anyGoss, orGossett, unwilling to trace his family back to JohnGoose, "my lord of Yorkes fole,"[Footnote:Privy Purse Expenses of Elizabeth of York (1502).]may likewise choose the French Josse or Gosse.Gossmay also be a dialect pronunciation of gorse, the older form of which has given the nameGorst.Coward, though humble, cow-herd, is no more timid thanCraven, the name of a district in the West Riding of Yorkshire.

NAMES DESIRABLE OR UNDESIRABLE

Mr.Chucks, when in good society, "seldom bowed, Sir, to anything underthreesyllables"(PeterSimple, ch. xvii.). But the length of a name is not necessarily an index of a noble meaning. As will be seen (pp. 74, 5), a great number of our monosyllabic names belong to, the oldest stratum of all. The boatswain's own name, from Norman-Fr.chouque, a tree-stump, is identical with the rather aristocraticZouchorSuch, from the usual French formsouche.Stubbs, which has the same meaning, may be compared withCurson,Curzon, Fr.courson, a stump, a derivative ofcourt, short.[Footnote:Cursonisalso a dialect variant ofChristian.]Pomeroyhas a lordly ring, but is the Old French forApplegarthorAppleyard(Tree Names, Chapter XIV), andCamoysmeans flat-nosed, Fr.Camus—

"This wenche thikke and wel y-growen was,Withkamusenose, and eyen greye as glas."(A, 3973.)

"This wenche thikke and wel y-growen was,Withkamusenose, and eyen greye as glas."

(A, 3973.)

Kingsley, speaking of the name assumed by John Briggs, says—

"Vavasourwas a very pretty name, and one of those which is[sic]supposed by novelists and young ladies to be aristocratic; why so is a puzzle; as its plain meaning is a tenant farmer and nothing more or less"(TwoYearsAgo, ch. xi.).

The word is said to represent a Vulgar Lat.vassusvassorum, vassal of vassals.

On the other hand, many a homely name has a complimentary meaning. Mr. Wegg did not like the nameBoffin, but its oldest form isbon-fin, good and fine. In 1273 Mr.Bumble'sname was speltbon-bel, good and beautiful. With these we may groupBunker, of which the oldest form isbon-quer(boncoeur), andBoffey, which corresponds to the common French nameBonnefoy, good faith; while the much more assertive Beaufoy means simply fine beech (Chapter I).

WithBunkerwe may compareGoodhartandCordeaux, the oldest form of the latter being the French nameCourdoux.MomerieandMummeryare identical withMowbray, from Monbrai in Normandy.Molyneuximpresses more thanMullins, of which it is merely the dim., Fr.moulins, mills. The Yorkshire nameTankardis identical with Tancred.Stigginsgoes back to the illustrious Anglo-Saxon name Stigand, asWigginsdoes towigand, a champion.Cadmanrepresents Caedmon, the name of the poet-monk of Whitby.Segaris an imitative form of the Anglo-Sax. Saegaer, of which the normal modern representative isSayers.Giblettis not a name one would covet, but it stands in the same relationship to Gilbert asHamletdoes to Hamo.

A small difference in spelling makes a great difference in the look of a name. The aristocraticCokeis an archaic spelling ofCook, the still more lordlyHerriessometimes disguisesHarris, while the modernBrasseyis the same as de Bracy inIvanhoe. The rather grislyNightgallis a variant ofNightingale. The accidental retention of particles and articles is also effective, e.g.Delmar,Delamere,Delapole, impress more thanMearsandPool, andLarpent(Fr. I'arpent),Lemaitre, andLestrangemore thanAcres,Masters, andStrange. There are few names of less heroic sound thanSparkandCodlin, yet the former is sometimes a contraction of the picturesque Sparrow-hawk, used as a personal name by the Anglo-Saxons, while the latter can be traced backviathe earlier formsQuodling(still found), Querdling, Querdelyoun to Coeur de Lion.

CHAPTER IIA MEDIEVAL ROLL

"Quelque diversité d'herbes qu'il y alt, tout s'enveloppe sous le nom de salade; de mesme, sous la considérationdes noms, je m'en voys faire icy une galimafree de divers articles." (Montaigne,Essais, i. 46.)

Just as, in studying a new language, the linguist finds it most helpful to take a simple text and hammer out indetail every word and grammatical form it contains, so the student of name-lore cannot do better than tackle a medieval roll and try to connect every name in it with those of the present day. I give here two lists of names from the Hundred Rolls of 1273. The first contains the names of London and Middlesex jurymen, most of them, especially the Londoners, men of substance and position. The second is a list of cottagers resident in the village of Steeple Claydon in Bucks. Even a cursory perusal of these lists should Suffice to dispel all recollection of the nightmare "philology" which has been so much employed to obscure what is perfectly simple and obvious; while a very slight knowledge of Latin and French is all that is required to connect these names of men who were dead and buried before the Battle of Crecy with those tobe found in any modern directory. The brief indications supplied under each name will be found in a fuller form in the various chapters of the book to which references are given.

For simplicity I have given the modern English form of each Christian name and expanded the abbreviations used by the official compilers. It will be noticed that English, Latin, and Anglo-French are used indifferently, thatleis usually, though not always, put before the trade-name or nickname, thatdeisput before place-names andatbefore spots which have no proper name. The names in the right-hand column are only specimens of the, often very numerous, modern equivalents.

LONDON JURYMEN

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

WilliamDibel.

Dibble(Theobald).

Initialt- andd-alternate (Dialectic Variants, Chapter III) according to locality. InTennyson, forDenison, son of Denis, we have the opposite change. The forms assumed by Theobald are very numerous (Chapter I). BesidesDibblewe have the shorterDibb. Other variants areDyball,Dipple,Tipple,Tidball,Tudball, and a number of names inTeb-,Tib-,Tub-. The reason for the great popularity of the name is obscure.

Baldwinle Bocher.

Butcher.

On the various forms of this name, see Chapter XV.

RobertHauteyn.

Hawtin

The Yorkshire nameAutyis probably unconnected. It seems rather to be an altered form of a Scandinavian personal name cognate with Odo.

Henryle Wimpler.

The name has apparently disappeared with the garment. But it is never safe to assert that a surname is quite extinct.

Stephen le Peron

Fearon

From Old Fr.feron,ferron, smith. In a few cases French has -onas an agential suffix (Chapter XVIII).

William deParis.

Paris, Parris, Parish.

The commoner modern formParishisseldom to be derived from our wordparish. This rarely occurs, while the entrydeParisis, on the other hand, very common.

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

Rogerle Wyn.

Wynne.

Anglo-Saxonwine, friend. Also a Celtic nickname, Identical withGwynne(Chapter XXII).

Matthewde Pomfrait

Pomfret

The usual pronunciation of Pontefract, broken bridge, one of the few English place-names of purely Latin origin (Chapter XIII). The Old French form would bePont-frait.

RichardlePaumer.

Palmer.

A man who had made pilgrimage to the Holy Land (Chapter XVII). The modern spelling is restored, but the -l- remains mute. It is just possible that this name sometimes means tennis-player, as tennis, Fr.lejeudepaume, once played with the palm of the hand, is of great antiquity.

WalterPoletar.

Pointer.

A dealer in poults,i.e. fowls. For the lengthened formpoulterer, cf.fruitererforfruiter, and see Chapter XV.

ReginaldAurifaber.

Goldsmith.

The French formorfévremay have given the nameOffer.

HenryDeubeneye.

Daubeney, Dabney.

Fr.d'Aubigny. One of the many cases in which the French preposition has been incorporated in the name. Cf.Danvers, ford'Anvers, Antwerp, and see Chapter XI.

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

RichardKnotte

Knott

From Scandinavian Cnut, Canute. This name is also local, fromknot, a hillock, and has of course become confused (Variant Spellings, Chapter III)with the nicknameNott, with cropped hair (Chapter XXII)—

"Thounott-pated fool."(1 Henry IV, ii. 4.)

"Thounott-pated fool."

(1 Henry IV, ii. 4.)

Walterle Wyte.

White

The large number ofWhitesispartly to be accounted for by their having absorbed the nameWight(Chapter XXII) from Mid. Eng.wiht, valiant.

Adamle Sutel.

Suttle.

Both Eng.subtleand Fr.subtilare restored spellings, which do not appear in nomenclature (Chapter III).

Fulkde Sancto Edmundo.

Tedman.

The older form would beTednam. Bury St. Edmund's is sometimes referred to as Tednambury. For the mutilation of the wordsaintin place-names, see Chapter III.

Williamle Boteler.

Butler.

More probably a bottle-maker than what we understand by a butler, the origin being of course the same.

GilbertLupus

Wolf.

Wolf, and the Scandinavian Ulf, are both common as personal names before the Conquest, but a good many Modern bearers of the name are German Jews (Chapter IV). Old Fr.lou(loup)is one source ofLow.

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

StephenJuvenis.

Young

Senexis rarely found. The natural tendency was to distinguish the younger man from his father. Senior is generally to be explained differently (Chapter XV).

WilliamBraciator.

Brewer.

The French formbrasseuralsosurvives asBracherandBrasher, the latter being also confused withBrazier, the worker in brass.

Johnde Cruce.

Cross, Crouch.

A man who lived near some outdoor cross. The formcrouchsurvives in "Crutched Friars." Hence also the nameCroucher.

Matthewle Candeler.

Candler, Chandler.

Initialc- forch- shows Norman or Picard origin (Chapter III).

HenryBernard.

Barnard, Barnett.

The change from -er- to -ar-isregular; cf.Clark, and see Chapter III. The endings -ard, -ald, are generally changed to -ett;cf.Everettfor Everard,Barrettfor Berald,Garrettfor Gerard, Garrard, whence the imitativeGarrisonfor Garretson.

Williamde Bosco.

Bush, Busk, Buss.

"For there is neitherbushnor hay (Chapter XIII)In May that it nyl shrouded bene."(RomauntoftheRose, 54.)

"For there is neitherbushnor hay (Chapter XIII)In May that it nyl shrouded bene."

(RomauntoftheRose, 54.)

The name might also be translated asWood. The corresponding name of French origin isBoyceorBoyes, Fr.bois(Chapter XIV).

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

Henry de SanctaOsitha.

Toosey.

Cf. Fulk de Sancto Edmundo(supra), and cf. Tooley St.

for St. Olave St. (Chapter III).

Walterate Stede.

Stead.

In this case the preposition has not coalesced, as inAdeane, at the dean,i.e. hollow,Agate, at gate, etc. (Chapter XII).

Williamle Fevere.

Wright, Smith.

The French name survives asFeaverandFevyer. Cf. also the Lat.Faber, which is not always a modern German importation

(Chapter XII).

Thomasde Cumbe.

Combe, Coombes.

A West-country name for a hollow in a hillside (Chapter XII).

JohnState.

State, Stacey.

Generally for Eustace, but sometimes perhaps for Anastasia, as we find Stacey used as a female name (Chapter III).

Richardle Teynturier.

Dyer, Dexter.

Dexterrepresents Mid. Eng. dighester, with the feminine agential suffix (Chapter XV).

Henryle Waleys.

Wallis, Walsh, Welch.

Literally the foreigner, but especially applied by the English to the Western Celts.Quelchrepresents the: Welsh pronunciation. WithWalliscf.Cornwallis, Mid. Eng.lecornwaleis(Chapter X).

Johnle Bret.

Brett, Britton.

An inhabitant of Brittany, perhaps resident in that Breton colony in London called Little Britain. Bret The Old French nominative of Breton (Chapter VIII).

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

Thomasle Clerc.

Clark.

One of our commonest names. We now spell the common nounclerkby etymological reaction, but educated people pronounce the word as it was generally written up to the eighteenth century (Chapter III).

Stephenle Hatter

Hatter

The great rarity of this name is a curious problem (Chapter XV). The nameCapperexists, though it is not very common.

Thomasle Batur.

Thresher.

But, being a Londoner, he was more probably a gold-beater, or perhaps a beater of cloth. The nameBeateralso survives.

Alexanderde Leycestre

Leicester, Lester.

For the simpler spelling, once usual and still adopted by those who chalk the names on the mail-vans at St. Pancras, cf. such names asWorster,Wooster,Gloster, etc. (Chapter XI).

Robertle Noreys.

Norris, Nurse.

Old Fr.noreis, the Northerner (Chapter XI), ornorice(nourrice), the nurse, foster-mother (Chapter XX).

Reginaldle Blond

Blount, Blunt.

Fr.blond, fair. We have also the dim.Blundell. The corresponding English name isFairfax, from Mid. Eng.fax, hair (Chapter XXII).

Randolfate Mor.

Moor.

With the preposition retained (Chapter XII) it hasgiven the Latin-lookingAmor.

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

Matthewle Pevrier.

Pepper.

For the reduction of pepperer toPeppercf.Armourfor armourer, and see Chapter XV.

Godfreyle Furmager.

Cheeseman, Firminger.

From Old Fr.formage(fromage). The intrusion of theninFirmingeris regular; cf.Massinger, messenger, from Fr.messager, and see Chapter III.

RobertCampeneys.

Champness, Champneys.

Old Fr.champeneis(champenois), of Champagne (Chapter XI).

Johndel Pek.

Peck, Peaks, Pike, Pick.

A name taken from a hill-top, but sometimes referring to the unrelated Derbyshire Peak.

RichardDygun.

Dickens.

A diminutive of Dig, for Dick (Chapter VI).

Peterle Hoder.

Hodder.

A maker of hods or a maker of hoods? The latter is more likely.

AlanAllutarius.

Whittier.

Lat.alutarius, a "white-tawer", Similarly, Mid. Eng.stan-heawere, stone-hewer, is contracted toStanier, now almost swallowed up byStainer. The simple tawer is also one origin of the nameTower.

Peterle Rus.

Russ, Rush, Rouse.

Fr.roux, of red complexion. Cf. the dim.Russell, Fr.Rousseau

(Chapter XXII).

MIDDLESEX JURYMEN

Hundred Rolls

Modern Form

Rogerde la Hale.

Hall, Hale, Hales.

One of our commonest local surnames. But it has two interpretations, fromhalland fromheal(Chapter XII).

Walterde la Hedge.

Hedge, Hedges.

Other names of similar meaning areHay,Hayes,Haig,Haigh,Hawes(Chapter XIII)

JohnRex

King.

One of our commonest nicknames, the survival of which is easily understood (Chapter XV).

Stephende la Novels Meyson.

Newhouse.

Cf. alsoNewbigging, from Mid. Eng.biggen, to 'build (Chapter XIII).

RandolfPokoc.

Pocock, Peacock.

The simplePoe, Lat. pavo, has the same meaning (Chapter XXIII).

Williamde Fonte.

Spring, Wells, Fountain, Attewell.

This is the most usual origin of the nameSpring(Chapter IX).

Robertdel Parer

Perrier

Old Fr.périer(poirier), pear-tree. Another origin ofPerrieris, through French, from Lat.petrarius, a stone-hewer.

Adamde la Denne.

Denne, Dean, Done.

A Mid. English name for valley (Chapter XII).

Back to Index Next