SATIRE IX.

FOOTNOTES:[396]Stemmata."The lines connecting the descents in a pedigree," from the garlands of flowers round the Imagines set up in the halls (v., 19) and porticoes (vi., 163) of the nobiles; which were joined to one another by festoons, so that the descent from father to son could be readily traced. Cf. Pers., iii., 28. "Stemmate quod Tusco ramum millesime ducis." Of Ponticus nothing is known.[397]Vultus.Because these Imagines were simply busts made of wax, colored.[398]Virgâ."What boots it on the lineal tree to traceThrough many a branch the founders of our race." Gifford.[399]Numantinos.Scipio Africanus the Younger got the name of Numantinus from Numantia, which he destroyed as well as Carthage.[400]Ortu."Just at the hour when those whose name you boastBroke up the camp, and march'd th' embattled host." Hodgson.[401]Fabius, the founder of the Fabian gens, was said to have been a son of Hercules by Vinduna, daughter of Evander, and by virtue of this descent the Fabii claimed the exclusive right of ministering at the altar consecrated by Evander to Hercules. It stood in the Forum Boarium, near the Circus Flaminius, and was called Ara Maxima. Cf. Ovid, Fast., i., 581, "Constituitque sibi quæ Maxima dicitur, Aram, Hic ubi pars urbis de bove nomen habet." Cf. Virg., Æn., viii., 271, "Hanc aram luco statuit quæ Maxima semper dicetur nobis, et erit quæ Maxima semper." Quintus Fabius Maximus Æmilianus, the consul in the year B.C. 121, defeated the Allobroges at the junction of the Isère and the Rhone, and killed 130,000: for which he received the name of Allobrogicus. Cf. Liv., Ep. 61. Vell., ii., 16.[402]Euganea, a district of Northern Italy, on the confines of the Venetian territory.[403]Pumice.The pumice found at Catana, now Catania, at the foot of Mount Ætna, was used to rub the body with to make it smooth (cf. ix., 95, "Inimicus pumice lævis." Plin., xxxvi., 21. Ovid, A. Am., i., 506, "Nec tua mordaci pumice crura teras"), after the hairs had been got rid of by the resin. Vid. inf. 114.—Traducit.Vid. ad xi., 31.[404]Frangendâ.The busts of great criminals were broken by the common executioner. Cf. x., 58, "Descendunt statuæ restemque sequuntur." Tac., Ann., vi., 2, "Atroces sententiæ dicebantur in effigies." Cf. Ruperti, ad Tac., Ann., ii., 32. Suet., Domit., 23."He blast his wretched kindred with a bust,For public justice to reduce to dust." Gifford.[405]Paulus.He mentions (Sat. vii., 143) two lawyers, bearing the names of Paulus and Cossus, who were apparently no honor to their great names. (For Cossus, cf. inf.Gætulice.)[406]Gætulice.Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Cossus received the name of Gætulicus from his victory over the Gætuli, "Auspice Augusto," in his consulship with L. Calpurnius Piso Augur.B.C.1. Vid. Clinton, F. H., in an. Flor., iv., 12.[407]Silanus.The son-in-law of the Emperor Claudius, who, as Tacitus says (Ann., xvi., 7), "Claritudine generis, and modestâ juventâ præcellebat." Cf. Ann., xii. Suet., Claud., 27."Hail from whatever stock you draw your birth,The son of Cossus, or the son of earth." Gifford.[408]Osiri invento.Vid. ad vi., 533.[409]Nanum cujusdam.There is probably an allusion here to Domitian's fondness for these deformities. Cf. Domit., iv., "Per omne spectaculum ante pedes ei stabat puerulus coccinatus,parvo portentosoque capite, cum quo plurimum fabulabatur." Cf. Stat., Sylv., i.; vi., 57,seq.[410]Scabie."That mangy larcenist of casual spoil,From lamps extinct that licks the fetid oil." Badham.[411]Creticus.Q. Metellus had this surname from his conquest of Crete, B.C. 67. Vell. Pat., ii., 34. Flor., iii., 7. Cf. ii., 78, "Cretice pelluces." P. Sulpicius Camerinus was one of the triumvirs sent to Athens for Solon's laws. Cf. vii., 90. Liv., iii., 33. Camerinus was a name of the Sulpician gens, and seems to have been derived from the conquest of Cameria in Latium. (Cf. Facciol.) Liv., i., 38. The name of Creticus was actually given in derision to M. Antonius, father of the triumvir, for his disastrous failure in Crete. Vid. Plut. in Ant.[412]RubelliusBlandus was the father, Plautus the son. Both readings are found here. Of the latter Tacitus says (Ann., xiv., 22), "Omnium ore Rubellius Plautus celebrabatur,cui nobilitas per matrem ex Julia familiâ." His mother Julia was daughter of Drusus, the son of Livia, wife of Augustus. Germanicus, his mother's brother, was father of Agrippina, mother of Nero: hence, inf. 72, "inflatum plenumque Nerone propinquo." Cf. Virg., Æn., i., 288, "Julius a magno demissum nomen Julo."[413]Aggere.Cf. ad vi., 588.[414]Vivas."Long may'st thou taste the secret sweets that springIn breasts affined to so remote a king." Gifford.[415]Nobilis indocti."Who help the well-born dolt in many a strait,And plead the cause of the unletter'd great." Badham.[416]Marmoreum."For 'tis no bar to kindred, that thy blockIs form'd of flesh and blood, and theirs of rock." Gifford.[417]Fervet."Frequenter celebratur." Lubin. Some commentators interpret it of the eager clapping of the hands of the spectators: others, of the prize of victory."The palm of oft-repeated victories." Hodgson."Whom many a well-earned palm and trophy grace." Gifford."Whose easy triumph and transcendent speed,Palm after palm proclaim." Badham.[418]Nepos, the name of a noted miller at Rome.[419]Aliquid."Sometimes great." So i., 74, "Si vis essealiquis." Hall imitates this beautifully:"Brag of thy father's faults, they are thine own;Brag of his lands, if they are not foregone:Brag of thine own good deeds; for they are thine,More than his life, or lands, or golden line."[420]Nerone.Cf. ad l. 39.[421]Sensus communis.There are few phrases in Juvenal on which the commentators are more divided. Some interpret it exactly in the sense of the English words "common sense." Others, "fellow-feeling, sympathy with mankind at large." Browne takes it to be "tact." Cf. Hor., i., Sat. iii., 66; Phædr., i., Fab. vii., 4. There is a long and excellent note in Gifford, who translates it himself by "a sense of modesty," but allows that in Cicero it means "a polite intercourse between man and man;" in Horace, "suavity of manners;" in Seneca, "a proper regard for the decencies of life:" by others it is used for all these, which together constitute what we call "courteousness, or good breeding." So Quintilian, I., ii., 20. Hodgson turns it,"For plain good sense, first blessing of the sky,Is rarely met with in a state so high."Badham,"In that high estatePlain common sense is far from common fate."[422]Stratus humi."Stretch'd on the ground, the vine's weak tendrils tryTo clasp the elm they dropped from, fail, and die." Gifford.[423]Summum crede nefas.See some beautiful remarks in Coleridge's Introduction to the Greek Poets, p. 24, 25.[424]Pudori."At honor's cost a feverish span extend,And sacrifice for life, life's only end!Life! I profane the word: can those be saidTo live, who merit death? No! they are dead." Gifford.[425]Gaurana.Gaurus (cf. ix., 57), a mountain of Campania, near Baiæ and the Lucrine Lake, which was famous for oysters (cf. iv., 141, "Lucrinum ad saxum Rutupinove edita fundo Ostrea," Plin., iii., 5. Martial, v., Ep. xxxvii., 3, "Concha Lucrini delicatior stagni"), now called "Gierro."[426]Cosmus, a celebrated perfumer, mentioned repeatedly by Martial.[427]Capito.Cossutianus Capito, son-in-law of Tigellinus (cf. i., 155. Tac., Ann., xiv., 48; xvi., 17), was accused by the Cilicians of peculation and cruelty ("maculosum fœdumque, et idem jus audaciæ in provincia ratum quod in urbe exercuerat"), and condemned "lege repetundarum." Tac., Ann., xiii., 33. Thrasea Pætus was the advocate of the Cilicians, and in revenge for this, when Capito was restored to his honors by the influence of Tigellinus, he procured the death of Thrasea. Ann., xvi., 21, 28, 33. Of Numitor nothing is known save that he plundered these Cilicians, themselves once the most notorious of pirates. Cf. Plat. in Pomp. Some read Tutor; a Julius Tutor is mentioned repeatedly in the fourth book of Tac. Hist., but with no allusion to his plundering propensities.[428]Naulum."Nor, though your earthly goods be sunk and lost,Lose the poor waftage of the wandering ghost." Hodgson.Cf. iii., 267, "Nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem." Holyday and Ruperti interpret it, "Do not waste your little remnant in an unprofitable journey to Rome to accuse your plunderer." Gifford says it is merely the old proverb, and renders it, "And though you've lost the hatchet, save the haft."[429]Modo victis.Browne explains this bytantummodo victis, i. e., only subdued, not plundered; and so Ruperti.[430]Vivebat."And ivory taught by Phidias' skill to live." Gifford.[431]Dolabella.There were three "pirates" of this name, all accused of extortion; of whom Cicero's son-in-law, the governor of Syria, seems to have been the worst.[432]Verresretired from Rome and lived in luxurious and happy retirement twenty-six years.[433]Altis, or "deep-laden."[434]Plures."More treasures from our friends in peace obtain'd,Than from our foes in war were ever gain'd." Gifford.[435]Pater."They drive the father of the herd away,Making both stallion and his pasture prey." Dryden.[436]Resinata.Resin dissolved in oil was used to clear the skin of superfluous hairs. Cf. Plin., xiv., 20, "pudet confiteri maximum jam honorem (resinæ) esse in evellendis ab virorum corporibus pilis."[437]Gallicus axis.Cf. Cæs., B. G., i., 51. "The war chariot;" or the "climate of Gaul," as colder than that of Rome, and breeding fiercer men. Cf. vi., 470. "Hyperboreum axem," xiv., 42.[438]Messoribus.These reapers are theAfricans, from whom Rome derived her principal supply of corn. Cf. v., 119. Plin., v., 4.[439]Circo.Cf. x., 80, "duas tantum res anxius optat, Panem et Circenses." Tac., Hist., i., 4, "Plebs sordida ac Circo et Theatris sueta.""From those thy gripes restrain,Who with their sweat Rome's luxury maintain,And send us plenty, while our wanton dayIs lavish'd at the circus or the play." Dryden.[440]Marius.Vid. ad i., 47.[441]Discinxerit.Cf. Virg., Æn., viii., 724, "Hic Nomadum genus et discinctos Mulciber Afros." Sil. Ital., ii., 56, "Discinctos Libyas." Money was carried in girdles (xiv., 296), and the Africans wore but little other clothing. For the amount of his plunder, see Plin., ii., Ep. xi., "Cornutus, censuit septingenta millia quæ acceperat Marius ærario inferenda."[442]Acersecomes.Some "puer intonsus" with flowing locks like Bacchus or Apollo. Φοῖβος ἀκερσεκόμης. Hom., Il., xx., 39. Pind., Pyth., iii., 26.[443]Conjuge.Cf. the discussion in the senate recorded Tac., Ann., iii., 33,seq.[444]Conventus."Loca constituta in provinciis juri dicundo." The different towns in the provinces where the Roman governors held their courts and heard appeals. Thecourtsas well as thetownswere called by this name. They were also called Fora and Jurisdictiones. Vid. Plin., III., i., 3; V., xxix., 29. Cic. in Verr., II., v., 11. Cæs., B. G., i., 54; vi., 44.[445]Celæno.Cf. Virg., Æn., iii., 211, "dira Celæno Harpyiæque aliæ."[446]Promethea."E'en from Prometheus' self thy lineage trace,And ransack history to adorn thy race." Hodgson.[447]Frangis virgas."Rods broke on our associates' bleeding backs,And headsmen laboring till they blunt their axe." Dryden.[448]Incipit ipsorum."The lofty pride of every honor'd nameShall rise to vindicate insulted fame,And hold the torch to blazon forth thy shame." Hodgson.[449]Contra te stare."Will to his blood oppose your daring claim,And fire a torch to blaze upon your shame." Gifford.[450]Temples.The sealing of wills was usually performed in temples; in the morning, and fasting, as the canon law afterward directed.[451]Santonico.The Santones were a people of Aquitania, between the Loire and Garonne. Cf. Mart., xiv., Ep. 128, "Gallia Santonico vestit te bardocucullo."[452]Sufflamine."The introduction of the drag-chain has a local propriety: Rome, with its seven hills, had just so many necessities for the frequent use of the sufflamen. This necessity, from the change of the soil, exists no longer." Badham.[453]Testes.Cf. vi., 311, Lunà teste.[454]Damasippus(cf. Hor., ii., Sat. iii., 16) was a name of the Licinian gens. "Damasippus was sick," says Holyday, "of that disease which the Spartans call horse-feeding."[455]Hordea.Horses in Italy are fed on barley, not on oats.[456]Eponam(cf. Aristoph., Nub., 84), the patroness of grooms. Some read "Hipponam," which Gifford prefers, from the tameness of the epithet "solam." Cf. Blunt's Vestiges, p. 29."On some rank deity, whose filthy faceWe suitably o'er stinking stables place." Dryden.[457]Amomo, an Assyrian shrub. Cf. iv., 108.[458]Idumeæ.The gate at Rome near the Arch of Titus, through which Vespasian and Titus entered the city in triumph after their victories in Palestine.[459]Dominum.Cf. Mart., i., Ep. 113, "Cum te non nossem dominum regemque vocabam." Cf. iv., Ep. 84, 5.[460]Inscripta lintea.Perhaps "curtains, having painted on them what was for sale within." Others say it means "embroidered with needlework;" or "towels," according to Calderinus, who compares Catull., xxv., 7.[461]Armeniæ.The allusion is to Corbulo's exploits in Parthia and Armenia in Nero's reign,A.D.60. Cf. ad iii., 251. There were great disturbances in the same quarters in Trajan's reign, which caused his expedition, inA.D.114, against the Armenians and Parthians. InA.D.100, Marius Priscus was accused by Pliny and Tacitus. Vid. Plin., ii., Ep. xi. Probably half way between these two dates we may fix the writing of this Satire.[462]Mitte Ostia.So most of the commentators interpret it. "Send your Legatus to take the command of the troops for foreign service, waiting for embarkation at Ostia." But if so, "ad" should be expressed, and either Tiberina added, or Ostia made of the 1st declension. Britann., therefore, and Heinrich explain it, "Pass by his own doors;" omitte quærere illic, "he is far away."[463]Sandapila.The bier or open coffin, on which the poor, or those killed in the amphitheatre, were carried to burial; hence "sandapila popularis." Suet., Domit., 17. Stepney (in Dryden's version) thus enumerates these worthies:"Quacks, coffin-makers, fugitives, and sailors,Rooks, common soldiers, hangmen, thieves, and tailors."[464]Resupinantis.In Holyday's quaint version,"Among great Cybel's silent drums, which lackTheir Phrygian priest, who lies drunk on his back."[465]Ergastula.Private prisons attached to Roman farms, in which the slaves worked in chains. The Tuscan were peculiarly severe. Vid. Dennis's Etruria, vol. i., p. xlviii.[466]Turpia cerdoni.Cf. iv., 13," Nam quod turpe bonis Titio Seioque decebat Crispinum." Pers., iv., 51, "Tollat sua munera cerdo.""And crimes that tinge with shame the cobbler's face,Become the lords of Brutus' honor'd race." Hodgson.[467]Locasti."Lets out his voice (his sole remaining boast),And rants the nonsense of a clam'rous ghost." Hodgson.[468]Sipario.The curtain or drop-scene incomedy, asAulæumwas intragedy. Donat.[469]Phasma.Probably a translation from the Greek. Ter., Eun., pr. 9, "Idem Menandri phasma nunc nuper dedit." Catullus is not to be confounded with C. Valerius Catullus of Verona (the old Schol. says Q. Lutatius Catullus is meant, and quotes xiii., 11, whom Lubinus, ad loc., calls "Urbanus Catullus") as far as the Phasma is concerned.—Laureoluswas the chief character in a play or ballet by Val. Catullus, or Laberius, or Nævius: and was crucified on the stage, and then torn to pieces by wild beasts. Martial (de Spect., Ep. vii.) says this was actedto the lifein the Roman amphitheatre, the part of the bandit being performed by a real malefactor, who was crucified and torn to pieces in the arena, "Non falsâ pendens in cruce Laureolus.""And Lentulusactshanging with such art,Were I a judge, he should notfeignthe part." Dryden.[470]Sedet."Sit with unblushing front, and calmly seeThe hired patrician's low buffoonery;Smile at the Fabii's tricks, and grin to hearThe cuffs resound from the Mamerci's ear." Gifford.[471]Cogente Nerone.Cf. Tac., Ann., xiv., 14, who abstains from mentioning thenamesof the nobles thus disgraced, out of respect for their ancestors. Cf. Dio., lxi. Suetonius says (Nero, cap. xii.) that 400 senators and 600 knights were thus dishonored (but Lipsius says 40 and60are the true numbers).[472]Nec dubitant.No doubt a spurious line.[473]Gladios.This is the usual interpretation. Perhaps it would be better to take "gladios" for thedeaththat awaits you if you refuse to comply: as iv., 96; x., 345. So Badham:"Place here the tyrant's sword, and there the scene;Gods! can a Roman hesitate between!"[474]Thymele.Cf. i., 36.[475]Ludus.Properly, "school of gladiators."[476]Gracchus.Cf. ii., 143.[477]Tunicæ.Cf. ii., 143, tunicati fuscina Gracchi. Suet., Cal., 30. The Retiarii wore a tunic only. The gold spira was the band that tied the tall conical cap of the Salii; who wore also a gold fringe round the tunic.[478]Seneca.There is said to be an allusion here to the plot of Subrius Flavius to murder Nero and make Seneca emperor. It was believed that Seneca was privy to it. Tac., Ann., xv., 65.[479]Simia.Cf. xiii., 155, "Et deducendum corio bovis in mare cum quo clauditur adversis innoxia simia fatis." The punishment of parricides was to be scourged, then sewn up in a bull's hide with a serpent, an ape, a cock, and a dog, and to be thrown into the sea. The first person thus punished was P. Malleolus, who murdered his mother. Liv., Epit. lxviii.[480]Culeus.Cf. Suet., Aug., 33. Nero murdered his mother Agrippina, his aunt Domitia, both his wives, Octavia and Poppæa, his brother Britannicus, and several other relations.[481]Agamemnonidæ.Grangæus quotes the Greek verse current in Nero's time, Νέρων, Ὀρέστης, Ἀλκμαίων μητροκτόνοι. Cf. Suet., Nero, 39.[482]VirginiusRufus, who was legatus in Lower Germany, Julius Vindex, proprætor of Gaul, and Sergius Galba, præfect of Hispania Tarraconensis, afterward emperor, were the chiefs of the last conspiracy against Nero. In August,A.D.67, Nero was playing the fool in Greece; in March, 68, he heard with terror and dismay of the revolt of Vindex, who proclaimed Galba. Dio., lxiii., 22.[483]Quid Nero."What but such acts did Rome indignant seePerform'd in Nero's savage tyranny?" Hodgson.[484]Prostitui."To prostitute his voice for base renown,And ravish from the Greeks a parsley crown." Gifford.Nero was in Greece A.D. 67, into which year (though not an Olympiad) he crowded all the games of Greece, "Certamina omnia et quæ diversissimorum temporum sunt cogi in unum annum jussit." Suet., Ner., 23. "Romam introiit coronam capite gerens Olympiam dextrâ manu Pythiam," c. 25.[485]Domitiuswas the name both of the father and grandfather of Nero. His father was Domitius Ahenobarbus, governor of Transalpine Gaul. Suetonius (Nero, 6) tells us that the two pædagogi to whom his childhoodwasintrustedwereasaltatorand atonsor. To this perhaps his subsequent tastes may be traced.[486]Citharam.Cf. Suet., Ner., 12, "Citharæa judicibus ad se delatam, adoravit ferrique ad Augustistatuamjussit.""And on the proud Colossus of your sire,Suspend the splendid trophy of—a lyre!" Hodgson."Sacras coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit: item statuas suas Citharædico habitu: quâ notâ etiam nummum percussit." Suet., Ner., 25.[487]Braccatorum.Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata from the Braccæ, probably "plaid," which the inhabitants wore. Plin., iii., 4. Diod., v., 30. The Senones were a people of Gallia Lugdunensis, who sacked Rome under Brennus; henceMinores, i. e., "as though you had been the hereditary enemies of Rome."[488]Tunicâ molestâ.Cf. ad i., 155, "a dress smeared with pitch and other combustibles," and then lighted. Cf. Mart., x., Ep. xxv., 5. In some cases Nero buried his victims up to the waist, and then set fire to their upper parts.[489]Vigilatrefers to Cicero's own words, "Jam intelliges multo mevigilareacrius ad salutem, quam te ad pernicem reipublicæ."[490]Novus.Cicero was the first of the Tullia gens that held a curule magistracy. Arpinum, his birthplace, now Arpino, was a small town of the Volsci. The Municipia had their three grades, of patricians, knights, and plebeians, as Rome had; they lived under their own laws, but their citizens were eligible to all offices at Rome.[491]Leucas, i. e., "Actium."Thessaliæ, "Philippi." The words following probably refer to the brutal cruelty of Augustus after the battle.[492]Libera."When Rome could utter her free unfettered sentiments" (as sup., "Libera si dentur populo suffragia"). Not in the spirit of servile adulation, with which she bestowed the same title on her emperors.[493]Vitem.The centurion's baton of office as well as instrument of punishment. Cf. xiv., 193; Mart., x., Ep. xxvi., 1. See the story of Lucilius, nicknamed Cedo alteram, in Tac., Ann., i., 23.[494]Majora cadavera.Besides their fierce gray eyes (xiii., 164), the Germans were conspicuous for their stature and red hair. "Truces et cærulei oculi, rutilæ comæ, magnum corpora et tantum ad impetum valida." Tac., Germ., iv. "Cimbri præ Italis ingentes." Flor., iii.,3.[495]Lauro secundâ.A double triumph was decreed to Marius; he gave up the second to Q. Lutatius Catulus, his noble colleague, to satisfy his soldiers, who knew, better than Juvenal, that thenobleman'sservices didnotfall short of those of the plebeian. Marius afterward barbarously murdered him.[496]Deciorum.Alluding to the three immolations of the Decii, father, son, and grandson, in the wars with the Latins, Gauls, and Pyrrhus. All three bore the name of Publius Decius Mus. Juvenal comes very near the formula of self-devotion given in Liv., viii., 6,seq."Exercitum Diis Manibus matrique terræ deberi."[497]Ancilla natus.Servius Tullius (Cf. vii., 199) was the sen of Ocrisia, or Ocriculana, a captive from Corniculum. Liv., i., 39. TheTrabeawas a white robe with a border andbroad stripes(trabes) of purple, worn afterward by consuls and augurs: cf. x., 35; thediademaof the ancient kings was afilletor ribbon, not a crown."And he who graced the purple which he wore,The last good king of Rome, a bondmaid bore." Gifford.[498]Natavit."And she who mock'd the javelins whistling round,And swam the Tiber, then the empire's bound." Gifford.[499]Servus.Livy calls him Vindicius; and derives from him the name of the Vindicta, "the rod of manumission." Liv., ii., 7. He was mourned for at his death by the Roman matrons publicly, as Brutus had been.[500]Legum prima securis.Tarquinius Priscus introduced the axe and fasces with the other regalia. The axe therefore had often fallen for thetyrants; now it is used for the first time in defense of a legal constitution and afree republic.[501]Thersites.Hom., Il., ii., 212.[502]Asylo.Cf. Liv., i., 8.

[396]Stemmata."The lines connecting the descents in a pedigree," from the garlands of flowers round the Imagines set up in the halls (v., 19) and porticoes (vi., 163) of the nobiles; which were joined to one another by festoons, so that the descent from father to son could be readily traced. Cf. Pers., iii., 28. "Stemmate quod Tusco ramum millesime ducis." Of Ponticus nothing is known.

[397]Vultus.Because these Imagines were simply busts made of wax, colored.

[398]Virgâ."What boots it on the lineal tree to traceThrough many a branch the founders of our race." Gifford.

[398]Virgâ.

"What boots it on the lineal tree to traceThrough many a branch the founders of our race." Gifford.

[399]Numantinos.Scipio Africanus the Younger got the name of Numantinus from Numantia, which he destroyed as well as Carthage.

[400]Ortu."Just at the hour when those whose name you boastBroke up the camp, and march'd th' embattled host." Hodgson.

[400]Ortu.

"Just at the hour when those whose name you boastBroke up the camp, and march'd th' embattled host." Hodgson.

[401]Fabius, the founder of the Fabian gens, was said to have been a son of Hercules by Vinduna, daughter of Evander, and by virtue of this descent the Fabii claimed the exclusive right of ministering at the altar consecrated by Evander to Hercules. It stood in the Forum Boarium, near the Circus Flaminius, and was called Ara Maxima. Cf. Ovid, Fast., i., 581, "Constituitque sibi quæ Maxima dicitur, Aram, Hic ubi pars urbis de bove nomen habet." Cf. Virg., Æn., viii., 271, "Hanc aram luco statuit quæ Maxima semper dicetur nobis, et erit quæ Maxima semper." Quintus Fabius Maximus Æmilianus, the consul in the year B.C. 121, defeated the Allobroges at the junction of the Isère and the Rhone, and killed 130,000: for which he received the name of Allobrogicus. Cf. Liv., Ep. 61. Vell., ii., 16.

[402]Euganea, a district of Northern Italy, on the confines of the Venetian territory.

[403]Pumice.The pumice found at Catana, now Catania, at the foot of Mount Ætna, was used to rub the body with to make it smooth (cf. ix., 95, "Inimicus pumice lævis." Plin., xxxvi., 21. Ovid, A. Am., i., 506, "Nec tua mordaci pumice crura teras"), after the hairs had been got rid of by the resin. Vid. inf. 114.—Traducit.Vid. ad xi., 31.

[404]Frangendâ.The busts of great criminals were broken by the common executioner. Cf. x., 58, "Descendunt statuæ restemque sequuntur." Tac., Ann., vi., 2, "Atroces sententiæ dicebantur in effigies." Cf. Ruperti, ad Tac., Ann., ii., 32. Suet., Domit., 23."He blast his wretched kindred with a bust,For public justice to reduce to dust." Gifford.

"He blast his wretched kindred with a bust,For public justice to reduce to dust." Gifford.

[405]Paulus.He mentions (Sat. vii., 143) two lawyers, bearing the names of Paulus and Cossus, who were apparently no honor to their great names. (For Cossus, cf. inf.Gætulice.)

[406]Gætulice.Cn. Cornelius Lentulus Cossus received the name of Gætulicus from his victory over the Gætuli, "Auspice Augusto," in his consulship with L. Calpurnius Piso Augur.B.C.1. Vid. Clinton, F. H., in an. Flor., iv., 12.

[407]Silanus.The son-in-law of the Emperor Claudius, who, as Tacitus says (Ann., xvi., 7), "Claritudine generis, and modestâ juventâ præcellebat." Cf. Ann., xii. Suet., Claud., 27."Hail from whatever stock you draw your birth,The son of Cossus, or the son of earth." Gifford.

[407]Silanus.The son-in-law of the Emperor Claudius, who, as Tacitus says (Ann., xvi., 7), "Claritudine generis, and modestâ juventâ præcellebat." Cf. Ann., xii. Suet., Claud., 27.

"Hail from whatever stock you draw your birth,The son of Cossus, or the son of earth." Gifford.

[408]Osiri invento.Vid. ad vi., 533.

[409]Nanum cujusdam.There is probably an allusion here to Domitian's fondness for these deformities. Cf. Domit., iv., "Per omne spectaculum ante pedes ei stabat puerulus coccinatus,parvo portentosoque capite, cum quo plurimum fabulabatur." Cf. Stat., Sylv., i.; vi., 57,seq.

[410]Scabie."That mangy larcenist of casual spoil,From lamps extinct that licks the fetid oil." Badham.

[410]Scabie.

"That mangy larcenist of casual spoil,From lamps extinct that licks the fetid oil." Badham.

[411]Creticus.Q. Metellus had this surname from his conquest of Crete, B.C. 67. Vell. Pat., ii., 34. Flor., iii., 7. Cf. ii., 78, "Cretice pelluces." P. Sulpicius Camerinus was one of the triumvirs sent to Athens for Solon's laws. Cf. vii., 90. Liv., iii., 33. Camerinus was a name of the Sulpician gens, and seems to have been derived from the conquest of Cameria in Latium. (Cf. Facciol.) Liv., i., 38. The name of Creticus was actually given in derision to M. Antonius, father of the triumvir, for his disastrous failure in Crete. Vid. Plut. in Ant.

[412]RubelliusBlandus was the father, Plautus the son. Both readings are found here. Of the latter Tacitus says (Ann., xiv., 22), "Omnium ore Rubellius Plautus celebrabatur,cui nobilitas per matrem ex Julia familiâ." His mother Julia was daughter of Drusus, the son of Livia, wife of Augustus. Germanicus, his mother's brother, was father of Agrippina, mother of Nero: hence, inf. 72, "inflatum plenumque Nerone propinquo." Cf. Virg., Æn., i., 288, "Julius a magno demissum nomen Julo."

[413]Aggere.Cf. ad vi., 588.

[414]Vivas."Long may'st thou taste the secret sweets that springIn breasts affined to so remote a king." Gifford.

[414]Vivas.

"Long may'st thou taste the secret sweets that springIn breasts affined to so remote a king." Gifford.

[415]Nobilis indocti."Who help the well-born dolt in many a strait,And plead the cause of the unletter'd great." Badham.

[415]Nobilis indocti.

"Who help the well-born dolt in many a strait,And plead the cause of the unletter'd great." Badham.

[416]Marmoreum."For 'tis no bar to kindred, that thy blockIs form'd of flesh and blood, and theirs of rock." Gifford.

[416]Marmoreum.

"For 'tis no bar to kindred, that thy blockIs form'd of flesh and blood, and theirs of rock." Gifford.

[417]Fervet."Frequenter celebratur." Lubin. Some commentators interpret it of the eager clapping of the hands of the spectators: others, of the prize of victory."The palm of oft-repeated victories." Hodgson."Whom many a well-earned palm and trophy grace." Gifford."Whose easy triumph and transcendent speed,Palm after palm proclaim." Badham.

[417]Fervet."Frequenter celebratur." Lubin. Some commentators interpret it of the eager clapping of the hands of the spectators: others, of the prize of victory.

"The palm of oft-repeated victories." Hodgson."Whom many a well-earned palm and trophy grace." Gifford."Whose easy triumph and transcendent speed,Palm after palm proclaim." Badham.

[418]Nepos, the name of a noted miller at Rome.

[419]Aliquid."Sometimes great." So i., 74, "Si vis essealiquis." Hall imitates this beautifully:"Brag of thy father's faults, they are thine own;Brag of his lands, if they are not foregone:Brag of thine own good deeds; for they are thine,More than his life, or lands, or golden line."

[419]Aliquid."Sometimes great." So i., 74, "Si vis essealiquis." Hall imitates this beautifully:

"Brag of thy father's faults, they are thine own;Brag of his lands, if they are not foregone:Brag of thine own good deeds; for they are thine,More than his life, or lands, or golden line."

[420]Nerone.Cf. ad l. 39.

[421]Sensus communis.There are few phrases in Juvenal on which the commentators are more divided. Some interpret it exactly in the sense of the English words "common sense." Others, "fellow-feeling, sympathy with mankind at large." Browne takes it to be "tact." Cf. Hor., i., Sat. iii., 66; Phædr., i., Fab. vii., 4. There is a long and excellent note in Gifford, who translates it himself by "a sense of modesty," but allows that in Cicero it means "a polite intercourse between man and man;" in Horace, "suavity of manners;" in Seneca, "a proper regard for the decencies of life:" by others it is used for all these, which together constitute what we call "courteousness, or good breeding." So Quintilian, I., ii., 20. Hodgson turns it,"For plain good sense, first blessing of the sky,Is rarely met with in a state so high."Badham,"In that high estatePlain common sense is far from common fate."

"For plain good sense, first blessing of the sky,Is rarely met with in a state so high."

Badham,

"In that high estatePlain common sense is far from common fate."

[422]Stratus humi."Stretch'd on the ground, the vine's weak tendrils tryTo clasp the elm they dropped from, fail, and die." Gifford.

[422]Stratus humi.

"Stretch'd on the ground, the vine's weak tendrils tryTo clasp the elm they dropped from, fail, and die." Gifford.

[423]Summum crede nefas.See some beautiful remarks in Coleridge's Introduction to the Greek Poets, p. 24, 25.

[424]Pudori."At honor's cost a feverish span extend,And sacrifice for life, life's only end!Life! I profane the word: can those be saidTo live, who merit death? No! they are dead." Gifford.

[424]Pudori.

"At honor's cost a feverish span extend,And sacrifice for life, life's only end!Life! I profane the word: can those be saidTo live, who merit death? No! they are dead." Gifford.

[425]Gaurana.Gaurus (cf. ix., 57), a mountain of Campania, near Baiæ and the Lucrine Lake, which was famous for oysters (cf. iv., 141, "Lucrinum ad saxum Rutupinove edita fundo Ostrea," Plin., iii., 5. Martial, v., Ep. xxxvii., 3, "Concha Lucrini delicatior stagni"), now called "Gierro."

[426]Cosmus, a celebrated perfumer, mentioned repeatedly by Martial.

[427]Capito.Cossutianus Capito, son-in-law of Tigellinus (cf. i., 155. Tac., Ann., xiv., 48; xvi., 17), was accused by the Cilicians of peculation and cruelty ("maculosum fœdumque, et idem jus audaciæ in provincia ratum quod in urbe exercuerat"), and condemned "lege repetundarum." Tac., Ann., xiii., 33. Thrasea Pætus was the advocate of the Cilicians, and in revenge for this, when Capito was restored to his honors by the influence of Tigellinus, he procured the death of Thrasea. Ann., xvi., 21, 28, 33. Of Numitor nothing is known save that he plundered these Cilicians, themselves once the most notorious of pirates. Cf. Plat. in Pomp. Some read Tutor; a Julius Tutor is mentioned repeatedly in the fourth book of Tac. Hist., but with no allusion to his plundering propensities.

[428]Naulum."Nor, though your earthly goods be sunk and lost,Lose the poor waftage of the wandering ghost." Hodgson.Cf. iii., 267, "Nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem." Holyday and Ruperti interpret it, "Do not waste your little remnant in an unprofitable journey to Rome to accuse your plunderer." Gifford says it is merely the old proverb, and renders it, "And though you've lost the hatchet, save the haft."

[428]Naulum.

"Nor, though your earthly goods be sunk and lost,Lose the poor waftage of the wandering ghost." Hodgson.

Cf. iii., 267, "Nec habet quem porrigat ore trientem." Holyday and Ruperti interpret it, "Do not waste your little remnant in an unprofitable journey to Rome to accuse your plunderer." Gifford says it is merely the old proverb, and renders it, "And though you've lost the hatchet, save the haft."

[429]Modo victis.Browne explains this bytantummodo victis, i. e., only subdued, not plundered; and so Ruperti.

[430]Vivebat."And ivory taught by Phidias' skill to live." Gifford.

[431]Dolabella.There were three "pirates" of this name, all accused of extortion; of whom Cicero's son-in-law, the governor of Syria, seems to have been the worst.

[432]Verresretired from Rome and lived in luxurious and happy retirement twenty-six years.

[433]Altis, or "deep-laden."

[434]Plures."More treasures from our friends in peace obtain'd,Than from our foes in war were ever gain'd." Gifford.

[434]Plures.

"More treasures from our friends in peace obtain'd,Than from our foes in war were ever gain'd." Gifford.

[435]Pater."They drive the father of the herd away,Making both stallion and his pasture prey." Dryden.

[435]Pater.

"They drive the father of the herd away,Making both stallion and his pasture prey." Dryden.

[436]Resinata.Resin dissolved in oil was used to clear the skin of superfluous hairs. Cf. Plin., xiv., 20, "pudet confiteri maximum jam honorem (resinæ) esse in evellendis ab virorum corporibus pilis."

[437]Gallicus axis.Cf. Cæs., B. G., i., 51. "The war chariot;" or the "climate of Gaul," as colder than that of Rome, and breeding fiercer men. Cf. vi., 470. "Hyperboreum axem," xiv., 42.

[438]Messoribus.These reapers are theAfricans, from whom Rome derived her principal supply of corn. Cf. v., 119. Plin., v., 4.

[439]Circo.Cf. x., 80, "duas tantum res anxius optat, Panem et Circenses." Tac., Hist., i., 4, "Plebs sordida ac Circo et Theatris sueta.""From those thy gripes restrain,Who with their sweat Rome's luxury maintain,And send us plenty, while our wanton dayIs lavish'd at the circus or the play." Dryden.

[439]Circo.Cf. x., 80, "duas tantum res anxius optat, Panem et Circenses." Tac., Hist., i., 4, "Plebs sordida ac Circo et Theatris sueta."

"From those thy gripes restrain,Who with their sweat Rome's luxury maintain,And send us plenty, while our wanton dayIs lavish'd at the circus or the play." Dryden.

[440]Marius.Vid. ad i., 47.

[441]Discinxerit.Cf. Virg., Æn., viii., 724, "Hic Nomadum genus et discinctos Mulciber Afros." Sil. Ital., ii., 56, "Discinctos Libyas." Money was carried in girdles (xiv., 296), and the Africans wore but little other clothing. For the amount of his plunder, see Plin., ii., Ep. xi., "Cornutus, censuit septingenta millia quæ acceperat Marius ærario inferenda."

[442]Acersecomes.Some "puer intonsus" with flowing locks like Bacchus or Apollo. Φοῖβος ἀκερσεκόμης. Hom., Il., xx., 39. Pind., Pyth., iii., 26.

[443]Conjuge.Cf. the discussion in the senate recorded Tac., Ann., iii., 33,seq.

[444]Conventus."Loca constituta in provinciis juri dicundo." The different towns in the provinces where the Roman governors held their courts and heard appeals. Thecourtsas well as thetownswere called by this name. They were also called Fora and Jurisdictiones. Vid. Plin., III., i., 3; V., xxix., 29. Cic. in Verr., II., v., 11. Cæs., B. G., i., 54; vi., 44.

[445]Celæno.Cf. Virg., Æn., iii., 211, "dira Celæno Harpyiæque aliæ."

[446]Promethea."E'en from Prometheus' self thy lineage trace,And ransack history to adorn thy race." Hodgson.

[446]Promethea.

"E'en from Prometheus' self thy lineage trace,And ransack history to adorn thy race." Hodgson.

[447]Frangis virgas."Rods broke on our associates' bleeding backs,And headsmen laboring till they blunt their axe." Dryden.

[447]Frangis virgas.

"Rods broke on our associates' bleeding backs,And headsmen laboring till they blunt their axe." Dryden.

[448]Incipit ipsorum."The lofty pride of every honor'd nameShall rise to vindicate insulted fame,And hold the torch to blazon forth thy shame." Hodgson.

[448]Incipit ipsorum.

"The lofty pride of every honor'd nameShall rise to vindicate insulted fame,And hold the torch to blazon forth thy shame." Hodgson.

[449]Contra te stare."Will to his blood oppose your daring claim,And fire a torch to blaze upon your shame." Gifford.

[449]Contra te stare.

"Will to his blood oppose your daring claim,And fire a torch to blaze upon your shame." Gifford.

[450]Temples.The sealing of wills was usually performed in temples; in the morning, and fasting, as the canon law afterward directed.

[451]Santonico.The Santones were a people of Aquitania, between the Loire and Garonne. Cf. Mart., xiv., Ep. 128, "Gallia Santonico vestit te bardocucullo."

[452]Sufflamine."The introduction of the drag-chain has a local propriety: Rome, with its seven hills, had just so many necessities for the frequent use of the sufflamen. This necessity, from the change of the soil, exists no longer." Badham.

[453]Testes.Cf. vi., 311, Lunà teste.

[454]Damasippus(cf. Hor., ii., Sat. iii., 16) was a name of the Licinian gens. "Damasippus was sick," says Holyday, "of that disease which the Spartans call horse-feeding."

[455]Hordea.Horses in Italy are fed on barley, not on oats.

[456]Eponam(cf. Aristoph., Nub., 84), the patroness of grooms. Some read "Hipponam," which Gifford prefers, from the tameness of the epithet "solam." Cf. Blunt's Vestiges, p. 29."On some rank deity, whose filthy faceWe suitably o'er stinking stables place." Dryden.

[456]Eponam(cf. Aristoph., Nub., 84), the patroness of grooms. Some read "Hipponam," which Gifford prefers, from the tameness of the epithet "solam." Cf. Blunt's Vestiges, p. 29.

"On some rank deity, whose filthy faceWe suitably o'er stinking stables place." Dryden.

[457]Amomo, an Assyrian shrub. Cf. iv., 108.

[458]Idumeæ.The gate at Rome near the Arch of Titus, through which Vespasian and Titus entered the city in triumph after their victories in Palestine.

[459]Dominum.Cf. Mart., i., Ep. 113, "Cum te non nossem dominum regemque vocabam." Cf. iv., Ep. 84, 5.

[460]Inscripta lintea.Perhaps "curtains, having painted on them what was for sale within." Others say it means "embroidered with needlework;" or "towels," according to Calderinus, who compares Catull., xxv., 7.

[461]Armeniæ.The allusion is to Corbulo's exploits in Parthia and Armenia in Nero's reign,A.D.60. Cf. ad iii., 251. There were great disturbances in the same quarters in Trajan's reign, which caused his expedition, inA.D.114, against the Armenians and Parthians. InA.D.100, Marius Priscus was accused by Pliny and Tacitus. Vid. Plin., ii., Ep. xi. Probably half way between these two dates we may fix the writing of this Satire.

[462]Mitte Ostia.So most of the commentators interpret it. "Send your Legatus to take the command of the troops for foreign service, waiting for embarkation at Ostia." But if so, "ad" should be expressed, and either Tiberina added, or Ostia made of the 1st declension. Britann., therefore, and Heinrich explain it, "Pass by his own doors;" omitte quærere illic, "he is far away."

[463]Sandapila.The bier or open coffin, on which the poor, or those killed in the amphitheatre, were carried to burial; hence "sandapila popularis." Suet., Domit., 17. Stepney (in Dryden's version) thus enumerates these worthies:"Quacks, coffin-makers, fugitives, and sailors,Rooks, common soldiers, hangmen, thieves, and tailors."

"Quacks, coffin-makers, fugitives, and sailors,Rooks, common soldiers, hangmen, thieves, and tailors."

[464]Resupinantis.In Holyday's quaint version,"Among great Cybel's silent drums, which lackTheir Phrygian priest, who lies drunk on his back."

[464]Resupinantis.In Holyday's quaint version,

"Among great Cybel's silent drums, which lackTheir Phrygian priest, who lies drunk on his back."

[465]Ergastula.Private prisons attached to Roman farms, in which the slaves worked in chains. The Tuscan were peculiarly severe. Vid. Dennis's Etruria, vol. i., p. xlviii.

[466]Turpia cerdoni.Cf. iv., 13," Nam quod turpe bonis Titio Seioque decebat Crispinum." Pers., iv., 51, "Tollat sua munera cerdo.""And crimes that tinge with shame the cobbler's face,Become the lords of Brutus' honor'd race." Hodgson.

[466]Turpia cerdoni.Cf. iv., 13," Nam quod turpe bonis Titio Seioque decebat Crispinum." Pers., iv., 51, "Tollat sua munera cerdo."

"And crimes that tinge with shame the cobbler's face,Become the lords of Brutus' honor'd race." Hodgson.

[467]Locasti."Lets out his voice (his sole remaining boast),And rants the nonsense of a clam'rous ghost." Hodgson.

[467]Locasti.

"Lets out his voice (his sole remaining boast),And rants the nonsense of a clam'rous ghost." Hodgson.

[468]Sipario.The curtain or drop-scene incomedy, asAulæumwas intragedy. Donat.

[469]Phasma.Probably a translation from the Greek. Ter., Eun., pr. 9, "Idem Menandri phasma nunc nuper dedit." Catullus is not to be confounded with C. Valerius Catullus of Verona (the old Schol. says Q. Lutatius Catullus is meant, and quotes xiii., 11, whom Lubinus, ad loc., calls "Urbanus Catullus") as far as the Phasma is concerned.—Laureoluswas the chief character in a play or ballet by Val. Catullus, or Laberius, or Nævius: and was crucified on the stage, and then torn to pieces by wild beasts. Martial (de Spect., Ep. vii.) says this was actedto the lifein the Roman amphitheatre, the part of the bandit being performed by a real malefactor, who was crucified and torn to pieces in the arena, "Non falsâ pendens in cruce Laureolus.""And Lentulusactshanging with such art,Were I a judge, he should notfeignthe part." Dryden.

"And Lentulusactshanging with such art,Were I a judge, he should notfeignthe part." Dryden.

[470]Sedet."Sit with unblushing front, and calmly seeThe hired patrician's low buffoonery;Smile at the Fabii's tricks, and grin to hearThe cuffs resound from the Mamerci's ear." Gifford.

[470]Sedet.

"Sit with unblushing front, and calmly seeThe hired patrician's low buffoonery;Smile at the Fabii's tricks, and grin to hearThe cuffs resound from the Mamerci's ear." Gifford.

[471]Cogente Nerone.Cf. Tac., Ann., xiv., 14, who abstains from mentioning thenamesof the nobles thus disgraced, out of respect for their ancestors. Cf. Dio., lxi. Suetonius says (Nero, cap. xii.) that 400 senators and 600 knights were thus dishonored (but Lipsius says 40 and60are the true numbers).

[472]Nec dubitant.No doubt a spurious line.

[473]Gladios.This is the usual interpretation. Perhaps it would be better to take "gladios" for thedeaththat awaits you if you refuse to comply: as iv., 96; x., 345. So Badham:"Place here the tyrant's sword, and there the scene;Gods! can a Roman hesitate between!"

[473]Gladios.This is the usual interpretation. Perhaps it would be better to take "gladios" for thedeaththat awaits you if you refuse to comply: as iv., 96; x., 345. So Badham:

"Place here the tyrant's sword, and there the scene;Gods! can a Roman hesitate between!"

[474]Thymele.Cf. i., 36.

[475]Ludus.Properly, "school of gladiators."

[476]Gracchus.Cf. ii., 143.

[477]Tunicæ.Cf. ii., 143, tunicati fuscina Gracchi. Suet., Cal., 30. The Retiarii wore a tunic only. The gold spira was the band that tied the tall conical cap of the Salii; who wore also a gold fringe round the tunic.

[478]Seneca.There is said to be an allusion here to the plot of Subrius Flavius to murder Nero and make Seneca emperor. It was believed that Seneca was privy to it. Tac., Ann., xv., 65.

[479]Simia.Cf. xiii., 155, "Et deducendum corio bovis in mare cum quo clauditur adversis innoxia simia fatis." The punishment of parricides was to be scourged, then sewn up in a bull's hide with a serpent, an ape, a cock, and a dog, and to be thrown into the sea. The first person thus punished was P. Malleolus, who murdered his mother. Liv., Epit. lxviii.

[480]Culeus.Cf. Suet., Aug., 33. Nero murdered his mother Agrippina, his aunt Domitia, both his wives, Octavia and Poppæa, his brother Britannicus, and several other relations.

[481]Agamemnonidæ.Grangæus quotes the Greek verse current in Nero's time, Νέρων, Ὀρέστης, Ἀλκμαίων μητροκτόνοι. Cf. Suet., Nero, 39.

[482]VirginiusRufus, who was legatus in Lower Germany, Julius Vindex, proprætor of Gaul, and Sergius Galba, præfect of Hispania Tarraconensis, afterward emperor, were the chiefs of the last conspiracy against Nero. In August,A.D.67, Nero was playing the fool in Greece; in March, 68, he heard with terror and dismay of the revolt of Vindex, who proclaimed Galba. Dio., lxiii., 22.

[483]Quid Nero."What but such acts did Rome indignant seePerform'd in Nero's savage tyranny?" Hodgson.

[483]Quid Nero.

"What but such acts did Rome indignant seePerform'd in Nero's savage tyranny?" Hodgson.

[484]Prostitui."To prostitute his voice for base renown,And ravish from the Greeks a parsley crown." Gifford.Nero was in Greece A.D. 67, into which year (though not an Olympiad) he crowded all the games of Greece, "Certamina omnia et quæ diversissimorum temporum sunt cogi in unum annum jussit." Suet., Ner., 23. "Romam introiit coronam capite gerens Olympiam dextrâ manu Pythiam," c. 25.

[484]Prostitui.

"To prostitute his voice for base renown,And ravish from the Greeks a parsley crown." Gifford.

Nero was in Greece A.D. 67, into which year (though not an Olympiad) he crowded all the games of Greece, "Certamina omnia et quæ diversissimorum temporum sunt cogi in unum annum jussit." Suet., Ner., 23. "Romam introiit coronam capite gerens Olympiam dextrâ manu Pythiam," c. 25.

[485]Domitiuswas the name both of the father and grandfather of Nero. His father was Domitius Ahenobarbus, governor of Transalpine Gaul. Suetonius (Nero, 6) tells us that the two pædagogi to whom his childhoodwasintrustedwereasaltatorand atonsor. To this perhaps his subsequent tastes may be traced.

[486]Citharam.Cf. Suet., Ner., 12, "Citharæa judicibus ad se delatam, adoravit ferrique ad Augustistatuamjussit.""And on the proud Colossus of your sire,Suspend the splendid trophy of—a lyre!" Hodgson."Sacras coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit: item statuas suas Citharædico habitu: quâ notâ etiam nummum percussit." Suet., Ner., 25.

[486]Citharam.Cf. Suet., Ner., 12, "Citharæa judicibus ad se delatam, adoravit ferrique ad Augustistatuamjussit."

"And on the proud Colossus of your sire,Suspend the splendid trophy of—a lyre!" Hodgson.

"Sacras coronas in cubiculis circum lectos posuit: item statuas suas Citharædico habitu: quâ notâ etiam nummum percussit." Suet., Ner., 25.

[487]Braccatorum.Gallia Narbonensis was called Braccata from the Braccæ, probably "plaid," which the inhabitants wore. Plin., iii., 4. Diod., v., 30. The Senones were a people of Gallia Lugdunensis, who sacked Rome under Brennus; henceMinores, i. e., "as though you had been the hereditary enemies of Rome."

[488]Tunicâ molestâ.Cf. ad i., 155, "a dress smeared with pitch and other combustibles," and then lighted. Cf. Mart., x., Ep. xxv., 5. In some cases Nero buried his victims up to the waist, and then set fire to their upper parts.

[489]Vigilatrefers to Cicero's own words, "Jam intelliges multo mevigilareacrius ad salutem, quam te ad pernicem reipublicæ."

[490]Novus.Cicero was the first of the Tullia gens that held a curule magistracy. Arpinum, his birthplace, now Arpino, was a small town of the Volsci. The Municipia had their three grades, of patricians, knights, and plebeians, as Rome had; they lived under their own laws, but their citizens were eligible to all offices at Rome.

[491]Leucas, i. e., "Actium."Thessaliæ, "Philippi." The words following probably refer to the brutal cruelty of Augustus after the battle.

[492]Libera."When Rome could utter her free unfettered sentiments" (as sup., "Libera si dentur populo suffragia"). Not in the spirit of servile adulation, with which she bestowed the same title on her emperors.

[493]Vitem.The centurion's baton of office as well as instrument of punishment. Cf. xiv., 193; Mart., x., Ep. xxvi., 1. See the story of Lucilius, nicknamed Cedo alteram, in Tac., Ann., i., 23.

[494]Majora cadavera.Besides their fierce gray eyes (xiii., 164), the Germans were conspicuous for their stature and red hair. "Truces et cærulei oculi, rutilæ comæ, magnum corpora et tantum ad impetum valida." Tac., Germ., iv. "Cimbri præ Italis ingentes." Flor., iii.,3.

[495]Lauro secundâ.A double triumph was decreed to Marius; he gave up the second to Q. Lutatius Catulus, his noble colleague, to satisfy his soldiers, who knew, better than Juvenal, that thenobleman'sservices didnotfall short of those of the plebeian. Marius afterward barbarously murdered him.

[496]Deciorum.Alluding to the three immolations of the Decii, father, son, and grandson, in the wars with the Latins, Gauls, and Pyrrhus. All three bore the name of Publius Decius Mus. Juvenal comes very near the formula of self-devotion given in Liv., viii., 6,seq."Exercitum Diis Manibus matrique terræ deberi."

[497]Ancilla natus.Servius Tullius (Cf. vii., 199) was the sen of Ocrisia, or Ocriculana, a captive from Corniculum. Liv., i., 39. TheTrabeawas a white robe with a border andbroad stripes(trabes) of purple, worn afterward by consuls and augurs: cf. x., 35; thediademaof the ancient kings was afilletor ribbon, not a crown."And he who graced the purple which he wore,The last good king of Rome, a bondmaid bore." Gifford.

"And he who graced the purple which he wore,The last good king of Rome, a bondmaid bore." Gifford.

[498]Natavit."And she who mock'd the javelins whistling round,And swam the Tiber, then the empire's bound." Gifford.

[498]Natavit.

"And she who mock'd the javelins whistling round,And swam the Tiber, then the empire's bound." Gifford.

[499]Servus.Livy calls him Vindicius; and derives from him the name of the Vindicta, "the rod of manumission." Liv., ii., 7. He was mourned for at his death by the Roman matrons publicly, as Brutus had been.

[500]Legum prima securis.Tarquinius Priscus introduced the axe and fasces with the other regalia. The axe therefore had often fallen for thetyrants; now it is used for the first time in defense of a legal constitution and afree republic.

[501]Thersites.Hom., Il., ii., 212.

[502]Asylo.Cf. Liv., i., 8.

I should like to know, Nævolus,[503]why you so often meet me with clouded brow forlorn, like Marsyas after his defeat. What have you to do with such a face as Ravola had when detected with his Rhodope?[504]We give a slave a box on the ear, if he licks the pastry. Why! Crepereius Pollio[505]had not a more woe-begone face than yours; he that went about ready to pay three times the ordinary interest, and could find none fools enough to trust him. Where do so many wrinkles come from all of a sudden? Why, surely before, contented with little, you used to live like a gentleman's gentleman[506]—awitty boon-companion with your biting jest, and sharp at repartees that savor of town-life!

Now all is the reverse; your looks are dejected; your tangled hair bristles like a thicket;[507]there is none of that sleekness over your whole skin, such as the Bruttian plaster of hot pitch used to give you; but your legs are neglected and rank with a shrubbery of hair. What means this emaciated form, like that of some old invalid parched this many a day with quartan ague and fever that has made his limbs its home? You may detect[508]the anguish of the mind that lurks in the sickly body—and discover its joys also. For the face, the index of the mind, takes its complexion from each. You seem, therefore, to have changed your course of life, and to run counter to your former habits. For, but lately, as I well remember, you used to haunt the temple of Isis,[509]and the statue of Ganymede in the temple of Peace,[510]and the secret palaces of the imported mother[511]of the gods; ay, and Ceres too (for what temple is there in which you may not find a woman)—a more notorious adulterer even than Aufidius, and under the rose, not confining your attentions to the wives!

"Yes: even this way of life is profitable to many. But I never made it worth my while: we do occasionally get greasycloaks, that serve to save our toga, of coarse texture and indifferent dye, the clumsy workmanship of some French weaver's lay; or a small piece of silver of inferior metal.[512]The Fates control the destinies of men: nay, there is fate even in those very parts which the lap of the toga conceals from view. For if the stars are unpropitious, your manly powers, remaining unknown, will profit you nothing, even though the liquorish Virro has seen you stripped, and seductive billets-doux, closely following each other, are forever assailing you: for such a fellow as he even entices others to sin. Yet, what monster can be worse, than one miserly as well as effeminate?"[513]"I gave you so much, then so much, and then soon after you had more!" He reckons up and still acts the wanton. "Let us settle our accounts! Send for the slaves with my account-book! Reckon up five thousand sesterces in all! Then count up your services!" Are then my duties so light, and so little against the grain? Far less wretched will be the poor slave that digs the great man's land! But you, forsooth, thought yourself delicate, and young, and beautiful! fit to be a cup-bearer in heaven!

Will you ever bestow favors on a humble dependent, or be generous to one that pays you court, when you grudge even the money you spend on your unnatural[514]gratifications? See the fellow! to whom you are to send a present of a green parasol and large amber[515]bowls, as often as his birthday comes round, or rainy spring begins; or pillowed on his cushioned sofa, he fingers presents set apart for the female Kalends![516]

Tell me, you sparrow, for whom it is you are keeping so many hills, so many Apulian[517]farms, so many kites wearied in flying across your pastures? Your Trifoline estate[518]enriches you with its fruitful vines; and the hill that looks down[519]on Cumæ, and caverned Gaurus. Who seals up more[520]casks of wine that will bear long keeping? How great a matter would it be to present the loins of your client, worn out in your service, with a few acres? Would yon rustic child, with his mother, and her hovel,[521]and his playmate cur, more justly become the inheritance of your cymbal-beating friend? "You are a most importunate beggar!" he says: ButRentcries out to me "Beg!" My only slave calls on me to beg! loudly as Polyphemus[522]with his one broad eye, by which the crafty Ulysses made his escape. I shall be compelled to buy a second, for this one is not enough for me; both must befed. What shall I do in mid-winter? When the chill north wind whistles in December,[523]what shall I say, pray, to my poor slaves' naked feet and shoulders? "Courage,[524]my boys! and wait for the grasshoppers?" But however you may dissemble and pass by all other matters, at how much do you estimate it, that had I not been your devoted client your wife would still remain a maid? At all events, you know all about those services, how hard you begged, how much you promised! Often when your young wife was eloping, I caught her in my embrace. She had actually torn[525]the marriage contract, and was on the point of signing a new one. It was with difficulty that I set this matter right by a whole night's work, while you stood whimpering outside the door. I appeal to the bed as my witness! nay, to yourself, who heard the noise, and the lady's cries! In many a house, when the marriage bonds were growing feeble and beginning to give way, and were almost severed, an adulterer has set all matters right. However you may shift your ground, whatever services you may reckon first or last, is it indeed no obligation, ungrateful and perfidious man! is it none, that you have an infant son or daughter born to you through me? For you bring them up as yours! and plume yourself on inserting at intervals in the public registers[526]these evidences of your virility! Hang garlands[527]on your doors! You are now a father! I have givenyou what you may cast in slander's teeth! You have a father's privileges; through me you may inherit a legacy, yes, the whole sum[528]left to you, not to mention some pleasant windfall![529]Besides, many other advantages will be added to these windfalls, if I make the number complete and add a third!"

"Your ground of complaint is just indeed, Nævolus; what does he allege in answer?"

"He casts me off, and looks out for some other two-legged ass to serve his turn! But remember that these secrets are intrusted to you alone; keep them to yourself, therefore, buried in the silence of your own breast; for one of these pumice-smoothed[530]fellows is a deadly thing if he becomes your enemy. He that intrusted his secret to me but the other day, now is furious, and detests me just as though I had divulged all I know. He does not hesitate to use his dagger, to break my skull with a bludgeon, or place a firebrand at my doors:[531]and deem it no light or contemptible matter that to men of his wealth the price of poison is never too costly. Therefore you must keep my secrets as religiously as the court of Mars at Athens."

"Oh! Corydon,[532]poor simple Corydon! Do you think aught that a rich man does can be secret? Even though his slaves should hold their tongues, his cattle will tell the tale; and his dogs, and door-posts, and marble statues! Close the shutters, cover all the chinks with tapestry, fasten the doors,remove every light from the chamber,[533]let each one keep his counsel, let not a soul lie near. Yet what he does at the second cock-crow,[534]the next tavern-keeper will know before dawn of day; and will hear as well all the fabrications of his steward, cooks, and carvers.[535]For what charge do they scruple to concoct against their masters, as often as they revenge themselves for their strappings[536]by the lies they forge? Nor will there be wanting one to hunt you out against your will in the public thoroughfares, and pour his drunken tale into your miserable ears. Therefore ask them what you just now begged of me! They hold their tongues! Why they would rather blaze abroad a secret than drink as much Falernian (all the sweeter because stolen) as Saufeia[537]used to drink, when sacrificing[538]for the people!

"One should lead an upright life for very many reasons; but especially for this—that you may be able to despise your servants' tongues. For bad as your slave may be, his tongue is the worst part about him. Yet far worse still is he that places himself in the power of those whose body and soul he keeps together with his own bread and his own money.[539]

"Well, the advice you have just given me to enable me to laugh to scorn my servants' tongues is very good, but too general. Now, what do you advise in my particular case, after the loss of my time and the disappointment of my hopes? For the short-lived bloom[540]and contracted span of a brief and wretched life is fast fleeting away! While we are drinking,[541]and calling for garlands, and perfumes, and women, old age steals on us unperceived! Do not be alarmed! So long as these seven hills stand fast you will never lack a pathic friend. Those effeminates, who scratch their heads with one finger,[542]will flock from all quarters to these hills, in carriages and ships. You have still another and a better hope in store. All you have to do is to chew eringo vigorously." "Tell this to luckier wights! My Clotho and Lachesis are well content, if I can earn a subsistence by my vile labors. Oh! ye small Lares,[543]that call me master, whom I supplicate with a fragment of frankincense, or meal, and a poor garland, when shall I secure[544]a sum that may insure my old age against the beggar's mat and crutch? Twenty thousand sesterces as interest, with good security for the principal; some small vessels of silver not enchased, but such as Fabricius,[545]if censor, would condemn; and two sturdy Mœsian slaves,[546]who,bearing me on their shoulders, might bid me stand without inconvenience in the noisy circus! Let me have besides an engraver stooping[547]over his work, and another who may with all speed paint[548]me a row of portraits. This is quite enough—since poor I ever shall be. A poor, wretched wish indeed! and yet I have no hope even of this! For when dame Fortune[549]is invoked for me, she stops her ears with wax fetched from that ship which escaped the Sirens' songs with its deaf rower."

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