SATIRE XI.

FOOTNOTES:[550]Gadibus.Gades, now Cadiz, and Ganges were the western and eastern boundaries of the then known world.[551]Nebulâ.Cf. Plat., Alcib., ii., τῆς ψυχῆς ἀφελόντα τὴν ἀχλύν; from which many ideas in this Satire, particularly toward the close, are borrowed."As treacherous phantoms in the mist delude,Shuns fancied ills, or chases, airy good." Johnson's imitation.[552]Evertere.These are almost Cicero's own words. "Cupiditates non modo singulos homines seduniversas familias evertunt," de Fin., i. Cf. Shakspeare:"We, ignorant of ourselves,Beg often our own harms, which the wise powersDeny us for our good: so find we profitBy losing of our prayers."[553]Torrens."Some who the depths of eloquence have found,In that unnavigable stream were drown'd." Dryden.[554]Viribus.Roscommon, as Gifford says, tells his history in two lines:"Remember Milo's end,Wedged in the timber which he strove to rend."Cf. Ovid, Ib., 609, "Utque Milon robur diducere fissile tentes, nec possis captas inde referre manus."[555]Balæna Britannica.Cf. Hor., iv., Od. xiv., 47, "Tebelluosusqui remotis obstrepit Oceanus Britannis." There is probably an allusion here to the large sums which Seneca had out at interest in Britain, where his rigor in exacting his demands occasioned a rebellion.[556]Tota cohors."Illo propinquâ vesperâ, tribunus venit, et villamglobus militumsepsit." Tac., Ann., xv., 60.[557]Longinum.Cassius Longinus was charged with keeping among his Imagines one of Cassius, Cæsar's murderer; and allowed an hour to die in. Suet., Ner., 37.[558]Seneca.Rufus and Tigellinus charged Seneca "tanquam ingentes et privatum suprà modum evectas opes adhuc augeret—hortorum quoque amænitate et villarum magnificentiâ quasi Principem supergrederetur;" and Seneca himself, in his speech to Nero, says, "Tantum honorum atque opûm in me cumulâsti, ut nihil felicitati meæ desit." Tacit., Ann., xiv., 52,seq.[559]Puri.Cf. ix., 141.[560]Lateranorum.Vid. Tac., Ann., xv., 60, for the death of Plautius Lateranus. His house was on the Cœlian Hill, on the site of the modern Lateran.[561]Motæ ad Lunam.Cf. Hor., i., Od. xxiii., 3, "Non sine vano aurarum et siluæ metu." Stat., Theb., vi., 158," Impulsæque noto frondes cassusque valeret exanimare timor." Claud., Eutrop., ii., 452, "Ecce levis frondes a tergo concutit aura: credit tela Leo: valuit pro vulnere terror."[562]Vacuus.Cf. Ov., Nux., 43, "Sic timet insidias qui scit se ferre viator cur timeat, tutum carpit inanis iter." Sen., Lucil., "Nudum Latro transmittit.""While void of care the beggar trips along,And, in the spoiler's presence, trolls his song." Gifford.[563]Divitiæ.Vid. Cic., "Expetuntur Divitiæ ut utare;Opesut colaris:Honoresut lauderis." De Amicit., vi.[564]Foro.The public treasure was in the temple of Saturn. Private individuals had their money in strong boxes deposited in the Forum Trajani, or Forum Augusti; in the temple of Mars "Ultor" originally; afterward in the temple of Castor and others, probably of Pax. Cf. xiv., 259, "Æratâ multus in arcâ fiscus, et ad vigilem ponendi Cartora nummi." Cf. Suet., Jul., x. Pliny the Younger was once præfectus ærarii Saturni.[565]Gemmata.Cf. v., 39, 41.—Setinum, v., 34."Fear the gemm'd goblet, and suspicious holdThe ruby juice that glows in cups of gold." Badham.[566]De Sapientibus.Democritus of Abdera, and Heracleitus of Ephesus.[567]Ridebat.Cf. Hor., ii., Ep. i., 194, "Si foret in terrisrideretDemocritus." δεῖσθαι μοι δοκεῖ Ἡρακλείτου ἢ Δημοκρίτου, τοῦ μὲν γελασομένου τὴν ἄνοιαν αὐτῶν, τοῦ δὲ τὴν ἄγνοιαν ὀδυρομένου. Luc., βι. πρ., 13, τὸν γελῶντα, τὸν Ἀβδηρόθεν καὶ τὸν κλαίοντα τὸν ἐξ Ἐφέσου.[568]"The marvel this, since all the world can sneer,What fountains fed the ever-needed tear." Badham.[569]Trabeæ.Cf. ad viii., 259.[570]Prætor.Juvenal has mixed up together the procession of the prætor to open the Circensian games, and a triumphal procession. The latter proceeded through the principal streetstothe Capitol. The former,fromthe Capitol to thecentreof the circus. The triumphal car was in the shape of a turret, gilded, and drawn by four white horses: it often occurs on coins. The tunica palmata, worn by generals in their triumph, was kept in the temple of Jupiter. The toga picta was purple, and so heavily embroidered that it may well be compared to a brocaded curtain. Tyre was anciently called Sarra, which may be traced in its modern name Sur."His robe a ponderous curtain of brocade,Inwrought and stiff by Tyrian needles' aid." Badham.[571]Orbem.Probably an allusion to Atlas.[572]Sufficit."And would have crush'd it with the massy freight,But that a sweating slave sustain'd the weight." Dryden.Probably the crown wasnotworn, but merelyheldby the slave at his side."The menial destined in his car to ride,And cool the swelling consul's feverish pride." Hodgson.[573]Crasso."Bœotum incrassojuraresærenatum." Hor., ii., Ep. i., 244. Bœotia was called the land of hogs, which so much annoyed Pindar. Vid. Ol., vi., 152. Abdera seems to have had as bad a name. Cf. Mart., x., Ep. xxv., 3, "Abderitanæ pectora plebis habes."[574]Medium unguem.Hence called "Infamis digitus." Pers., ii., 33. Cf. Mart., ii., Ep. xxviii., 2, "digitum porrigito medium." VI., Ep. lxx., 5, "Ostendit digitum impudicum."[575]Incerare.They used to fasten their vows, written on wax tablets, to the knees or thighs of the gods. When their wishes were granted, these were replaced by the offerings they had vowed. Cf. Hom., Il., p., 514, θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται.[576]Mergit.Cf. Sil., viii., 285; or mergit may be usedactively, as xiii., 8. Lucr., v., 1006. Virg., Æn., vi., 512.[577]Statuæ.Cf. ad viii., 18. Tac., Ann., vi., 2. Plin., Pan., 52, "Juvabat illidere solo superbissimos vultus, instare ferro,sævire securibus, ut si singulos ictus sanguis dolorque sequeretur"—"instar ultionis videretur cernere imagines abjectas excoctasque flammis."[578]Immeritis."The driven axe destroys the conquering car,And unoffending steeds the ruin share." Hodgson.[579]Adoratum.Cf. Tac., Ann., iii., 72; iv., 2, "Coli per theatra et fora effigies ejus sineret." Vid. Suet., Tib., lv., 48, "Solæ nullam Sejani imaginem inter signa coluissent." 65, "Sejani imagines aureas coli passim videret."[580]Sartago."And from the stride of those colossal legsYou buy the useful pan that fries your eggs." Badham.Dryden reads "matellæ."[581]Pone domi lauros.Cf. ad ix., 85.[582]Sequitur Fortunam."When the king'strump, the mob are for the king." Dryden.[583]Nurscia, Nyrtia, Nortia, or Nurtia, the Etruscan goddess of Fortune, nearly identical with Atropos, and cognate with Minerva. The old Schol. says, "Fortuna apud Nyrtiam coliturunde fuit Sejanus." But Tacitus tells us (Ann., iv., l; vi., 8) that Sejanus was a native of Volsinii, now Bolsena. Outside the Florence gate of Bolsena stands the ruin of a temple still called Tempio di Norzia. Cf. Liv., vii., 3; Tertull., Apoll., 24, ad Nat., ii., 8; Müller's Etrusker, IV., vii., 6; Dennis's Etruria, i., p. 258, 509.[584]Fornacula."A fire so fierce for one was scarcely made." Gifford.[585]Brutidius.Tacitus speaks thus of him: "Brutidium artibus honestis copiosum et, si rectum iter pergeret, ad clarissima quæque iturum festinatio exstimulabat, dum æquales, dein superiores, postremo suasmet ipse spes anteire parat." Ann., iii., 66. He had been one of the accusers of Silanus, and was involved in Sejanus' fall. "Magna est fornacula" is well borne out by Tacitus' account. "Cunctos qui carcere attinebantur, accusati societatis cum Sejano, necari jubet.Jacuit immensa strages; omnis sexus omnis ætas: inlustres ignobiles—corpora adsectabantur dum in Tiberim traherentur." Ann., vi., 19.[586]Victus.Fierce as Ajax, when worsted in the contest for the arms of Achilles.[587]Exercitibus præponere.Vid. Tac., Ann., iv., 2, "Centuriones ac Tribunos ipse deligere: neque senatorio ambitu abstinebat clientes suos honoribus aut provinciis ornando, facili Tiberio atque ita prono ut socium laborum celebraret."[588]Tutor."ArraignThy feeble sovereign in a guardian's strain,Who sits amid his foul Chaldæan herdIn that august domain to Rome preferr'd." Badham.[589]Sedentis.Cf. Suet., Tib., 43; Tac., Ann., vi., 1. Grangæus supposes this word to have reference to the Sellaria there described. It probably only refers to his luxury and indolence. Tiberius was with Augustus when he visited Capreæ shortly before his death: "remisissimo ad otium et ad omnem comitatem animo. Vicinam Capreis insulam ἀπραγοπόλιν appellabat à desidiâ secedentium illuc e comitatu suo." Cf. c. 40. Tac., Ann., iv., 67.[590]Augusta.The old reading was angustâ. The alteration of a single letter converts a forceless expletive into an epithet full of picturesque and historic truth.[591]Egregios equites.The flower of the Roman army, the prætorian troops, of which Sejanus was præfect.[592]Vasa minora."To pound false weights and scanty measures break." Dryden.[593]Ulubris.Cf. Hor., i., Ep. xi., 30, "Est Ulubris, animus si non tibi deficit æquus." Another joke at the expense of the plebeian ædiles (cf. iii., 162), who had the charge of inspecting weights and measures, markets and provisions, roads, theatres, etc. These functionaries still exist (as Gifford says), "as ragged and consequential" as ever, in the Italian villages, retaining their old name of Podestà."Deal out the law, and curb with high decreeThe tricks of trade at empty Ulubræ." Hodgson.[594]Altior.The idea is probably borrowed from Menander, ἐπαίρεται γάρ μεῖζον, ἵνα μεῖζον πέσῃ. So hence Horace, ii., Od. x., 10, "Celsæ graviore casu decidunt turres." So Claudian in Rufin., i., 22, "Tolluntur in altum ut lapsu graviore ruant;" and Shakspeare, "Raised up on high to be hurl'd down below."[595]Ruinæ.So Milton."With hideousruinand combustion down." C. Badham.[596]Crassos.M. Licinius Crassus and his son Publius; both killed in the Parthian war.[597]Pompeios.Cn. Pompeius Magnus, and his two sons, Cnæus and Sextus.[598]Domitos."The stubborn pride of Roman nobles broke,And bent their haughty necks beneath his yoke." Dryd.[599]Colit.Ov., Fast., iii., 816, "Qui benè placârit Pallada doctus erit."[600]Vernula.This slave was called Capsarius. Suet., Ner., 36. Cf. ad vi., 451.[601]Quinquatribus.Cf. Hor., ii., Ep. ii., 197, "Puer ut festis quinquatribus olim." This festival originally lasted onlyoneday; and was celebrated xiv. Kal. April. It was so called "quiapost diem quintumIdus Martias ageretur." So "post diem sextum" was called Sexatrus; and "post diem septimum," Septimatrus. Varro, L. L., v., 3. It was afterwardextendedto five days; hence the "vulgus" supposed that to have been the origin of the name; and so Ovid takes it, "Nominaque a junctis quinque diebus habet," Fast., iii., 809; who says it was kept in honor of Minerva's natal day, "Causa quod est illâ nata Minerva die," l. 812. (Others say, because on that day her temple on Mount Aventine was consecrated.) Domitian kept the festival in great state at his Alban villa. Suet., Domit., iv. Cicero has a punning allusion to it. Vid. Fam., xii., 25. These five days were the schoolmasters' holidays; and on the first they received their pay, or entrance fee, διδακτρὰ, hence called Minerval; though Horace seems to imply they were paid every month, "Octonis referentes Idibus æra." I., Sat. vi., 75. The lesser Quinquatrus were on the Ides of June. Ov., Fast., vi., 651, "Quinquatrus jubeor narrare minores," called also Quinquatrus Minusculæ.[602]Rostra.Popilius Lenas, who cut off Cicero's head and hands, carried them to Antony, who rewarded him with a civic crown and a large sum of money, and ordered the head to be fixed between the hands to the Rostra. (For thename, vid. Liv., viii., 14.)[603]Antonî gladios.Quoting Cicero's own words, "Contempsi Catilinæ gladios, non pertimescam tuos." Phil., ii., 46."For me, the sorriest rhymes I'd rather claim,Than bear the brunt of that Philippic's fame,The second! the divine!" Badham.[604]Torrentem.So i., 9, "Torrens dicendi copia;" iii., 74, "Isæo torrentior." At the approach of Antipater, Demosthenes fled from Athens, and took refuge in the temple of Poseidon at Calaureia, near Argolis; and fearing to fall into the hands of Archias, took poison, which he carried about with him in a reed, or, as Pliny says, in a ring, xxxiii., 1.[605]Forcipibus.Cf. Virg., Æn., viii., 453, "Versantque tenaci forcipe massam." Juvenal seems to have had the whole passage in his eye.[606]Vulcano.Demosthenes' father was a μαχαιροποιός: in which capacity he employed a large number of slaves, ἐργαστήριον ἔχων μέγα καὶ δούλους τεχνίτας. But as he could not afford to place his son under the costly Isocrates, he sent him to Isæus.[607]Truncis.Virg., Æn., xi., 5.Ingentem quercum decisis undique ramisConstituit tumulo, fulgentiaque induit arma,Mezenti ducisexuvias, tibi magnetropæumBellipotens: aptat rorantes sanguine cristasTelaquetruncaviri.[608]Aplustre, the ἄφλαστον of the Greeks was the high peak of the galley, from which rose the ensign.[609]Arcu.Cf. Suet., Domit., 13, "Janos arcusque cum quadrigis et insignibus triumphorum per regiones urbis tantos et tot exstruxit, ut cuidam Græcè inscriptum sit, ἀρκεῖ—." Some think there is an allusion here to the column of Trajan, erected in honor of his Dacian victories. This would bring down the date of this Satire to afterA.D.113.[610]Amplectitur."That none confess fair Virtue's genuine power,Or woo her to their breast without a dower." Gifford.[611]Sepulchris; from Propertius, III., ii., 19,seq.So Ausonius, "Mors etiam saxis, nominibusque venit.""For fate hath foreordain'd its day of doom,Not to the tenant only, but the tomb." Badham.[612]Expende."How are the mighty changed to dust! how smallThe urn that holds what once was Hannibal!" Hodgson.[613]Altos; others readalios; referring to the elephants ofAfricaas well asAsia. "Elephantos fert Africa, ferunt Æthiopes et Troglodytæ: sed maximos India." Plin., viii., 11.[614]Aceto.Vid. Liv., xxi., 37. Polybius omits the story as fabulous. There appears, now, no reason to doubt the fact.[615]Actum. "Nil actum referens si quid superesset agendum.""Peace courts his hand, but spreads her charms in vain;'Think nothing gain'd,' he cries, 'till naught remain;On Moscow's walls till Gothic standards fly,And all be mine beneath the Polar sky.'" Johnson.[616]Facies."Oh! for some master-hand, the lines to trace!" Gifford.[617]Luscum.Hannibal lost one eye, while crossing the marshes, in making his way to Etruria: "quia medendi nec locus nec tempus erat altero oculo capitur;" he rode, Livy tells us, on his sole surviving elephant, xxii., 2.[618]Bithyno.When accused by the Romans at Carthage, Hannibal fled to Antiochus, king of Syria, and thence to the court of Prusias, king of Bithynia, for whom he carried on successfully the war against Eumenes. But when Flaminius was sent to demand his surrender, he destroyed himself with poison, which he always carried in a ring.[619]Sanguinis.Forty-five thousand dead were left on the field of Cannæ, with the Consul Æmilius Paulus, eighty senators, and very many others of high rank.[620]Declamatio.Cf. vii., 167, "Sexta quâque die miserum dirus caput Hannibal implet." So I. 150, and i., 15."Go, climb the rugged Alps, ambitious fool!To please the boys, and be a theme at school." Dryden.[621]Unus."Heu me miserum! quod ne uno quidem adhuc potitus sum!" is the exclamation put into Alexander's mouth by Val. Max., viii., 14.[622]Gyaris.Cf. i., 73; vi., 563.[623]Figulis.Cf. Herod., i., 78. Ov., Met., iv., 27, "Ubi dicitur altam Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem."[624]Sarcophago.A stone was found at Assos, near Troy, which was said to possess the property of consuming the flesh of bodies inclosed in it within the space of forty days, hence called σαρκοφάγος. Plin., ii., 96; xxxvi., 17. Cf. Henry's speech to Hotspur's body:"Ill-weaved ambition, how much art thou shrunk!When that this body did contain a spirit,A kingdom for it was too small a bound:But now, two paces of the vilest earthIs room enough."So Hall:"Fond fool! six feet shall serve for all thy store,And he that cares for most shall find no more."And Shirley:"How little room do we take up in death,That, living, knew no bounds!"And Webster's Duchess of Malfy:"Much you had of land and rent;Your length in clays's now competent."So K. Henry VI.:"And of all my landsIs nothing left me but my body's length."And Dryden's Antony:"The place thou pressest on thy mother EarthIs all thy empire now."Cf. Æsch., S. Theb., 731. Soph., Œd. Col., 789. Shakspeare's Richard II., Act iii., sc. 2.[625]Epota.Herodotus mentions the Scamander, Onochnous, Apidanus, and Echedorus."Rivers, whose depth no sharp beholder sees,Drunk at an army's dinner to the lees!" Dryden.[626]Sostratus.Of this poet nothing is known.—Madidis, probably in the same sense as in Sat. xv., 47, "Facilis victoria de madidis." Sil., xii., 18, "Madefacta mero."[627]Ennosigæum.ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐνόθειν τὴν γαῖαν. Cf. Hom., Il., vii., 455.Æolisis an allusion to Virgil, Æn., i., 51, "Vinclis ac carcere frænat," etc.[628]Stigmate.Herod., vii., 35."That shackles o'er th' earth-shaking Neptune threw,And thought it lenient not to brand him too." Gifford.[629]Servire Deorum.As Apollo served Admetus; Neptune, Laomedon, etc."Ye gods! obeyed ye such a fool as this?" Hodgson.[630]Tardâ.Perhaps alluding to Her., viii., 118."A single skiff to speed his flight remains,Th' encumbered oar scarce leaves the dreaded coastThrough purple billows and a floating host!" Johnson.[631]Tabraca, on the coast of Tunis, now Tabarca.[632]Simia.So Ennius, in Cic., Nat. De., i., 35, "Simia, quam similis turpissima bestia nobis!""A stick-fallen cheek! that hangs below the jaw,Such wrinkles as a skillful hand would drawFor an old grandam ape, when, with a grace,She sits at squat, and scrubs her leathern face." Dryden.[633]Cum voce trementia membra.Compare Hamlet's speech to Polonius, and As you like it, Act ii., 7:"His big manly voice,Turning again toward childish treble, pipesAnd whistles in its sound.""The self-same palsy both in limbs and tongue." Dryden.[634]Palato.Compare Barzillai's speech to David, 2 Sam., xix., 35, "I am this day fourscore years old; and can I discern between good or evil? can thy servant taste what I eat and what I drink? can I hear any more the voice of singing men and singing women?"[635]Vini."Now pall the tasteless meats, and joyless wines,And Luxury with sighs her slave resigns." Johnson.[636]Viribus.Shakspeare, King Henry IV., Part ii., Act ii., sc. 4, "Is it not strange that desire should so many years outlive performance?"[637]Auratâ.Cic. ad Heren., iv., 47, "Uti citharædus cum prodierit optimè vestitus, pallâinauratâindutus, cum chlamyde purpureâ coloribus variis intextâ, cum coronâ aureâ, magnisfulgentibusgemmis illuminatâ." Horace, A. P., 215, "Luxuriem addidi arti Tibicen, traxitque vagus per pulpita vestem."[638]Nuntiet horas.Slaves were employed to watch the dials in the houses of those who had them, and report the hour: those who had no dial sent to the Forum. Cf. Mart., viii., 67. Suet., Domit., xvi., "Sexta nuntiata est."[639]Gelido.Virg., Æn., v., 395, "Sed enimgelidustardante senectâSanguishebet,frigentqueeffœtæ in corpora vires."[640]Themisonof Laodicea in Syria, pupil of Asclepiades, was an eminent physician of the time of Pompey the Great, and is said to have been the founder of the "Methodic" school, as opposed to the "Empiric." Vid. Cels., Præf. Plin., N. H., xxix., 15. Others say he lived in Augustus' time, and Hodgson thinks he may have lived even to Juvenal's days. Cicero (de Orat., i., 14) mentions an Asclepiades; and the names of at leastthreeothers are mentioned in later times.[641]Quo tondente.Cf. i., 35.[642]Hiat.Cf. Lucian, Tim., ἐμὲ περιμένουσι κεχηνότες ὥσπερ τὴν χελιδόνα προσπετομένην τετριγότες οἰ νεοσσοί. P. 72, E., ed. Bened.[643]Jejuna, from Hom., Il., ix., 323, ὡς δ' ὄρνις ἀπτῆσι νεοσσοῖσι προφέρῃσι μάστακ', ἐπεί κε λάβῃσι, κακῶς δέ τέ οἱ πέλει αὐτῇ.[644]Phialen."Forgets the children he begot and bred,And makes a strumpet heiress in their stead." Gifford.[645]Nigrâ."And liveries of black for length of years." Dryden.[646]Pylius.Hom., Il., i., 250, μετὰ δὲ τριτάτοισιν ἄνασσεν. So Odyss., iii., 245, τρὶς γάρ δή μίν φασιν ἀνάξασθαι γένε' ἀνδρῶν.[647]Cornice."Next to the raven's age, the Pylian kingWas longest-lived of any two-legged thing." Dryden.[648]Dextra.This the Greeks express by ἀναπεμπάζεσθαι. They counted on the left hand as far as a hundred, then on the right up to two hundred, and then again on the left for the third hundred. Holyday has a most elaborate explanation of the method.[649]Antilochi.Cf. Hor., II., Od. ix., 14.[650]Natantem.Cf. Hom., Od., v., 388, 399."So Peleus sigh'd to join his hero lost—Laertes his on boundless billows toss'd." Hodgson.[651]Polyxena, from Eurip., Hec., 556, λαβοῦσα πέπλους ἐξ ἄκρας ἐπωμίδος ἔῤῥηξε.[652]Miles tremulus.Virg., Æn., ii., 509, "Arma diu senior desueta trementibus ævo circumdat," etc."A soldier half, and half a sacrifice." Dryden.[653]Bos.Virg., Æn., v., 481, "Sternitur, exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos."[654]Fastiditus."Disdain'd its labors, and forgotten nowAll its old service at the thankless plow." Hodgson.[655]Canino.See the close of Eurip., Hecuba. The Greeks fabled that Hecuba was metamorphosed into a bitch, from her constant railing at them. Hence κυνὸς σῆμα. Cf. Plaut., Menœchm., v. i.[656]Crœsus.Cf. Herod., i., 32.[657]Spatia, a metaphor from the "course." So Virgil has metæ ævi, metæ mortis.[658]Minturnarum, a town of the Aurunci near the mouth of the Liris, now Garigliano. In the marshes in the neighborhood Marius concealed himself from the cavalry of Sylla.[659]Animam."Had he exhaled amid the pomp of war,A warrior's soul in that Teutonic car." Badham.[660]Teutonico, i. e., after his triumph over the Cimbri and Teutones. Cf. viii., 251.[661]Campania.Cf. Cic., Tus. Qu., i., 35, "Pompeius noster familiaris, cum graviter ægrotaret Neapoli, utrum si tum esset extinctus, à bonis rebus, an à malis discessisset? certè a miseriis, si mortem tum obiisset, in amplissimis fortunis occidisset." Achillas and L. Septimius murdered Pompey and cut off his head; which ἐφύλασσον Καίσαρι, ὡς ἐπὶ μεγίσταις ἀμοιβαῖς. Appian,B.C., ii., 86[662]P. Corn. Lentulus Sura, was strangled in prison with Cethegus. Catiline fell in battle, near Pistoria in Etruria.[663]Murmure.Venus was worshiped under the name of ἀφροδίτη ψίθυρος, because all prayers were to be offered in whispers.[664]Delicias.This is Heinrich's view. Grangæus explains it, "Ut pro ipsis vota deliciarum plena concipiat." Britannicus, "quasi diceret, optat ut tam formosa sit, ut eam juvenes in suos amplexus optent."[665]Latona.Hom., Od. vi., 106, γέγηθε δέ τε φρένα Λήτω. Virg., Æn., i., 502, Latonæ tacitum pertentant gaudia pectus.[666]Lucretia."Yet Vane could tell what ills from beauty spring,And Sedley cursed the form that pleased a king!" Johnson.[667]Concordia.Ov., Heroid, xvi., 288, "Lis est cumformamagnapudicitiæ.""Chaste—is no epithet to suit with fair." Dryden.[668]Tradiderit."Though through the rugged house, from sire to son,A Sabine sanctity of manners run." Gifford.[669]Pœnas metuet.The punishment of adulterers seems to have been left to the discretion of the injured husband rather than to have been defined by law.[670]Laqueos.Ov., Met., iv., 176, "Extemplo graciles ex ære catenas, Retiaque et laqueos quæ lumina fallere possint, elimat." Art. Am., ii., 561,seq.Hom., Odyss., viii., 266.[671]Servilia; i. e., some one as rich and debauched as Servilia, sister of Cato and mother of Brutus, with whom Cæsar intrigued, and lavished immense wealth on her. Vid. Suet, Jul., 50. Her sister, the wife of Lucullus, was equally depraved.[672]Mores."In all things else, immoral, stingy, mean,But in her lusts a conscionable quean." Dryden.[673]Hæc, sc. Phædra, daughter of Minos, king of Crete.[674]Stimulos."A woman scorn'd is pitiless as fate,For then the dread of shame adds stings to hate." Gifford.[675]Cæsaris uxor.The story is told in Tacitus, Ann., xi., 12, seq. "In Silium, juventutis Romanæpulcherrimumita exarserat, ut Juniam Silanam nobilem fœminam, matrimonio ejus exturbaret vacuoque adultero potiretur. Neque Siliusflagitiiautpericulinescius erat:sed certo si abnueret exitioet nonnullâ fallendi spe, simul magnis præmiis, opperiri futura, et præsentibus frui, pro solatio habebat." This happenedA.D.48, in the autumn, while Claudius was at Ostia. It was with great difficulty, after all, that Narcissus prevailed on Claudius to order Messalina's execution, cf. xiv., 331; Tac., Ann., xi., 37; and she was put to death at last without his knowledge.[676]Auspex.Suet., Claud. "Cum comperisset [Valeriam Messalinam] super cætera flagitia atque dedecora, C. Silio etiam nupsisse,dote inter auspices consignatâ, supplicio affecit." C. 26; cf. 36, 39.[677]Lucernas."Before the evening lamps 'tis thine to die." Badham.[678]Nota urbi et populo.Juvenal uses almost the very words of Tacitus. "An discidium inquit (Narcissus) tuum nôsti? Nam matrimonium Silii vidit populus et senatus et miles: ac ni properè agis tenet urbem maritus." Ann., xi., 30.[679]Prœbenda.Cf. Tac., Ann., xi., 38."Inevitable death before thee lies,But looks more kindly through a lady's eyes!" Dryden.[680]Tomacula, "the liver and other parts cut out of the pig minced up with the fat." Mart., i., Ep. xlii., 9, "Quod fumantia qui tomacla raucus circumfert tepidus coquus popinis." The other savory ingredients are given by Facciolati; the Greeks called them τεμάχη or τεμάχια.[681]Munera."A soul that can securely death defy,And count it Nature's privilege to die." Dryden.[682]Hercules.Alluding to the well-known "Choice of Hercules" from Prodicus. Xen., Mem.[683]Nullum numen.Repeated, xiv., 315.[684]"The reasonings in this Satire," Gibbon says, "would have been clearer, had Juvenal distinguished between wishes the accomplishment of which could not fail to make us miserable, and those whose accomplishment might fail to make us happy. Absolute power is of the first kind; long life of the second."

[550]Gadibus.Gades, now Cadiz, and Ganges were the western and eastern boundaries of the then known world.

[551]Nebulâ.Cf. Plat., Alcib., ii., τῆς ψυχῆς ἀφελόντα τὴν ἀχλύν; from which many ideas in this Satire, particularly toward the close, are borrowed."As treacherous phantoms in the mist delude,Shuns fancied ills, or chases, airy good." Johnson's imitation.

[551]Nebulâ.Cf. Plat., Alcib., ii., τῆς ψυχῆς ἀφελόντα τὴν ἀχλύν; from which many ideas in this Satire, particularly toward the close, are borrowed.

"As treacherous phantoms in the mist delude,Shuns fancied ills, or chases, airy good." Johnson's imitation.

[552]Evertere.These are almost Cicero's own words. "Cupiditates non modo singulos homines seduniversas familias evertunt," de Fin., i. Cf. Shakspeare:"We, ignorant of ourselves,Beg often our own harms, which the wise powersDeny us for our good: so find we profitBy losing of our prayers."

[552]Evertere.These are almost Cicero's own words. "Cupiditates non modo singulos homines seduniversas familias evertunt," de Fin., i. Cf. Shakspeare:

"We, ignorant of ourselves,Beg often our own harms, which the wise powersDeny us for our good: so find we profitBy losing of our prayers."

[553]Torrens."Some who the depths of eloquence have found,In that unnavigable stream were drown'd." Dryden.

[553]Torrens.

"Some who the depths of eloquence have found,In that unnavigable stream were drown'd." Dryden.

[554]Viribus.Roscommon, as Gifford says, tells his history in two lines:"Remember Milo's end,Wedged in the timber which he strove to rend."Cf. Ovid, Ib., 609, "Utque Milon robur diducere fissile tentes, nec possis captas inde referre manus."

[554]Viribus.Roscommon, as Gifford says, tells his history in two lines:

"Remember Milo's end,Wedged in the timber which he strove to rend."

Cf. Ovid, Ib., 609, "Utque Milon robur diducere fissile tentes, nec possis captas inde referre manus."

[555]Balæna Britannica.Cf. Hor., iv., Od. xiv., 47, "Tebelluosusqui remotis obstrepit Oceanus Britannis." There is probably an allusion here to the large sums which Seneca had out at interest in Britain, where his rigor in exacting his demands occasioned a rebellion.

[556]Tota cohors."Illo propinquâ vesperâ, tribunus venit, et villamglobus militumsepsit." Tac., Ann., xv., 60.

[557]Longinum.Cassius Longinus was charged with keeping among his Imagines one of Cassius, Cæsar's murderer; and allowed an hour to die in. Suet., Ner., 37.

[558]Seneca.Rufus and Tigellinus charged Seneca "tanquam ingentes et privatum suprà modum evectas opes adhuc augeret—hortorum quoque amænitate et villarum magnificentiâ quasi Principem supergrederetur;" and Seneca himself, in his speech to Nero, says, "Tantum honorum atque opûm in me cumulâsti, ut nihil felicitati meæ desit." Tacit., Ann., xiv., 52,seq.

[559]Puri.Cf. ix., 141.

[560]Lateranorum.Vid. Tac., Ann., xv., 60, for the death of Plautius Lateranus. His house was on the Cœlian Hill, on the site of the modern Lateran.

[561]Motæ ad Lunam.Cf. Hor., i., Od. xxiii., 3, "Non sine vano aurarum et siluæ metu." Stat., Theb., vi., 158," Impulsæque noto frondes cassusque valeret exanimare timor." Claud., Eutrop., ii., 452, "Ecce levis frondes a tergo concutit aura: credit tela Leo: valuit pro vulnere terror."

[562]Vacuus.Cf. Ov., Nux., 43, "Sic timet insidias qui scit se ferre viator cur timeat, tutum carpit inanis iter." Sen., Lucil., "Nudum Latro transmittit.""While void of care the beggar trips along,And, in the spoiler's presence, trolls his song." Gifford.

[562]Vacuus.Cf. Ov., Nux., 43, "Sic timet insidias qui scit se ferre viator cur timeat, tutum carpit inanis iter." Sen., Lucil., "Nudum Latro transmittit."

"While void of care the beggar trips along,And, in the spoiler's presence, trolls his song." Gifford.

[563]Divitiæ.Vid. Cic., "Expetuntur Divitiæ ut utare;Opesut colaris:Honoresut lauderis." De Amicit., vi.

[564]Foro.The public treasure was in the temple of Saturn. Private individuals had their money in strong boxes deposited in the Forum Trajani, or Forum Augusti; in the temple of Mars "Ultor" originally; afterward in the temple of Castor and others, probably of Pax. Cf. xiv., 259, "Æratâ multus in arcâ fiscus, et ad vigilem ponendi Cartora nummi." Cf. Suet., Jul., x. Pliny the Younger was once præfectus ærarii Saturni.

[565]Gemmata.Cf. v., 39, 41.—Setinum, v., 34."Fear the gemm'd goblet, and suspicious holdThe ruby juice that glows in cups of gold." Badham.

[565]Gemmata.Cf. v., 39, 41.—Setinum, v., 34.

"Fear the gemm'd goblet, and suspicious holdThe ruby juice that glows in cups of gold." Badham.

[566]De Sapientibus.Democritus of Abdera, and Heracleitus of Ephesus.

[567]Ridebat.Cf. Hor., ii., Ep. i., 194, "Si foret in terrisrideretDemocritus." δεῖσθαι μοι δοκεῖ Ἡρακλείτου ἢ Δημοκρίτου, τοῦ μὲν γελασομένου τὴν ἄνοιαν αὐτῶν, τοῦ δὲ τὴν ἄγνοιαν ὀδυρομένου. Luc., βι. πρ., 13, τὸν γελῶντα, τὸν Ἀβδηρόθεν καὶ τὸν κλαίοντα τὸν ἐξ Ἐφέσου.

[568]"The marvel this, since all the world can sneer,What fountains fed the ever-needed tear." Badham.

[568]

"The marvel this, since all the world can sneer,What fountains fed the ever-needed tear." Badham.

[569]Trabeæ.Cf. ad viii., 259.

[570]Prætor.Juvenal has mixed up together the procession of the prætor to open the Circensian games, and a triumphal procession. The latter proceeded through the principal streetstothe Capitol. The former,fromthe Capitol to thecentreof the circus. The triumphal car was in the shape of a turret, gilded, and drawn by four white horses: it often occurs on coins. The tunica palmata, worn by generals in their triumph, was kept in the temple of Jupiter. The toga picta was purple, and so heavily embroidered that it may well be compared to a brocaded curtain. Tyre was anciently called Sarra, which may be traced in its modern name Sur."His robe a ponderous curtain of brocade,Inwrought and stiff by Tyrian needles' aid." Badham.

"His robe a ponderous curtain of brocade,Inwrought and stiff by Tyrian needles' aid." Badham.

[571]Orbem.Probably an allusion to Atlas.

[572]Sufficit."And would have crush'd it with the massy freight,But that a sweating slave sustain'd the weight." Dryden.Probably the crown wasnotworn, but merelyheldby the slave at his side."The menial destined in his car to ride,And cool the swelling consul's feverish pride." Hodgson.

[572]Sufficit.

"And would have crush'd it with the massy freight,But that a sweating slave sustain'd the weight." Dryden.

Probably the crown wasnotworn, but merelyheldby the slave at his side.

"The menial destined in his car to ride,And cool the swelling consul's feverish pride." Hodgson.

[573]Crasso."Bœotum incrassojuraresærenatum." Hor., ii., Ep. i., 244. Bœotia was called the land of hogs, which so much annoyed Pindar. Vid. Ol., vi., 152. Abdera seems to have had as bad a name. Cf. Mart., x., Ep. xxv., 3, "Abderitanæ pectora plebis habes."

[574]Medium unguem.Hence called "Infamis digitus." Pers., ii., 33. Cf. Mart., ii., Ep. xxviii., 2, "digitum porrigito medium." VI., Ep. lxx., 5, "Ostendit digitum impudicum."

[575]Incerare.They used to fasten their vows, written on wax tablets, to the knees or thighs of the gods. When their wishes were granted, these were replaced by the offerings they had vowed. Cf. Hom., Il., p., 514, θεῶν ἐν γούνασι κεῖται.

[576]Mergit.Cf. Sil., viii., 285; or mergit may be usedactively, as xiii., 8. Lucr., v., 1006. Virg., Æn., vi., 512.

[577]Statuæ.Cf. ad viii., 18. Tac., Ann., vi., 2. Plin., Pan., 52, "Juvabat illidere solo superbissimos vultus, instare ferro,sævire securibus, ut si singulos ictus sanguis dolorque sequeretur"—"instar ultionis videretur cernere imagines abjectas excoctasque flammis."

[578]Immeritis."The driven axe destroys the conquering car,And unoffending steeds the ruin share." Hodgson.

[578]Immeritis.

"The driven axe destroys the conquering car,And unoffending steeds the ruin share." Hodgson.

[579]Adoratum.Cf. Tac., Ann., iii., 72; iv., 2, "Coli per theatra et fora effigies ejus sineret." Vid. Suet., Tib., lv., 48, "Solæ nullam Sejani imaginem inter signa coluissent." 65, "Sejani imagines aureas coli passim videret."

[580]Sartago."And from the stride of those colossal legsYou buy the useful pan that fries your eggs." Badham.Dryden reads "matellæ."

[580]Sartago.

"And from the stride of those colossal legsYou buy the useful pan that fries your eggs." Badham.

Dryden reads "matellæ."

[581]Pone domi lauros.Cf. ad ix., 85.

[582]Sequitur Fortunam."When the king'strump, the mob are for the king." Dryden.

[582]Sequitur Fortunam.

"When the king'strump, the mob are for the king." Dryden.

[583]Nurscia, Nyrtia, Nortia, or Nurtia, the Etruscan goddess of Fortune, nearly identical with Atropos, and cognate with Minerva. The old Schol. says, "Fortuna apud Nyrtiam coliturunde fuit Sejanus." But Tacitus tells us (Ann., iv., l; vi., 8) that Sejanus was a native of Volsinii, now Bolsena. Outside the Florence gate of Bolsena stands the ruin of a temple still called Tempio di Norzia. Cf. Liv., vii., 3; Tertull., Apoll., 24, ad Nat., ii., 8; Müller's Etrusker, IV., vii., 6; Dennis's Etruria, i., p. 258, 509.

[584]Fornacula."A fire so fierce for one was scarcely made." Gifford.

[585]Brutidius.Tacitus speaks thus of him: "Brutidium artibus honestis copiosum et, si rectum iter pergeret, ad clarissima quæque iturum festinatio exstimulabat, dum æquales, dein superiores, postremo suasmet ipse spes anteire parat." Ann., iii., 66. He had been one of the accusers of Silanus, and was involved in Sejanus' fall. "Magna est fornacula" is well borne out by Tacitus' account. "Cunctos qui carcere attinebantur, accusati societatis cum Sejano, necari jubet.Jacuit immensa strages; omnis sexus omnis ætas: inlustres ignobiles—corpora adsectabantur dum in Tiberim traherentur." Ann., vi., 19.

[586]Victus.Fierce as Ajax, when worsted in the contest for the arms of Achilles.

[587]Exercitibus præponere.Vid. Tac., Ann., iv., 2, "Centuriones ac Tribunos ipse deligere: neque senatorio ambitu abstinebat clientes suos honoribus aut provinciis ornando, facili Tiberio atque ita prono ut socium laborum celebraret."

[588]Tutor."ArraignThy feeble sovereign in a guardian's strain,Who sits amid his foul Chaldæan herdIn that august domain to Rome preferr'd." Badham.

[588]Tutor.

"ArraignThy feeble sovereign in a guardian's strain,Who sits amid his foul Chaldæan herdIn that august domain to Rome preferr'd." Badham.

[589]Sedentis.Cf. Suet., Tib., 43; Tac., Ann., vi., 1. Grangæus supposes this word to have reference to the Sellaria there described. It probably only refers to his luxury and indolence. Tiberius was with Augustus when he visited Capreæ shortly before his death: "remisissimo ad otium et ad omnem comitatem animo. Vicinam Capreis insulam ἀπραγοπόλιν appellabat à desidiâ secedentium illuc e comitatu suo." Cf. c. 40. Tac., Ann., iv., 67.

[590]Augusta.The old reading was angustâ. The alteration of a single letter converts a forceless expletive into an epithet full of picturesque and historic truth.

[591]Egregios equites.The flower of the Roman army, the prætorian troops, of which Sejanus was præfect.

[592]Vasa minora."To pound false weights and scanty measures break." Dryden.

[592]Vasa minora.

"To pound false weights and scanty measures break." Dryden.

[593]Ulubris.Cf. Hor., i., Ep. xi., 30, "Est Ulubris, animus si non tibi deficit æquus." Another joke at the expense of the plebeian ædiles (cf. iii., 162), who had the charge of inspecting weights and measures, markets and provisions, roads, theatres, etc. These functionaries still exist (as Gifford says), "as ragged and consequential" as ever, in the Italian villages, retaining their old name of Podestà."Deal out the law, and curb with high decreeThe tricks of trade at empty Ulubræ." Hodgson.

"Deal out the law, and curb with high decreeThe tricks of trade at empty Ulubræ." Hodgson.

[594]Altior.The idea is probably borrowed from Menander, ἐπαίρεται γάρ μεῖζον, ἵνα μεῖζον πέσῃ. So hence Horace, ii., Od. x., 10, "Celsæ graviore casu decidunt turres." So Claudian in Rufin., i., 22, "Tolluntur in altum ut lapsu graviore ruant;" and Shakspeare, "Raised up on high to be hurl'd down below."

[595]Ruinæ.So Milton."With hideousruinand combustion down." C. Badham.

[595]Ruinæ.So Milton.

"With hideousruinand combustion down." C. Badham.

[596]Crassos.M. Licinius Crassus and his son Publius; both killed in the Parthian war.

[597]Pompeios.Cn. Pompeius Magnus, and his two sons, Cnæus and Sextus.

[598]Domitos."The stubborn pride of Roman nobles broke,And bent their haughty necks beneath his yoke." Dryd.

[598]Domitos.

"The stubborn pride of Roman nobles broke,And bent their haughty necks beneath his yoke." Dryd.

[599]Colit.Ov., Fast., iii., 816, "Qui benè placârit Pallada doctus erit."

[600]Vernula.This slave was called Capsarius. Suet., Ner., 36. Cf. ad vi., 451.

[601]Quinquatribus.Cf. Hor., ii., Ep. ii., 197, "Puer ut festis quinquatribus olim." This festival originally lasted onlyoneday; and was celebrated xiv. Kal. April. It was so called "quiapost diem quintumIdus Martias ageretur." So "post diem sextum" was called Sexatrus; and "post diem septimum," Septimatrus. Varro, L. L., v., 3. It was afterwardextendedto five days; hence the "vulgus" supposed that to have been the origin of the name; and so Ovid takes it, "Nominaque a junctis quinque diebus habet," Fast., iii., 809; who says it was kept in honor of Minerva's natal day, "Causa quod est illâ nata Minerva die," l. 812. (Others say, because on that day her temple on Mount Aventine was consecrated.) Domitian kept the festival in great state at his Alban villa. Suet., Domit., iv. Cicero has a punning allusion to it. Vid. Fam., xii., 25. These five days were the schoolmasters' holidays; and on the first they received their pay, or entrance fee, διδακτρὰ, hence called Minerval; though Horace seems to imply they were paid every month, "Octonis referentes Idibus æra." I., Sat. vi., 75. The lesser Quinquatrus were on the Ides of June. Ov., Fast., vi., 651, "Quinquatrus jubeor narrare minores," called also Quinquatrus Minusculæ.

[602]Rostra.Popilius Lenas, who cut off Cicero's head and hands, carried them to Antony, who rewarded him with a civic crown and a large sum of money, and ordered the head to be fixed between the hands to the Rostra. (For thename, vid. Liv., viii., 14.)

[603]Antonî gladios.Quoting Cicero's own words, "Contempsi Catilinæ gladios, non pertimescam tuos." Phil., ii., 46."For me, the sorriest rhymes I'd rather claim,Than bear the brunt of that Philippic's fame,The second! the divine!" Badham.

[603]Antonî gladios.Quoting Cicero's own words, "Contempsi Catilinæ gladios, non pertimescam tuos." Phil., ii., 46.

"For me, the sorriest rhymes I'd rather claim,Than bear the brunt of that Philippic's fame,The second! the divine!" Badham.

[604]Torrentem.So i., 9, "Torrens dicendi copia;" iii., 74, "Isæo torrentior." At the approach of Antipater, Demosthenes fled from Athens, and took refuge in the temple of Poseidon at Calaureia, near Argolis; and fearing to fall into the hands of Archias, took poison, which he carried about with him in a reed, or, as Pliny says, in a ring, xxxiii., 1.

[605]Forcipibus.Cf. Virg., Æn., viii., 453, "Versantque tenaci forcipe massam." Juvenal seems to have had the whole passage in his eye.

[606]Vulcano.Demosthenes' father was a μαχαιροποιός: in which capacity he employed a large number of slaves, ἐργαστήριον ἔχων μέγα καὶ δούλους τεχνίτας. But as he could not afford to place his son under the costly Isocrates, he sent him to Isæus.

[607]Truncis.Virg., Æn., xi., 5.Ingentem quercum decisis undique ramisConstituit tumulo, fulgentiaque induit arma,Mezenti ducisexuvias, tibi magnetropæumBellipotens: aptat rorantes sanguine cristasTelaquetruncaviri.

[607]Truncis.Virg., Æn., xi., 5.

Ingentem quercum decisis undique ramisConstituit tumulo, fulgentiaque induit arma,Mezenti ducisexuvias, tibi magnetropæumBellipotens: aptat rorantes sanguine cristasTelaquetruncaviri.

[608]Aplustre, the ἄφλαστον of the Greeks was the high peak of the galley, from which rose the ensign.

[609]Arcu.Cf. Suet., Domit., 13, "Janos arcusque cum quadrigis et insignibus triumphorum per regiones urbis tantos et tot exstruxit, ut cuidam Græcè inscriptum sit, ἀρκεῖ—." Some think there is an allusion here to the column of Trajan, erected in honor of his Dacian victories. This would bring down the date of this Satire to afterA.D.113.

[610]Amplectitur."That none confess fair Virtue's genuine power,Or woo her to their breast without a dower." Gifford.

[610]Amplectitur.

"That none confess fair Virtue's genuine power,Or woo her to their breast without a dower." Gifford.

[611]Sepulchris; from Propertius, III., ii., 19,seq.So Ausonius, "Mors etiam saxis, nominibusque venit.""For fate hath foreordain'd its day of doom,Not to the tenant only, but the tomb." Badham.

[611]Sepulchris; from Propertius, III., ii., 19,seq.So Ausonius, "Mors etiam saxis, nominibusque venit."

"For fate hath foreordain'd its day of doom,Not to the tenant only, but the tomb." Badham.

[612]Expende."How are the mighty changed to dust! how smallThe urn that holds what once was Hannibal!" Hodgson.

[612]Expende.

"How are the mighty changed to dust! how smallThe urn that holds what once was Hannibal!" Hodgson.

[613]Altos; others readalios; referring to the elephants ofAfricaas well asAsia. "Elephantos fert Africa, ferunt Æthiopes et Troglodytæ: sed maximos India." Plin., viii., 11.

[614]Aceto.Vid. Liv., xxi., 37. Polybius omits the story as fabulous. There appears, now, no reason to doubt the fact.

[615]Actum. "Nil actum referens si quid superesset agendum.""Peace courts his hand, but spreads her charms in vain;'Think nothing gain'd,' he cries, 'till naught remain;On Moscow's walls till Gothic standards fly,And all be mine beneath the Polar sky.'" Johnson.

[615]Actum. "Nil actum referens si quid superesset agendum."

"Peace courts his hand, but spreads her charms in vain;'Think nothing gain'd,' he cries, 'till naught remain;On Moscow's walls till Gothic standards fly,And all be mine beneath the Polar sky.'" Johnson.

[616]Facies."Oh! for some master-hand, the lines to trace!" Gifford.

[616]Facies.

"Oh! for some master-hand, the lines to trace!" Gifford.

[617]Luscum.Hannibal lost one eye, while crossing the marshes, in making his way to Etruria: "quia medendi nec locus nec tempus erat altero oculo capitur;" he rode, Livy tells us, on his sole surviving elephant, xxii., 2.

[618]Bithyno.When accused by the Romans at Carthage, Hannibal fled to Antiochus, king of Syria, and thence to the court of Prusias, king of Bithynia, for whom he carried on successfully the war against Eumenes. But when Flaminius was sent to demand his surrender, he destroyed himself with poison, which he always carried in a ring.

[619]Sanguinis.Forty-five thousand dead were left on the field of Cannæ, with the Consul Æmilius Paulus, eighty senators, and very many others of high rank.

[620]Declamatio.Cf. vii., 167, "Sexta quâque die miserum dirus caput Hannibal implet." So I. 150, and i., 15."Go, climb the rugged Alps, ambitious fool!To please the boys, and be a theme at school." Dryden.

[620]Declamatio.Cf. vii., 167, "Sexta quâque die miserum dirus caput Hannibal implet." So I. 150, and i., 15.

"Go, climb the rugged Alps, ambitious fool!To please the boys, and be a theme at school." Dryden.

[621]Unus."Heu me miserum! quod ne uno quidem adhuc potitus sum!" is the exclamation put into Alexander's mouth by Val. Max., viii., 14.

[622]Gyaris.Cf. i., 73; vi., 563.

[623]Figulis.Cf. Herod., i., 78. Ov., Met., iv., 27, "Ubi dicitur altam Coctilibus muris cinxisse Semiramis urbem."

[624]Sarcophago.A stone was found at Assos, near Troy, which was said to possess the property of consuming the flesh of bodies inclosed in it within the space of forty days, hence called σαρκοφάγος. Plin., ii., 96; xxxvi., 17. Cf. Henry's speech to Hotspur's body:"Ill-weaved ambition, how much art thou shrunk!When that this body did contain a spirit,A kingdom for it was too small a bound:But now, two paces of the vilest earthIs room enough."So Hall:"Fond fool! six feet shall serve for all thy store,And he that cares for most shall find no more."And Shirley:"How little room do we take up in death,That, living, knew no bounds!"And Webster's Duchess of Malfy:"Much you had of land and rent;Your length in clays's now competent."So K. Henry VI.:"And of all my landsIs nothing left me but my body's length."And Dryden's Antony:"The place thou pressest on thy mother EarthIs all thy empire now."Cf. Æsch., S. Theb., 731. Soph., Œd. Col., 789. Shakspeare's Richard II., Act iii., sc. 2.

"Ill-weaved ambition, how much art thou shrunk!When that this body did contain a spirit,A kingdom for it was too small a bound:But now, two paces of the vilest earthIs room enough."

So Hall:

"Fond fool! six feet shall serve for all thy store,And he that cares for most shall find no more."

And Shirley:

"How little room do we take up in death,That, living, knew no bounds!"

And Webster's Duchess of Malfy:

"Much you had of land and rent;Your length in clays's now competent."

So K. Henry VI.:

"And of all my landsIs nothing left me but my body's length."

And Dryden's Antony:

"The place thou pressest on thy mother EarthIs all thy empire now."

Cf. Æsch., S. Theb., 731. Soph., Œd. Col., 789. Shakspeare's Richard II., Act iii., sc. 2.

[625]Epota.Herodotus mentions the Scamander, Onochnous, Apidanus, and Echedorus."Rivers, whose depth no sharp beholder sees,Drunk at an army's dinner to the lees!" Dryden.

[625]Epota.Herodotus mentions the Scamander, Onochnous, Apidanus, and Echedorus.

"Rivers, whose depth no sharp beholder sees,Drunk at an army's dinner to the lees!" Dryden.

[626]Sostratus.Of this poet nothing is known.—Madidis, probably in the same sense as in Sat. xv., 47, "Facilis victoria de madidis." Sil., xii., 18, "Madefacta mero."

[627]Ennosigæum.ἀπὸ τοῦ ἐνόθειν τὴν γαῖαν. Cf. Hom., Il., vii., 455.Æolisis an allusion to Virgil, Æn., i., 51, "Vinclis ac carcere frænat," etc.

[628]Stigmate.Herod., vii., 35."That shackles o'er th' earth-shaking Neptune threw,And thought it lenient not to brand him too." Gifford.

[628]Stigmate.Herod., vii., 35.

"That shackles o'er th' earth-shaking Neptune threw,And thought it lenient not to brand him too." Gifford.

[629]Servire Deorum.As Apollo served Admetus; Neptune, Laomedon, etc."Ye gods! obeyed ye such a fool as this?" Hodgson.

[629]Servire Deorum.As Apollo served Admetus; Neptune, Laomedon, etc.

"Ye gods! obeyed ye such a fool as this?" Hodgson.

[630]Tardâ.Perhaps alluding to Her., viii., 118."A single skiff to speed his flight remains,Th' encumbered oar scarce leaves the dreaded coastThrough purple billows and a floating host!" Johnson.

[630]Tardâ.Perhaps alluding to Her., viii., 118.

"A single skiff to speed his flight remains,Th' encumbered oar scarce leaves the dreaded coastThrough purple billows and a floating host!" Johnson.

[631]Tabraca, on the coast of Tunis, now Tabarca.

[632]Simia.So Ennius, in Cic., Nat. De., i., 35, "Simia, quam similis turpissima bestia nobis!""A stick-fallen cheek! that hangs below the jaw,Such wrinkles as a skillful hand would drawFor an old grandam ape, when, with a grace,She sits at squat, and scrubs her leathern face." Dryden.

[632]Simia.So Ennius, in Cic., Nat. De., i., 35, "Simia, quam similis turpissima bestia nobis!"

"A stick-fallen cheek! that hangs below the jaw,Such wrinkles as a skillful hand would drawFor an old grandam ape, when, with a grace,She sits at squat, and scrubs her leathern face." Dryden.

[633]Cum voce trementia membra.Compare Hamlet's speech to Polonius, and As you like it, Act ii., 7:"His big manly voice,Turning again toward childish treble, pipesAnd whistles in its sound.""The self-same palsy both in limbs and tongue." Dryden.

[633]Cum voce trementia membra.Compare Hamlet's speech to Polonius, and As you like it, Act ii., 7:

"His big manly voice,Turning again toward childish treble, pipesAnd whistles in its sound.""The self-same palsy both in limbs and tongue." Dryden.

[634]Palato.Compare Barzillai's speech to David, 2 Sam., xix., 35, "I am this day fourscore years old; and can I discern between good or evil? can thy servant taste what I eat and what I drink? can I hear any more the voice of singing men and singing women?"

[635]Vini."Now pall the tasteless meats, and joyless wines,And Luxury with sighs her slave resigns." Johnson.

[635]Vini.

"Now pall the tasteless meats, and joyless wines,And Luxury with sighs her slave resigns." Johnson.

[636]Viribus.Shakspeare, King Henry IV., Part ii., Act ii., sc. 4, "Is it not strange that desire should so many years outlive performance?"

[637]Auratâ.Cic. ad Heren., iv., 47, "Uti citharædus cum prodierit optimè vestitus, pallâinauratâindutus, cum chlamyde purpureâ coloribus variis intextâ, cum coronâ aureâ, magnisfulgentibusgemmis illuminatâ." Horace, A. P., 215, "Luxuriem addidi arti Tibicen, traxitque vagus per pulpita vestem."

[638]Nuntiet horas.Slaves were employed to watch the dials in the houses of those who had them, and report the hour: those who had no dial sent to the Forum. Cf. Mart., viii., 67. Suet., Domit., xvi., "Sexta nuntiata est."

[639]Gelido.Virg., Æn., v., 395, "Sed enimgelidustardante senectâSanguishebet,frigentqueeffœtæ in corpora vires."

[640]Themisonof Laodicea in Syria, pupil of Asclepiades, was an eminent physician of the time of Pompey the Great, and is said to have been the founder of the "Methodic" school, as opposed to the "Empiric." Vid. Cels., Præf. Plin., N. H., xxix., 15. Others say he lived in Augustus' time, and Hodgson thinks he may have lived even to Juvenal's days. Cicero (de Orat., i., 14) mentions an Asclepiades; and the names of at leastthreeothers are mentioned in later times.

[641]Quo tondente.Cf. i., 35.

[642]Hiat.Cf. Lucian, Tim., ἐμὲ περιμένουσι κεχηνότες ὥσπερ τὴν χελιδόνα προσπετομένην τετριγότες οἰ νεοσσοί. P. 72, E., ed. Bened.

[643]Jejuna, from Hom., Il., ix., 323, ὡς δ' ὄρνις ἀπτῆσι νεοσσοῖσι προφέρῃσι μάστακ', ἐπεί κε λάβῃσι, κακῶς δέ τέ οἱ πέλει αὐτῇ.

[644]Phialen."Forgets the children he begot and bred,And makes a strumpet heiress in their stead." Gifford.

[644]Phialen.

"Forgets the children he begot and bred,And makes a strumpet heiress in their stead." Gifford.

[645]Nigrâ."And liveries of black for length of years." Dryden.

[646]Pylius.Hom., Il., i., 250, μετὰ δὲ τριτάτοισιν ἄνασσεν. So Odyss., iii., 245, τρὶς γάρ δή μίν φασιν ἀνάξασθαι γένε' ἀνδρῶν.

[647]Cornice."Next to the raven's age, the Pylian kingWas longest-lived of any two-legged thing." Dryden.

[647]Cornice.

"Next to the raven's age, the Pylian kingWas longest-lived of any two-legged thing." Dryden.

[648]Dextra.This the Greeks express by ἀναπεμπάζεσθαι. They counted on the left hand as far as a hundred, then on the right up to two hundred, and then again on the left for the third hundred. Holyday has a most elaborate explanation of the method.

[649]Antilochi.Cf. Hor., II., Od. ix., 14.

[650]Natantem.Cf. Hom., Od., v., 388, 399."So Peleus sigh'd to join his hero lost—Laertes his on boundless billows toss'd." Hodgson.

[650]Natantem.Cf. Hom., Od., v., 388, 399.

"So Peleus sigh'd to join his hero lost—Laertes his on boundless billows toss'd." Hodgson.

[651]Polyxena, from Eurip., Hec., 556, λαβοῦσα πέπλους ἐξ ἄκρας ἐπωμίδος ἔῤῥηξε.

[652]Miles tremulus.Virg., Æn., ii., 509, "Arma diu senior desueta trementibus ævo circumdat," etc."A soldier half, and half a sacrifice." Dryden.

[652]Miles tremulus.Virg., Æn., ii., 509, "Arma diu senior desueta trementibus ævo circumdat," etc.

"A soldier half, and half a sacrifice." Dryden.

[653]Bos.Virg., Æn., v., 481, "Sternitur, exanimisque tremens procumbit humi bos."

[654]Fastiditus."Disdain'd its labors, and forgotten nowAll its old service at the thankless plow." Hodgson.

[654]Fastiditus.

"Disdain'd its labors, and forgotten nowAll its old service at the thankless plow." Hodgson.

[655]Canino.See the close of Eurip., Hecuba. The Greeks fabled that Hecuba was metamorphosed into a bitch, from her constant railing at them. Hence κυνὸς σῆμα. Cf. Plaut., Menœchm., v. i.

[656]Crœsus.Cf. Herod., i., 32.

[657]Spatia, a metaphor from the "course." So Virgil has metæ ævi, metæ mortis.

[658]Minturnarum, a town of the Aurunci near the mouth of the Liris, now Garigliano. In the marshes in the neighborhood Marius concealed himself from the cavalry of Sylla.

[659]Animam."Had he exhaled amid the pomp of war,A warrior's soul in that Teutonic car." Badham.

[659]Animam.

"Had he exhaled amid the pomp of war,A warrior's soul in that Teutonic car." Badham.

[660]Teutonico, i. e., after his triumph over the Cimbri and Teutones. Cf. viii., 251.

[661]Campania.Cf. Cic., Tus. Qu., i., 35, "Pompeius noster familiaris, cum graviter ægrotaret Neapoli, utrum si tum esset extinctus, à bonis rebus, an à malis discessisset? certè a miseriis, si mortem tum obiisset, in amplissimis fortunis occidisset." Achillas and L. Septimius murdered Pompey and cut off his head; which ἐφύλασσον Καίσαρι, ὡς ἐπὶ μεγίσταις ἀμοιβαῖς. Appian,B.C., ii., 86

[662]P. Corn. Lentulus Sura, was strangled in prison with Cethegus. Catiline fell in battle, near Pistoria in Etruria.

[663]Murmure.Venus was worshiped under the name of ἀφροδίτη ψίθυρος, because all prayers were to be offered in whispers.

[664]Delicias.This is Heinrich's view. Grangæus explains it, "Ut pro ipsis vota deliciarum plena concipiat." Britannicus, "quasi diceret, optat ut tam formosa sit, ut eam juvenes in suos amplexus optent."

[665]Latona.Hom., Od. vi., 106, γέγηθε δέ τε φρένα Λήτω. Virg., Æn., i., 502, Latonæ tacitum pertentant gaudia pectus.

[666]Lucretia."Yet Vane could tell what ills from beauty spring,And Sedley cursed the form that pleased a king!" Johnson.

[666]Lucretia.

"Yet Vane could tell what ills from beauty spring,And Sedley cursed the form that pleased a king!" Johnson.

[667]Concordia.Ov., Heroid, xvi., 288, "Lis est cumformamagnapudicitiæ.""Chaste—is no epithet to suit with fair." Dryden.

[667]Concordia.Ov., Heroid, xvi., 288, "Lis est cumformamagnapudicitiæ."

"Chaste—is no epithet to suit with fair." Dryden.

[668]Tradiderit."Though through the rugged house, from sire to son,A Sabine sanctity of manners run." Gifford.

[668]Tradiderit.

"Though through the rugged house, from sire to son,A Sabine sanctity of manners run." Gifford.

[669]Pœnas metuet.The punishment of adulterers seems to have been left to the discretion of the injured husband rather than to have been defined by law.

[670]Laqueos.Ov., Met., iv., 176, "Extemplo graciles ex ære catenas, Retiaque et laqueos quæ lumina fallere possint, elimat." Art. Am., ii., 561,seq.Hom., Odyss., viii., 266.

[671]Servilia; i. e., some one as rich and debauched as Servilia, sister of Cato and mother of Brutus, with whom Cæsar intrigued, and lavished immense wealth on her. Vid. Suet, Jul., 50. Her sister, the wife of Lucullus, was equally depraved.

[672]Mores."In all things else, immoral, stingy, mean,But in her lusts a conscionable quean." Dryden.

[672]Mores.

"In all things else, immoral, stingy, mean,But in her lusts a conscionable quean." Dryden.

[673]Hæc, sc. Phædra, daughter of Minos, king of Crete.

[674]Stimulos."A woman scorn'd is pitiless as fate,For then the dread of shame adds stings to hate." Gifford.

[674]Stimulos.

"A woman scorn'd is pitiless as fate,For then the dread of shame adds stings to hate." Gifford.

[675]Cæsaris uxor.The story is told in Tacitus, Ann., xi., 12, seq. "In Silium, juventutis Romanæpulcherrimumita exarserat, ut Juniam Silanam nobilem fœminam, matrimonio ejus exturbaret vacuoque adultero potiretur. Neque Siliusflagitiiautpericulinescius erat:sed certo si abnueret exitioet nonnullâ fallendi spe, simul magnis præmiis, opperiri futura, et præsentibus frui, pro solatio habebat." This happenedA.D.48, in the autumn, while Claudius was at Ostia. It was with great difficulty, after all, that Narcissus prevailed on Claudius to order Messalina's execution, cf. xiv., 331; Tac., Ann., xi., 37; and she was put to death at last without his knowledge.

[676]Auspex.Suet., Claud. "Cum comperisset [Valeriam Messalinam] super cætera flagitia atque dedecora, C. Silio etiam nupsisse,dote inter auspices consignatâ, supplicio affecit." C. 26; cf. 36, 39.

[677]Lucernas."Before the evening lamps 'tis thine to die." Badham.

[678]Nota urbi et populo.Juvenal uses almost the very words of Tacitus. "An discidium inquit (Narcissus) tuum nôsti? Nam matrimonium Silii vidit populus et senatus et miles: ac ni properè agis tenet urbem maritus." Ann., xi., 30.

[679]Prœbenda.Cf. Tac., Ann., xi., 38."Inevitable death before thee lies,But looks more kindly through a lady's eyes!" Dryden.

[679]Prœbenda.Cf. Tac., Ann., xi., 38.

"Inevitable death before thee lies,But looks more kindly through a lady's eyes!" Dryden.

[680]Tomacula, "the liver and other parts cut out of the pig minced up with the fat." Mart., i., Ep. xlii., 9, "Quod fumantia qui tomacla raucus circumfert tepidus coquus popinis." The other savory ingredients are given by Facciolati; the Greeks called them τεμάχη or τεμάχια.

[681]Munera."A soul that can securely death defy,And count it Nature's privilege to die." Dryden.

[681]Munera.

"A soul that can securely death defy,And count it Nature's privilege to die." Dryden.

[682]Hercules.Alluding to the well-known "Choice of Hercules" from Prodicus. Xen., Mem.

[683]Nullum numen.Repeated, xiv., 315.

[684]"The reasonings in this Satire," Gibbon says, "would have been clearer, had Juvenal distinguished between wishes the accomplishment of which could not fail to make us miserable, and those whose accomplishment might fail to make us happy. Absolute power is of the first kind; long life of the second."

If Atticus[685]sups extravagantly, he is considered a splendid[686]fellow: if Rutilus does so, he is thought mad. For what is received with louder laughter on the part of the mob, than Apicius[687]reduced to poverty?

Every club,[688]the baths, every knot of loungers, every theatre,[689]is full of Rutilus. For while his sturdy and youthful limbs are fit to bear arms,[690]and while he is hot in blood, he is driven[691](not indeed forced to it, but unchecked by the tribune) to copy out[692]the instructions and imperial commands of the trainer of gladiators. Moreover, you see many whom their creditor, often cheated of his money, is wont to look out for at the very entrance of the market;[693]and whose inducement to live existsin their palate alone. The greatest wretch among these, one who must soon fail, since his ruin is already as clear[694]as day, sups the more extravagantly and the more splendidly. Meanwhile they ransack all the elements for dainties;[695]the price never standing in the way of their gratification. If you look more closely into it, those please the more which are bought for more. Therefore they have no scruple[696]in borrowing a sum, soon to be squandered, by pawning[697]their plate, or the broken[698]image of their mother; and, with the 400[699]sesterces, seasoning an earthen[700]dish to tickle their palate. Thus they are reduced to the hotch-potch[701]of the gladiator.

It makes therefore all the difference who it is that procures these same things. For in Rutilus it is luxurious extravagance. In Ventidius it takes a praiseworthy name, and derives credit from his fortune.

I should with reason despise the man who knows how much more lofty Atlas is than all the mountains in Libya,yet this very man knows not how much a little purse differs from an iron-bound chest.[702]"Know thyself," came down from heaven:[703]a proverb to be implanted and cherished in the memory, whether you are about to contract matrimony,[704]or wish to be in a part of the sacred[705]senate:—(for not even Thersites[706]is a candidate for the breast-plate of Achilles: in which Ulysses exhibited himself in a doubtful character:[707])—or whether you take upon yourself to defend a cause of great moment. Consult your own powers; tell yourself who you are; whether you are a powerful orator, or like a Curtius, or a Matho,[708]mere spouters.

One must know one's own measure, and keep it in view, in the greatest and in most trifling matters; even when a fish is to be bought. Do not long for a mullet,[709]when you have only a gudgeon in your purse. For what end awaits you, as your purse[710]fails and your gluttony increases: when your patrimony and whole fortune is squandered[711]upon your belly, what can hold your money out at interest, your solid plate, your flocks, and lands?

By such proprietors as these, last of all[712]the ring is parted with, and Pollio[713]begs with his finger bare. It is not the premature funeral pile, or the grave, that is luxury's horror, but old age,[714]more to be dreaded than death itself. These are most commonly the steps: money, borrowed at Rome, is spent before the very owners' faces; then when some trifling residue is left, and the lender of the money is growing pale, they give leg-bail[715]and run to Baiæ and Ostia. For now-a-days to quit the forum[716]is not more discreditable to you thanto remove to Esquiline from hot[717]Suburra. This is the only pain that they who flee their country feel, this their only sorrow, to have lost the Circensian games[718]for one[719]year. Not a drop of blood remains in their face; few attempt to detain modesty, now become an object of ridicule and fleeing from the city.

You shall prove to-day by your own experience, Persicus, whether all these things, which are very fine to talk about, I do not practice in my life, in my moral conduct, and in reality: but praise vegetables,[720]while in secret I am a glutton: in others' hearing bid my slave bring me water-gruel,[721]but whisper "cheese-cakes" in his ear. For since you are my promised guest, you shall find me an Evander:[722]you shall come as the Tirynthian, or the guest, inferior indeed to him, and yet himself akin by blood to heaven: the one sent to the skies by water,[723]the other by fire.

Now hear your bill of fare,[724]furnished by no public market.[725]

From my farm at Tibur there shall come a little kid, the fattest and tenderest of the whole flock, ignorant of the taste of grass, that has never yet ventured to browse even on the low twigs of the willow-bed, and that has more milk than blood in his veins: and asparagus[726]from the mountains, which my bailiff's wife, having laid down her spindle, gathered. Some huge eggs besides, and still warm in their twisted hay, shall be served up together with the hens themselves: and grapes kept a portion of the year, just as they were when fresh upon the vines: pears from Signia[727]and Syria: and, from the same basket, apples rivaling those of Picenum,[728]and smelling quite fresh; that you need not be afraid of, since they have lost their autumnal moisture, which has been dried up by cold, and the dangers to be feared from their juice if crude. This would in times gone by have been a luxurious supper for our senate. Curius[729]with his own hands used to cook over his little fire pot-herbs which he had gathered in his little garden: such herbs as now the foul digger in his heavy chain rejects with scorn, who remembers the flavor of the viledainties[730]of the reeking cook-shop. It was the custom formerly to keep against festival days the flitches of the smoked swine, hanging from the wide-barred rack, and to set bacon as a birthday treat before one's relations, with the addition of some fresh meat, if a sacrificial victim furnished any. Some one of the kin, with the title of "Thrice consul," that had held command in camps, and discharged the dignity of dictator, used to go earlier[731]than his wont to such a feast as this, bearing his spade over his shoulder from the mountain he had been digging on. But when men trembled at the Fabii,[732]and the stern Cato, and the Scauri and Fabricii;[733]and when, in fine, even his colleague stood in dread of the severe character of the strict Censor; no one thought it was a matter of anxiety or serious concern what kind of tortoise[734]floated in the wave of ocean, destined to form a splendid and noble couch for the Trojugenæ. But with side devoid of ornament, and sofas of diminutive size, the brazen front displayed the mean head of an ass wearing a chaplet,[735]at which the country lads laughed in wantonness.

The food then was in keeping with the master of the house and the furniture. Then the soldier, uncivilized, and too ignorant[736]to admire the arts of Greece, used to break up the drinking-cups, the work of some renowned artists, which hefound in his share of the booty when cities were overthrown, that his horse might exult in trappings,[737]and his embossed helmet might display to his enemy on the point of perishing, likenesses of the Romulean wild beast bidden to grow tame by the destiny of the empire, and the twin Quirini beneath the rock, and the naked image of the god coming down[738]with buckler and spear, and impending over him. Whatever silver he possessed glittered on his arms[739]alone. In those days, then, they used to serve all their furmety in a dish of Tuscan earthenware: which you may envy, if you are at all that way inclined.[740]

The majesty of temples also was more evidently near[741]to men, and a voice[742]heard about midnight and through the midst of the city, when the Gauls were coming from the shore of ocean, and the gods discharged the functions of a prophet, warned us of these.

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