FOOTNOTES:[1]Barinis the Russian word for master. It also means gentleman, and was used by the peasants and by servants in addressing their superiors.[2]The French Deputy, Louis Martin, estimates the losses of the Armies in killed alone as follows:—(In millions) Russia 2½, Germany 2, Austria 1½, France 1.4, Great Britain 0.8, Italy 0.6, etc. Russia’s share of the martyrdom of all the Allied forces is 40 per cent.[3]President of the Duma.[4]The Grand Duke here refers to the manifesto drafted by Witte, granting various liberties and decreeing the convocation of the Duma.[5]Miliukov:History of the Second Russian Revolution.[6]Minister of War.[7]Chessin:La Révolution Russe.[8]Quartermaster-General of the Commander-in-Chief of All Fronts.[9]Chief of Staff of the Northern Front (Com.-in-Ch., General Ruzsky).[10]Count Fredericks, Narishkine, Ruzsky, Gutchkov, Shulgin.[11]Shulgin’s narrative.[12]Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky, Nekrassov, Teresvtchenko, Godnev, Lvov, Gutchkov, and Rodzianko.[13]Miliukov:History of the Second Russian Revolution.[14]The murder took place on the night of July 16th, 1918.[15]Much time, pains and labour were devoted to the task of collecting information about the murdered Imperial family by General Dietrichs.[16]The termSovietfor brevity will be used in the course of the narrative instead ofSoviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates.[17]The wordDefensistsis used as a translation of the newly-coined Russian wordoboronetz, which means “He who is in favour of a defensive war.”[18]A “poud” is equal to 40 pounds.[19]Gustave Le-Bon,The Psychology of Socialism.[20]The restoration of Poland in herethnographicfrontiers was intended by Russia also.[21]Mes Souvenirs de Guerre.[22]These lists contained the names of those suspected of relations with the enemy Governments.[23]Among the members of the Committee were, for instance, Zourabov and Perzitch, who had served under Parvus.[24]It is curious that Bronstein (Trotsky)—a person sufficiently competent in the matter of secret communications with the Staffs of our antagonists—said in theIzvestiafor July 8th, 1917: “In the paperNashe SlovoI have exposed and pilloried Skoropis-Yoltoukhovsky, Potok and Melenevsky as agents of the Austrian General Staff.”[25]V.chap. IV.—Of course articles 7 and 8 did not meet with the approval of public opinion.[26]Generally speaking, the special services, and especially the artillery, retained their likeness to human beings, as well as a certain amount of discipline, much longer than the infantry.[27]Leonid Andreiev’s article: “To thee, Oh soldier!”[28]The greatest part was played by Lieutenant-Colonels of the General Staff, Lebedev (afterwards Chief-of-Staff to Admiral Koltchak) and Pronin.[29]The President was Colonel Novosiltsev, a member of the Fourth State Douma, a Cadet (Constitutional Democrat).[30]The last Charter to the Cossacks of the Don was granted on January 24, 1906, by the Emperor Nicholas II., and contained the following words: “... We confirm all the rights and privileges granted to it (the Cossack Army), affirming by Our Imperial word both the indefeasibility of its present form of service, which has earned the Army of the Don historic glory and the inviolability of all its estates and lands, gained by the labours, merits and blood of its ancestors....”[31]Such was the name given to the non-Cossack immigrant element in the territory.[32]With artillery to correspond.[33]In the territory of the Don the peasants formed 48 per cent. of the population and the Cossacks 46 per cent.[34]In places, the Territorial Council of “outsiders.”[35]In the principal territories—on the Don and on the Kouban—the Cossacks formed about one-half of the population.[36]Of these phenomena I shall speak later in more detail.[37]The Don, the Kouban, the Terek, Astrakhan, and the mountaineers of the Northern Caucasus. I shall speak of this later.[38]The third cavalry corps, in Kornilov’s advance against Kerensky.[39]The third cavalry corps with Kerensky against the Bolsheviks.[40]The Ural Cossacks, until their tragic fall in the end of 1919, knew not Bolshevism.[41]General Alexeiev ordered its disbandment, but Kerensky permitted it to remain.[42]They were disbanded.[43]A Socialist-Revolutionary emigrant and an active worker in his party. He was appointed to this post by Kerensky, at the desire of the Kiev Council of Soldiers’ Delegates.[44]Oberoutchev.In the Days of the Revolution.[45]Among others, my former 4th Rifle Division was subjected to Ukrainisation.[46]The Ukrainian Hetman Skoropadsky was one of his ancestors.[47]Formerly Commander of the 38th Army Corps.[48]The proposal of abdication made to the Emperor Nicholas II.[49]Gutchkov’s official letter to the President of the Government.[50]Colonels: Baranovsky, Yakoubovitch, Prince Toumanov, and later Verkhovsky.[51]9th July—Reply to the greeting of the Moghilev Soviet.[52]See his evidence before the Commission of Inquiry.[53]Conversation by telegraph with Colonel Bazanovsky.[54]Savinkov:The Kornilov Affair. Savinkov’s expostulations prevailed. Kornilov even consented to remove Zavoiko from the limits of the Front, but soon recalled him.[55]Chief of Staff of the Army.[56]Free Thought. (Transl. note).[57]Former Editor of theSovremenny Mir(Contemporary World), and Social-Democrat of theYedinstvoGroup. In 1921 he edited the Bolshevist newspaper in Helsingfors.[58]Undoubtedly better than the Committee of the Western Front.[59]Held on August 14th, 1917.[60]In August the balance of forces in the Soviet altered rapidly in favour of the Bolsheviks, giving them a majority.[61]General Parsky now occupies an important post in the Soviet Army, while General Boldyrev was subsequently Commander-in-Chief of the Anti-Bolshevist “Front of the Constituent Assembly” on the Volga.[62]21st August.[63]From the Chief Committee of the Union of Officers, the Military League, the Council of the Union of Cossack Troops, the Union of the Knights of St. George, the Conference of Public Men, etc.[64]Until August 27th,i.e., until the rupture with Kornilov, Kerensky could not bring himself to sign the draft laws embodying the “programme.”[65]The 3rd Cavalry Corps was summoned to Petrograd by the Provisional Government.[66]From the report of the inquiry it is seen that Savinkov, in charge of the Ministry of War, and the head of Kerensky’s secretariat, Colonel Baranovsky, despatched to the Stavka, themselves admitted the possibility of simultaneous action by the Soviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates and the Bolsheviks, the former under the influence of the publication of the “Kornilov programme,” and the necessity for ruthlessly suppressing this. (Protocol Appendix XIII. to Kornilov’s deposition.)[67]As we shall see later, Savinkov stated in his evidence that he “suggested no political combinations in the name of the Minister-President.”[68]The “Kornilov programme” is meant here.[69]The Commanders-in-Chief of the other Fronts sent the Provisional Government telegrams of a completely loyal nature on August 28th. Their tenor is seen from the following extracts: “Northern Front—General Klembovsky: Consider change in Supreme Command extremely dangerous when the threat of an external enemy to the integrity of our native land and our freedom demands the speedy adoption of measures for the strengthening of the discipline and fighting value of our Army.” “Western Front—General Baluev: The present situation of Russia demands the immediate adoption of exceptional measures, and the retention of General Kornilov at the head of the Army is an imperative necessity, no matter what the political situation.” “Roumanian Front—General Scherbachev: The dismissal of General Kornilov will infallibly have a fatal effect on the Army and the defence of the Motherland. I appeal to your patriotism in the name of the salvation of our native land.” All the Commanders-in-Chief mentioned the necessity for the introduction of the measures demanded by Kornilov.[70]This telegram was not received at Headquarters. Kerensky gives the episode with Lvov thus: “On August 26th General Kornilov sent to me Vv. N. Lvov, member of the State Duma, with a demand that the Provisional Government should cede all its military and civil authority, leaving him to form a Government for the country in accordance with his own personal views.”[71]On the morning of the 29th a telegram from the Quartermaster-General at the Stavka somehow reached us, in which again hopes of a peaceful settlement were held out.[72]He went through the Kouban campaigns with the Volunteer Army and served in it to the day of his death, from spotted typhus, in 1920.[73]Official communication.[74]The members of the Commission were: Col. Raupach and Col. Oukraintsev, military jurists; Kolokolov, examining magistrate; and Lieber and Krochmal, members of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ delegates.[75]Shablovsky, Kolokolov, Raupach and Oukraintsev.[76]Shablovsky’s interview in the “Retch.”[77]On that same morning we had been taken without any escort, with only one guard accompanying us, to the bath, about two-thirds of a mile from the guard-house, without attracting any attention.[78]This gallant officer was afterwards one of the first Volunteers, was wounded again in Kornilov’s first Kouban campaign in 1918, and died in the spring of 1919 of spotted typhus.[79]The Kornilov case.
[1]Barinis the Russian word for master. It also means gentleman, and was used by the peasants and by servants in addressing their superiors.
[1]Barinis the Russian word for master. It also means gentleman, and was used by the peasants and by servants in addressing their superiors.
[2]The French Deputy, Louis Martin, estimates the losses of the Armies in killed alone as follows:—(In millions) Russia 2½, Germany 2, Austria 1½, France 1.4, Great Britain 0.8, Italy 0.6, etc. Russia’s share of the martyrdom of all the Allied forces is 40 per cent.
[2]The French Deputy, Louis Martin, estimates the losses of the Armies in killed alone as follows:—(In millions) Russia 2½, Germany 2, Austria 1½, France 1.4, Great Britain 0.8, Italy 0.6, etc. Russia’s share of the martyrdom of all the Allied forces is 40 per cent.
[3]President of the Duma.
[3]President of the Duma.
[4]The Grand Duke here refers to the manifesto drafted by Witte, granting various liberties and decreeing the convocation of the Duma.
[4]The Grand Duke here refers to the manifesto drafted by Witte, granting various liberties and decreeing the convocation of the Duma.
[5]Miliukov:History of the Second Russian Revolution.
[5]Miliukov:History of the Second Russian Revolution.
[6]Minister of War.
[6]Minister of War.
[7]Chessin:La Révolution Russe.
[7]Chessin:La Révolution Russe.
[8]Quartermaster-General of the Commander-in-Chief of All Fronts.
[8]Quartermaster-General of the Commander-in-Chief of All Fronts.
[9]Chief of Staff of the Northern Front (Com.-in-Ch., General Ruzsky).
[9]Chief of Staff of the Northern Front (Com.-in-Ch., General Ruzsky).
[10]Count Fredericks, Narishkine, Ruzsky, Gutchkov, Shulgin.
[10]Count Fredericks, Narishkine, Ruzsky, Gutchkov, Shulgin.
[11]Shulgin’s narrative.
[11]Shulgin’s narrative.
[12]Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky, Nekrassov, Teresvtchenko, Godnev, Lvov, Gutchkov, and Rodzianko.
[12]Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky, Nekrassov, Teresvtchenko, Godnev, Lvov, Gutchkov, and Rodzianko.
[13]Miliukov:History of the Second Russian Revolution.
[13]Miliukov:History of the Second Russian Revolution.
[14]The murder took place on the night of July 16th, 1918.
[14]The murder took place on the night of July 16th, 1918.
[15]Much time, pains and labour were devoted to the task of collecting information about the murdered Imperial family by General Dietrichs.
[15]Much time, pains and labour were devoted to the task of collecting information about the murdered Imperial family by General Dietrichs.
[16]The termSovietfor brevity will be used in the course of the narrative instead ofSoviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates.
[16]The termSovietfor brevity will be used in the course of the narrative instead ofSoviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates.
[17]The wordDefensistsis used as a translation of the newly-coined Russian wordoboronetz, which means “He who is in favour of a defensive war.”
[17]The wordDefensistsis used as a translation of the newly-coined Russian wordoboronetz, which means “He who is in favour of a defensive war.”
[18]A “poud” is equal to 40 pounds.
[18]A “poud” is equal to 40 pounds.
[19]Gustave Le-Bon,The Psychology of Socialism.
[19]Gustave Le-Bon,The Psychology of Socialism.
[20]The restoration of Poland in herethnographicfrontiers was intended by Russia also.
[20]The restoration of Poland in herethnographicfrontiers was intended by Russia also.
[21]Mes Souvenirs de Guerre.
[21]Mes Souvenirs de Guerre.
[22]These lists contained the names of those suspected of relations with the enemy Governments.
[22]These lists contained the names of those suspected of relations with the enemy Governments.
[23]Among the members of the Committee were, for instance, Zourabov and Perzitch, who had served under Parvus.
[23]Among the members of the Committee were, for instance, Zourabov and Perzitch, who had served under Parvus.
[24]It is curious that Bronstein (Trotsky)—a person sufficiently competent in the matter of secret communications with the Staffs of our antagonists—said in theIzvestiafor July 8th, 1917: “In the paperNashe SlovoI have exposed and pilloried Skoropis-Yoltoukhovsky, Potok and Melenevsky as agents of the Austrian General Staff.”
[24]It is curious that Bronstein (Trotsky)—a person sufficiently competent in the matter of secret communications with the Staffs of our antagonists—said in theIzvestiafor July 8th, 1917: “In the paperNashe SlovoI have exposed and pilloried Skoropis-Yoltoukhovsky, Potok and Melenevsky as agents of the Austrian General Staff.”
[25]V.chap. IV.—Of course articles 7 and 8 did not meet with the approval of public opinion.
[25]V.chap. IV.—Of course articles 7 and 8 did not meet with the approval of public opinion.
[26]Generally speaking, the special services, and especially the artillery, retained their likeness to human beings, as well as a certain amount of discipline, much longer than the infantry.
[26]Generally speaking, the special services, and especially the artillery, retained their likeness to human beings, as well as a certain amount of discipline, much longer than the infantry.
[27]Leonid Andreiev’s article: “To thee, Oh soldier!”
[27]Leonid Andreiev’s article: “To thee, Oh soldier!”
[28]The greatest part was played by Lieutenant-Colonels of the General Staff, Lebedev (afterwards Chief-of-Staff to Admiral Koltchak) and Pronin.
[28]The greatest part was played by Lieutenant-Colonels of the General Staff, Lebedev (afterwards Chief-of-Staff to Admiral Koltchak) and Pronin.
[29]The President was Colonel Novosiltsev, a member of the Fourth State Douma, a Cadet (Constitutional Democrat).
[29]The President was Colonel Novosiltsev, a member of the Fourth State Douma, a Cadet (Constitutional Democrat).
[30]The last Charter to the Cossacks of the Don was granted on January 24, 1906, by the Emperor Nicholas II., and contained the following words: “... We confirm all the rights and privileges granted to it (the Cossack Army), affirming by Our Imperial word both the indefeasibility of its present form of service, which has earned the Army of the Don historic glory and the inviolability of all its estates and lands, gained by the labours, merits and blood of its ancestors....”
[30]The last Charter to the Cossacks of the Don was granted on January 24, 1906, by the Emperor Nicholas II., and contained the following words: “... We confirm all the rights and privileges granted to it (the Cossack Army), affirming by Our Imperial word both the indefeasibility of its present form of service, which has earned the Army of the Don historic glory and the inviolability of all its estates and lands, gained by the labours, merits and blood of its ancestors....”
[31]Such was the name given to the non-Cossack immigrant element in the territory.
[31]Such was the name given to the non-Cossack immigrant element in the territory.
[32]With artillery to correspond.
[32]With artillery to correspond.
[33]In the territory of the Don the peasants formed 48 per cent. of the population and the Cossacks 46 per cent.
[33]In the territory of the Don the peasants formed 48 per cent. of the population and the Cossacks 46 per cent.
[34]In places, the Territorial Council of “outsiders.”
[34]In places, the Territorial Council of “outsiders.”
[35]In the principal territories—on the Don and on the Kouban—the Cossacks formed about one-half of the population.
[35]In the principal territories—on the Don and on the Kouban—the Cossacks formed about one-half of the population.
[36]Of these phenomena I shall speak later in more detail.
[36]Of these phenomena I shall speak later in more detail.
[37]The Don, the Kouban, the Terek, Astrakhan, and the mountaineers of the Northern Caucasus. I shall speak of this later.
[37]The Don, the Kouban, the Terek, Astrakhan, and the mountaineers of the Northern Caucasus. I shall speak of this later.
[38]The third cavalry corps, in Kornilov’s advance against Kerensky.
[38]The third cavalry corps, in Kornilov’s advance against Kerensky.
[39]The third cavalry corps with Kerensky against the Bolsheviks.
[39]The third cavalry corps with Kerensky against the Bolsheviks.
[40]The Ural Cossacks, until their tragic fall in the end of 1919, knew not Bolshevism.
[40]The Ural Cossacks, until their tragic fall in the end of 1919, knew not Bolshevism.
[41]General Alexeiev ordered its disbandment, but Kerensky permitted it to remain.
[41]General Alexeiev ordered its disbandment, but Kerensky permitted it to remain.
[42]They were disbanded.
[42]They were disbanded.
[43]A Socialist-Revolutionary emigrant and an active worker in his party. He was appointed to this post by Kerensky, at the desire of the Kiev Council of Soldiers’ Delegates.
[43]A Socialist-Revolutionary emigrant and an active worker in his party. He was appointed to this post by Kerensky, at the desire of the Kiev Council of Soldiers’ Delegates.
[44]Oberoutchev.In the Days of the Revolution.
[44]Oberoutchev.In the Days of the Revolution.
[45]Among others, my former 4th Rifle Division was subjected to Ukrainisation.
[45]Among others, my former 4th Rifle Division was subjected to Ukrainisation.
[46]The Ukrainian Hetman Skoropadsky was one of his ancestors.
[46]The Ukrainian Hetman Skoropadsky was one of his ancestors.
[47]Formerly Commander of the 38th Army Corps.
[47]Formerly Commander of the 38th Army Corps.
[48]The proposal of abdication made to the Emperor Nicholas II.
[48]The proposal of abdication made to the Emperor Nicholas II.
[49]Gutchkov’s official letter to the President of the Government.
[49]Gutchkov’s official letter to the President of the Government.
[50]Colonels: Baranovsky, Yakoubovitch, Prince Toumanov, and later Verkhovsky.
[50]Colonels: Baranovsky, Yakoubovitch, Prince Toumanov, and later Verkhovsky.
[51]9th July—Reply to the greeting of the Moghilev Soviet.
[51]9th July—Reply to the greeting of the Moghilev Soviet.
[52]See his evidence before the Commission of Inquiry.
[52]See his evidence before the Commission of Inquiry.
[53]Conversation by telegraph with Colonel Bazanovsky.
[53]Conversation by telegraph with Colonel Bazanovsky.
[54]Savinkov:The Kornilov Affair. Savinkov’s expostulations prevailed. Kornilov even consented to remove Zavoiko from the limits of the Front, but soon recalled him.
[54]Savinkov:The Kornilov Affair. Savinkov’s expostulations prevailed. Kornilov even consented to remove Zavoiko from the limits of the Front, but soon recalled him.
[55]Chief of Staff of the Army.
[55]Chief of Staff of the Army.
[56]Free Thought. (Transl. note).
[56]Free Thought. (Transl. note).
[57]Former Editor of theSovremenny Mir(Contemporary World), and Social-Democrat of theYedinstvoGroup. In 1921 he edited the Bolshevist newspaper in Helsingfors.
[57]Former Editor of theSovremenny Mir(Contemporary World), and Social-Democrat of theYedinstvoGroup. In 1921 he edited the Bolshevist newspaper in Helsingfors.
[58]Undoubtedly better than the Committee of the Western Front.
[58]Undoubtedly better than the Committee of the Western Front.
[59]Held on August 14th, 1917.
[59]Held on August 14th, 1917.
[60]In August the balance of forces in the Soviet altered rapidly in favour of the Bolsheviks, giving them a majority.
[60]In August the balance of forces in the Soviet altered rapidly in favour of the Bolsheviks, giving them a majority.
[61]General Parsky now occupies an important post in the Soviet Army, while General Boldyrev was subsequently Commander-in-Chief of the Anti-Bolshevist “Front of the Constituent Assembly” on the Volga.
[61]General Parsky now occupies an important post in the Soviet Army, while General Boldyrev was subsequently Commander-in-Chief of the Anti-Bolshevist “Front of the Constituent Assembly” on the Volga.
[62]21st August.
[62]21st August.
[63]From the Chief Committee of the Union of Officers, the Military League, the Council of the Union of Cossack Troops, the Union of the Knights of St. George, the Conference of Public Men, etc.
[63]From the Chief Committee of the Union of Officers, the Military League, the Council of the Union of Cossack Troops, the Union of the Knights of St. George, the Conference of Public Men, etc.
[64]Until August 27th,i.e., until the rupture with Kornilov, Kerensky could not bring himself to sign the draft laws embodying the “programme.”
[64]Until August 27th,i.e., until the rupture with Kornilov, Kerensky could not bring himself to sign the draft laws embodying the “programme.”
[65]The 3rd Cavalry Corps was summoned to Petrograd by the Provisional Government.
[65]The 3rd Cavalry Corps was summoned to Petrograd by the Provisional Government.
[66]From the report of the inquiry it is seen that Savinkov, in charge of the Ministry of War, and the head of Kerensky’s secretariat, Colonel Baranovsky, despatched to the Stavka, themselves admitted the possibility of simultaneous action by the Soviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates and the Bolsheviks, the former under the influence of the publication of the “Kornilov programme,” and the necessity for ruthlessly suppressing this. (Protocol Appendix XIII. to Kornilov’s deposition.)
[66]From the report of the inquiry it is seen that Savinkov, in charge of the Ministry of War, and the head of Kerensky’s secretariat, Colonel Baranovsky, despatched to the Stavka, themselves admitted the possibility of simultaneous action by the Soviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ Delegates and the Bolsheviks, the former under the influence of the publication of the “Kornilov programme,” and the necessity for ruthlessly suppressing this. (Protocol Appendix XIII. to Kornilov’s deposition.)
[67]As we shall see later, Savinkov stated in his evidence that he “suggested no political combinations in the name of the Minister-President.”
[67]As we shall see later, Savinkov stated in his evidence that he “suggested no political combinations in the name of the Minister-President.”
[68]The “Kornilov programme” is meant here.
[68]The “Kornilov programme” is meant here.
[69]The Commanders-in-Chief of the other Fronts sent the Provisional Government telegrams of a completely loyal nature on August 28th. Their tenor is seen from the following extracts: “Northern Front—General Klembovsky: Consider change in Supreme Command extremely dangerous when the threat of an external enemy to the integrity of our native land and our freedom demands the speedy adoption of measures for the strengthening of the discipline and fighting value of our Army.” “Western Front—General Baluev: The present situation of Russia demands the immediate adoption of exceptional measures, and the retention of General Kornilov at the head of the Army is an imperative necessity, no matter what the political situation.” “Roumanian Front—General Scherbachev: The dismissal of General Kornilov will infallibly have a fatal effect on the Army and the defence of the Motherland. I appeal to your patriotism in the name of the salvation of our native land.” All the Commanders-in-Chief mentioned the necessity for the introduction of the measures demanded by Kornilov.
[69]The Commanders-in-Chief of the other Fronts sent the Provisional Government telegrams of a completely loyal nature on August 28th. Their tenor is seen from the following extracts: “Northern Front—General Klembovsky: Consider change in Supreme Command extremely dangerous when the threat of an external enemy to the integrity of our native land and our freedom demands the speedy adoption of measures for the strengthening of the discipline and fighting value of our Army.” “Western Front—General Baluev: The present situation of Russia demands the immediate adoption of exceptional measures, and the retention of General Kornilov at the head of the Army is an imperative necessity, no matter what the political situation.” “Roumanian Front—General Scherbachev: The dismissal of General Kornilov will infallibly have a fatal effect on the Army and the defence of the Motherland. I appeal to your patriotism in the name of the salvation of our native land.” All the Commanders-in-Chief mentioned the necessity for the introduction of the measures demanded by Kornilov.
[70]This telegram was not received at Headquarters. Kerensky gives the episode with Lvov thus: “On August 26th General Kornilov sent to me Vv. N. Lvov, member of the State Duma, with a demand that the Provisional Government should cede all its military and civil authority, leaving him to form a Government for the country in accordance with his own personal views.”
[70]This telegram was not received at Headquarters. Kerensky gives the episode with Lvov thus: “On August 26th General Kornilov sent to me Vv. N. Lvov, member of the State Duma, with a demand that the Provisional Government should cede all its military and civil authority, leaving him to form a Government for the country in accordance with his own personal views.”
[71]On the morning of the 29th a telegram from the Quartermaster-General at the Stavka somehow reached us, in which again hopes of a peaceful settlement were held out.
[71]On the morning of the 29th a telegram from the Quartermaster-General at the Stavka somehow reached us, in which again hopes of a peaceful settlement were held out.
[72]He went through the Kouban campaigns with the Volunteer Army and served in it to the day of his death, from spotted typhus, in 1920.
[72]He went through the Kouban campaigns with the Volunteer Army and served in it to the day of his death, from spotted typhus, in 1920.
[73]Official communication.
[73]Official communication.
[74]The members of the Commission were: Col. Raupach and Col. Oukraintsev, military jurists; Kolokolov, examining magistrate; and Lieber and Krochmal, members of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ delegates.
[74]The members of the Commission were: Col. Raupach and Col. Oukraintsev, military jurists; Kolokolov, examining magistrate; and Lieber and Krochmal, members of the Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workmen’s and Soldiers’ delegates.
[75]Shablovsky, Kolokolov, Raupach and Oukraintsev.
[75]Shablovsky, Kolokolov, Raupach and Oukraintsev.
[76]Shablovsky’s interview in the “Retch.”
[76]Shablovsky’s interview in the “Retch.”
[77]On that same morning we had been taken without any escort, with only one guard accompanying us, to the bath, about two-thirds of a mile from the guard-house, without attracting any attention.
[77]On that same morning we had been taken without any escort, with only one guard accompanying us, to the bath, about two-thirds of a mile from the guard-house, without attracting any attention.
[78]This gallant officer was afterwards one of the first Volunteers, was wounded again in Kornilov’s first Kouban campaign in 1918, and died in the spring of 1919 of spotted typhus.
[78]This gallant officer was afterwards one of the first Volunteers, was wounded again in Kornilov’s first Kouban campaign in 1918, and died in the spring of 1919 of spotted typhus.
[79]The Kornilov case.
[79]The Kornilov case.
Transcriber's Note:Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible.Soviet Order Number 1 is referred to as "Order No. 1." and "Order No. I." in the printed text: this has been standardised to "Order No. 1."The reference to the footnote "Miliukov:History of the Second Russian Revolution" on page 54 was missing in the original.The following is a list of changes made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.Shulguinand Miliukov delivered their historical speeches, wasShulginand Miliukov delivered their historical speeches, wasupon which the Czarist Government couldreply. Everybody consideredupon which the Czarist Government couldrely. Everybody consideredthe villages. Government servants of all kinds wereimpoverishdthe villages. Government servants of all kinds wereimpoverishedthe proletariat, the troops, thebourgoisie, even the nobility ...the proletariat, the troops, thebourgeoisie, even the nobility ...terrorist crimes, military mutinies andaggrarianoffences, etc.terrorist crimes, military mutinies andagrarianoffences, etc.At Pskov, on the evening of March 1st, the Czar saw GeneralRusky,At Pskov, on the evening of March 1st, the Czar saw GeneralRuzsky,On the South-Western FrontUkranianunits were being formed.On the South-Western FrontUkrainianunits were being formed.Socialistic Dumas, closely reminiscent of semi-BoshevikSoviets.Socialistic Dumas, closely reminiscent of semi-BolshevikSoviets.Administration, on the same basis as that in themunipalities.Administration, on the same basis as that in themunicipalities.of agriculture, and of the economicstablityof the State.of agriculture, and of the economicstabilityof the State.As life was destroyingallusions, and the implacable lawAs life was destroyingillusions, and the implacable lawnew Revolutionary régime is much more expensivethatthe old one.new Revolutionary régime is much more expensivethanthe old one.the Baltic Fleet wasactallyin a state of complete insubordination.the Baltic Fleet wasactuallyin a state of complete insubordination.andAvaresco's Army on my flank. I thus gained aandAveresco's Army on my flank. I thus gained aSouth-Western Front, in the direction fromKamemetz-Podolsk to Lvov,South-Western Front, in the direction fromKamenetz-Podolsk to Lvov,and afforded an excuse for theabitrarinessand violenceand afforded an excuse for thearbitrarinessand violenceSenior Commanding Staff considered asinadmissablethe democratisationSenior Commanding Staff considered asinadmissiblethe democratisationGutchov, his Assistants, and officers of the General Staff.Gutchkov, his Assistants, and officers of the General Staff.demanded that theRegimetalCommittees should be empowereddemanded that theRegimentalCommittees should be empoweredof their registration in the International ControlList.of their registration in the International ControlList."in the Secret Police and director of the pre-RevolutionaryPravdoin the Secret Police and director of the pre-RevolutionaryPravda(the organ of the Bolshevik SocialDomocrats) broke them down.(the organ of the Bolshevik SocialDemocrats) broke them down.issuing medicalcerticateseven to the "thoroughly fit."issuing medicalcertificateseven to the "thoroughly fit."he had sent in a request that morning for twopoodsof bread.he had sent in a request that morning for twopoudsof bread.force every citizen to do his duty honestly by theMotherland?"force every citizen to do his duty honestly by theMotherland?factories, in the villages, among the Liberalintelligentcia,factories, in the villages, among the Liberalintelligencia,The Don, the Kouban, theTerex, Astrakhan, and the mountaineersThe Don, the Kouban, theTerek, Astrakhan, and the mountaineersAs soon as Igivean order to some reserve regiment or otherAs soon as Igavean order to some reserve regiment or otherthat "discipline of duty" should be introduced from thetop."that "discipline of duty" should be introduced from thetop.broke our front and moved swiftly towardsKaminetz-Podolsk,broke our front and moved swiftly towardsKamenetz-Podolsk,On July 9th the Austro-Germans hadareadyreached Mikulinze,On July 9th the Austro-Germans hadalreadyreached Mikulinze,in the eyes of many people hebacamea national heroin the eyes of many people hebecamea national herohis Chief-of-Staff General Lukomsky, Generals Alexeiev andRussky,his Chief-of-Staff General Lukomsky, Generals Alexeiev andRuzsky,manifested itself in a series ofdismissalof Senior Commanders,manifested itself in a series ofdismissalsof Senior Commanders,A silence ensued, which Iintrepretedas a permission to continue.A silence ensued, which Iinterpretedas a permission to continue.had already taken place on the 8th of July, atKamenets-Podolsk.had already taken place on the 8th of July, atKamenetz-Podolsk.was subordinated, not to the Stavka, but to the Minister ofWar,was subordinated, not to the Stavka, but to the Minister ofWar.the Petrograd garrison, the depôtballationsof which it was proposedthe Petrograd garrison, the depôtbattalionsof which it was proposedHonest and dishonest, sincere and insincere,politicans, soldiersHonest and dishonest, sincere and insincere,politicians, soldiersEven whenthePlekhanov, the old leader of the Social-Democrats,Even when Plekhanov, the old leader of the Social-Democrats,Kornilov,Loukomsky, Romanovsky, and others were taken offKornilov,Lukomsky, Romanovsky, and others were taken offisolation of the frontal regionwtihrespect to Kiev and Zhitomir.isolation of the frontal regionwithrespect to Kiev and Zhitomir.in the shortest possible time, and by RevolutionaryCourt-Martial."in the shortest possible time, and by RevolutionaryCourt-Martial.through its representatives in theConsituentAssembly of 1918:through its representatives in theConstituentAssembly of 1918:[12] Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky,Nekrasso,Teresvtchenko,[12] Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky,Nekrassov,Teresvtchenko,[57] Former Editor of theSouvremennyMir(Contemporary World),[57] Former Editor of theSovremennyMir(Contemporary World),
Transcriber's Note:
Every effort has been made to replicate this text as faithfully as possible.
Soviet Order Number 1 is referred to as "Order No. 1." and "Order No. I." in the printed text: this has been standardised to "Order No. 1."
The reference to the footnote "Miliukov:History of the Second Russian Revolution" on page 54 was missing in the original.
The following is a list of changes made to the original. The first line is the original line, the second the corrected one.
Shulguinand Miliukov delivered their historical speeches, wasShulginand Miliukov delivered their historical speeches, was
upon which the Czarist Government couldreply. Everybody consideredupon which the Czarist Government couldrely. Everybody considered
the villages. Government servants of all kinds wereimpoverishdthe villages. Government servants of all kinds wereimpoverished
the proletariat, the troops, thebourgoisie, even the nobility ...the proletariat, the troops, thebourgeoisie, even the nobility ...
terrorist crimes, military mutinies andaggrarianoffences, etc.terrorist crimes, military mutinies andagrarianoffences, etc.
At Pskov, on the evening of March 1st, the Czar saw GeneralRusky,At Pskov, on the evening of March 1st, the Czar saw GeneralRuzsky,
On the South-Western FrontUkranianunits were being formed.On the South-Western FrontUkrainianunits were being formed.
Socialistic Dumas, closely reminiscent of semi-BoshevikSoviets.Socialistic Dumas, closely reminiscent of semi-BolshevikSoviets.
Administration, on the same basis as that in themunipalities.Administration, on the same basis as that in themunicipalities.
of agriculture, and of the economicstablityof the State.of agriculture, and of the economicstabilityof the State.
As life was destroyingallusions, and the implacable lawAs life was destroyingillusions, and the implacable law
new Revolutionary régime is much more expensivethatthe old one.new Revolutionary régime is much more expensivethanthe old one.
the Baltic Fleet wasactallyin a state of complete insubordination.the Baltic Fleet wasactuallyin a state of complete insubordination.
andAvaresco's Army on my flank. I thus gained aandAveresco's Army on my flank. I thus gained a
South-Western Front, in the direction fromKamemetz-Podolsk to Lvov,South-Western Front, in the direction fromKamenetz-Podolsk to Lvov,
and afforded an excuse for theabitrarinessand violenceand afforded an excuse for thearbitrarinessand violence
Senior Commanding Staff considered asinadmissablethe democratisationSenior Commanding Staff considered asinadmissiblethe democratisation
Gutchov, his Assistants, and officers of the General Staff.Gutchkov, his Assistants, and officers of the General Staff.
demanded that theRegimetalCommittees should be empowereddemanded that theRegimentalCommittees should be empowered
of their registration in the International ControlList.of their registration in the International ControlList."
in the Secret Police and director of the pre-RevolutionaryPravdoin the Secret Police and director of the pre-RevolutionaryPravda
(the organ of the Bolshevik SocialDomocrats) broke them down.(the organ of the Bolshevik SocialDemocrats) broke them down.
issuing medicalcerticateseven to the "thoroughly fit."issuing medicalcertificateseven to the "thoroughly fit."
he had sent in a request that morning for twopoodsof bread.he had sent in a request that morning for twopoudsof bread.
force every citizen to do his duty honestly by theMotherland?"force every citizen to do his duty honestly by theMotherland?
factories, in the villages, among the Liberalintelligentcia,factories, in the villages, among the Liberalintelligencia,
The Don, the Kouban, theTerex, Astrakhan, and the mountaineersThe Don, the Kouban, theTerek, Astrakhan, and the mountaineers
As soon as Igivean order to some reserve regiment or otherAs soon as Igavean order to some reserve regiment or other
that "discipline of duty" should be introduced from thetop."that "discipline of duty" should be introduced from thetop.
broke our front and moved swiftly towardsKaminetz-Podolsk,broke our front and moved swiftly towardsKamenetz-Podolsk,
On July 9th the Austro-Germans hadareadyreached Mikulinze,On July 9th the Austro-Germans hadalreadyreached Mikulinze,
in the eyes of many people hebacamea national heroin the eyes of many people hebecamea national hero
his Chief-of-Staff General Lukomsky, Generals Alexeiev andRussky,his Chief-of-Staff General Lukomsky, Generals Alexeiev andRuzsky,
manifested itself in a series ofdismissalof Senior Commanders,manifested itself in a series ofdismissalsof Senior Commanders,
A silence ensued, which Iintrepretedas a permission to continue.A silence ensued, which Iinterpretedas a permission to continue.
had already taken place on the 8th of July, atKamenets-Podolsk.had already taken place on the 8th of July, atKamenetz-Podolsk.
was subordinated, not to the Stavka, but to the Minister ofWar,was subordinated, not to the Stavka, but to the Minister ofWar.
the Petrograd garrison, the depôtballationsof which it was proposedthe Petrograd garrison, the depôtbattalionsof which it was proposed
Honest and dishonest, sincere and insincere,politicans, soldiersHonest and dishonest, sincere and insincere,politicians, soldiers
Even whenthePlekhanov, the old leader of the Social-Democrats,Even when Plekhanov, the old leader of the Social-Democrats,
Kornilov,Loukomsky, Romanovsky, and others were taken offKornilov,Lukomsky, Romanovsky, and others were taken off
isolation of the frontal regionwtihrespect to Kiev and Zhitomir.isolation of the frontal regionwithrespect to Kiev and Zhitomir.
in the shortest possible time, and by RevolutionaryCourt-Martial."in the shortest possible time, and by RevolutionaryCourt-Martial.
through its representatives in theConsituentAssembly of 1918:through its representatives in theConstituentAssembly of 1918:
[12] Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky,Nekrasso,Teresvtchenko,[12] Prince Lvov, Miliukov, Kerensky,Nekrassov,Teresvtchenko,
[57] Former Editor of theSouvremennyMir(Contemporary World),[57] Former Editor of theSovremennyMir(Contemporary World),