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able personages, the easielier to begile simple and innocent wittes.hand.gif // It is pitie, that those, which haue authoritie andcharge, to allow and dissalow bookes to be printed,be no more circumspect herein, than they are. Ten Sermonsat Paules Crosse do not so moch good for mouyng men to trewedoctrine, as one of those bookes do harme, with inticing mento ill liuing. Yea, I say farder, those bookes, tend not so mochto corrupt honest liuyng, as they do, to subuert trewe Religion.Mo Papistes be made, by your mery bookes ofItalie, than byyour earnest bookes ofLouain. And bicause our greatPhisicians, do winke at the matter, and make no counte of thissore, I, though not admitted one of their felowshyp, yet hauyngbene many yeares a prentice to Gods trewe Religion, and trustto continewe a poore iorney man therein all dayes of my life,for the dewtie I owe, & loue I beare, both to trewe doctrine,and honest liuing, though I haue no authoritie to amend thesore my selfe, yet I will declare my good will, to discouer thesore to others.S. Paul saith, that sectes and ill opinions, be the workes ofAd Gal. 5. // the flesh, and frutes of sinne, this is spoken, nomore trewlie for the doctrine, than sensiblie forthe reason. And why? For, ill doinges, breed ill thinkinges.And of corrupted maners, spryng peruerted iudgementes. AndVoluntas} {Bonum. | // how? there be in man two speciall} Respicit. { | // thinges: Mans will, mans mynde,Mens } { Verum. | Where will inclineth to goodnes,the mynde is bent to troth: Where will is caried from goodnesto vanitie, the mynde is sone drawne from troth to falseopinion. And so, the readiest way to entangle the mynde withfalse doctrine, is first to intice the will to wanton liuyng.Therfore, when the busie and open Papistes abroad, could not,by their contentious bookes, turne men in England fast enough,from troth and right iudgement in doctrine, than the sutle andhand.gif // secrete Papistes at home, procured bawdie bookesto be translated out of theItaliantonge, wherebyouer many yong willes and wittes allured to wantonnes, do nowboldly contemne all seuere bookes that sounde to honestie andgodlines. In our forefathers tyme, whan Papistrie, as a standyngpoole, couered and ouerflowed all England, fewe bookes wereread in our tong, sauyng certaine bookes of Cheualrie, as they
the brynging vp of youth.231
sayd, for pastime and pleasure, which, as some say, were made in Monasteries, by idle Monkes, or wanton Chanons: as one for example,Morte Arthure: the whole pleasure // Morte Ar- of which booke standeth in two speciall poyntes, // thur. in open mans slaughter, and bold bawdrye: In which booke those be counted the noblest Knightes, that do kill most men without any quarell, and commit fowlest aduoulteries by sutlest shiftes: as SirLauncelote, with the wife of kingArthurehis master: SyrTristramwith the wife of kingMarkehis vncle: SyrLamerockewith the wife of kingLote, // hand.gif that was his own aunte. This is good stuffe, for wise men to laughe at, or honest men to take pleasure at. Yet I know, when Gods Bible was banished the Court, andMorte Arthurereceiued into the Princes chamber. What toyes, the dayly readyng of such a booke, may worke in the will of a yong ientleman, or a yong mayde, that liueth welthelie and idlelie, wise men can iudge, and honest men do pitie. And yet tenMorte Arthuresdo not the tenth part so much harme, as one of these bookes, made inItalie, and translated in // hand.gif England. They open, not fond and common wayes to vice, but such subtle, cunnyng, new, and diuerse shiftes, to cary yong willes to vanitie, and yong wittes to mischief, to teach old bawdes new schole poyntes, as the simple head of an English man is not hable to inuent, nor neuer was hard of in England before, yea when Papistrie ouerflowed all. Suffer these bookes to be read, and they shall soone displace all bookes of godly learnyng. For they, carying the will to vanitie, and marryng good maners, shall easily // hand.gif corrupt the mynde with ill opinions, and false iudgement in doctrine: first, to thinke ill of all trewe Religion, and at last to thinke nothyng of God hym selfe, one speciall pointe that is to be learned inItalie, andItalian// hand.gif bookes. And that which is most to be lamented, and therfore more nedefull to be looked to, there be moe of these vngratious bookes set out in Printe within these fewe monethes, than haue bene sene in England many score yeare before. And bicause our English men madeItalians, can not hurt, but certaine persons, and in certaine places, therfore theseItalianbookes are made English, to bryng mischief enough
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openly and boldly, to all states great and meane, yong and old,euery where.And thus yow see, how will intised to wantonnes, dotheaselie allure the mynde to false opinions: and how corruptmaners in liuinge, breede false iudgement in doctrine: how sinneand fleshlines, bring forth sectes and heresies: And thereforesuffer not vaine bookes to breede vanitie in mens willes, if yowwould haue Goddes trothe take roote in mens myndes.That Italian, that first inuented the Italian Prouerbeagainst our Englishe men Italianated, ment no more theirThe Ita- // vanitie in liuing, than their lewd opinion inlian pro- // Religion. For, in calling them Deuiles, he cariethuerbe ex- // them cleane from God: and yet he carieth thempounded. // no farder, than they willinglie go themselues,that is, where they may freely say their mindes, to the opencontempte of God and all godlines, both in liuing and doctrine.And how? I will expresse how, not by a Fable ofHomere,nor by the Philosophie ofPlato, but by a plaine troth ofGoddes word, sensiblie vttered byDauidthus. Thies men,abhominabiles facti in studijs suis, thinke verily, and singegladlie the verse before,Dixit insipiens in Corde suo, non estPsa.14. //Deus:that is to say, they geuing themselues vp tovanitie, shakinge of the motions of Grace, driuingfrom them the feare of God, and running headlong into allsinne, first, lustelie contemne God, than scornefullie mocke hisworde, and also spitefullie hate and hurte all well willersthereof. Than they haue in more reuerence, the triumphes ofPetrarche: than the Genesis of Moses: They make moreaccounte ofTulliesoffices, thanS. Paulesepistles: of a tale inBocace, than a storie of the Bible. Than they counte asFables, the holie misteries of Christian Religion. They makeChrist and his Gospell, onelie serue Ciuill pollicie: Thanneyther Religion cummeth amisse to them: In tyme they bePromoters of both openlie: in place againe mockers of bothpriuilie, as I wrote once in a rude ryme.
Now new, now olde, now both, now neither,To serue the worldes course, they care not with whether.
For where they dare, in cumpanie where they like, they
the brynging vp of youth.233
boldlie laughe to scorne both protestant and Papist. Theycare for no scripture: They make no counte of generallcouncels: they contemne the consent of the Chirch: They passefor no Doctores: They mocke the Pope: They raile onLuther:They allow neyther side: They like none, but oneliethemselues: The marke they shote at, the ende they looke for,the heauen they desire, is onelie, their owne present pleasure,and priuate proffit: whereby, they plainlie declare, of whoseschole, of what Religion they be: that is, Epicures in liuing,and atheoi in doctrine: this last worde, is no more vnknownenow to plaine English men, than the Person was vnknownsomtyme in England, vntill som Englishe man tooke peines, tofetch that deuelish opinion out of Italie. Thies men, thusItalianated abroad, can not abide our Godlie // The Ita-Italian Chirch at home: they be not of that // lian ChircheParish, they be not of that felowshyp: they like // in London.not y^t preacher: they heare not his sermons: Excepte som-tymes for companie, they cum thither, to heare the Italian tongenaturally spoken, not to hear Gods doctrine trewly preached.And yet, thies men, in matters of Diuinitie, openlie pretenda great knowledge, and haue priuatelie to them selues, a veriecompendious vnderstanding of all, which neuertheles they willvtter when and where they liste: And that is this: All themisteries ofMoses, the whole lawe and Cerimonies, thePsalmes and Prophetes, Christ and his Gospell, GOD and theDeuill, Heauen and Hell, Faith, Conscience, Sinne, Death, andall they shortlie wrap vp, they quickly expounde with this onehalfe verse ofHorace.Credat Iudæus Appella.Yet though in Italie they may freely be of no Religion, asthey are in Englande in verie deede to, neuerthelesse returninghome into England they must countenance the profession ofthe one or the other, howsoeuer inwardlie, they laugh toscorne both. And though, for their priuate matters they canfollow, fawne, and flatter noble Personages, contrarie to themin all respectes, yet commonlie they allie them- // Papistrieselues with the worst Papistes, to whom they be // and impie-wedded, and do well agree togither in three // tie agree inproper opinions: In open contempte of Goddes // three opini-worde: in a secret securitie of sinne: and in // ons.
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a bloodie desire to haue all taken away, by sword or burning,Pigius.// that be not of their faction. They that doread, with indifferent iudgement,PygiusandMachiaue-// _Machiauel,/i>, two indifferent Patriarches of thieslus.// two Religions, do know full well that I say trewe.Ye see, what manners and doctrine, our Englishe men fetchout of Italie: For finding no other there, they can bring noWise and // other hither. And therefore, manie godlie andhonest tra- // excellent learned Englishe men, not manie yearesuelers. // ago, did make a better choice, whan open crueltiedraue them out of this contrie, to place themselues there, whereGermanie.// Christes doctrine, the feare of God, punishmentof sinne, and discipline of honestie, were had inspeciall regarde.I was once in Italie my selfe: but I thanke God, myVenice.// abode there, was but ix. dayes: And yet I sawein that litle tyme, in one Citie, more libertie tosinne, than euer I hard tell of in our noble Citie of London inLondon.// ix. yeare. I sawe, it was there, as free to sinne,not onelie without all punishment, but alsowithout any mans marking, as it is free in the Citie of London,to chose, without all blame, whether a man lust to weare Shooor pantocle. And good cause why: For being vnlike in trothof Religion, they must nedes be vnlike in honestie of liuing.Seruice of // For blessed be Christ, in our Citie of London,God in // commonlie the commandementes of God, be moreEngland. // diligentlie taught, and the seruice of God morereuerentlie vsed, and that daylie in many priuate mens houses,Seruice of // than they be in Italie once a weeke in theirGod in I- // common Chirches: where, masking Ceremonies,talie. // to delite the eye, and vaine soundes, to pleasethe eare, do quite thrust out of the Chirches, all seruice ofThe Lord // God in spirit and troth. Yea, the Lord MaiorMaior of // of London, being but a Ciuill officer, is com-London. // monlie for his tyme, more diligent, in punishingsinne, the bent enemie against God and good order, than allThe In- // the bloodie Inquisitors in Italie be in seauen yeare.quisitors in // For, their care and charge is, not to punishItalie. // sinne, not to amend manners, not to purgedoctrine, but onelie to watch and ouersee that Christes trewe
the brynging vp of youth.235
Religion set no sure footing, where the Pope hath any Iurisdiction. I learned, when I was atVenice, that there it is counted good pollicie, when there be foure or fiue // An ungod- brethren of one familie, one, onelie to marie: & // lie pollicie. all the rest, to waulter, with as litle shame, in open lecherie, as Swyne do here in the common myre. Yea, there be as fayre houses of Religion, as great prouision, as diligent officers, to kepe vp this misorder, as Bridewell is, and all the Masters there, to kepe downe misorder. And therefore, if the Pope himselfe, do not onelie graunt pardons to furder thies wicked purposes abrode in Italie, but also (although this present Pope, in the beginning, made som shewe of misliking thereof) assigne both meede and merite to the maintenance of stewes and brothelhouses at home in Rome, than let wise men thinke Italie a safe place for holsom doctrine, and godlie manners, and a fitte schole for yong ientlemen of England to be brought vp in. Our Italians bring home with them other faultes from Italie, though not so great as this of Religion, yet a great deale greater, than many good men can well beare. For commonlie they cum home, common contemners of mariage // Contempt and readie persuaders of all other to the same: // of mariage. not because they loue virginitie, but, being free in Italie, to go whither so euer lust will cary them, they do not like, that lawe and honestie should be soch a barre to their like libertie at home in England. And yet they be, the greatest makers of loue, the daylie daliers, with such pleasant wordes, with such smilyng and secret countenances, with such signes, tokens, wagers, purposed to be lost, before they were purposed to be made, with bargaines of wearing colours, floures, and herbes, to breede occasion of ofter meeting of him and her, and bolder talking of this and that &c. And although I haue seene some, innocent of all ill, and stayde in all honestie, that haue vsed these thinges without all harme, without all suspicion of harme, yet these knackes were brought first into England by them, that learned them before inItalieinCircesCourt: and how Courtlie curtesses so euer they be counted now, yet, if the meaning and maners of some that do vse them, were somewhat
236The first booke teachyng
amended, it were no great hurt, neither to them selues, nor to others. An other propertie of this our EnglishItaliansis, to be meruelous singular in all their matters: Singular in knowledge, ignorant of nothyng: So singular in wisedome (in their owne opinion) as scarse they counte the best Counsellor the Prince hath, comparable to them: Common discoursers of all matters: busie searchers of most secret affaires: open flatterers of great men: priuie mislikers of good men: Faire speakers, with smiling countenances, and much curtessie openlie to all men. Ready bakbiters, sore nippers, and spitefull reporters priuilie of good men. And beyng brought vp inItalie, in some free Citie, as all Cities be there: where a man may freelie discourse against what he will, against whom he lust: against any Prince, agaynst any gouernement, yea against God him selfe, and his whole Religion: where he must be, eitherGuelpheorGibiline, eitherFrenchorSpanish: and alwayes compelled to be of some partie, of some faction, he shall neuer be compelled to be of any Religion: And if he medle not ouer much with Christes true Religion, he shall haue free libertie to embrace all Religions, and becum, if he lust at once, without any let or punishment, Iewish, Turkish, Papish, and Deuillish. A yong Ientleman, thus bred vp in this goodly schole, to learne the next and readie way to sinne, to haue a busie head, a factious hart, a talkatiue tonge, fed with discoursing of factions: led to contemne God and his Religion, shall cum home into England, but verie ill taught, either to be an honest man him self, a quiet subiect to his Prince, or willyng to serue God, vnder the obedience of trewe doctrine, or within the order of honest liuing. I know, none will be offended with this my generall writing, but onelie such, as finde them selues giltie priuatelie therin: who shall haue good leaue to be offended with me, vntill they begin to amende them selues. I touch not them that be good: and I say to litle of them that be nought. And so, though not enough for their deseruing, yet sufficientlie for this time, and more els when, if occasion so require. And thus farre haue I wandred from my first purpose of teaching a child, yet not altogether out of the way, bicause
the brynging vp of youth.237
this whole taulke hath tended to the onelie aduauncement of trothe in Religion, and honestie of liuing: and hath bene wholie within the compasse of learning and good maners, the speciall pointes belonging in the right bringyng vp of youth. But to my matter, as I began, plainlie and simplie with my yong Scholer, so will I not leaue him, God willing, vntill I haue brought him a per- fite Scholer out of the Schole, and placed him in the Vniuersitie, to becum a fitte student, for Logicke and Rhetoricke: and so after to Phisicke, Law, or Diuinitie, as aptnes of na- ture, aduise of frendes, and Gods disposition shall lead him.
The ende of the first booke.
The second booke.
AFter that your scholer, as I sayd before, shall cum indeede, first, to a readie perfitnes in translating, than, to aripe and skilfull choice in markyng out hys sixe pointes, as,{1.Proprium.{2.Translatum.{3.Synonymum.{4.Contrarium.{5.Diuersum.{6.Phrases.Than take this order with him: Read dayly vnto him,Cicero.// some booke ofTullie, as the third booke ofde Senectute, Epistles chosen out bySturmius, de Amicitia,or that excellent Epistle conteinyng almost thewhole first bookad Q. fra: some Comedie ofTerentius.//TerenceorPlautus: but inPlautus, skilfullchoicePlautus.// must be vsed by the master, to traine his Schollerto a iudgement, in cutting out perfitelie ouer old and vnproperIul. Cæsar.// wordes:Cæs. Commentariesare to be read withall curiositie, in specially without all exception tobe made, either by frende or foe, is seene, the vnspottedproprietie of the Latin tong, euen whan it was, as theGrecianssay, in akme, that is, at the hiest pitch of all perfitenesse: orT. Liuius.// some Orations ofT. Liuius, such as be both longestand plainest.These bookes, I would haue him read now, a good deale ateuery lecture: for he shall not now vse dalie translation, butonely construe againe, and parse, where ye suspect, is any nede:yet, let him not omitte in these bookes, his former exercise, in
The ready way to the Latin tong.239
marking diligently, and writyng orderlie out his six pointes. And for translating, vse you your selfe, euery second or thyrd day, to chose out, some Epistlead Atticum, some notable common place out of his Orations, or some other part ofTullie, by your discretion, which your scholer may not know where to finde: and translate it you your selfe, into plaine naturall English, and than giue it him to translate into Latin againe: allowyng him good space and tyme to do it, both with diligent heede, and good aduisement. Here his witte shalbe new set on worke: his iudgement, for right choice, trewlie tried: his memorie, for sure reteyning, better exercised, than by learning, any thing without the booke: & here, how much he hath proffited, shall plainly appeare. Whan he bringeth it translated vnto you, bring you forth the place ofTullie: lay them together: compare the one with the other: commend his good choice, & right placing of wordes: Shew his faultes iently, but blame them not ouer sharply: for, of such missings, ientlie admonished of, proceedeth glad & good heed taking: of good heed taking, springeth chiefly knowledge, which after, groweth to perfitnesse, if this order, be diligentlie vsed by the scholer & iently handled by the master: for here, shall all the hard pointes of Grammer, both easely and surelie be learned vp: which, scholers in common scholes, by making of Latines, be groping at, with care & feare, & yet in many yeares, they scarse can reach vnto them. I remember, whan I was yong, in the North, they went to the Grammer schole, litle children: they came from thence great lubbers: alwayes learning, and litle profiting: learning without booke, euery thing, vnder- standyng within the booke, litle or nothing: Their whole knowledge, by learning without the booke, was tied onely to their tong & lips, and neuer ascended vp to the braine & head, and therfore was sone spitte out of the mouth againe: They were, as men, alwayes goyng, but euer out of the way: and why? For their whole labor, or rather great toyle without order, was euen vaine idlenesse without proffit. In deed, they tooke great paynes about learning: but employed small labour in learning: Whan by this way prescribed in this booke, being streight, plaine, & easie, the scholer is alwayes laboring with pleasure, and euer going right on forward with proffit: always laboring I say, for, or he haue construed
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parced, twise translated ouer by good aduisement, marked out his six pointes by skilfull iudgement, he shall haue necessarie occasion, to read ouer euery lecture, a dosen tymes, at the least. Which, bicause he shall do alwayes in order, he shall do it alwayes with pleasure: And pleasure allureth loue: loue hath lust to labor: labor alwayes obteineth his purpose, as most Rhet. 2 // trewly, bothAristotlein his Rhetoricke &OedipusIn Oedip. Tyr. // inSophoclesdo teach, saying, pan gar ekponou- Epist. lib. 7. // menon aliske.et. cet.& this oft reading, is the verie right folowing, of that good Counsell, whichPliniedoth geue to his frendeFuscus, saying,Multum, non multa. But to my purpose againe: Whan, by this diligent and spedie reading ouer, those forenamed good bokes ofTullie, Terence, Cæsar, andLiuie, and by this second kinde of translating out of your English, tyme shall breed skill, and vse shall bring perfection, than ye may trie, if you will, your scholer, with the third kinde of translation: although the two first wayes, by myne opinion, be, not onelie sufficent of them selues, but also surer, both for the Masters teaching, and scholers learnyng, than this third way is: Which is thus. Write you in English, some letter, as it were from him to his father, or to some other frende, naturallie, according to the disposition of the child, or some tale, or fable, or plaine narration, according asAphthoniusbeginneth his exercises of learning, and let him translate it into Latin againe, abiding in soch place, where no other scholer may prompe him. But yet, vse you your selfe soch discretion for choice therein, as the matter may be within the compas, both for wordes and sentences, of his former learning and reading. And now take heede, lest your scholer do not better in some point, than you your selfe, except ye haue bene diligentlie exercised in these kindes of translating before: I had once a profe hereof, tried by good experience, by a deare frende of myne, whan I came first from Cambrige, to serue the Queenes Maiestie, than LadieElizabeth, lying at worthie SyrAnt. Denysin Cheston.Iohn Whitneye, a yong ientleman, was my bedfeloe, who willyng by good nature and prouoked by mine aduise, began to learne the Latin tong, after the order declared in this booke. We began after Christmas: I read vnto himTullie de Amicitia, which he did euerie day
the ready way to the Latin tong.241
twise translate, out of Latin into English, and out of English into Latin agayne. About S. Laurence tyde after, to proue how he proffited, I did chose outTorquatustaulkede Amicitia, in the later end of the first bookede finib.bicause that place was, the same in matter, like in wordes and phrases, nigh to the forme and facion of sentences, as he had learned before inde Amicitia. I did translate it my selfe into plaine English, and gaue it him to turne into Latin: Which he did, so choislie, so orderlie, so without any great misse in the hardest pointes of Grammer, that some, in seuen yeare in Grammer Scholes, yea, & some in the Vniuersities to, can not do halfe so well. This worthie yong Ientleman, to my greatest grief, to the great lamentation of that whole house, and speciallie to that most noble Ladie, now QueeneElizabethher selfe, departed within few dayes, out of this world. And if in any cause, a man may without offence of God speake somewhat vngodlie, surely, it was some grief vnto me, to see him hie so hastlie to God, as he did. A Court, full of soch yong Ientlemen, were rather a Paradise than a Court vpon earth. And though I had neuer Poeticall head, to make any verse, in any tong, yet either loue, or sorrow, or both, did wring out of me than, certaine carefull thoughtes of my good will towardes him, which in my murning for him, fell forth, more by chance, than either by skill or vse, into this kinde of misorderlie meter.
Myne owne Iohn Whitney, now farewell, now death doth parte vstwaine,No death, but partyng for a while, whom life shall ioyne agayne.Therfore my hart cease sighes and sobbes, cease sorowes seede to sow,Wherof no gaine, but greater grief, and hurtfull care may grow.Yet, whan I thinke vpon soch giftes of grace as God him lent,My losse, his gaine, I must a while, with ioyfull teares lament.Yong yeares to yelde soch frute in Court, where seede of vice is sowne,Is sometime read, in some place seene, amongst vs seldom knowne.His life he ledde, Christes lore to learne, with will to worke thesame:He read to know, and knew to liue, and liued to praise his name.So fast to frende, so foe to few, so good to euery weight,I may well wishe, but scarcelie hope, agayne to haue in sight.
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The greater ioye his life to me, his death the greater payne:His life in Christ so surelie set, doth glad my hearte agayne:His life so good, his death better, do mingle mirth with care,My spirit with ioye, my flesh with grief, so deare a frend to spare.Thus God the good, while they be good, doth take, and leaues vs ill,That we should mend our sinfull life, in life to tary still.Thus, we well left, be better rest, in heauen to take his place,That by like life, and death, at last, we may obteine like grace.Myne owne Iohn Whiteney agayne fairewell, a while thus parte intwaine,Whom payne doth part in earth, in heauen great ioye shall ioyneagayne.
In this place, or I procede farder, I will now declare, bywhose authoritie I am led, and by what reason I am moued, tothinke, that this way of duble translation out of one tong intoan other, in either onelie, or at least chiefly, to be exercised,speciallie of youth, for the ready and sure obteining of anytong.There be six wayes appointed by the best learned men, forthe learning of tonges, and encreace of eloquence, as
{1.Translatio linguarum.{2.Paraphrasis.{3.Metaphrasis.{4.Epitome.{5.Imitatio.{6.Declamatio.
All theis be vsed, and commended, but in order, and for respectes: as person, habilitie, place, and tyme shall require. The fiue last, be fitter, for the Master, than the scholer: for men, than for children: for the vniuersities, rather than for Grammer scholes: yet neuerthelesse, which is, fittest in mine opinion, for our schole, and which is, either wholie to be refused, or partlie to be vsed for our purpose, I will, by good authoritie, and some reason, I trust perticularlie of euerie one, and largelie enough of them all, declare orderlie vnto you.
the ready way to the Latin tong.243
¶Translatio Linguarum.
Translation, is easie in the beginning for the scholer, and bringeth also moch learning and great iudgement to the Master. It is most common, and most commendable of all other exercises for youth: most common, for all your con- structions in Grammer scholes, be nothing els but translations: but because they be not double translations, as I do require, they bring forth but simple and single commoditie, and bicause also they lacke the daily vse of writing, which is the onely thing that breedeth deepe roote, buth in y^e witte, for good vnderstanding, and in y^e memorie, for sure keeping of all that is learned. Most commendable also, & that by y^e iudgement of all authors, which intreate of theis exercises.Tulliein the person ofL. Crassus, whom he // 1. de Or. maketh his example of eloquence and trewe iudgement in learning, doth, not onely praise specially, and chose this way of translation for a yong man, but doth also discommend and refuse his owne former wont, in exercisingParaphrasin & Metaphrasin. Paraphrasisis, to take some eloquent Oration, or some notable common place in Latin, and expresse it with other wordes:Metaphrasisis, to take some notable place out of a good Poete, and turn the same sens into meter, or into other wordes in Prose.Crassus, or ratherTullie, doth mislike both these wayes, bicause the Author, either Orator or Poete, had chosen out before, the fittest wordes and aptest composition for that matter, and so he, in seeking other, was driuen to vse the worse.Quintilianalso preferreth translation before all other exercises: yet hauing a lust, to dissent, from // Quint. x.Tullie(as he doth in very many places, if a man read his Rhetoricke ouer aduisedlie, and that rather of an enuious minde, than of any iust cause) doth greatlie commendParaphrasis, crossing spitefullieTulliesiudgement in refusing the same: and so doRamusandTalæuseuen at this day inFranceto. But such singularitie, in dissenting from the best mens iudgementes, in liking onelie their owne opinions, is moch misliked of all them, that ioyne with learning, discretion, and wisedome. For he, that can neither likeAristotlein Logicke and Philosophie, norTulliein Rhetoricke and
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Eloquence, will, from these steppes, likelie enough presume, bylike pride, to mount hier, to the misliking of greater matters:that is either in Religion, to haue a dissentious head, or in thecommon wealth, to haue a factious hart: as I knew onea student in Cambrige, who, for a singularitie, began first todissent, in the scholes, fromAristotle, and sone after becamea peruerseArrian, against Christ and all true Religion: andstudied diligentlieOrigene, Basileus, andS. Hierome, onelie togleane out of their workes, the pernicious heresies ofCelsus,Eunomius, andHeluidius, whereby the Church of Christ, was sopoysoned withall.But to leaue these hye pointes of diuinitie, surelie, in thisquiet and harmeles controuersie, for the liking, or misliking ofParaphrasisfor a yong scholer, euen as far, asTulliegoethbeyondQuintilian, Ramus, andTalæus, in perfite Eloquence,* Plinius // euen so moch, by myne opinion, cum theySecundus. // behindeTullie, for trew iudgement in teachingPlinius de- // the same.dit Quin- // *Plinius Secundus, a wise Senator, of greattiliano // experience, excellentlie learned him selfe, a liberallpræceptori // Patrone of learned men, and the purest writer, insuo, in ma- // myne opinion, of all his age, I except nottrimonium //Suetonius, his two scholemastersQuintilianandfiliæ, 50000 //Tacitus, nor yet his most excellent learned Vncle, the Eldernumum. //Plinius, doth expresse in an Epistle to his frendeEpist. lib. 7, //Fuscus, many good wayes for order in studie:Epist. 9. // but he beginneth with translation, and preferrethit to all the rest: and bicause his wordes be notable, I willrecite them.
Vtile in primis, vt multi præcipiunt, ex Græco in Latinum, & ex Latino vertere in Græcum: Quo genere exercitationis, proprietas splendorque verborum, apta structura sententiarum, figurarum copia & explicandi vis colligitur. Præterea, imitatione optimorum, facultas similia inueniendi paratur: & quæ legentem, fefellissent, transferentem fugere non possunt. Intelligentia ex hoc, & iudicium acquiritur._
Ye perceiue, howPlinieteacheth, that by this exercise of double translating, is learned, easely, sensiblie, by litle and litle, not onelie all the hard congruities of Grammer, the choice of
the ready way to the Latin tong.245
aptest wordes, the right framing of wordes and sentences, cumlines of figures and formes, fitte for euerie matter, and proper for euerie tong, but that which is greater also, in marking dayly, and folowing diligentlie thus, the steppes of the best Autors, like inuention of Argumentes, like order in disposition, like vtterance in Elocution, is easelie gathered vp: whereby your scholer shall be brought not onelie to like eloquence, but also, to all trewe vnderstanding and right iudgement, both for writing and speaking. And whereDionys. Halicarnassæushath written two excellent bookes, the one,de delectu optimorum verborum, the which, I feare, is lost, the other, of the right framing of wordes and sentences, which doth remaine yet in Greeke, to the great proffet of all them, that trewlie studie for eloquence, yet this waie of double translating, shall bring the whole proffet of both these bookes to a diligent scholer, and that easelie and pleasantlie, both for fitte choice of wordes, and apt composition of sentences. And by theis authorities and reasons am I moued to thinke, this waie of double translating, either onelie or chieflie, to be fittest, for the spedy and perfit atteyning of any tong. And for spedy atteyning, I durst venture a good wager, if a scholer, in whom is aptnes, loue, diligence, & constancie, would but translate, after this sorte, one litle booke inTullie, asde senectute, with two Epistles, the firstad Q. fra:the otherad lentulum, the last saue one, in the first booke, that scholer, I say, should cum to a better knowledge in the Latin tong, than the most part do, that spend foure or fiue yeares, in tossing all the rules of Grammer in common scholes. In deede this one booke with these two Epistles, is not sufficient to affourde all Latin wordes (which is not necessarie for a yong scholer to know) but it is able to furnishe him fully, for all pointes of Grammer, with the right placing ordering, & vse of wordes in all kinde of matter. And why not? for it is read, thatDion. Prussæus, that wise Philosopher, & excellent orator of all his tyme, did cum to the great learning & vtterance that was in him, by reading and folowing onelie two bookes,Phædon Platonis, andDemosthenesmost notable oration peri parapres- beias. And a better, and nerer example herein, may be, our most noble QueeneElizabeth, who neuer toke yet, Greeke nor Latin Grammer in her hand, after the first declining of a nowne and a verbe, but onely by this double translating of
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DemosthenesandIsocratesdailie without missing euerie forenone, and likewise som part of Tullie euery afternone, for the space of a yeare or two, hath atteyned to soch a perfite vnderstanding in both the tonges, and to soch a readie vtterance of the latin, and that wyth soch a iudgement, as they be fewe in nomber in both the vniuersities, or els where in England, that be, in both tonges, comparable with her Maiestie. And to conclude in a short rowme, the commodities of double translation, surelie the mynde by dailie marking, first, the cause and matter: than, the wordes and phrases: next, the order and composition: after the reason and argumentes: than the formes and figures of both the tonges: lastelie, the measure and compas of euerie sentence, must nedes, by litle and litle drawe vnto it the like shape of eloquence, as the author doth vse, which is red. And thus much for double translation.
Paraphrasis.
Paraphrasis, the second point, is not onelie to expresse at Lib. x. // large with moe wordes, but to striue and contend (asQuintiliansaith) to translate the best latin authors, into other latin wordes, as many or thereaboutes. This waie of exercise was vsed first byC. Crabo, and taken vp for a while, byL. Crassus, but sone after, vpon dewe profe thereof, reiected iustlie byCrassusandCicero: yet allowed and made sterling agayne byM. Quintilian:neuerthelesse, shortlie after, by better assaye, disalowed of his owne scholerPlinius Secundus, who termeth it rightlie thusAudax contentio. It is a bold comparison in deede, to thinke to say better, than that is best. Soch turning of the best into worse, is much like the turning of good wine, out of a faire sweete flagon of siluer, into a foule mustie bottell of ledder: or, to turne pure gold and siluer, into foule brasse and copper. Such kinde ofParaphrasis, in turning, chopping, and changing, the best to worse, either in the mynte or scholes, (thoughM. BrokkeandQuintilianboth say the contrary) is moch misliked of the best and wisest men. I can better allow an other kinde ofParaphrasis, to turne rude and barbarus, into proper and eloquent: which neuerthelesse is an exercise, not fitte for a scholer, but for a perfite master, who in plentie hath
the ready way to the Latin tong.247
good choise, in copie hath right iudgement, and grounded skill,as did appeare to be inSebastian Castalio, in translatingKemppesbookede Imitando Christo.But to folowQuintilianusaduise forParaphrasis, were euento take paine, to seeke the worse and fowler way, whan theplaine and fairer is occupied before your eyes.The olde and best authors that euer wrote, were contentif occasion required to speake twise of one matter, not to changethe wordes, but rhetos, that is, worde for worde to expresse itagaine. For they thought, that a matter, well expressed withfitte wordes and apt composition, was not to be altered, butliking it well their selues, they thought it would also be wellallowed of others.A scholemaster (soch one as I require) knoweth that I saytrewe.He readeth inHomer, almost in euerie booke, and speciallieinSecundo et nono Iliados, not onelie som verses, //Homerus.but whole leaues, not to be altered with new, // {2.but to be vttered with the old selfe same wordes. // {IL. {He knoweth, thatXenophon, writing twise of // {9.Agesilaus, once in his life, againe in the historie //Xenophon.of the Greekes, in one matter, kepeth alwayes the selfe samewordes. He doth the like, speaking ofSocrates, both in thebeginning of his Apologie and in the last ende of apomnemoneu-maton.Demosthenesalso in 4.Philippicadoth borow his ownewordes vttered before in his orationde Chersoneso.He doth the like, and that more at large, in his //Demost-orations, againstAndrotionandTimocrates. //henes.In latin also,Ciceroin som places, andVirgilin mo, dorepeate one matter, with the selfe same wordes. //Cicero.Thies excellent authors, did thus, not for lacke //Virgilius.of wordes, but by iudgement and skill: whatso-euer, other, more curious, and lesse skilfull, do thinke, write,and do.Paraphrasisneuerthelesse hath good place in learning, butnot, by myne opinion, for any scholer, but is onelie to be leftto a perfite Master, eyther to expound openlie a good authorwithall, or to compare priuatelie, for his owne exercise, howsome notable place of an excellent author, may be vttered with
248The second booke teachyng
other fitte wordes: But if ye alter also, the composition, forme, and order than that is notParaphrasis, butImitatio, as I will fullie declare in fitter place. The scholer shall winne nothing byParaphrasis, but onelie, if we may beleueTullie, to choose worse wordes, to place them out of order, to feare ouermoch the iudgement of the master, to mislike ouermuch the hardnes of learning, and by vse, to gather vp faultes, which hardlie will be left of againe. The master in teaching it, shall rather encrease hys owne labor, than his scholers proffet: for when the scholer shall bring vnto his master a peece ofTullieorCæsarturned into other latin, then must the master cum toQuintiliansgoodlie lessonde Emendatione, which, (as he saith) is the most profitable part of teaching, but not in myne opinion, and namelie for youthe in Grammer scholes. For the master nowe taketh double paynes: first, to marke what is amisse: againe, to inuent what may be sayd better. And here perchance, a verie good master may easelie both deceiue himselfe, and lead his scholer into error. It requireth greater learning, and deeper iudgement, than is to be hoped for at any scholemasters hand: that is, to be able alwaies learnedlie and perfitelie
{Mutare quod ineptum est:{Transmutare quod peruersum est:{Replere quod deest;{Detrahere quod obest:{Expungere quod inane est.
And that, which requireth more skill, and deaper conside- racion
{Premere tumentia:{Extollere humilia:{Astringere luxuriantia:{Componere dissoluta.
The master may here onelie stumble, and perchance faull in teaching, to the marring and mayning of the Scholer in learning, whan it is a matter, of moch readyng, of great learning, and tried iudgement, to make trewe difference betwixt
the ready way to the Latin tong.249
{Sublime, et Tumidum:{Grande, et immodicum:{Decorum, et ineptum:{Perfectum, et nimium.
Some men of our time, counted perfite Maisters of eloquence, in their owne opinion the best, in other mens iudgements very good, asOmphaliuseuerie where,Sadoletusin many places, yea also my frendeOsorius, namelie in his Epistle to the Queene & in his whole bookede Iusticia, haue so ouer reached them selues, in making trew difference in the poyntes afore rehearsed, as though they had bene brought vp in some schole inAsia, to learne to decline rather then inAthenswithPlato, Aristotle, andDemosthenes, (from whenceTulliefetched his eloquence) to vnderstand, what in euerie matter, to be spoken or written on, is, in verie deede,Nimium, Satis, Parum, that is for to say, to all considerations,Decorum, which, as it is the hardest point, in all learning, so is it the fairest and onelie marke, that scholers, in all their studie, must alwayes shote at, if they purpose an other day to be, either sounde in Religion, or wise and discrete in any vocation of the common wealth. Agayne, in the lowest degree, it is no low point of learnyng and iudgement for a Scholemaster, to make trewe difference betwixt
{Humile & depressum:{Lene & remissum:{Siccum & aridum:{Exile & macrum:{Inaffectatum & neglectum.
In these poyntes, some, louingMelancthonwell, as he was well worthie, but yet not considering well nor wiselie, how he of nature, and all his life and studie by iudgement was wholly spent ingenere Disciplinabili, that is, in teaching, reading, and expounding plainlie and aptlie schole matters, and therfore imployed thereunto a fitte, sensible, and caulme kinde of speaking and writing, some I say, with very well louyng, but not with verie well weyingMelancthonesdoinges, do frame them selues a style, cold, leane, and weake, though the matter be neuer so warme & earnest, not moch vnlike vnto one, that had a pleasure, in a roughe, raynie, winter
250The second booke teachyng
day, to clothe him selfe with nothing els, but a demie, bukram cassok, plaine without plites, and single with out lyning: which will neither beare of winde nor wether, nor yet kepe out the sunne, in any hote day. Some suppose, and that by good reason, thatMelancthonParaphra- // him selfe came to this low kinde of writing, by sis in vse of // vsing ouer mochParaphrasisin reading: For teaching, // studying therebie to make euerie thing streight hath hurt // and easie, in smothing and playning all things toMelanch-// much, neuer leaueth, whiles the sence it selfe betonsstile in // left, both lowse and lasie. And some of those writing. //Paraphrasis of Melancthonbe set out in Printe, as,Pro Archia Poeta, & Marco Marcello:But a scholer, by myne opinion, is better occupied in playing or sleping, than in spendyng time, not onelie vainlie but also harmefullie, in soch a kinde of exercise. If a Master woulde haue a perfite example to folow, how, inGenere sublimi, to auoideNimium, or inMediocri, to atteyneSatis, or inHumili, to exchewParum, let him read diligentlyCicero.// for the first,Secundam Philippicam, for the meane,De Natura Deorum, and for the lowest,Partitiones. Or, if in an other tong, ye looke for like example, in likeDemost-// perfection, for all those three degrees, readProhenes.//Ctesiphonte, Ad Leptinem, & Contra Olympiodorum, and, what witte, Arte, and diligence is hable to affourde, ye shall plainely see. For our tyme, the odde man to performe all three perfitlie, whatsoeuer he doth, and to know the way to do them skilfullie,Ioan. Stur.// what so euer he list, is, in my poore opinion,Ioannes Sturmius. He also councelleth all scholers to beware ofParaphrasis, except it be, from worse to better, from rude and barbarous, to proper and pure latin, and yet no man to exercise that neyther, except soch one, as is alreadie furnished with plentie of learning, and grounded with stedfast iudgement before. All theis faultes, that thus manie wise men do finde with the exercise ofParaphrasis, in turning the best latin, into other, as good as they can, that is, ye may be sure, into a great deale worse, than it was, both in right choice for proprietie, and trewe placing, for good order is committed also commonlie in all
the ready way to the Latin tong.251
common scholes, by the scholemasters, in tossing and troblingyong wittes (as I sayd in the beginning) with that boocherliefeare in making of Latins.Therefore, in place, of Latines for yong scholers, and ofParaphrasisfor the masters, I wold haue double translationspecially vsed. For, in double translating a perfite peece ofTullieorCæsar, neyther the scholer in learning, nor y^eMasterin teaching can erre. A true tochstone, a sure metwand liethbefore both their eyes. For, all right congruitie: proprietie ofwordes: order in sentences: the right imitation, to inuent goodmatter, to dispose it in good order, to confirme it with goodreason, to expresse any purpose fitlie and orderlie, is learnedthus, both easelie & perfitlie: Yea, to misse somtyme in thiskinde of translation, bringeth more proffet, than to hit right,either inParaphrasior making of Latins. For though ye saywell, in a latin making, or in aParaphrasis, yet you being butin doute, and vncertayne whether ye saie well or no, ye gatherand lay vp in memorie, no sure frute of learning thereby: Butif ye fault in translation, ye ar easelie taught, how perfitlie toamende it, and so well warned, how after to exchew, all sochfaultes againe.Paraphrasistherefore, by myne opinion, is not meete forGrammer scholes: nor yet verie fitte for yong men in thevniuersitie, vntill studie and tyme, haue bred in them, perfitelearning, and stedfast iudgement.There is a kinde ofParaphrasis, which may be vsed, withoutall hurt, to moch proffet: but it serueth onely the Greke andnot the latin, nor no other tong, as to alterlinguam Ionicam autDoricamintomeram Atticam: A notable example there is leftvnto vs by a notable learned manDiony:Halicarn: who, in hisbooke, peri syntaxeos, doth translate the goodlie storie ofCandaulesandGygesin 1.Herodoti, out ofIonica lingua,intoAtticam. Read the place, and ye shall take, both pleasure andproffet, in conference of it. A man, that is exercised in reading,Thucydides, Xenophon, Plato, andDemosthenes, in vsing to turne,like places ofHerodotus, after like sorte, shold shortlie cum tosoch a knowledge, in vnderstanding, speaking, and writing theGreeke tong, as fewe or none hath yet atteyned in England.The like exercise out ofDorica linguamay be also vsed, if aman take that litle booke ofPlato, Timæus Locrus, de Animo et
252The second booke teachyng
natura, which is writtenDorice, and turne it into soch Greeke, asPlatovseth in other workes. The booke, is but two leaues: and the labor wold be, but two weekes: but surelie the proffet, for easie vnderstanding, and trewe writing the Greeke tonge, wold conteruaile wyth the toile, that som men taketh, in otherwise coldlie reading that tonge, two yeares. And yet, for the latin tonge, and for the exercise ofPara- phrasis, in those places of latin, that can not be bettered, if some yong man, excellent of witte, corragious in will, lustie of nature, and desirous to contend euen with the best latin, to better it, if he can, surelie I commend his forwardnesse, and for his better instruction therein, I will set before him, as notable an example ofParaphrasis, as is in Record of learning.Cicerohim selfe, doth contend, in two sondrie places, to expresse one matter, with diuerse wordes: and that isParaphrasis, saithQuintillian. The matter I suppose is taken out ofPanætius: and therefore being translated out of Greeke at diuers times, is vttered for his purpose, with diuers wordes and formes: which kinde of exercise, for perfite learned men, is verie profitable.
2. De Finib.
a.Homo enim Rationem habet à natura menti datam quæ, & causas rerum et consecutiones videt, & similitudines, transfert, & disiuncta coniungit, & cum præsentibus futura copulat, omnemque complectitur vitæ consequentis statum.b.Eademque ratio facit hominem hominum appetentem, cumque his, natura, & sermone in vsu congruentem: vt profectus à caritate domesticorum ac suorum, currat longius, & se implicet, primò Ciuium, deinde omnium mortalium societati: vtque non sibi soli se natum meminerit, sed patriæ, sed suis, vt exigua pars ipsi relinquatur.c.Et quoniam eadem natura cupiditatem ingenuit homini veri inueniendi, quod facillimè apparet, cum vacui curis, etiam quid in cœlo fiat, scire auemus, &c.
1. Officiorum.
a.Homo autem, qui rationis est particeps, per quam conse- quentia cernit, & causas rerum videt, earumque progressus, et quasi antecessiones non ignorat, similitudines, comparat, rebusque præsentibus adiungit, atque annectit futuras, facile totius vitæ cursum videt, ad
the ready way to the Latin tong.253
eamque degendam præparat res necessarias.b.Eademque natura vi rationis hominem conciliat homini, & ad Orationis, & ad vitæ societatem: ingeneratque imprimis præcipuum quendam amorem in eos, qui procreati sunt, impellitque vt hominum cœtus & celebrari inter se, & sibi obediri velit, ob easque causas studeat parare ea, quæ suppeditent ad cultum & ad victum, nec sibi soli, sed coniugi, liberis, cæterisque quos charos habeat, tuerique debeat.c.Quæ cura exsuscitat etiam animos, & maiores ad rem gerendam facit: impri- misque hominis est propria veri inquisitio atque inuestigatio: ita cum sumus necessarijs negocijs curisque vacui, tum auemus aliquid videre, audire, addiscere, cognitionemque rerum mirabilium. &c.
The conference of these two places, conteinyng so excellenta peece of learning, as this is, expressed by so worthy a witte,asTullieswas, must needes bring great pleasure and proffit tohim, that maketh trew counte, of learning and honestie. Butif we had theGrekeAuthor, the first Patterne of all, and therbyto see, howTullieswitte did worke at diuerse tymes, how, outof one excellent Image, might be framed two other, one in faceand fauor, but somwhat differing in forme, figure, and color,surelie, such a peece of workemanship compared with thePaterne it selfe, would better please the ease of honest, wise,and learned myndes, than two of the fairest Venusses, that euerApelles made.And thus moch, for all kinde ofParaphrasis, fitte or vnfit,for Scholers or other, as I am led to thinke, not onelie, by mineowne experience, but chiefly by the authoritie & iudgement ofthose, whom I my selfe would gladliest folow, and do counsellall myne to do the same: not contendyng with any other, thatwill otherwise either thinke or do.
Metaphrasis.
This kinde of exercise is all one withParaphrasis, saue it is out of verse, either into prose, or into some other kinde of meter: or els, out of prose into verse, which was //PlatoinSocratesexercise and pastime ( asPlatoreporteth) // Phædone. when he was in prison, to translateæsopes Fabulesinto verse.Quintiliandoth greatlie praise also this exercise: but bicauseTulliedoth disalow it in yong men, by myne opinion, it were not well to vse it in Grammer Scholes, euen
254The second booke teachyng
for the selfe same causes, that be recited againstParaphrasis.And therfore, for the vse, or misuse of it, the same is to bethought, that is spoken ofParaphrasisbefore. This wasSulpitiusexercise: and he gathering vp therby, a Poeticall kindeof talke, is iustlie named ofCicero, grandis et Tragicus Orator:which I think is spoken, not for his praise, but for other menswarning, to exchew the like faulte. Yet neuertheles, if ourScholemaster for his owne instruction, is desirous, to see aperfite example hereof, I will recite one, which I thinke, noman is so bold, will say, that he can amend it: & that isHom.1.Il.//Chrisesthe Priestes Oration to theGrekes, inthePla.3.Rep.// beginnyng ofHomers Ilias, turned excellentlieinto prose bySocrateshim selfe, and that aduised-lie and purposelie for other to folow: and therfore he calleththis exercise, in the same place, mimesis, that is,Imitatio, whichis most trew: but, in this booke, for teachyng sake, I will nameitMetaphrasis, reteinyng the word, that all teachers, in thiscase, do vse.
Homerus. I. Iliad.
o gar elthe thoas epi neas Achaion, lysomenos te thygatra, pheron t apereisi apoina, stemmat echon en chersin ekebolou Apollonos, chryseo ana skeptro kai elisseto pantas Achaious, Atreida de malista duo, kosmetore laon. Atreidai te, kai alloi euknemides Achaioi, ymin men theoi doien, Olympia domat echontes, ekpersai Priamoio polin eu d oikad ikesthai paida d emoi lysai te philen, ta t apoina dechesthai, azomenoi Dios uion ekebolon Apollona. enth alloi men pantes epeuphemesan Achaioi aideisthai th ierea, kai aglaa dechthai apoina all ouk Atreide Agamemnoni endane thymo, alla kakos aphiei, krateron d epi mython etellen. me se, geron, koilesin ego para neusi kicheio, e nyn dethynont, e ysteron autis ionta, me ny toi ou chraisme skeptron, kai stemma theoio ten d ego ou lyso, prin min kai geras epeisin, emetero eni oiko, en Argei telothi patres
the ready way to the Latin tong.255
iston epoichomenen, kai emon lechos antioosan. all ithi, me m erethize saoteros os ke neeai. os ephat eddeisen d o geron, kai epeitheto mytho be d akeon para thina polyphloisboio thalasses, polla d epeit apaneuthe kion erath o geraios Apolloni anakti, ton eukomos teke Leto. klythi meu, argyrotox, os Chrysen amphibebekas, killan te zatheen, Tenedoio te iphi anasseis, smintheu, ei pote toi Charient epi neon erepsa, e ei de pote toi kata piona meri ekea tauron, ed aigon, tode moi kreenon eeldor tiseian Danaoi ema dakrua soisi belessin.
Socrates in 3.de Rep.saith thus,
Phraso gar aneu metrou, ou gar eimi poietikos.
elthen o Chryses tes te thygatros lytra pheron, kai iketes ton Achaion, malista de ton basileon: kai eucheto, ekeinois men tous theous dounai elontas ten Troian, autous de sothenai, ten de thygatera oi auto lysai, dexamenous apoina, kai ton theon aidesthentas. Toiauta de eipontos autou, oi men alloi esebonto kai synenoun, o de Agamemnon egriainen, entel- lomenos nyn te apienai, kai authis me elthein, me auto to te skeptron, kai ta tou theou stemmata ouk eparkesoi. prin de lythenai autou thygatera, en Argei ephe gerasein meta ou. apienai de ekeleue, kai me erethizein, ina sos oikade elthoi. o de presbytes akousas edeise te kai apeei sige, apocho- resas d ek tou stratopedou polla to Apolloni eucheto, tas te eponymias tou theou anakalon kai ypomimneskon kai apaiton, ei ti popote e en naon oikodomesesin, e en ieron thysiais kecharismenon doresaito. on de charin kateucheto tisai tous Achaious ta a dakrua tois ekeinon belesin.
To compareHomerandPlatotogether, two wonders of nature and arte for witte and eloquence, is most pleasant and profitable, for a man of ripe iudgement.Platosturning ofHomerin this place, doth not ride a loft in Poeticall termes, but goeth low and soft on foote, as prose andPedestris oratioshould do. IfSulpitiushad hadPlatosconsideration, in right
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vsing this exercise, he had not deserued the name ofTragicusOrator, who should rather haue studied to expressevim Demos-thenis, thanfurorem Poætæ, how good so euer he was, whom hedid folow.And therfore would I haue our Scholemaster wey welltogetherHomerandPlato, and marke diligentlie these fourepointes, what is kept: what is added: what is left out: whatis changed, either, in choise of wordes, or forme of sentences:which foure pointes, be the right tooles, to handle like a worke-man, this kinde of worke: as our Scholer shall better vnder-stand, when he hath bene a good while in the Vniuersitie:to which tyme and place, I chiefly remitte this kinde of exercise.And bicause I euer thought examples to be the best kindeof teaching, I will recite a golden sentence out of that Poete,which is next vntoHomer, not onelie in tyme, but also inworthines: which hath bene a paterne for many worthiewittes to follow, by this kind ofMetaphrasis, but I will contentmy selfe, with foure workemen, two inGreke, and two inLatin,soch, as in both the tonges, wiser & worthier, can not be lookedfor. Surelie, no stone set in gold by most cunning workemen,is in deed, if right counte be made, more worthie the lookingon, than this golden sentence, diuerslie wrought vpon, by sochfoure excellent Masters.
Hesiodus. 2.
1. outos men panariotos, os auto panta noese,phrassamenos ta k epeita kai es telos esin ameino:2. esthlos d au kakeinos, os eu eiponti pithetai,3. os de ke met autos noee, met allou akouonen thymo balletai, o d aut achreios aner.
¶ Thus rudelie turned intobase English.
1.That man in wisedome passeth all,to know the best who hath a head:2.And meetlie wise eeke counted shall,who yeildes him selfe to wise mens read:3.Who hath no witte, nor none will heare,amongest all fooles the bell may beare.
the ready way to the Latin tong.257
Sophocles in Antigone.
1. Phem egoge presbeuein poly,Phynai ton andra pant epiotemes pleon:2. Ei d oun (philei gar touto me taute repein),Kai ton legonton eu kalon to manthanein.
Marke the wisedome ofSophocles, in leauyng out the last sentence, because it was not cumlie for the sonne to vse it to his father.
¶D. Basileus in his Exhortation to youth.
Memnesthe tou Esiodou, os phesi, ariston men einai ton par eautou ta deonta xynoronta. 2. Esthlon de kakei- non, ton tois, par eteron ypodeicheisin epomenon. 3. ton de pros oudeteron epitedeion achreion einai pros apanta.
¶ M. Cic. Pro A. Cluentio.
1.Sapientissimum esse dicunt eum, cui, quod opus sit, ipsi veniat in mentem:2.Proxime accedere illum, qui alterius bene inuentis obtemperet.3.In stulticia contra est: minus enim stultus est is, cui nihil in mentem venit, quam ille, qui, quod stultè alteri venit in mentem comprobat.
Cicerodoth not plainlie expresse the last sentence, but doth inuent it fitlie for his purpose, to taunt the folie and simplicitie in his aduersarieActius, not weying wiselie, the sutle doynges ofChrysogonusandStaienus.
¶ Tit. Liuius in Orat. Minutij. Lib. 22.
1.Sæpe ego audiui milites; eum primum esse virum, qui ipse consulat, quid in rem sit:2.Secundum eum, qui bene monenti obediat:3.Qui, nec ipse consulere, nec alteri parere scit, eum extremi esse ingenij.
Now, which of all these foure,Sophocles, S. Basil, Cicero, orLiuie, hath expressedHesiodusbest, the iudgement is as hard, as the workemanship of euerie one is most excellent in deede. An other example out of theLatintong also I will recite, for the worthines of the workeman therof, and that isHorace, who hath
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so turned the begynning ofTerence Eunuchus, as doth worke in me, a pleasant admiration, as oft so euer, as I compare those two places togither. And though euerie Master, and euerie good Scholer to, do know the places, both inTerenceandHorace, yet I will set them heare, in one place togither, that with more pleasure, they may be compared together.
¶ Terentius in Eunucho.