INDEX, &c.

INDEX, &c.Abrasion tests,146Absorption of bricks,132Acids defined,76Actinolite,69Air, chemical composition of,105Albite felspar, chemical composition,34Almandite,68Aluminium, under blowpipe,73Anorthite felspar, chemical composition,34Aragonite,49Bases defined,76Basic bricks,90dolomite for,55magnesite for,56Biotite mica,43under blowpipe,73Black bricks,101Blowpipe,58Blue bricks,101Bluish-black brick-earths,27Boulder clay,50Bourges, Oxford clay of,24Bovey Heathfield clays,20Bracknell bricks,135Brick earths, artificial mixing,42artificial mixtures,94,95bluish-black,27boulder clay,50brown,27chalk pebbles in,50changes in character on being dug into,2,5,10chemical composition of,23,52,83,84,85chemistry of,58,75chert in,41,42coprolites found in,51Cornwall,35Crayford,1Devon,35Erith,1estuarine,21fluviatile—Chapter I.,1–16fossil shells in,50Ilford,1Kimeridge clay,26lacustrine—Chapter II.,17–21Lincolnshire,21London clay,33marine,22mineral constitution,28minerals found in (seeKaolin,Felspar,Quartz,Flint,Mica,Iron,Calcite,Aragonite,Selenite,Dolomite,Salt, etc.).Northamptonshire,21North-Eastern France,20Oxford clay,33Reading mottled clay,19of river terraces,12salt in,25sea-shore,25section of fluviatile brick-earths,10several kinds of fluviatile, discussed,14,15Switzerland,89Thames Valley,1,2,3,4,5value of chemical analyses of,28,29Brickmaking: earths suitable for (seeBrick-earths)Bricks, abrasion tests,146absorption of,132basic,90Bracknell,135colour of,100Dinas,81discolouration of,114durability of,103effect of conflagrations on,117efflorescence on,110London stock,97micro-structure of,29,118,128rubber,29specific gravity,146,149Staffordshire blue,99Stourbridge,82strength of,136vegetable growth on,113weathering of,105,113British Museum, fossils in, from brick-earths,3,26Bronzite,69Brown brick-earths,27Burning bricks,94changes produced by,98temperature,89Calc spar,49Calcite,39,49behaviour in kiln,39micro-structure of,131under blow-pipe,74Californian magnesite,56Carbon dioxide in quartz,41Carbonate of lime (seeCalcite,Aragonite)Chalk in brick-earths,1mixed with brick-earths,53pebbles in brick-earths,50Chateauroux, Oxford clay of,24Chemical affinity,76analyses of brick-earths,28analysis,77composition of air,106composition of brick-earths, Dinas,52composition, china clays,78composition of fire-clays,80composition of Kieselguhr,92composition of magnesian limestones,90composition, pottery clays,82composition of slates,87disintegration of rocks,20re-agents,60,63,71Chemistry of brick-earths,58,75Chert,41Cheshire, salt in clays in,25China-clays, behaviour in the kiln,36chemical composition,78Cornwall,35,36,37Devon,35China-clay (seeKaolinandFelspar)thickness of,38China-stone, decomposed,37Colour in the kiln,98,99Colouring matter of bricks,45of bricks,53Colour of bricks (seeBlue,Black, etc.).Coprolites: impure varieties of phosphate of limefound in brick-earths,51Cornish granite,35Cornwall, china-clays,35,36,37Cracks formed in bricks,52Crayford, brick-earth at,1Dartmoor granite,55Denudation, agents of, described,6,7of sea-cliffs,22Devon, china-clays,35Diatomaceous earth,42,91Dinas bricks,52,81Discolouration of bricks,114,135Dolomite in brick-earths,55micro-structure of,131under blow-pipe,74Drying bricks,94Durability of bricks,103Efflorescence on bricks,110Electric furnace,33Elephants’ remains, found in brick-earth,2,3Erith, brick-earth at,1Estuarine brick-earths,21Expansion of bricks and variations of temperature,115Felspar,34chemical composition of,34micro-structure of,129under blow-pipe,73Ferruginous matter (seeIron)Fire-bricks, Dinas,52earths suitable for making,21effect of lime in,53Kieselguhr for,42,91strength of,136Fire-clays, chemical composition of,80,81Newcastle-on-Tyne,80tests,148Welsh localities,81Fishes, fossil,25Flint,39,41behaviour of in the kiln,42,43implement: an implement, or tool, made of flint—in the sense indicated in this work an implement made by pre-historic man.implements, found in brick-earths,3,5micro-structure of,129origin of,41Fluid inclusions in quartz,41Fluorine in clays,59Fluviatile brick-earths: brick-earths that have been deposited in riversFossil shells, carbonate of lime in,50shells found in brick-earths,4sponges, in flint,42Fusion of brick-earths in the kiln,29,31Gault clay,51Glaze, micro-structure of,119,120Glazing, salt,57Granite, Cornish,35Dartmoor,35Granites, weathering of,36Greece, magnesite in,56Green bricks,101Grizzly bear’s remains found in brick-earth,2Gypsum in brick-earths,54under blow-pipe,74Heat, bricks affected by,117Hippopotamus remains found in brick-earth,2Ilford, brick-earth at,1Infusorial earth, Tuscany,92Iron,44a constituent of brick-earths,44behaviour in the kiln,45bricks, Saarbrücken,92micro-structure of,130mode of occurrence in brick-earths,45under blow-pipe,73,74vapour in the kiln,46pyrites,46,131pyrites, behaviour in the kiln,48pyrites, under blow-pipe,74pyrites, weathering of in bricks,48Jurassic estuarine clays,21Kangaroo rats, fossil,25Kaolin: a hydrous silicate of alumina, derived chiefly from the decomposition of felsparsKaolin,31behaviour in the kiln,32,33chemical composition of,78micro-structure,32,33under blow-pipe,73“Kaolinised” matter,33Kilns, temperature in,98Kieselguhr: a diatomaceous earthKieselguhr,91chemical composition of,92of the Isle of Skye,42Kimeridge clay brick-earth,26Labradorite felspar, chemical composition,34Lacustrine brick-earth: that laid down or deposited in lakesbrick-earths—Chapter II.,17–21brick-earths, formation of,17,18Lime, builder’s,52in bricks,52in manufacture of fire-bricks,53Limestone, a flux,54Limonite, under blow-pipe,73Lincolnshire brick-earths,21Loam: sandy clayLondon stock bricks,97,140Magnesian limestones, chemical composition of,90limestone (seeDolomite)Magnesite,55behaviour in the kiln,56Californian,56in Greece,56Styrian,56under blow-pipe,74Malachite,67Malm bricks,53,86Manganese, under blow-pipe,74Marcasite,46,47behaviour in the kiln,48weathering of,47,48Marine brick-earths: those laid down or deposited on the sea-floorMarine brick-earths, not so variable in character as river, lacustrine, or estuarine,23brick-earths—Chapter III.,22–27brick-earths, origin of,23Marl: clay containing much lime.Mica,43behaviour in the kiln,44micro-structure of,130under blow-pipe,73Microscopes,121Microscopes, use of,59useful in analysing earths,30Micro structure as a means of determining fusibility of minerals and brick-earths,43of bricks,118,128Minerals, their behaviour in the kiln (seeKaolin,Felspar,Quartz,Flint,Mica,Iron,Calcite,Aragonite,Selenite,Dolomite,Salt, etc.).behaviour under the blow-pipe (seeQuartz,Felspar,Mica,Calcite, etc.).Mississippi, sediments of the Delta of,7Mortar and Scum,112Muscovite mica,43mica, under blow-pipe,73Musk-sheep remains, found in brick-earth,2,3Natrolite,68Newcastle-on-Tyne fire-clays,80Newton Abbot, clays near,20Northamptonshire brick-earths,21Oligoclase felspar, chemical composition,34felspar, under blow-pipe,73Origin of fluviatile brick-earths—Chapter I.,1–16Orthoclase,69felspar, chemical composition,34felspar, under blow-pipe,73Overburden: the material for the most part useless, overlying the good brick-earth, sand, limestone, or other rock for which the pit or quarry was exploited, and which, in the majority of cases, has to be removed to obtain the material sought for.Oxford clay,24,25,33Oxidising flame,65Paving bricks, tests,148Peterborough bricks,24clays,51Plants, fossil,21,26Platinum wire,60,63,66Plesiosaurus, fossil reptile,26Porcelain earths,30Pottery clays, chemical composition,82Power of transport of sediment by rivers,8Pumice for brickmaking,93Pyrite,46behaviour in the kiln,48under blow-pipe,74Pyrometers,99,100Quartz, behaviour in the kiln,39,42,43cavities in,40,41characters of,39imperishable,40micro-structure of,128occurrence in brick-earths,40under blowpipe,72vein,40Race: concretions of carbonate of lime, commonly found in brick-earths in brick-earths,50Rainfall and the durability of bricks,108“Rattling” tests,148Reading mottled clay,18Red brick,100Red brick clay,86Red bricks, colouring matter of,45Reducing flame,65Refractory minerals (seeCalcite,Dolomite,Magnesite,Quartz, etc.).Reindeer remains, found in brick-earth,2,3Reptiles, fossil,25Rhinoceros’ remains, found in brick-earth,2,3River deposits, typical section,10,11River terraces, brick-earths of,12,13Rock crystal,40Rock salt, under blow-pipe,74Ruabon bricks and terra-cotta,84terra-cotta,116Rubbers,29,86Saarbrücken “iron bricks,”92Salt, a powerful flux,57behaviour in the kiln,57glazing,57in brick-earths,25,27,56in quartz crystals,41under blow-pipe,74Schorl,40Scum,110Sea-shore, brick-earths from the,25Selenite,54,131under blow-pipe,74Septaria: tabular or rounded concretions of argillaceous limestone, commonly found in claysSeptaria,51Shrinkage of brick-earth in the kiln,85Silica, behaviour in the kiln,28group of minerals,39Slates, chemical composition of,87débris for brickmaking,87refuse,47used in brickmaking,47Snails, found in brick-earth,4Specific gravity of bricks,146,149Stacking in the kiln,97Staffordshire blue bricks,99Stibnite,68,70Stocks, London,140Stoneware, earths for making,21Stourbridge bricks,82Strength of bricks,136Styrian magnesite,56Swiss brick-earths,89Temperature and weathering of bricks,115in kilns,98Terra-cotta earths,19,30earth, chemical composition of,84expansion of in weathering,115Ruabon,116Tests for bricks (seestrength,absorption,specific gravity,chemical composition,micro-structure, etc.).Thames, mineral salts in solution in the,7Thames Valley brick-earths,1,2,3,4,5Tuscany, infusorial earth,92Variable character of brick-earths,10Variability in character of marine brick-earths,23,24of estuarine brick-earths,21of lacustrine brick-earths,17Vegetable growth on bricks,113Vein quartz,40Volcanic ejectamenta for brickmaking,93Wales, fire-clays of,81Warping,98“Weathering” agents which affect bricks,6Weathering of brick-earths,27White bricks,100Yellow bricks,101

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