SATIRE XIV.

FOOTNOTES:[817]Displicet."To none their crime the wished-for pleasure yields:'Tis the first scourge that angry justice wields." Badham.[818]Ultio."Avenging conscience first the sword shall draw,And self-conviction baffle quibbling law." Hodgson.[819]Urna.From the "Judices Selecti" (a kind of jurymen chosen annually for the purpose), the Prætor Urbanus, who sat as chief judge, chose by lot about fifty to act as his assessors. To each of these were given three tablets: one inscribed with the letter A. for "absolvo," one with the letter C. for "condemno," and the third with the letters N. L. for "non liquet," i. e., "not proven." After the case had been heard and the judices had consulted together privately, they returned into court, and each judex dropped one of these tablets into an urn provided for the purpose, which was afterward brought to the prætor, who counted the number and gave sentence according to the majority of votes. In all these various steps, there was plenty of opportunity for the "gratia" of a corrupt prætor to influence the "fallax urna."[820]Calvinus.Martial mentions an indifferent poet of the name of Calvinus Umber, vii., Ep. 90.[821]Acervo."One that from casual heaps without designFortune drew forth, and bade the lot be thine." Badh.[822]Fonteio consule.Clinton (F. R.,A.D.118) considers that the consulship meant is that of L. Fonteius Capito,A.D.59, which would bring the reference in this Satire toA.D.119, the third year of Hadrian. There was also a Fonteius Capito consul with Junius Rufus,A.D.67, and another,A.D.11. [The Fonteius Capito mentioned Hor., i., Sat. v., 32, is of course far too early.][823]Proficis."Say, hast thou naught imbibed, no maxims sage,From the long use of profitable age?" Hodgson.[824]Vitæ.So Milton."To knowThat which before us liesin daily life,Is the prime wisdom."[825]Jactare jugum.A metaphor from restive oxen. Cf. vi., 208, "Summitte caput cervice paratâ Ferre jugum." Æsch., Persæ, 190,seq."And happy those whom life itself can trainTo bear with dignity life's various pain." Badham.[826]Pyxide.Properly a coffer or casket of "box-wood," πυξίς. Cf. Sat. ii., 141, "Conditâ pyxide Lyde." Suet., Ner., 47, "Veneno a Locustâ sumpto, et in auream pyxidem condito."[827]Thebarum.Egyptian Thebes had one hundred gates; hence ἑκατόμπυλοι. Cadmeian Thebes had seven. Vid. Hom., Il., Δ., 406. Æsch., S. Th., ἑπτάπυλος Θήβη. The latter is meant. The mouths of the Nile being also seven, viz., Canopic, Bolbitine, Sebennytic, Phatnitic, Mendesian, Tanitic, and Pelusiac. Hence Virg., Æn., vi., 801, "Septem gemini trepida ostia Nili." Ov., Met., v., 187, "Septemplice Nilo." xv., 753, "Perque papyriferi septemflua flumina Nili."[828]Metallo."That baffled Nature knows not how to frameA metal base enough to give the age a name." Dryden.[829]Sportula.Vid. ad i., 118. Cf. x., 46, "Defossa in loculis quos sportula fecit amicos." Mart., vi., Ep. 48. Hor., i., Epist. xix., 37. Plin., ii., Ep. 14, "Laudicæni sequuntur: In media Basilicâ sportulæ dantur palam ut in triclinio: tanti constat ut sis disertissimus: hoc pretio subsellia implentur, hoc infiniti clamores commoventur."[830]Bullâ.Cf. v., 165, seq.; xiv., 5. Pers., v., 31, "Bullaque succinctis Laribus donata pependit." Plut. in Quæst. Rom., γέρων τις ἐπὶ χλευασμῷ προάγεται παιδικὸν ἐναψάμενος περιδέραιον ὃ καλοῦσι βοῦλλαν."O man of many years, that still should'st wearThe trinket round the neck thy childhood bare!" Badham.[831]Esse.Cf. ii., 149, seq., "Esse aliquos Manes et subterranea regna, ... Nec pueri credunt nisi qui nondum ære lavantur." Cf. Ov., Amor., III., iii., 1.[832]Privatus.This is commonly rendered by "concealed, sequestered," alluding to Jupiter's being hidden by his mother Rhea to save him from "Saturn's maw." But it surely means before he succeeded his father as king, and this is the invariable sense of "privatus" in Juvenal. Cf. i., 16, "Privatus ut altum dormiret." iv., 65, "Accipe Privatis majora focis." vi., 114, "Quid privata domus, quid fecerit Hippia, curas." xii., 107, "Cæsaris armentum, nulli servire paratum Privato."[833]Tergens.This appears to be the best and simplest interpretation of this "much-vexed" passage, and is the sense in which Lucian (frequently the best commentator on Juvenal) takes it. Vid. Deor., Dial. v., 4.[834]Talis.More properly, "composed ofsuchdivinities." The allusion being in all probability to the now frequent apotheosis of the most worthless and despicable of the emperors.[835]Torvus.The Homeric ἀμείλιχος. Cf. Hom., Il., i., 158, Ἀΐδης ἀμείλιχος, ἠδ' ἀδάμαστος Τοὔνεκα καὶ τε βροτοῖσι θεῶν ἔχθιστος ἁπάντων.[836]Vulturis atri.Cf. Æschylus, Pr. V., 1020. Virg., Æn., vi., 595, "Rostroque immanis vultur obunco, Immortale jecur tondens, fœcundaque pœnis viscera, rimaturque epulis habitatque sub alto pectore, nec fibris requies datur ulla renatis.""Wheels, furies, vultures, quite unheard of things,And the gay ghosts were strangers yet to kings!" Badham.[837]Vetulo.Cf. Ov., Fast., v., 57,seq., which passage Juvenal seems to have had in his mind.[838]Glandis.Cf. Sat. vi., init.[839]Depositum.Terent., Phorm., I., ii., 5, "Præsertim ut nunc sunt mores: adeo res redit; Si quis quid reddit, magna habenda 'st gratia."[840]Ærugo, the rust ofbrass; robigo, ofiron; but, l. 148, used for the oxydizing of gold or silver.Follis, cf. xiv., 281.[841]Prodigiosa, ii., 103.[842]Tuscis libellis.Vid. Dennis' Etruria, vol. i., p. lvii. The marvelous events of the year were registered by the Etruscan soothsayers in their records, that, if they portended the displeasure of the gods, they might be duly expiated. Various names are given by ancient writers to these sacred or ritual books: Libri Etrusci; Chartæ Etruscæ; Scripta Etrusca; Etruscæ disciplinæ libri; libri fatales, rituales, haruspicini, fulgurales; libri Tagetici; sacra Tagetica; sacra Acherontica; libri Acherontici. The author of these works on Etruscan discipline was supposed to be Tages; and the names of some writers on the same subject are given, probably commentators on Tages, e. g., Tarquitius, Cæcina, Aquila, Labeo, Begoë.Umbricius.Cf. Cic., de Div., i., 12, 13, 44; ii., 23. Liv., v., 15. Macrob., Saturn., iii., 7; v., 19. Serv. ad Virg., Æn., i., 42; iii., 537; viii., 398. Plin., ii., 85. Festus,s. v.Rituales.[843]Sanctum.Cf. iii., 137; viii., 24.[844]Bimembri, or "with double limbs." All these prodigies are common enough in Livy.[845]Mirantiis quite Juvenalian, and better than the common reading "Mirandis," or the suggestion "liranti."[846]Mulæ.Cf. Cic., de Div., ii., 28, "Si quod rarò fit, id portentum putandum est sapientem esse portentum est; sæpius enimmulam peperissearbitror, quam sapientem fuisse."[847]Lapides.Cf. Liv., xxxix., 37. This prodigy was one of the causes of consulting the sacred books, which led to the introduction of the worship of Bona Dea to Rome. Cf. ad ix., 37. Liv., xxii., 1, "Præneste ardentes lapides cœlo cecidisse."[848]Apium.Cf. Liv., xxiv., 10. Tac., Ann., xii., 64, "Fastigio Capitolii examen apium insedit: biformes hominem partus." Plin., xi., 17.[849]Gurgitibus.Liv., xix., 44, "Flumen Amiterni cruentum fluxisse." Virg., Georg., i., 485, "Aut puteis manare cruor cessavit."[850]Arcana."Fidei alterius tacitè commissa sine ullis testibus." Lubin. Another interpretation is, "that, having lost it, he held his tongue, and complained to no one."[851]Superos."Those conscious powers we can with ease contemn,If, hid from men, we trust our crimes with them." Dryden.[852]Cirrhæi, from Cirrha in Phocis, near the foot of Mount Parnassus, the port of Delphi. Cf. vii., 64, "Dominis Cirrhæ Nysæque feruntur Pectora."[853]Spicula; probably from Tibull., I., iv., 21."Nec jurare time. Veneris perjuria ventiIrrita per terras et freta summa ferunt.Perque suas impune sinit Dictynna sagittasAffirmes, crines perque Minerva suos."[854]Phario.The vinegar of Egypt was more celebrated than its wine. Cf. Mart., xiii., Ep. 122. Ath., ii., 26.[855]Fortunæ.See this idea beautifully carried out in Claudian's invective against Rufinus, lib. i., 1-24. Such was Horace's religion. "Credat Judæus Apella, Non ego: namque deos didici securum agere ævum; nec si quid miri faciat Natura deos id tristes ex alto cœli demittere tecto." I., Sat. v., 100. Not so Cicero. "Intelligamusnihilhorumesse fortuitum." De Nat. Deor., ii., 128.[856]Tangunt.Cf. xiv., 218, "Vendet perjuria summâ exiguâ et Cereris tangens aramq. pedemq."[857]Isis.Cf. vi., 526. Lucan., viii., 831, "Nos in templa tuam Romana accepimus Isim Semideosque canes, et sistra jubentia luctus et quem tu plangens hominem testaris Osirin." Blindness, the most common of Egyptian diseases, was supposed to be the peculiar infliction of Isis. Cf. Ovid, ex Pont., i., 51, "Vidi ego linigeræ numen violasse fatentem Isidis Isiacos ante sedere focos. Alter ob huic similem privatus lumine culpam, clamabat mediâ se meruisse viâ." Pers., v., 186, "Tunc grandes Galli et cum sistro lusca sacerdos." Sistrum a σείω.[858]Ladas.A famous runner at Olympia, in the days of Alexander the Great. Cf. Mart., x., Ep. 100, "Habeas licebit alterum pedem Ladæ, Inepte, frustrà crure ligneo curres;" and ii., 86. Catull., iv., 24, "Non si Pegaseo ferar volatu, Non Ladas si ego, pennipesve Perseus."[859]Anticyrcâ, in Phocis, famous for hellebore, supposed to be of great efficacy in cases of insanity: hence Hor., ii., Sat. iii., 83, "Nescio an Anticyram ratio illis destinet omnem." 166, "naviget Anticyram." Pers., iv., 16, "Anticyras melior sorbere meracas." Its Greek name is Ἀντίκιῤῥα. Strabo, ix., 3. The quantity therefore in Latin follows the Greek accent. The Phocian Anticyra produced the best hellebore; but it was also found at Anticyra on the Maliac Gulf, near Œta. Some think there was a third town of the same name. Hence "Tribus Anticyris caput insanabile," Hor., A. P., 300.[860]Archigene.Cf. vi., 236; xiv., 252.[861]Ignoscere."Contemnere pauper creditur atque deos diis ignoscentibus ipsis," iii., 145. So Plautus:"Atque hoc scelesti illi in animum inducunt suum.Jovem se placare posse donis hostiis,Et operam et sumptum perdunt: ideo fit, quiaNihil ei acceptum est a perjuris supplicii."[862]Crucem.Badham quotes an Italian epigram, which says that "the successful adventurer getscrosses hung on him, the unsuccessful getshung on the cross.""Some made by villainy, and some undone,And this ascend a scaffold, that a throne." Gifford.[863]Præcedit."Dare him to swear, he with a cheerful faceFlies to the shrine, and bids thee mend thy pace:He urges, goes before thee, shows the way,Nay, pulls thee on, and chides thy dull delay." Dryden.[864]Fiducia."For desperate boldness is the rogue's defense,And sways the court like honest confidence." Hodgson.[865]Catulli.Cf. ad viii., 186. Urbani some take as a proper name. Others in the same sense as Sat. vii., 11. Catull., xxii., 2, 9.[866]Stentora.Hom., Il., v., 785, Στέντορα χαλκεόφωνον, ὃς τόσον αὐδήσασχ' ὅσον ἄλλοι πεντήκοντα.[867]Gradivus.ii., 128. Hom., Il., v., 859, ὅσσον τ' ἐννεάχιλοι ἐπίαχον ἢ δεκάχιλοι ἀνέρες—ἔβραχε.[868]Audis.Cf. ii., 130, "Nec galeam quassas nec terram cuspide pulsas, nec quereris patri?" Virg., Æn., iv., 206, "Jupiter Omnipotens! Adspicis hæc? an te, genitor, quum fulmina torques, nequicquam horremus? cæcique in nubibus ignes terrificant animos et inania murmura miscent?" Both passages are ludicrously parodied in the beginning of Lucian's Timon.[869]Thura.So Mart., iii., Ep. ii., 5, "Thuris piperisque cucullus." Ovid, Heroid., xi., 4. Virgil applies the epithetpiato the "Vitta," Æn., iv., 637, and to "Far," v., 745.[870]Porci.Cf. x., 355, "Exta, et candiduli divina tomacula porci."[871]Vagellius.Perhaps the "desperate ass" mentioned xvi., 23. Some read Bathylli.[872]Tunicâ.The Stoics wore tunics under their gowns, the Cynics waistcoats only, or a kind of pallium, doubled when necessary. Hor., i., Ep. xvii., 25, "Contra, quem duplici panno patientia ve at." Diogenes pro pallio et tunicâ contentus erat unâ abollâ ex vili panno confectâ, quâ dupliciter amiciebatur. Cynicorum hunc habitum ideo vocabant διπλοΐδα. Hi igitur ἀχίτωνες quidem sed διπλοείματοι. Orell., ad loc. Cf. Diog. Laert, VI., ii., iii., 22, τρίβωνα διπλώσας πρῶτος.[873]Epicurum.Cf. xiv., 319, "Quantum Epicure tibi parvis suffecit in hostis." Pliny says, xix., 4, he was the first who introduced the custom of having a garden to his town house. Prop., III., xxi., 26, "Hortis docte Epicure, tuis." Stat. Sylv., I., iii., 94. "The garden of Epicurus," says Gifford, "was a school of temperance; and would have afforded little gratification, and still less sanction, to those sensualists of our day, who, in turning hogs, flatter themselves that they are becoming Epicureans."[874]Tumultu."And louder sobs and hoarser tumults spreadFor ravish'd pence, than friends or kinsmen dead." Hodgson.[875]Deducere.Ov., Met., vi., 403, "Dicitur unus flesse Pelops humerumque suas ad pectora postquamdeduxit vestes, ostendisse."[876]Humore coacto.Ter., Eun., I., i., 21, "Hæc verba una mehercle falsa lacrymula Quam oculos terendo miserè vix vi expresserit Restinguet." Virg., Æn., ii., 196, "captique dolis lacrymisque coactis."[877]Diversâ parte.Others interpret it as being "read by the opposite party;" as vii., 156, "quæ veniant diversa parte sagittæ."[878]Vana supervacui, repeated xvi., 41.[879]Sardonychus.Pliny says the sardonyx was the principal gem employed for seals, "quoniam sola prope gemmarum scalpta ceram non aufert." xxxvii., 6."If rogues deny their bend (though ten times o'erPerused by careful witnesses before),Whose well-known hand proclaims the glaring lie,Whose master-signet proves the perjury." Hodgson.[880]Incendia.Cf. ix., 98, "Sumere ferrum, Fuste aperire caput, candelam apponere valvis, non dubitat."[881]Grandia pocula.Alluding perhaps to some of Nero's sacrilegious spoliations. Suet., Ner., 32, 38. It was customary for kings and nations allied with Rome to send crowns and other valuable offerings to the temple of Capitoline Jove and others.[882]Coronas."Gifts of great nations, crowns of pious kings!Goblets, to which undated tarnish clings!" Badham.[883]Touantem.Vid. Dennis's Etruria, vol. i., p. li. Cf. Suet., Nero, 32, fin. Milman's Horace, p. 66."Is much respect for Castor to be feltBy those whose crucibles whole Thunderers melt?" Badh.[884]Mercatoremque veneni.Shakspeare, Rom. and Jul.,"And if a man did need a poison now,Whose sale is present death in Mantua,Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him."[885]Corio.Browne seems to understand this of "a leathern canoe or coracle," but?[886]Simia.Cf. ad viii., 214, "Cujus supplicio non debeat una parari simia nec serpens unus nec culeus unus."[887]Gallicus.Statius has a poem (Sylv., I., iv.), "Soteria pro Rutilio Gallico." "Quem penes intrepidæ mitis custodia Romæ." This book was probably written, cir. A.D. 94, after the Thebaïs. This Rut. Gallicus Valens was præfectus urbis and chief magistrate of police for Domitian; probably succeeding Pegasus (Sat. iv., 77), who was appointed by Vespasian. For theoffice, see Tac., Ann., vi., 10,seq.It was in existence even under Romulus, and continued through the republic. Augustus, by Mæcenas' advice, greatly increased its authority and importance. Its jurisdiction was now extended to a circuit of one hundred miles outside the city walls. The præfectus decided in all causes between masters and slaves, patrons and clients, guardians and wards; had the inspection of the mint, the regulation of the markets, and the superintendence of public amusements.[888]Guttur.This affection has been attributed, ever since the days of Vitruvius, to the drinking the mountain water. "Æquicolis in Alpibus est genus aquæ quam qui bibunt afficiunturtumidis gutturibus," viii., 3.[889]Meroë, vi., 528, in Ethiopia, is the largest island formed by the Nile, with a city of the same name, which was the capital of a kingdom. Strab., i., 75. Herod., ii., 29. It is now "Atbar," and forms part of Sennaar and Abyssinia.[890]Germani.Cf. ad viii., 252.—Flavam.Galen says the Germans should be called πυῤῥοὶ rather than ξανθοί. So Mart., xiv., Ep. 176, Sil. iii. 608, "Auricomus Batavus."—Torquentem.Cf. Tac. Germ. 38, "Insigne gentis obliquare crinem nodoque substringere: horrentem capillum retro sequuntur ac sæpe in solo vertice religant: in altitudinem quandam et terrorem adituri bella compti, ut hostium oculis ornantur." Mart. Spe. iii., "Crinibus in nodum tortis venere Sigambri." They moistened their hair with a kind of soft soap. Plin. xxviii. 12. Mart. xiv. 26, "Caustica Teutonicos accendit spuma capillos." VIII. xxxiii. 20, "Fortior et tortos servat vesica capillos, et mutat Latias spuma Batava comas."[891]Pygmæus.Cf. Stat. Sylv. I. vi., 57, from which it appears that Domitian exhibited a spectacle of pigmy gladiators. "Hic audax subit ordo pumilonum—edunt vulnera conseruntque dextras et mortem sibi (qua manu!) minantur. Ridet Mars pater et cruenta virtus. Casuræque vagis grues rapinis mirantur pumilos ferociores.""When clouds of Thracian birds obscure the sky,To arms! To arms! the desperate Pigmies cry:But soon defeated in th' unequal fray,Disordered flee: while pouncing on their preyThe victor cranes descend, and clamoring, bearThe wriggling mannikins aloft in air." Gifford.[892]Chrysippusthe Stoic, disciple of Cleanthes and Zeno, a native of Tarsus or Soli, ἀνὴρ εὐφυὴς ἐν παντὶ μέρει. Vid. Diog. Laert. in Vit., who says he "was so renowned a logician, that had the gods used logic they would have used that of Chrysippus." VII., vii., 2.[893]Hymetto.As though the hill sympathized with the sweetness of Socrates' mind. Cf. Plato in Phæd. and Apol. Hor., ii., Od. vi., 14, "Ubi non Hymetto mella decedunt," "And still its honey'd fruits Hymettus yields." Byron.[894]Cicutæ.Cf. vii., 206. Pers., iv., 2.[895]Felix."Divine Philosophy! by whose pure lightWe first distinguish, then pursue the right,Thy power the breast from every error frees,And weeds out all its vices by degrees:Illumined by thy beam, Revenge we findThe abject pleasure of an abject mind,And hence so dear to poor, weak womankind!" Gifford.[896]Conscia mens.Cf. Sen., Ep. 97, "Prima et maxima peccantium pœna est peccâsse; Secundæ vero pœnæ sunt timere semper et expavescere et securitati diffidere et fatendum est mala facinora conscientia flagellari et plurimum illic tormentorum esse," etc. Cf. Æsch., Eumen., 150, ὑπὸ φρένας, ὐπὸ λοβὸν πάρεστι μαστίκτορος δαΐου δαμίου βαρύ, κ. τ. λ.[897]Cæditius.An agent of Nero's cruelty, according to some; a sanguinary judge of Vitellius' days, according to Lubinus. Probably a different person from the Cæditius mentioned xvi., 46.Rhadamanthus.Cf. Virg., Æn., vi., 566, "Gnossius hæc Rhadamanthus habet durissima regna, castigatque auditque dolos, subigitque fateri," etc.[898]Spartano.The story is told Herod., vi., 86. A Milesian intrusted a sum of money to Glaucus a Spartan, who, when the Milesian's sons claimed it, denied all knowledge of it, and went to Delphi to learn whether he could safely retain it; but, terrified at the answer of the oracle, he sent for the Milesians and restored the money. Leotychides relates the story to the Athenians, and leaves them to draw the inference from the fact he subjoins: Γλαύκου νῦν οὔτε τι ἀπόγονόν ἐστιν οὐδὲν, οὔτ' ἱστίη οὐδεμίη νομιζομένη εἶναι Γλαύκου· ἐκτέτριπταί τε πρόῤῥιζος ἐκ Σπάρτης.[899]Metu."Scared at this warning, he who sought to tryIf haply heaven might wink at perjury,Alive to fear, though still to virtue dead,Gave back the treasure to preserve his head." Hodgson.[900]Tacitum.Cf. King John, Act iv.,"The deed which both our tongues held vile to name!"Cf. i., 167, "tacitâsudant præcordia culpâ.""Thus, but intended mischief, stay'd in time,Had all the moral guilt of finished crime." Badham.[901]Crescente.Ov., Heroid., xvi., 226, "Crescitet invito lentus in orecibus."[902]Sed vina.Read perhaps "Setina," as v., 33.[903]Albani.Cf. v., 33, "Cras bibet Albanis aliquid de montibus." Hor., iv., Od. xi., 1, "Est mihi nonum superantis annum plenus Albani cadus." Mart., xiii., 109, "Hoc de Cæsareis Mitis Vindemia cellis misit Iuleo quæ sibi monte placet."[904]Velut acri.Or perhaps, "as though the rich Falernian weresourinstead ofmellow.""The rich Falernian changes into gall." Hodgson.[905]Versata.Cf. iii., 279. Hom., Il., xxiv., 10,seq.Sen., de Tranq. An., 2, "versant se et hoc atque illo modo componunt donec quietem lassitudine inveniant." "Propert.," I., xiv., 21, "Et miserum toto juvenem versare cubili."[906]Sudoribus.Cf. i., 167, "Sudantpræcordia culpâ." Cf. Ov., Her., vii., 65.[907]Major.Virg., Æn., ii., 773, "Notâ major imago." Suet., Claud., i., species mulierishumanâamplior.[908]Amplior.Tac., Ann., xi., 21, "oblata ei species muliebris ultra modum humanum." Suet., Aug., 94.[909]Cogitque fateri.The idea is probably from Lucret., v., 1157, "Quippe ubi se multei per somnia sæpe loquenteis, Aut morbo deliranteis protraxe ferantur Et celata diu in medium peccata dedisse."[910]Quum tonat.Suet., Calig., 51, "Nam qui deos tantopere contemneret, ad minima tonitrua et fulgura connivere, caput obvolvere; ad vero majora proripere se e strato, sub lectumque condere, solebat."[911]Murmure.Lucret., v., 1218, "Cui non conrepunt membra pavore Fulminis horribili cum plaga torrida tellus Contremit et magnum percurrunt murmura cœlum? Non populei gentesque tremunt."[912]Cadai."Quæque cadent in te fulmina missa putes." Ov., Her., vii., 72. Pind., Nem., vi., 90, ζάκοτον ἔγχος. Hor., i., Od. iii., 40, "Iracunda Jovem ponere fulmina.""Where'er the lightning strikes, the flash is thoughtJudicial fire, with heaven's high vengeance fraught." Badham.[913]Vindicet."Oh! 'tis not chance, they cry; this hideous crashIs not the war of winds, nor this dread flashThe encounter of dark clouds, but blasting fire,Charged with the wrath of heaven's insulted sire!" Gifford.[914]Galli.Cf. xii., 89, 96. Plin., x., 21, 56. Plat., Phæd., 66.[915]Ægris."Can pardoning heaven on guilty sickness smile?Or is there victim than itself more vile?" Badham.[916]Mobilis.Sen., Ep. 47, "Hoc habent inter cætera boni mores, placent sibi ac permanent: levis est malitia, sæpe mutatur, non in melius, sed in aliud."[917]Natura.Hor., i., Ep. x., 24, "Naturam expellas furca tamen usque recurret."[918]Ruborem.Mart., xi., Ep. xxvii., 7, "Aut cum perfricuit frontem posuitque pudorem.""Vice once indulged, what rogue could e'er restrain?Or what bronzed cheek has learn'd to blush again?" Hodgson.[919]Rupem.Cf. i., 73, "aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum." vi., 563."Or hurried off to join the wretched trainOf exiled great ones in the Ægean main." Gifford.[920]Fatebere.Cf. Psalm lviii., 9, 10.[921]Tiresiam.Soph., Œd. T. Ovid, Met., iii., 322,seq.

[817]Displicet."To none their crime the wished-for pleasure yields:'Tis the first scourge that angry justice wields." Badham.

[817]Displicet.

"To none their crime the wished-for pleasure yields:'Tis the first scourge that angry justice wields." Badham.

[818]Ultio."Avenging conscience first the sword shall draw,And self-conviction baffle quibbling law." Hodgson.

[818]Ultio.

"Avenging conscience first the sword shall draw,And self-conviction baffle quibbling law." Hodgson.

[819]Urna.From the "Judices Selecti" (a kind of jurymen chosen annually for the purpose), the Prætor Urbanus, who sat as chief judge, chose by lot about fifty to act as his assessors. To each of these were given three tablets: one inscribed with the letter A. for "absolvo," one with the letter C. for "condemno," and the third with the letters N. L. for "non liquet," i. e., "not proven." After the case had been heard and the judices had consulted together privately, they returned into court, and each judex dropped one of these tablets into an urn provided for the purpose, which was afterward brought to the prætor, who counted the number and gave sentence according to the majority of votes. In all these various steps, there was plenty of opportunity for the "gratia" of a corrupt prætor to influence the "fallax urna."

[820]Calvinus.Martial mentions an indifferent poet of the name of Calvinus Umber, vii., Ep. 90.

[821]Acervo."One that from casual heaps without designFortune drew forth, and bade the lot be thine." Badh.

[821]Acervo.

"One that from casual heaps without designFortune drew forth, and bade the lot be thine." Badh.

[822]Fonteio consule.Clinton (F. R.,A.D.118) considers that the consulship meant is that of L. Fonteius Capito,A.D.59, which would bring the reference in this Satire toA.D.119, the third year of Hadrian. There was also a Fonteius Capito consul with Junius Rufus,A.D.67, and another,A.D.11. [The Fonteius Capito mentioned Hor., i., Sat. v., 32, is of course far too early.]

[823]Proficis."Say, hast thou naught imbibed, no maxims sage,From the long use of profitable age?" Hodgson.

[823]Proficis.

"Say, hast thou naught imbibed, no maxims sage,From the long use of profitable age?" Hodgson.

[824]Vitæ.So Milton."To knowThat which before us liesin daily life,Is the prime wisdom."

[824]Vitæ.So Milton.

"To knowThat which before us liesin daily life,Is the prime wisdom."

[825]Jactare jugum.A metaphor from restive oxen. Cf. vi., 208, "Summitte caput cervice paratâ Ferre jugum." Æsch., Persæ, 190,seq."And happy those whom life itself can trainTo bear with dignity life's various pain." Badham.

[825]Jactare jugum.A metaphor from restive oxen. Cf. vi., 208, "Summitte caput cervice paratâ Ferre jugum." Æsch., Persæ, 190,seq.

"And happy those whom life itself can trainTo bear with dignity life's various pain." Badham.

[826]Pyxide.Properly a coffer or casket of "box-wood," πυξίς. Cf. Sat. ii., 141, "Conditâ pyxide Lyde." Suet., Ner., 47, "Veneno a Locustâ sumpto, et in auream pyxidem condito."

[827]Thebarum.Egyptian Thebes had one hundred gates; hence ἑκατόμπυλοι. Cadmeian Thebes had seven. Vid. Hom., Il., Δ., 406. Æsch., S. Th., ἑπτάπυλος Θήβη. The latter is meant. The mouths of the Nile being also seven, viz., Canopic, Bolbitine, Sebennytic, Phatnitic, Mendesian, Tanitic, and Pelusiac. Hence Virg., Æn., vi., 801, "Septem gemini trepida ostia Nili." Ov., Met., v., 187, "Septemplice Nilo." xv., 753, "Perque papyriferi septemflua flumina Nili."

[828]Metallo."That baffled Nature knows not how to frameA metal base enough to give the age a name." Dryden.

[828]Metallo.

"That baffled Nature knows not how to frameA metal base enough to give the age a name." Dryden.

[829]Sportula.Vid. ad i., 118. Cf. x., 46, "Defossa in loculis quos sportula fecit amicos." Mart., vi., Ep. 48. Hor., i., Epist. xix., 37. Plin., ii., Ep. 14, "Laudicæni sequuntur: In media Basilicâ sportulæ dantur palam ut in triclinio: tanti constat ut sis disertissimus: hoc pretio subsellia implentur, hoc infiniti clamores commoventur."

[830]Bullâ.Cf. v., 165, seq.; xiv., 5. Pers., v., 31, "Bullaque succinctis Laribus donata pependit." Plut. in Quæst. Rom., γέρων τις ἐπὶ χλευασμῷ προάγεται παιδικὸν ἐναψάμενος περιδέραιον ὃ καλοῦσι βοῦλλαν."O man of many years, that still should'st wearThe trinket round the neck thy childhood bare!" Badham.

"O man of many years, that still should'st wearThe trinket round the neck thy childhood bare!" Badham.

[831]Esse.Cf. ii., 149, seq., "Esse aliquos Manes et subterranea regna, ... Nec pueri credunt nisi qui nondum ære lavantur." Cf. Ov., Amor., III., iii., 1.

[832]Privatus.This is commonly rendered by "concealed, sequestered," alluding to Jupiter's being hidden by his mother Rhea to save him from "Saturn's maw." But it surely means before he succeeded his father as king, and this is the invariable sense of "privatus" in Juvenal. Cf. i., 16, "Privatus ut altum dormiret." iv., 65, "Accipe Privatis majora focis." vi., 114, "Quid privata domus, quid fecerit Hippia, curas." xii., 107, "Cæsaris armentum, nulli servire paratum Privato."

[833]Tergens.This appears to be the best and simplest interpretation of this "much-vexed" passage, and is the sense in which Lucian (frequently the best commentator on Juvenal) takes it. Vid. Deor., Dial. v., 4.

[834]Talis.More properly, "composed ofsuchdivinities." The allusion being in all probability to the now frequent apotheosis of the most worthless and despicable of the emperors.

[835]Torvus.The Homeric ἀμείλιχος. Cf. Hom., Il., i., 158, Ἀΐδης ἀμείλιχος, ἠδ' ἀδάμαστος Τοὔνεκα καὶ τε βροτοῖσι θεῶν ἔχθιστος ἁπάντων.

[836]Vulturis atri.Cf. Æschylus, Pr. V., 1020. Virg., Æn., vi., 595, "Rostroque immanis vultur obunco, Immortale jecur tondens, fœcundaque pœnis viscera, rimaturque epulis habitatque sub alto pectore, nec fibris requies datur ulla renatis.""Wheels, furies, vultures, quite unheard of things,And the gay ghosts were strangers yet to kings!" Badham.

"Wheels, furies, vultures, quite unheard of things,And the gay ghosts were strangers yet to kings!" Badham.

[837]Vetulo.Cf. Ov., Fast., v., 57,seq., which passage Juvenal seems to have had in his mind.

[838]Glandis.Cf. Sat. vi., init.

[839]Depositum.Terent., Phorm., I., ii., 5, "Præsertim ut nunc sunt mores: adeo res redit; Si quis quid reddit, magna habenda 'st gratia."

[840]Ærugo, the rust ofbrass; robigo, ofiron; but, l. 148, used for the oxydizing of gold or silver.Follis, cf. xiv., 281.

[841]Prodigiosa, ii., 103.

[842]Tuscis libellis.Vid. Dennis' Etruria, vol. i., p. lvii. The marvelous events of the year were registered by the Etruscan soothsayers in their records, that, if they portended the displeasure of the gods, they might be duly expiated. Various names are given by ancient writers to these sacred or ritual books: Libri Etrusci; Chartæ Etruscæ; Scripta Etrusca; Etruscæ disciplinæ libri; libri fatales, rituales, haruspicini, fulgurales; libri Tagetici; sacra Tagetica; sacra Acherontica; libri Acherontici. The author of these works on Etruscan discipline was supposed to be Tages; and the names of some writers on the same subject are given, probably commentators on Tages, e. g., Tarquitius, Cæcina, Aquila, Labeo, Begoë.Umbricius.Cf. Cic., de Div., i., 12, 13, 44; ii., 23. Liv., v., 15. Macrob., Saturn., iii., 7; v., 19. Serv. ad Virg., Æn., i., 42; iii., 537; viii., 398. Plin., ii., 85. Festus,s. v.Rituales.

[843]Sanctum.Cf. iii., 137; viii., 24.

[844]Bimembri, or "with double limbs." All these prodigies are common enough in Livy.

[845]Mirantiis quite Juvenalian, and better than the common reading "Mirandis," or the suggestion "liranti."

[846]Mulæ.Cf. Cic., de Div., ii., 28, "Si quod rarò fit, id portentum putandum est sapientem esse portentum est; sæpius enimmulam peperissearbitror, quam sapientem fuisse."

[847]Lapides.Cf. Liv., xxxix., 37. This prodigy was one of the causes of consulting the sacred books, which led to the introduction of the worship of Bona Dea to Rome. Cf. ad ix., 37. Liv., xxii., 1, "Præneste ardentes lapides cœlo cecidisse."

[848]Apium.Cf. Liv., xxiv., 10. Tac., Ann., xii., 64, "Fastigio Capitolii examen apium insedit: biformes hominem partus." Plin., xi., 17.

[849]Gurgitibus.Liv., xix., 44, "Flumen Amiterni cruentum fluxisse." Virg., Georg., i., 485, "Aut puteis manare cruor cessavit."

[850]Arcana."Fidei alterius tacitè commissa sine ullis testibus." Lubin. Another interpretation is, "that, having lost it, he held his tongue, and complained to no one."

[851]Superos."Those conscious powers we can with ease contemn,If, hid from men, we trust our crimes with them." Dryden.

[851]Superos.

"Those conscious powers we can with ease contemn,If, hid from men, we trust our crimes with them." Dryden.

[852]Cirrhæi, from Cirrha in Phocis, near the foot of Mount Parnassus, the port of Delphi. Cf. vii., 64, "Dominis Cirrhæ Nysæque feruntur Pectora."

[853]Spicula; probably from Tibull., I., iv., 21."Nec jurare time. Veneris perjuria ventiIrrita per terras et freta summa ferunt.Perque suas impune sinit Dictynna sagittasAffirmes, crines perque Minerva suos."

[853]Spicula; probably from Tibull., I., iv., 21.

"Nec jurare time. Veneris perjuria ventiIrrita per terras et freta summa ferunt.Perque suas impune sinit Dictynna sagittasAffirmes, crines perque Minerva suos."

[854]Phario.The vinegar of Egypt was more celebrated than its wine. Cf. Mart., xiii., Ep. 122. Ath., ii., 26.

[855]Fortunæ.See this idea beautifully carried out in Claudian's invective against Rufinus, lib. i., 1-24. Such was Horace's religion. "Credat Judæus Apella, Non ego: namque deos didici securum agere ævum; nec si quid miri faciat Natura deos id tristes ex alto cœli demittere tecto." I., Sat. v., 100. Not so Cicero. "Intelligamusnihilhorumesse fortuitum." De Nat. Deor., ii., 128.

[856]Tangunt.Cf. xiv., 218, "Vendet perjuria summâ exiguâ et Cereris tangens aramq. pedemq."

[857]Isis.Cf. vi., 526. Lucan., viii., 831, "Nos in templa tuam Romana accepimus Isim Semideosque canes, et sistra jubentia luctus et quem tu plangens hominem testaris Osirin." Blindness, the most common of Egyptian diseases, was supposed to be the peculiar infliction of Isis. Cf. Ovid, ex Pont., i., 51, "Vidi ego linigeræ numen violasse fatentem Isidis Isiacos ante sedere focos. Alter ob huic similem privatus lumine culpam, clamabat mediâ se meruisse viâ." Pers., v., 186, "Tunc grandes Galli et cum sistro lusca sacerdos." Sistrum a σείω.

[858]Ladas.A famous runner at Olympia, in the days of Alexander the Great. Cf. Mart., x., Ep. 100, "Habeas licebit alterum pedem Ladæ, Inepte, frustrà crure ligneo curres;" and ii., 86. Catull., iv., 24, "Non si Pegaseo ferar volatu, Non Ladas si ego, pennipesve Perseus."

[859]Anticyrcâ, in Phocis, famous for hellebore, supposed to be of great efficacy in cases of insanity: hence Hor., ii., Sat. iii., 83, "Nescio an Anticyram ratio illis destinet omnem." 166, "naviget Anticyram." Pers., iv., 16, "Anticyras melior sorbere meracas." Its Greek name is Ἀντίκιῤῥα. Strabo, ix., 3. The quantity therefore in Latin follows the Greek accent. The Phocian Anticyra produced the best hellebore; but it was also found at Anticyra on the Maliac Gulf, near Œta. Some think there was a third town of the same name. Hence "Tribus Anticyris caput insanabile," Hor., A. P., 300.

[860]Archigene.Cf. vi., 236; xiv., 252.

[861]Ignoscere."Contemnere pauper creditur atque deos diis ignoscentibus ipsis," iii., 145. So Plautus:"Atque hoc scelesti illi in animum inducunt suum.Jovem se placare posse donis hostiis,Et operam et sumptum perdunt: ideo fit, quiaNihil ei acceptum est a perjuris supplicii."

[861]Ignoscere."Contemnere pauper creditur atque deos diis ignoscentibus ipsis," iii., 145. So Plautus:

"Atque hoc scelesti illi in animum inducunt suum.Jovem se placare posse donis hostiis,Et operam et sumptum perdunt: ideo fit, quiaNihil ei acceptum est a perjuris supplicii."

[862]Crucem.Badham quotes an Italian epigram, which says that "the successful adventurer getscrosses hung on him, the unsuccessful getshung on the cross.""Some made by villainy, and some undone,And this ascend a scaffold, that a throne." Gifford.

[862]Crucem.Badham quotes an Italian epigram, which says that "the successful adventurer getscrosses hung on him, the unsuccessful getshung on the cross."

"Some made by villainy, and some undone,And this ascend a scaffold, that a throne." Gifford.

[863]Præcedit."Dare him to swear, he with a cheerful faceFlies to the shrine, and bids thee mend thy pace:He urges, goes before thee, shows the way,Nay, pulls thee on, and chides thy dull delay." Dryden.

[863]Præcedit.

"Dare him to swear, he with a cheerful faceFlies to the shrine, and bids thee mend thy pace:He urges, goes before thee, shows the way,Nay, pulls thee on, and chides thy dull delay." Dryden.

[864]Fiducia."For desperate boldness is the rogue's defense,And sways the court like honest confidence." Hodgson.

[864]Fiducia.

"For desperate boldness is the rogue's defense,And sways the court like honest confidence." Hodgson.

[865]Catulli.Cf. ad viii., 186. Urbani some take as a proper name. Others in the same sense as Sat. vii., 11. Catull., xxii., 2, 9.

[866]Stentora.Hom., Il., v., 785, Στέντορα χαλκεόφωνον, ὃς τόσον αὐδήσασχ' ὅσον ἄλλοι πεντήκοντα.

[867]Gradivus.ii., 128. Hom., Il., v., 859, ὅσσον τ' ἐννεάχιλοι ἐπίαχον ἢ δεκάχιλοι ἀνέρες—ἔβραχε.

[868]Audis.Cf. ii., 130, "Nec galeam quassas nec terram cuspide pulsas, nec quereris patri?" Virg., Æn., iv., 206, "Jupiter Omnipotens! Adspicis hæc? an te, genitor, quum fulmina torques, nequicquam horremus? cæcique in nubibus ignes terrificant animos et inania murmura miscent?" Both passages are ludicrously parodied in the beginning of Lucian's Timon.

[869]Thura.So Mart., iii., Ep. ii., 5, "Thuris piperisque cucullus." Ovid, Heroid., xi., 4. Virgil applies the epithetpiato the "Vitta," Æn., iv., 637, and to "Far," v., 745.

[870]Porci.Cf. x., 355, "Exta, et candiduli divina tomacula porci."

[871]Vagellius.Perhaps the "desperate ass" mentioned xvi., 23. Some read Bathylli.

[872]Tunicâ.The Stoics wore tunics under their gowns, the Cynics waistcoats only, or a kind of pallium, doubled when necessary. Hor., i., Ep. xvii., 25, "Contra, quem duplici panno patientia ve at." Diogenes pro pallio et tunicâ contentus erat unâ abollâ ex vili panno confectâ, quâ dupliciter amiciebatur. Cynicorum hunc habitum ideo vocabant διπλοΐδα. Hi igitur ἀχίτωνες quidem sed διπλοείματοι. Orell., ad loc. Cf. Diog. Laert, VI., ii., iii., 22, τρίβωνα διπλώσας πρῶτος.

[873]Epicurum.Cf. xiv., 319, "Quantum Epicure tibi parvis suffecit in hostis." Pliny says, xix., 4, he was the first who introduced the custom of having a garden to his town house. Prop., III., xxi., 26, "Hortis docte Epicure, tuis." Stat. Sylv., I., iii., 94. "The garden of Epicurus," says Gifford, "was a school of temperance; and would have afforded little gratification, and still less sanction, to those sensualists of our day, who, in turning hogs, flatter themselves that they are becoming Epicureans."

[874]Tumultu."And louder sobs and hoarser tumults spreadFor ravish'd pence, than friends or kinsmen dead." Hodgson.

[874]Tumultu.

"And louder sobs and hoarser tumults spreadFor ravish'd pence, than friends or kinsmen dead." Hodgson.

[875]Deducere.Ov., Met., vi., 403, "Dicitur unus flesse Pelops humerumque suas ad pectora postquamdeduxit vestes, ostendisse."

[876]Humore coacto.Ter., Eun., I., i., 21, "Hæc verba una mehercle falsa lacrymula Quam oculos terendo miserè vix vi expresserit Restinguet." Virg., Æn., ii., 196, "captique dolis lacrymisque coactis."

[877]Diversâ parte.Others interpret it as being "read by the opposite party;" as vii., 156, "quæ veniant diversa parte sagittæ."

[878]Vana supervacui, repeated xvi., 41.

[879]Sardonychus.Pliny says the sardonyx was the principal gem employed for seals, "quoniam sola prope gemmarum scalpta ceram non aufert." xxxvii., 6."If rogues deny their bend (though ten times o'erPerused by careful witnesses before),Whose well-known hand proclaims the glaring lie,Whose master-signet proves the perjury." Hodgson.

[879]Sardonychus.Pliny says the sardonyx was the principal gem employed for seals, "quoniam sola prope gemmarum scalpta ceram non aufert." xxxvii., 6.

"If rogues deny their bend (though ten times o'erPerused by careful witnesses before),Whose well-known hand proclaims the glaring lie,Whose master-signet proves the perjury." Hodgson.

[880]Incendia.Cf. ix., 98, "Sumere ferrum, Fuste aperire caput, candelam apponere valvis, non dubitat."

[881]Grandia pocula.Alluding perhaps to some of Nero's sacrilegious spoliations. Suet., Ner., 32, 38. It was customary for kings and nations allied with Rome to send crowns and other valuable offerings to the temple of Capitoline Jove and others.

[882]Coronas."Gifts of great nations, crowns of pious kings!Goblets, to which undated tarnish clings!" Badham.

[882]Coronas.

"Gifts of great nations, crowns of pious kings!Goblets, to which undated tarnish clings!" Badham.

[883]Touantem.Vid. Dennis's Etruria, vol. i., p. li. Cf. Suet., Nero, 32, fin. Milman's Horace, p. 66."Is much respect for Castor to be feltBy those whose crucibles whole Thunderers melt?" Badh.

[883]Touantem.Vid. Dennis's Etruria, vol. i., p. li. Cf. Suet., Nero, 32, fin. Milman's Horace, p. 66.

"Is much respect for Castor to be feltBy those whose crucibles whole Thunderers melt?" Badh.

[884]Mercatoremque veneni.Shakspeare, Rom. and Jul.,"And if a man did need a poison now,Whose sale is present death in Mantua,Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him."

[884]Mercatoremque veneni.Shakspeare, Rom. and Jul.,

"And if a man did need a poison now,Whose sale is present death in Mantua,Here lives a caitiff wretch would sell it him."

[885]Corio.Browne seems to understand this of "a leathern canoe or coracle," but?

[886]Simia.Cf. ad viii., 214, "Cujus supplicio non debeat una parari simia nec serpens unus nec culeus unus."

[887]Gallicus.Statius has a poem (Sylv., I., iv.), "Soteria pro Rutilio Gallico." "Quem penes intrepidæ mitis custodia Romæ." This book was probably written, cir. A.D. 94, after the Thebaïs. This Rut. Gallicus Valens was præfectus urbis and chief magistrate of police for Domitian; probably succeeding Pegasus (Sat. iv., 77), who was appointed by Vespasian. For theoffice, see Tac., Ann., vi., 10,seq.It was in existence even under Romulus, and continued through the republic. Augustus, by Mæcenas' advice, greatly increased its authority and importance. Its jurisdiction was now extended to a circuit of one hundred miles outside the city walls. The præfectus decided in all causes between masters and slaves, patrons and clients, guardians and wards; had the inspection of the mint, the regulation of the markets, and the superintendence of public amusements.

[888]Guttur.This affection has been attributed, ever since the days of Vitruvius, to the drinking the mountain water. "Æquicolis in Alpibus est genus aquæ quam qui bibunt afficiunturtumidis gutturibus," viii., 3.

[889]Meroë, vi., 528, in Ethiopia, is the largest island formed by the Nile, with a city of the same name, which was the capital of a kingdom. Strab., i., 75. Herod., ii., 29. It is now "Atbar," and forms part of Sennaar and Abyssinia.

[890]Germani.Cf. ad viii., 252.—Flavam.Galen says the Germans should be called πυῤῥοὶ rather than ξανθοί. So Mart., xiv., Ep. 176, Sil. iii. 608, "Auricomus Batavus."—Torquentem.Cf. Tac. Germ. 38, "Insigne gentis obliquare crinem nodoque substringere: horrentem capillum retro sequuntur ac sæpe in solo vertice religant: in altitudinem quandam et terrorem adituri bella compti, ut hostium oculis ornantur." Mart. Spe. iii., "Crinibus in nodum tortis venere Sigambri." They moistened their hair with a kind of soft soap. Plin. xxviii. 12. Mart. xiv. 26, "Caustica Teutonicos accendit spuma capillos." VIII. xxxiii. 20, "Fortior et tortos servat vesica capillos, et mutat Latias spuma Batava comas."

[891]Pygmæus.Cf. Stat. Sylv. I. vi., 57, from which it appears that Domitian exhibited a spectacle of pigmy gladiators. "Hic audax subit ordo pumilonum—edunt vulnera conseruntque dextras et mortem sibi (qua manu!) minantur. Ridet Mars pater et cruenta virtus. Casuræque vagis grues rapinis mirantur pumilos ferociores.""When clouds of Thracian birds obscure the sky,To arms! To arms! the desperate Pigmies cry:But soon defeated in th' unequal fray,Disordered flee: while pouncing on their preyThe victor cranes descend, and clamoring, bearThe wriggling mannikins aloft in air." Gifford.

"When clouds of Thracian birds obscure the sky,To arms! To arms! the desperate Pigmies cry:But soon defeated in th' unequal fray,Disordered flee: while pouncing on their preyThe victor cranes descend, and clamoring, bearThe wriggling mannikins aloft in air." Gifford.

[892]Chrysippusthe Stoic, disciple of Cleanthes and Zeno, a native of Tarsus or Soli, ἀνὴρ εὐφυὴς ἐν παντὶ μέρει. Vid. Diog. Laert. in Vit., who says he "was so renowned a logician, that had the gods used logic they would have used that of Chrysippus." VII., vii., 2.

[893]Hymetto.As though the hill sympathized with the sweetness of Socrates' mind. Cf. Plato in Phæd. and Apol. Hor., ii., Od. vi., 14, "Ubi non Hymetto mella decedunt," "And still its honey'd fruits Hymettus yields." Byron.

[894]Cicutæ.Cf. vii., 206. Pers., iv., 2.

[895]Felix."Divine Philosophy! by whose pure lightWe first distinguish, then pursue the right,Thy power the breast from every error frees,And weeds out all its vices by degrees:Illumined by thy beam, Revenge we findThe abject pleasure of an abject mind,And hence so dear to poor, weak womankind!" Gifford.

[895]Felix.

"Divine Philosophy! by whose pure lightWe first distinguish, then pursue the right,Thy power the breast from every error frees,And weeds out all its vices by degrees:Illumined by thy beam, Revenge we findThe abject pleasure of an abject mind,And hence so dear to poor, weak womankind!" Gifford.

[896]Conscia mens.Cf. Sen., Ep. 97, "Prima et maxima peccantium pœna est peccâsse; Secundæ vero pœnæ sunt timere semper et expavescere et securitati diffidere et fatendum est mala facinora conscientia flagellari et plurimum illic tormentorum esse," etc. Cf. Æsch., Eumen., 150, ὑπὸ φρένας, ὐπὸ λοβὸν πάρεστι μαστίκτορος δαΐου δαμίου βαρύ, κ. τ. λ.

[897]Cæditius.An agent of Nero's cruelty, according to some; a sanguinary judge of Vitellius' days, according to Lubinus. Probably a different person from the Cæditius mentioned xvi., 46.Rhadamanthus.Cf. Virg., Æn., vi., 566, "Gnossius hæc Rhadamanthus habet durissima regna, castigatque auditque dolos, subigitque fateri," etc.

[898]Spartano.The story is told Herod., vi., 86. A Milesian intrusted a sum of money to Glaucus a Spartan, who, when the Milesian's sons claimed it, denied all knowledge of it, and went to Delphi to learn whether he could safely retain it; but, terrified at the answer of the oracle, he sent for the Milesians and restored the money. Leotychides relates the story to the Athenians, and leaves them to draw the inference from the fact he subjoins: Γλαύκου νῦν οὔτε τι ἀπόγονόν ἐστιν οὐδὲν, οὔτ' ἱστίη οὐδεμίη νομιζομένη εἶναι Γλαύκου· ἐκτέτριπταί τε πρόῤῥιζος ἐκ Σπάρτης.

[899]Metu."Scared at this warning, he who sought to tryIf haply heaven might wink at perjury,Alive to fear, though still to virtue dead,Gave back the treasure to preserve his head." Hodgson.

[899]Metu.

"Scared at this warning, he who sought to tryIf haply heaven might wink at perjury,Alive to fear, though still to virtue dead,Gave back the treasure to preserve his head." Hodgson.

[900]Tacitum.Cf. King John, Act iv.,"The deed which both our tongues held vile to name!"Cf. i., 167, "tacitâsudant præcordia culpâ.""Thus, but intended mischief, stay'd in time,Had all the moral guilt of finished crime." Badham.

[900]Tacitum.Cf. King John, Act iv.,

"The deed which both our tongues held vile to name!"

Cf. i., 167, "tacitâsudant præcordia culpâ."

"Thus, but intended mischief, stay'd in time,Had all the moral guilt of finished crime." Badham.

[901]Crescente.Ov., Heroid., xvi., 226, "Crescitet invito lentus in orecibus."

[902]Sed vina.Read perhaps "Setina," as v., 33.

[903]Albani.Cf. v., 33, "Cras bibet Albanis aliquid de montibus." Hor., iv., Od. xi., 1, "Est mihi nonum superantis annum plenus Albani cadus." Mart., xiii., 109, "Hoc de Cæsareis Mitis Vindemia cellis misit Iuleo quæ sibi monte placet."

[904]Velut acri.Or perhaps, "as though the rich Falernian weresourinstead ofmellow.""The rich Falernian changes into gall." Hodgson.

[904]Velut acri.Or perhaps, "as though the rich Falernian weresourinstead ofmellow."

"The rich Falernian changes into gall." Hodgson.

[905]Versata.Cf. iii., 279. Hom., Il., xxiv., 10,seq.Sen., de Tranq. An., 2, "versant se et hoc atque illo modo componunt donec quietem lassitudine inveniant." "Propert.," I., xiv., 21, "Et miserum toto juvenem versare cubili."

[906]Sudoribus.Cf. i., 167, "Sudantpræcordia culpâ." Cf. Ov., Her., vii., 65.

[907]Major.Virg., Æn., ii., 773, "Notâ major imago." Suet., Claud., i., species mulierishumanâamplior.

[908]Amplior.Tac., Ann., xi., 21, "oblata ei species muliebris ultra modum humanum." Suet., Aug., 94.

[909]Cogitque fateri.The idea is probably from Lucret., v., 1157, "Quippe ubi se multei per somnia sæpe loquenteis, Aut morbo deliranteis protraxe ferantur Et celata diu in medium peccata dedisse."

[910]Quum tonat.Suet., Calig., 51, "Nam qui deos tantopere contemneret, ad minima tonitrua et fulgura connivere, caput obvolvere; ad vero majora proripere se e strato, sub lectumque condere, solebat."

[911]Murmure.Lucret., v., 1218, "Cui non conrepunt membra pavore Fulminis horribili cum plaga torrida tellus Contremit et magnum percurrunt murmura cœlum? Non populei gentesque tremunt."

[912]Cadai."Quæque cadent in te fulmina missa putes." Ov., Her., vii., 72. Pind., Nem., vi., 90, ζάκοτον ἔγχος. Hor., i., Od. iii., 40, "Iracunda Jovem ponere fulmina.""Where'er the lightning strikes, the flash is thoughtJudicial fire, with heaven's high vengeance fraught." Badham.

[912]Cadai."Quæque cadent in te fulmina missa putes." Ov., Her., vii., 72. Pind., Nem., vi., 90, ζάκοτον ἔγχος. Hor., i., Od. iii., 40, "Iracunda Jovem ponere fulmina."

"Where'er the lightning strikes, the flash is thoughtJudicial fire, with heaven's high vengeance fraught." Badham.

[913]Vindicet."Oh! 'tis not chance, they cry; this hideous crashIs not the war of winds, nor this dread flashThe encounter of dark clouds, but blasting fire,Charged with the wrath of heaven's insulted sire!" Gifford.

[913]Vindicet.

"Oh! 'tis not chance, they cry; this hideous crashIs not the war of winds, nor this dread flashThe encounter of dark clouds, but blasting fire,Charged with the wrath of heaven's insulted sire!" Gifford.

[914]Galli.Cf. xii., 89, 96. Plin., x., 21, 56. Plat., Phæd., 66.

[915]Ægris."Can pardoning heaven on guilty sickness smile?Or is there victim than itself more vile?" Badham.

[915]Ægris.

"Can pardoning heaven on guilty sickness smile?Or is there victim than itself more vile?" Badham.

[916]Mobilis.Sen., Ep. 47, "Hoc habent inter cætera boni mores, placent sibi ac permanent: levis est malitia, sæpe mutatur, non in melius, sed in aliud."

[917]Natura.Hor., i., Ep. x., 24, "Naturam expellas furca tamen usque recurret."

[918]Ruborem.Mart., xi., Ep. xxvii., 7, "Aut cum perfricuit frontem posuitque pudorem.""Vice once indulged, what rogue could e'er restrain?Or what bronzed cheek has learn'd to blush again?" Hodgson.

[918]Ruborem.Mart., xi., Ep. xxvii., 7, "Aut cum perfricuit frontem posuitque pudorem."

"Vice once indulged, what rogue could e'er restrain?Or what bronzed cheek has learn'd to blush again?" Hodgson.

[919]Rupem.Cf. i., 73, "aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum." vi., 563."Or hurried off to join the wretched trainOf exiled great ones in the Ægean main." Gifford.

[919]Rupem.Cf. i., 73, "aliquid brevibus Gyaris et carcere dignum." vi., 563.

"Or hurried off to join the wretched trainOf exiled great ones in the Ægean main." Gifford.

[920]Fatebere.Cf. Psalm lviii., 9, 10.

[921]Tiresiam.Soph., Œd. T. Ovid, Met., iii., 322,seq.

There are very many things, Fuscinus,[922]that both deserve a bad name, and fix a lasting spot on a fortune otherwise splendid, which parents themselves point the way to, and inculcate upon their children. If destructive gambling[923]delights the sire, the heir while yet a child plays[924]too; and shakes the selfsame weapons in his own little dice-box. Nor will that youth allow any of his kin to form better hopes of him who has learned to peel truffles,[925]to season a mushroom,[926]and drown beccaficas[927]swimming in the same sauce, his gourmand sire with his hoary gluttony[928]showing him the way. When his seventh[929]year has past over the boy's head, and all his second teeth are not yet come, though you range a thousand bearded[930]philosophers on one side of him, and as many on the other, still he will be ever longing to dine in sumptuous style, and not degenerate from his sire's luxurious kitchen.

Does Rutilus[931]inculcate a merciful disposition and a character indulgent to venial faults? does he hold that the souls and bodies of our slaves[932]are formed of matter like our own and of similar elements? or does he not teach cruelty, that Rutilus, who delights in the harsh clang of stripes, and thinks no Siren's[933]song can equal the sound of whips; the Antiphates[934]and Polyphemus of his trembling household? Then is he happy indeed whenever the torturer[935]is summoned, and some poor wretch is branded with the glowing iron for stealing a couple of towels! What doctrine does he preach to his son that revels in the clank of chains, that feels a strange delight in branded slaves,[936]and the country jail? Do you expect that Larga's[937]daughter will not turn out an adulteress, who could not possibly repeat her mother's lovers so quickly, or string them together with such rapidity, as not to take breath thirty times at least? While yet a little maid she was her mother's confidante; now, at that mother's dictation[938]she fillsher own little tablets, and gives them to her mother's agents to bear to lovers of her own.

Such is Nature's law.[939]The examples of vice that we witness at home[940]more surely and quickly corrupt us, when they insinuate themselves into our minds, under the sanction of those we revere. Perhaps just one or two young men may spurn these practices, whose hearts the Titan has formed with kindlier art, and moulded out of better clay.[941]

But their sire's footsteps, that they ought to shun, lead on all the rest, and the routine[942]of inveterate depravity, that has been long before their eyes, attracts them on.

Therefore refrain[943]from all that merits reprobation.Onepowerful motive, at least, there is to this—lest our children copy our crimes. For we are all of us too quick at learning to imitate base and depraved examples; and you may find a Catiline in every people and under every sky; but nowhere a Brutus,[944]or Brutus' uncle!

Let nothing shocking to eyes or ears approach those doors that close upon your child. Away! far, far away,[945]the pander's wenches, and the songs of the parasite[946]that riots thelivelong night! The greatest reverence[947]is due to a child! If you are contemplating a disgraceful act, despise not your child's tender years, but let your infant son act as a check upon your purpose of sinning. For if, at some future time, he shall have done any thing to deserve the censor's[948]wrath, and show himself like you, not in person only and in face, but also the true son of your morals, and one who, by following your footsteps, adds deeper guilt to your crimes—then, forsooth! you will reprove and chastise him with clamorous bitterness, and then set about altering your will. Yet how dare you assume the front severe,[949]and license of a parent's speech; you, who yourself, though old, do worse than this; and the exhausted cupping-glass[950]is long ago looking out for your brainless head?

If a friend is coming to pay you a visit, your whole household is in a bustle. "Sweep the floor, display the pillars in all their brilliancy, let the dry spider come down with all her web; let one clean[951]the silver, another polish the embossed[952]plate—" the master's voice thunders out, as he stands over the work, and brandishes his whip.

You are alarmed then, wretched man, lest your entrance-hall, befouled by dogs, should offend the eye of your friend who is coming, or your corridor be spattered with mud; and yet one little slave could clean all this with half a bushel of saw-dust. And yet, will you not bestir yourself that your own son may see your house immaculate and free from foul spot or crime? It deserves our gratitude that you have presented a citizen to your country and people,[953]if you take care that he prove useful to the state—of service to her lands; useful in transacting the affairs both of war and peace. For it will be a matter of the highest moment in what pursuits and moral discipline you train him.

The stork feeds her young on snakes[954]and lizards which she has discovered in the trackless fields. They too, when fledged, go in quest of the same animals. The vulture, quitting the cattle, and dogs, and gibbets, hastens to her callow brood, and bears to them a portion of the carcass. Therefore this is the food of the vulture too when grown up, and able to feed itself and build a nest in a tree of its own.

Whereas the ministers of Jove,[955]and birds of noble blood, hunt in the forest for the hare[956]or kid. Hence is derived the quarry for their nest: hence too, when their progeny, now matured, have poised themselves on their own wings, when hunger pinches they swoop to that booty, which first they tasted when they broke the shell.

Centronius had a passion for building; and now on the embayed shore of Caieta,[957]now on the highest peak of Tibur,[958]or on Præneste's[959]hills, he reared the tall roofs of his villas, of Grecian[960]and far-fetched marbles; surpassing the temple of Fortune[961]and of Hercules as much as Posides[962]the eunuch outvied our Capitol. While, therefore, he is thus magnificently lodged, Centronius lessened his estate and impaired his wealth. And yet the sum of the portion that he left was no mean one: but all this his senseless son ran through by raising new mansions of marble more costly than his sire's.

Some whose lot it is to have a father that reveres sabbaths, worship nothing save clouds and the divinity of heaven; and think that flesh of swine, from which their sire abstained, differs in naught from that of man. Soon, too, they submit to circumcision. But, trained to look with scorn upon the laws of Rome, they study and observe and reverence all those Jewish statutes that Moses in his mystic volume handed down: never to show the road except to one that worships the same sacred rites—to conduct to the spring they are in quest of, the circumcised[963]alone. But their father is to blame for this; to whom each seventh[964]day was a day of sloth, and kept aloof from all share of life's daily duties.

All other vices, however, young men copy of their own free choice. Avarice is the only one that even against their will they are constrained to put in practice. For this vicedeceives men under the guise and semblance[965]of virtue. Since it is grave in bearing—austere in look and dress. And without doubt, the miser is praised "a frugal[966]character," "a sparing man," and one that knows how to guard his own,[967]more securely than if the serpent of the Hesperides[968]or of Pontus had the keeping of them. Besides, the multitude considers the man of whom we are speaking, a splendid carver[969]of his own fortune. Since it is by such artificers as these that estates are increased. But still, increase they do by all means, fair or foul, and swell in bulk from the ceaseless anvil and ever-glowing forge.

The father, therefore, considers misers as men of happy minds,[970]since he admires wealth, and thinks no instance can be found of apoorman that is alsohappy; and therefore exhorts his sons to follow the same track, and apply themselves earnestly to the doctrines of the same sect. There are certain first elements[971]of all vices. These he instills into them in regular order, and constrains them to become adepts in the most paltry lucre. Presently he inculcates an insatiable thirst for gain. While he is famishing himself, he pinches his servants'[972]stomachs with the scantiest allowance.[973]For he never enduresto consume the whole of the blue fragments of mouldy[974]bread, but saves, even in the middle of September,[975]the mince[976]of yesterday;[977]and puts by till to-morrow's dinner the summer bean,[978]with a piece of stockfish and half a stinking shad:[979]and, after he has counted them, locks up the shreds of chopped leek.[980]A beggar from a bridge[981]would decline an invitation to such a meal as this! But to what end is money scraped together at the expense of such self-torture? Since it is undoubted madness,[982]palpable insanity, tolivea beggar's life, simply that you maydierich.

Meanwhile, though the sack swells, full to the very brim, the love of money grows[983]as fast as the money itself grows. And he that has the less, the less he covets. Therefore you are looking out for a second villa, since one estate is not enough for you, and it is your fancy to extend[984]your territories;and your neighbor's corn-land seems to you more spacious and fertile than your own; therefore you treat for the purchase of this too, with all its woods and its hill that whitens with its dense olive-grove. But if their owner will not be prevailed upon to part with them at any price, then at night, your lean oxen and cattle with weary necks, half-starved, will be turned into his corn-fields while still green, and not quit it for their own homes before the whole crop[985]has found its way into their ruthless[986]stomachs—so closely cropped that you would fancy it had been mown. You could hardly tell how many have to complain of similar treatment, and how many estates wrongs like this have brought to the hammer. "But what says the world? What the trumpet of slanderous fame?—"

"What harm does this do me?"[987]he says; "I had rather have a lupin's pod, than that the whole village neighborhood[988]should praise me, if I am at the same time to reap the scanty crops of a diminutive estate."

You will then, forsooth, be free from all disease[989]and allinfirmity, and escape sorrow and care; and a lengthened span of life will hereafter be your lot with happier destiny, if you individually own as much arable land as the whole Roman people used to plow under king Tatius. And after that, to men broken down with years, that had seen the hard service of the Punic wars, and faced the fierce Pyrrhus and the Molossian swords, scarce two acres[990]a man were bestowed at length as compensation for countless wounds. Yet that reward for all their blood and toil never appeared to any less than their deserts—or did their country's faith appear scant or thankless. Such a little glebe as this used to satisfy the father himself and all his cottage troop: where lay his pregnant wife, and four children played—one a little slave,[991]the other three free-born. But for their grown-up brothers[992]when they returned from the trench or furrow, there was another and more copious supper prepared, and the big pots smoked with vegetables. Such a plot of ground in our days is not enough for a garden.

It is from this source commonly arise the motives to crime. Nor has any vice of the mind of man mingled more poisonsor oftener dealt[993]the assassin's knife, than the fierce lust for wealth unlimited. For he that covets to grow rich,[994]would also grow rich speedily. But what respect for laws, what fear or shame is ever found in the breast of the miser hasting to be rich? "Live contented with these cottages, my lads, and these hills of ours!" So said, in days of yore, the Marsian and Hernican and Vestine sire—"Let us earn our bread, sufficient for our tables, with the plow. Of this the rustic deities[995]approve; by whose aid and intervention, since the boon of the kindly corn-blade, it is man's fortune to loathe the oaks he fed upon before. Naught that is forbidden will he desire to do who is not ashamed of wearing the high country boots[996]in frosty weather, and keeps off the east winds by inverted skins. The foreign purple, unknown to us before, leads on to crime and impiety of every kind."

Such were the precepts that these fine old fellows gave to their children! But now, after the close of autumn, even at midnight[997]the father with loud voice rouses his drowsy son:

"Come, boy, get your tablets and write! Come, wake up! Draw indictments! get up the rubricated statutes[998]of our fathers—or else draw up a petition for a centurion's post. But be sure Lælius observe your hair untouched by a comb, and your nostrils well covered with hair,[999]and your good brawny shoulders. Sack the Numidian's hovels,[1000]and the forts of the Brigantes,[1001]that your sixtieth year may bestow on you the eagle that will make you rich. Or, if you shrink from enduring the long-protracted labors of the camp, and the sound of bugles and trumpets makes your heart faint, then buy something that you may dispose of for more than half as much again as it cost you; and never let disgust at any trade that must be banished beyond the other bank of Tiber, enter your head, nor think that any difference can be drawn between perfumes or leather. The smell of gain is good[1002]fromany thing whatever! Let this sentiment of the poet[1003]be forever on your tongue—worthy of the gods, and even great Jove himself!—'No one asks how yougetit, buthaveit you must.' This maxim old crones impress on boys before they can run alone. This all girls learn before their A B C."

Any parent whatever inculcating such lessons as these I would thus address: Tell me, most empty-headed of men! who bids you be in such a hurry? I engage your pupil shall better your instruction. Don't be alarmed! You will be outdone; just as Ajax outstripped Telamon, and Achilles excelled Peleus.[1004]Spare their tender years![1005]The bane of vice matured has not yet filled the marrow of their bones! As soon as he begins to trim a beard, and apply the long razor's edge, he will be a false witness—will sell his perjuries at a trifling sum, laying his hand[1006]on Ceres' altar and foot. Look upon your daughter-in-law as already buried, if she has entered your family with a dowry that must entail death onher.[1007]With what a gripe will she be strangled in her sleep! For all that you suppose must be gotten by sea and land, a shorter road[1008]will bestow on him! Atrocious crime involves no labor! "I never recommended this," you will hereafter say, "nor counseled such an act." Yet the cause and source of this depravity of heart rests at your doors; for he that inculcated a love for great wealth, and by his sinister lessons trained up his sons to avarice,[1009]doesgive full license, and gives the free rein[1010]to the chariot's course; then if you try to check it, it can not be restrained, but, laughing you to scorn, is hurried on, and leaves even the goal far behind. No one holds it enough to sin just so much as you allow him, but men grant themselves a more enlarged indulgence.

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