Cabot, John, attempts to discover the North-west Passage,iii. 119,122Cabot, Sebastian: his discoveries,i. 278;iii. 119,121;rewarded by Edward VI.,121“Cacafuego,”treasure ship, taken by Drake,i. 311Cadiz, siege of,ii. 18;execution of De Soto, the pirate,iii. 83;view of the town,81Cairns in the Polar Regions,iii. 97“Calais-Douvres,”iv. 6Calcutta,i. 118;the Black Hole,ib.;cyclones,119,120Calicut: arrival of Vasco da Gama,iii. 299;the city bombarded,ib.;view of Calicut in the sixteenth century,300California: discovery of gold,i. 158;Chinamen in,161;earthquakes,ib.;named“New Albion”by Drake,313;“roughing it,”camping out, cooking,166;forest fires,ib.;cedar canoes,167;Sacramento; Oakland,iv. 28;San Francisco,29Callao,i. 172;Drake at,310Calthorpe, Hon. S. J. G.: his“Letters”on the Crimean War,i. 15Calvi, theVictoryat,i. 7Calypso’s Isle,i. 98“Cambria,”its assistance in the burning of the“Kent,”i. 69–74Cameron, John:“Our Possessions in Malayan India,”i. 144,146,147Campbell, Lord George: cruise of theChallenger,i. 28,33,34,35,39Canadian Voyageurs in Franklin’s expedition,iii. 190,191,194Cannibalism,i. 80;iii. 121;iv. 47,52Canoes, river and sea: Vancouver Island and British Columbia,i. 167Canton,i. 119,121,124Canute’s ships,i. 266Cape Alexander, Greenland,iii. 249Cape Bounty discovered by Sir E. Parry,iii. 170Cape Cod, Discovery of,ii. 11;view of,ii. 64Cape Chelyuskin,iii. 274Cape Constitution,iii. 239Cape Desolation,iii. 88Cape Farewell,iii. 93Cape Flattery, Vancouver Island,i. 163Cape of Good Hope: its discovery; Cape Town, Table Mountain,i.203,205;iii. 282;Port Elizabeth,i. 204;Simon’s Bay,205;visit of the Duke of Edinburgh,205–209;Farmer Peck’s Inn,206;diamond fields: ostrich farming,210;mutiny suppressed,256;first named the Cape of Storms,iii. 282;Waves,iv. 89Cape Horn,i. 175,176;Sir F. Drake,309;Anson,ii. 48,49;the pirate Sharp,iii. 56;view,iii. 277Cape Joseph Henry, sledging at,iii. 112Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope,i. 203,205Cape York: icebergs,iii. 100;view of Melville Bay,iii. 228Captain(Nelson’s ship),i. 8Captain, Loss of the,i. 54–59;cause of the disaster,i. 58;ii. 143;iv. 283Caraccioli, the priest-pirate,iii. 64,65,67Caribbee Islands discovered by Columbus,iii. 294;attacked by Ojeda,302Cariboo Gold Mines, British Columbia,i. 163Carlisle, A. D., B.A.:“Round the World in 1870,”iv. 29,31Carlsen, Captain: relics of Barents’s expedition discovered by him at Nova Zembla,iii.142“Caroline:”its assistance in the burning of the“Kent,”i. 72Carrageen: or Irish moss,iv. 202Carthage, Ships of,i. 259Cat, The, as a punishment,i. 51,52Catacombs at Citta Vecchia, Malta,i. 101,103Catoptric lights for lighthouses,ii. 186Cavalli (fish) of Juan Fernandez,i. 34Cavendish, Thomas: his circumnavigation of the globe,ii. 11Caverns of the sea-shore,iv. 195,200Cedar canoes of Vancouver Island,i. 167Centaurat the Diamond Rock, Martinique,i. 161,187Centipedes, cockroaches, and spiders in ships,i. 221Centurion: Anson’s voyage round the world,ii. 45–62Cephalopoda,iv. 139,142Cerberus, monitor, at Sydney,iv.54Cerimbra Roads, Monson’s action at,ii. 21Ceuta, Spanish fortress of,i. 97Ceylon,i. 119,144;pearl fishery,iv. 67Challenger, Cruise of the,i. 28;deep sea soundings,ib.;work of the expedition, and how it was done,29;Captain Sir George S. Nares,ib.;Prof. Wyville Thomson,ib.;sponges, zoophytes, star-fish, crustacea, cuttle-fish; island of Juan Fernandez,33,36;the ship in Antarctic ice,ib.;Kerguelen’s Land; Heard Island; sea elephants,34;icebergs,35;naturalist’s room in the ship,37;dredging instruments,38;Inaccessible Island: rescue of two voluntary Crusoes,39Chancelor, Richard: his journey to Moscow,iii. 122,123Chaplains on board ship,i. 222;trials of Joseph Primrose,223Chard, Joseph: his exertions in saving life from shipwrecks,iv. 248Charles I. and ship-money,ii. 28;his navy,29,30Chaucer’s description of the British sailor,i. 272Cherbourg Breakwater, history and progress,ii. 188;view,192Chesil Bank,ii. 193,195Chicago,iv. 15;view in Madison Street,17Chichestertraining ship,i. 45,47Chili,i. 172“Chimborazo”in a gale,iv. 13China: Hong Kong,iv. 43;Shanghai,44China: John Chinaman in San Francisco,i. 161;iv. 31“China”in a cyclone in the Pacific,iv. 39;destroyed by fire,ib.China Naval Station,i. 119,137“China,”steam ship,iv. 31Chinese junks at Singapore,i. 147,148Chinese obstructions to foreign travel,iv. 5Chinese paintings,i. 126,147Chinese phrases:“Pigeon English,”i. 126;customs and costume,127Chinese waiters on board ship,iv. 38Chinese Merchants’ Steam-ship Company,iv. 31“Chinook jargon,”“Pigeon English,”i. 167Christian IV. of Denmark: his encouragement of Arctic exploration,iii. 150;his ill-treatment of Munk,151Christian, Fletcher: the mutiny of theBounty,i. 239–247;shot by an Otaheitan,249Christian, Thursday October, son of Fletcher Christian, discovered on Pitcairn Island,i. 247Christmas in the Arctic regions,iii. 103,222,224,263“Cinco Chagas”(the Five Wounds) burnt by the Earl of Cumberland,i. 294Cinque Ports,i. 267“City of Berlin,”Atlantic steamer,iv. 3“City of Brussels,”Atlantic steamer,iv. 3“City of Richmond,”Atlantic steamer,iv. 3Cleodora, a univalve shell,iv. 145“Clermont,”steam vessel, built by Fulton and Livingston,ii. 93Clocks: The“Mother Clock”at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,iv. 282Clyde and its ship-building yards, The,ii. 97Coal: early trade in“sea-coal,”i. 271Coal in the Arctic regions,iii. 107;in Vancouver Island,i. 168Coast-guardsmen and their cottages,iv. 232,234Cobb, Captain: burning of the“Kent,”i. 69–74Cobden, Richard: his support of M. de Lesseps and the Suez Canal,i. 107Cochrane, Admiral: his description of Lieutenant Larmour and the naval service,i. 216Cockles,iv. 204,205Cockroaches in ships,i. 221Cocoa-nut oil manufactories at Sierra Leone,i. 203Cocos, or Keeling Coral Island: Darwin’s description,iv. 75,76Cod: the Newfoundland and English fisheries,iv. 175,176Cod-liver oil a protection to swimmers,iv. 264Cœlenterata: Hydrozoa and Actinozoa,iv. 115Coffin-ships,i. 3;ii. 112Cold in the Arctic regions,iii. 171,225,236,237,276.(SeeTemperature.)Colden, C. D.: his“Life of Fulton,”ii. 94,150Coles, Captain Cowper Phipps: his invention of revolving turrets,i. 54;loss of theCaptain,ib.Collins, Wilkie: the pilchard fishery,iv. 173;Botallack Mine,207,209;Looe,212;Cornish hospitality,216;pedestrianism,218Collins line of steam-ships,ii. 106–108Collinson, Captain: Search of Franklin in theEnterprise,iii. 211,214Collodon, Dr., on the diving-bell,iv. 83Colorado: newspapers at George Town and Central City,iv. 27Colour of the sea,i. 35,87; iv. 96Colpoys, Admiral: mutiny at Spithead,i. 251Columbus, Bartholomew, brother of Christopher Columbus:iii. 285,295;his visit to England,285;imprisoned,296Columbus, Christopher: his landing at Trinidad,i. 177;history of his life and discoveries, by his son,iii. 283;his personal character and appearance,ib.;voyage to Iceland,ib.;first application to Ferdinand and Isabella,285;portrait,ib.;first voyage,286;land discovered,288,289;his caravels,288;at Cuba and Hispaniola, gold and tobacco,290,291;is shipwrecked,291;return to Spain, royal reception,289,293;second voyage,294;disaffection and mutiny in Hispaniola,ib.;return and third voyage,295;general mutiny,ib.;his arrest and subsequent ill-treatment,296,297;fourth voyage,ib.;his death,297;burial and final interment at Havana,298;his voyage to Greenland and Iceland,118Columbus, Diego, brother of Christopher Columbus: imprisoned by Bobadillo,iii. 296;made Governor of San Domingo,308Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher Columbus: his history of his father and his discoveries,iii. 283Concerts on board ship,iv. 35“Congress”burnt in action with the“Merrimac,”i. 20,22,23Conrad, Chevalier: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps,i. 111Conus, a univalve shell,iv. 141Coode: construction of Portland Breakwater,ii. 194Cook, Captain James: his discovery of Botany Bay,i. 151;his Arcticvoyage,iii. 155,158;voyage of theResolutionandAdventure,277;discoveries,278;his career,318;his tragical death,ib.Cook, captain of the“Cambria:”his assistance at the burning of the“Kent,”i.74Cook, Eliza, her verses on the Sea,iv. 299“Comet,”Bell’s passenger steamer,ii. 95,96Comet, naval steam-tug,ii. 98Compass on iron ships,ii. 102Comrie, Dr. Peter, R.N.: on the discipline in training-ships,i. 46Copenhagen, Nelson at,ii. 65,75Coracles, or basket-boats,i. 258Coral-islands and coral-fishing,iv. 72,73Coral-reefs in the Red Sea,i. 117Corals of Singapore,i. 150Coralline,iv. 201Cordouan, Tower of, lighthouse,ii. 157Cordova, Spanish admiral: battle of St. Vincent,i. 7,10Cork Harbour,ii. 308Cornelison: his voyage of discovery,iii. 129,133,142Cornwall: view on the coast of,i. 297;sketches of the coast,iv. 207–225;population,215;mines and fisheries,215,216;religion,223Corsairs, Gibraltar attacked by,i. 92Cost of ironclad ships of war,i. 14,231;ii. 146Costa Rica: towns and villages pillaged by pirates,iii. 30Coudin, midshipman of the“Medusa,”i. 78,80Coupang Bay, Lieutenant Bligh at; mutiny of theBounty,i. 244“Coupland”wrecked at Scarborough,iv. 254“Courageux”taken by theBellona,i. 229Cowries,iv. 140,141Crabs,iv. 129,151,154Crayfish,iv. 158Cricket-match on board ship,iv. 33Crimean War, its lessons,i. 15,19Crimson snow,iii. 164Croatoan Island, Virginia,ii. 2Croker Mountains, an imaginary discovery by Sir John Ross,iii. 166,170Cromwell’s Navy,i. 232Cromwell’s Navigation Act,ii. 30Crossing the Line: old ceremonies,i. 229Crozier, Captain: Arctic exploration,iii. 179,230Crusaders: their ships,i. 267,269Crusoe, Robinson: Alexander Selkirk; Defoe and the island of Juan Fernandez,i. 33,36Crusoe’s Island (Tobago),i. 179;ii. 50Crustaceans,iv. 150Crystal Palace Aquarium,iv. 114Cuba,i. 183;Havana,184;the pirate Morgan,iii. 30,31;discovered by Columbus,290Culloden,i. 8Cumberland, Earl of, as a pirate,i. 291,295,ii. 16;rich prizes,292;action with the“Madre de Dios,”293;Scourge of Malice,i. 295;voyage with Sir William Morison,ii. 17,18“Cumberland”sunk in action with the“Merrimac,”i. 20,21,22Cunard steamers: the first,ii. 105,106;“Scotia,”“Bothnia,”109;success of the Cunard Company,110Cushing, Lieutenant: his attack on the“Albemarle,”ii. 149Cust, Hon. Sir Edward, D.C.L.: his“Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,”i. 11,16Cuttle-fish, Gigantic,i. 31;iv. 147Dædalus: Captain McQuhæ’s account of the sea-serpent,iv. 186Da Gama, Vasco: the Cape of Good Hope doubled by him,i. 203;discovery of Natal,i. 211Dahlgren guns on the first“Monitor,”i. 23Dampier: on the bread-fruit,i. 238;his re-discovery of Australia,i. 151Dana’s“Seaman’s Manual,”i. 51;“Two Years Before the Mast,”i. 48,158Dancing on board ship,iv. 34Danes, Dr. Kane’s meeting with,iii. 253Danish ships,i. 263,265Danites at Utah and Salt Lake City,iv. 25Darien, the Indians of: Lolonois, the pirate, killed by them,iii. 28Darling, Grace: wreck of the“Forfarshire,”iv. 64Darling, Maggie and Jessie: their rescue of sailors in the St. Lawrence River,iv. 64Dartmouth,iv. 224Dartmouthin Boston Harbour,ii. 65–69;tea thrown overboard,69,72Darwin: on coral reefs,iv. 74,76;on Infusoria,113D’Avila, Alvares: his defence of Gibraltar,i. 92Dawkins, Captain, of theVanguard: loss of the ship,i. 63,65De Veer, Gerrit: map of Nova Zembla,iii. 131Davis, John, the pirate,iii. 16Davis, John: his Arctic explorations,iii. 127,128Davy, Sir Humphry: fecundity of the salmon,iv. 164Davy Jones’s Locker and its Treasures: pearls, corals, sponges, diving,iv. 66–90“Dead-heads”on American railways,iv. 26Deal: view on the coast; life-boats,ii. 229,232Deal,iv. 242;life-boat,ib.Deal hovellers,ii. 247,248Decisive voyages in history: Diaz, Columbus, Vasco da Gama, companions and followers of Columbus; Captain Cook,iii. 281Deep-sea soundings: cruise of theChallenger,i. 28,30;the accumulator and other apparatus,29,30,35“Defensor de Pedro,”the ship of De Soto, the pirate,iii. 79Defoe’s“Robinson Crusoe:”the island of Juan Fernandez,i.33De Gusman: Gibraltar besieged by him,i. 91,92Delorme, Dupuy:“Napoleon”constructed by,i. 226Deptford: old Deptford dockyard,i. 280;ii. 37;Peter the Great,38;Saye’s Court,39De Quiros, Pedro Fernandez: discovery of the New Hebrides,i. 151;his discoveries in the southern hemisphere,iii. 277De Ruyter, Admiral, on the Medway,ii. 31Desertion: from the navy; mutiny of theBounty,i. 235,239;mutiny of theNore,254;theWager,ii. 53Desolation Island,iii. 279De Soto Benito, the pirate: his cruelty,iii. 78–84;executed,83“Deutschland,”Wreck of the,ii. 114,273De Veer: narrative of Barents’s voyage of discovery,iii. 134,138Devil-fish,iv. 146Devil’s Frying-pan, Cornwall,iv. 225Devonshire coast scenery,iv. 199Devonshire boys on training-ships,i. 46Diamond fields of South Africa,i. 210Diamond Rock, Martinique: theCentaur,i. 161,187Diaz, Bartholomew de: his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope,i. 203;iii. 282,284;sea passage from Portugal to India,iii. 281Dibdin, Charles, and his two sons; their sea-songs,iv. 298Dickens, Charles: his first trip to America,iv. 3–12Dip of the magnetic needle,iii. 187Discipline, Value of; theVanguard,i. 65;“Kent,”East Indiaman,64,68,69,71,74;wreck of theAlceste,i. 82,83;loss of the“Birkenhead,”i. 74,75;want of discipline in the wreck of the“Medusa,”i. 75–82Disco,AlertandDiscoveryat,iii. 92,93;“Pandora”at,iii. 95;entrance to music-hall,96Discovery, Henry Hudson’s ship,iii. 146Discovery, Captain Cook’s ship,iii. 155,318Discovery: departure from Portsmouth with theAlert,iii. 84;narrative of the expedition,99–114Divers at work,iv. 85Divers attacked by a sword-fish,iv. 84Diving for pearls,iv. 69Diving for wreckage: the diving-bell,iv. 79Diving dress,iv. 86.(SeeSwimming.)Dobb’s Galley: its expedition to the Arctic regions,iii.154Dogs in M‘Clintock’s Arctic expedition,iii. 219,225Dogs, Edible,iii. 220Dogs, Wild, at Tortuga,iii. 7Dog-fish,iv. 162,164,262Dominica,i. 187Dorotheain the ice,iii. 165,166,167Doughtie, Master, executed by Drake for mutiny,i. 307Douglas Pines of British Columbia used for canoes,i. 167Dover,iv. 239,240Drake, Sir Francis: the Spanish Armada,i. 284,286,288;his first view of the Pacific,289,302;his ships,Judith,Pascha,Swan; his attack on Nombre de Dios,302;at the Isthmus of Panama,303;passes the Straits of Magellan,305;his circumnavigation of the globe,ib.;natives of Seal Bay,306;execution of a mutineer,307;his ship, theGolden Hinde,308;portrait,309;treasure ship,“Cacafuego”taken by him,311;arrival at Ternate,312;at San Francisco,ib.;at Celebes,313;death, funeral, and character,314Draketaken by Paul Jones,iii. 75Draper, Rev. Mr., lost in the“London,”ii. 294Dreadnought,i.5Dreadnought, hospital ship,ii. 120;iv. 285Dredges at work on the Suez Canal,i. 112,113Dredging in the deep sea,i. 30,31Dredging instruments on board theChallenger,i. 38Drinkwater’s“Siege of Gibraltar,”i. 16,91,97Drowning. (SeeSwimming.)Duel of English and French ships,i. 271Duncan, Admiral, addressing his crew on theVenerable, mutiny of the Nore,i. 253Dundas, Lord: Symington’s steam vessel,“Charlotte Dundas,”ii. 84Dundonald, Earl of: his“Autobiography of a Seaman,”i. 216Dunmore, Lord: life saved by him from shipwreck,iv. 243D’Urville, Admiral: discovery of South Polar Land,iii. 279D’Urville, Dumont: Trepang fishery at Raffles’ Bay,iv. 127Dust falling at Shanghai,i. 125Dutch East India Company,ii. 13Dutch fisheries,ii. 23Dutch naval war,ii. 30;Martin Tromp,ib.;Admiral Van Tromp,31Dutch shipping and English compared by Raleigh,ii. 10Dutch voyages of discovery,iii. 129Dyke Sand: the Goodwins,ii. 255Dynamite, its explosive power,ii. 152“Earl of Balcarras,”East Indiaman,ii. 15Earthquakes: at Shanghai,i. 123;California,162;West Indies,186Eastbourne,iv. 235East India Company; its history,ii. 11East India Station,i. 119Echinoderms,iv. 126Edinburgh, His Royal Highness the Duke of: theGalateaat the Cape,i. 205,209Edward III.: his fleet,i. 271,272Edwards, Captain Edward: expedition of thePandorato find the mutineers of theBounty,i. 244–246Eddystone Lighthouse,ii. 156;its history,159;Winstanley’s lighthouse,ib.;Rudyerd’s,161–163;Smeaton’s,164–171;views of former and present lighthouses,160,161,168;interior of the light chamber,171;portrait of Smeaton,170“Effort”on the Goodwin Sands,ii. 247Egerton, Sub-lieutenant, in Arctic exploration,iii. 105,106Egyptian galleys,i. 259Eider ducks and their eggs,iii. 167,251,252El Dorado, The search for,ii. 4Electrical phenomenon at Cape Horn,i. 176Electricity employed to remove theRoyal George,i. 62Ekenhead, Lieutenant: his swim with Byron across the Hellespont,iv. 257Electric light for lighthouses,ii. 187Elephant-hunting in South Africa,i. 208Elizabeth, Queen: her navy,i. 232,282;the Spanish Armada,283–291;Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe,314;her patronage of Gilbert and Raleigh; present to Gilbert,316;encouragement of Frobisher,iii. 123,124Elliott, General: his defence of Gibraltar,i. 16–18El Puerto del Santa Maria, Cuba: taken by the pirate Morgan,iii. 30“Ely”: rescue of the“Woolpacket,”Bideford Bay,ii. 251,252Emigration of Chinese to California,i. 162Emigration: to Australia,i. 154;Cape of Good Hope,210;America,ii. 62,69;Melbourne,iv. 54,55Engineers on board ship,i. 224–226;engine room of theWarrior,225;rank and pay of engineers,ib.English sailors,i. 226Enisco, M. F. de: his generosity to Nicuesa,iii. 309;his expeditions, capture of gold,iii. 314Enterprise: search for Franklin,iii. 211,214Erebus, Franklin’s ship in his last voyage,iii. 207ErebusandTerroramong the icebergs,iii. 193;discovery of relics,227Ericsson, Captain John: his battery in the first“Monitor,”i. 23;portrait,ii. 97;introduction of the screw-propeller,102Espinosa, Spanish admiral: his letter to the pirate Morgan,iii. 39Esquemeling, Joseph, a bucanier: his account of them,iii. 3,6Esquimalt, Vancouver Island,i. 163,165Esquimaux, The,iii. 117;described by Frobisher,123;portraits,172;snow village,173,174;Franklin’s fight with Esquimaux,195;kaiyacks and boat,196;Dr. Kane at Etah,238,251;relics of Franklin,225;plot against Dr.[pg 310]Hayes in Dr. Kane’s expedition,241;a laudanum stew,243;snow-houses,244;portrait of Kalutunah,245;sledges and team of dogs,163,225Esquiros, Alphonse: on“English Seamen and Divers,”i. 42;on street arabs,47;on Lloyd’s,ii. 125–128;on the diving-bell,iv. 81,83Etah, Esquimaux at,iii. 251Eugénie, Empress of the French, at the inauguration of the Suez Canal,i. 115Euplectella (Venus’s flower-basket,),i. 30,32Eurydicetraining-ship: lost off the Isle of Wight,iv. 227,228Falconer, James; his poem“The Shipwreck,”iv. 297;his Marine Dictionary,ib.Falkland Islands,i. 176Falmouth: its history,iv. 222;lighthouse,ib.;harbour,i. 72Farmer Peck’s Inn, Simon’s Bay,i. 206Fat: its influence on longevity,iv. 168Faulkner, Captain R., in theBellonatakes the“Courageux,”i. 228Fearney, William, Nelson’s bargeman at the battle of St. Vincent,i. 8Fearon, Colonel: burning of the“Kent,”i. 69Female pirates: Mary Read and Anne Bonney,iii. 67,68Ferdinand and Isabella: surrender of Gibraltar to,i. 92;their negotiations with and support of Columbus,ii. 286;reception of him after his first voyage,289,293;his second and third voyages,295;his arrest and subsequent treatment,296,297;their conduct to Ojèda and Nicuesa,307Fernandez, Juan: his supposed Antarctic voyage,iii. 276Ferry-boats at New York,i. 196,197Field, Cyrus W.: his promotion of submarine telegraphy,iv. 98–100Figuier: on sea-monsters,i. 31;foraminifera,iv. 112;mussels,130;oysters,131;pteropoda,142Fiji Islands,iv. 47Filey,iv. 252Fins of fish as organs of locomotion,iv. 159Fire: The Ship on Fire; burning of the“Amazon,”ii. 256,278–290Fires in Californian forests,i. 166Fire-ships attacking the Spanish Armada,i. 288Fish-life: voices of fish; Do fish sleep?iv. 178Fish, Anatomy of,iv. 159Fish-bladder,iv. 159Fish: salmon in British Columbia,i. 164,168,170,171;cod in Behring Sea,170Fish: Dutch fisheries,ii. 23Fisheries of Cornwall,iv. 215,216Fish at Juan Fernandez,i. 34Fiskernæs, South Greenland,iii. 164Fitch’s improvements in steam vessels,ii. 85,89Fitzjames, Captain, of theErebus,iii. 230Flags of the World, Naval,ii. 1Flamborough Head,iv. 251Floating ice,iii. 125,130Floating light-ships,iv. 244Flogging in the Navy,i. 51–53Flying-fish,i. 80;iv. 162,164Fogs: loss of theVanguard,i. 63–67Fog in the Polar regions,iii. 111,166,182,183,259Fog-horns, or Siren signals,iv. 280Foraminifera,iv. 111Forecastle pest-houses,ii. 121Forest, Submerged,iv. 199“Forfarshire,”Wreck of the,iv. 64Fortifications of Cherbourg,ii. 189;of Portland,195Fort Enterprise, Franklin at,iii. 188,190,193Forts and ships of war at Sebastopol,i. 14,15Fossil ivory,iii. 162“Fougueux”taken at Trafalgar,i. 11“Fox”: the search for Franklin,iii. 215Franklin, Sir John: his tombstone,iii. 98;Arctic voyages,166,168,178,189,190,191,193,195;his last voyage,204;portrait,205;memoir,206;the search for,207–232;relics found by Dr. Rae,215;other relics,227,229,231Franklin, Lady: her advocacy and support of Polar exploration,iii. 92,93,98;search for Sir John Franklin,207,215,222Franz Josef Land, discovered by Lieutenant Payer,iii. 272Frederick William, Emperor of Germany: Arctic expedition of the“Germania”and“Hansa,”iii. 259Free-board of theCaptain,i.54Free Town, Sierra Leone,i. 202,204Freezing, The sleepy comfort of: Dr. Kane’s experience,iii. 237French ironclads,i. 83French sailors,i. 226Frobisher, Sir Martin: the Spanish Armada,i. 284,287;his voyages of discovery,iii. 123,124,126;portrait,128Frobisher’s Strait,iii. 146Frost-bite,iii. 171Fruit at Shanghai,i. 123;in South Australia,154Fulton, Robert: steam navigation,ii. 87–95;submarine boat,88;“Clermont,”93;portrait,95;his torpedoes and torpedo boat,ii. 149,153Funeral at sea,ii. 153Fur-sealing: Alaska and San Francisco,i. 170,171Fury: Arctic voyage,iii. 172,176Fusaro, Lake: its oysters,iv. 136
Cabot, John, attempts to discover the North-west Passage,iii. 119,122Cabot, Sebastian: his discoveries,i. 278;iii. 119,121;rewarded by Edward VI.,121“Cacafuego,”treasure ship, taken by Drake,i. 311Cadiz, siege of,ii. 18;execution of De Soto, the pirate,iii. 83;view of the town,81Cairns in the Polar Regions,iii. 97“Calais-Douvres,”iv. 6Calcutta,i. 118;the Black Hole,ib.;cyclones,119,120Calicut: arrival of Vasco da Gama,iii. 299;the city bombarded,ib.;view of Calicut in the sixteenth century,300California: discovery of gold,i. 158;Chinamen in,161;earthquakes,ib.;named“New Albion”by Drake,313;“roughing it,”camping out, cooking,166;forest fires,ib.;cedar canoes,167;Sacramento; Oakland,iv. 28;San Francisco,29Callao,i. 172;Drake at,310Calthorpe, Hon. S. J. G.: his“Letters”on the Crimean War,i. 15Calvi, theVictoryat,i. 7Calypso’s Isle,i. 98“Cambria,”its assistance in the burning of the“Kent,”i. 69–74Cameron, John:“Our Possessions in Malayan India,”i. 144,146,147Campbell, Lord George: cruise of theChallenger,i. 28,33,34,35,39Canadian Voyageurs in Franklin’s expedition,iii. 190,191,194Cannibalism,i. 80;iii. 121;iv. 47,52Canoes, river and sea: Vancouver Island and British Columbia,i. 167Canton,i. 119,121,124Canute’s ships,i. 266Cape Alexander, Greenland,iii. 249Cape Bounty discovered by Sir E. Parry,iii. 170Cape Cod, Discovery of,ii. 11;view of,ii. 64Cape Chelyuskin,iii. 274Cape Constitution,iii. 239Cape Desolation,iii. 88Cape Farewell,iii. 93Cape Flattery, Vancouver Island,i. 163Cape of Good Hope: its discovery; Cape Town, Table Mountain,i.203,205;iii. 282;Port Elizabeth,i. 204;Simon’s Bay,205;visit of the Duke of Edinburgh,205–209;Farmer Peck’s Inn,206;diamond fields: ostrich farming,210;mutiny suppressed,256;first named the Cape of Storms,iii. 282;Waves,iv. 89Cape Horn,i. 175,176;Sir F. Drake,309;Anson,ii. 48,49;the pirate Sharp,iii. 56;view,iii. 277Cape Joseph Henry, sledging at,iii. 112Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope,i. 203,205Cape York: icebergs,iii. 100;view of Melville Bay,iii. 228Captain(Nelson’s ship),i. 8Captain, Loss of the,i. 54–59;cause of the disaster,i. 58;ii. 143;iv. 283Caraccioli, the priest-pirate,iii. 64,65,67Caribbee Islands discovered by Columbus,iii. 294;attacked by Ojeda,302Cariboo Gold Mines, British Columbia,i. 163Carlisle, A. D., B.A.:“Round the World in 1870,”iv. 29,31Carlsen, Captain: relics of Barents’s expedition discovered by him at Nova Zembla,iii.142“Caroline:”its assistance in the burning of the“Kent,”i. 72Carrageen: or Irish moss,iv. 202Carthage, Ships of,i. 259Cat, The, as a punishment,i. 51,52Catacombs at Citta Vecchia, Malta,i. 101,103Catoptric lights for lighthouses,ii. 186Cavalli (fish) of Juan Fernandez,i. 34Cavendish, Thomas: his circumnavigation of the globe,ii. 11Caverns of the sea-shore,iv. 195,200Cedar canoes of Vancouver Island,i. 167Centaurat the Diamond Rock, Martinique,i. 161,187Centipedes, cockroaches, and spiders in ships,i. 221Centurion: Anson’s voyage round the world,ii. 45–62Cephalopoda,iv. 139,142Cerberus, monitor, at Sydney,iv.54Cerimbra Roads, Monson’s action at,ii. 21Ceuta, Spanish fortress of,i. 97Ceylon,i. 119,144;pearl fishery,iv. 67Challenger, Cruise of the,i. 28;deep sea soundings,ib.;work of the expedition, and how it was done,29;Captain Sir George S. Nares,ib.;Prof. Wyville Thomson,ib.;sponges, zoophytes, star-fish, crustacea, cuttle-fish; island of Juan Fernandez,33,36;the ship in Antarctic ice,ib.;Kerguelen’s Land; Heard Island; sea elephants,34;icebergs,35;naturalist’s room in the ship,37;dredging instruments,38;Inaccessible Island: rescue of two voluntary Crusoes,39Chancelor, Richard: his journey to Moscow,iii. 122,123Chaplains on board ship,i. 222;trials of Joseph Primrose,223Chard, Joseph: his exertions in saving life from shipwrecks,iv. 248Charles I. and ship-money,ii. 28;his navy,29,30Chaucer’s description of the British sailor,i. 272Cherbourg Breakwater, history and progress,ii. 188;view,192Chesil Bank,ii. 193,195Chicago,iv. 15;view in Madison Street,17Chichestertraining ship,i. 45,47Chili,i. 172“Chimborazo”in a gale,iv. 13China: Hong Kong,iv. 43;Shanghai,44China: John Chinaman in San Francisco,i. 161;iv. 31“China”in a cyclone in the Pacific,iv. 39;destroyed by fire,ib.China Naval Station,i. 119,137“China,”steam ship,iv. 31Chinese junks at Singapore,i. 147,148Chinese obstructions to foreign travel,iv. 5Chinese paintings,i. 126,147Chinese phrases:“Pigeon English,”i. 126;customs and costume,127Chinese waiters on board ship,iv. 38Chinese Merchants’ Steam-ship Company,iv. 31“Chinook jargon,”“Pigeon English,”i. 167Christian IV. of Denmark: his encouragement of Arctic exploration,iii. 150;his ill-treatment of Munk,151Christian, Fletcher: the mutiny of theBounty,i. 239–247;shot by an Otaheitan,249Christian, Thursday October, son of Fletcher Christian, discovered on Pitcairn Island,i. 247Christmas in the Arctic regions,iii. 103,222,224,263“Cinco Chagas”(the Five Wounds) burnt by the Earl of Cumberland,i. 294Cinque Ports,i. 267“City of Berlin,”Atlantic steamer,iv. 3“City of Brussels,”Atlantic steamer,iv. 3“City of Richmond,”Atlantic steamer,iv. 3Cleodora, a univalve shell,iv. 145“Clermont,”steam vessel, built by Fulton and Livingston,ii. 93Clocks: The“Mother Clock”at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,iv. 282Clyde and its ship-building yards, The,ii. 97Coal: early trade in“sea-coal,”i. 271Coal in the Arctic regions,iii. 107;in Vancouver Island,i. 168Coast-guardsmen and their cottages,iv. 232,234Cobb, Captain: burning of the“Kent,”i. 69–74Cobden, Richard: his support of M. de Lesseps and the Suez Canal,i. 107Cochrane, Admiral: his description of Lieutenant Larmour and the naval service,i. 216Cockles,iv. 204,205Cockroaches in ships,i. 221Cocoa-nut oil manufactories at Sierra Leone,i. 203Cocos, or Keeling Coral Island: Darwin’s description,iv. 75,76Cod: the Newfoundland and English fisheries,iv. 175,176Cod-liver oil a protection to swimmers,iv. 264Cœlenterata: Hydrozoa and Actinozoa,iv. 115Coffin-ships,i. 3;ii. 112Cold in the Arctic regions,iii. 171,225,236,237,276.(SeeTemperature.)Colden, C. D.: his“Life of Fulton,”ii. 94,150Coles, Captain Cowper Phipps: his invention of revolving turrets,i. 54;loss of theCaptain,ib.Collins, Wilkie: the pilchard fishery,iv. 173;Botallack Mine,207,209;Looe,212;Cornish hospitality,216;pedestrianism,218Collins line of steam-ships,ii. 106–108Collinson, Captain: Search of Franklin in theEnterprise,iii. 211,214Collodon, Dr., on the diving-bell,iv. 83Colorado: newspapers at George Town and Central City,iv. 27Colour of the sea,i. 35,87; iv. 96Colpoys, Admiral: mutiny at Spithead,i. 251Columbus, Bartholomew, brother of Christopher Columbus:iii. 285,295;his visit to England,285;imprisoned,296Columbus, Christopher: his landing at Trinidad,i. 177;history of his life and discoveries, by his son,iii. 283;his personal character and appearance,ib.;voyage to Iceland,ib.;first application to Ferdinand and Isabella,285;portrait,ib.;first voyage,286;land discovered,288,289;his caravels,288;at Cuba and Hispaniola, gold and tobacco,290,291;is shipwrecked,291;return to Spain, royal reception,289,293;second voyage,294;disaffection and mutiny in Hispaniola,ib.;return and third voyage,295;general mutiny,ib.;his arrest and subsequent ill-treatment,296,297;fourth voyage,ib.;his death,297;burial and final interment at Havana,298;his voyage to Greenland and Iceland,118Columbus, Diego, brother of Christopher Columbus: imprisoned by Bobadillo,iii. 296;made Governor of San Domingo,308Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher Columbus: his history of his father and his discoveries,iii. 283Concerts on board ship,iv. 35“Congress”burnt in action with the“Merrimac,”i. 20,22,23Conrad, Chevalier: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps,i. 111Conus, a univalve shell,iv. 141Coode: construction of Portland Breakwater,ii. 194Cook, Captain James: his discovery of Botany Bay,i. 151;his Arcticvoyage,iii. 155,158;voyage of theResolutionandAdventure,277;discoveries,278;his career,318;his tragical death,ib.Cook, captain of the“Cambria:”his assistance at the burning of the“Kent,”i.74Cook, Eliza, her verses on the Sea,iv. 299“Comet,”Bell’s passenger steamer,ii. 95,96Comet, naval steam-tug,ii. 98Compass on iron ships,ii. 102Comrie, Dr. Peter, R.N.: on the discipline in training-ships,i. 46Copenhagen, Nelson at,ii. 65,75Coracles, or basket-boats,i. 258Coral-islands and coral-fishing,iv. 72,73Coral-reefs in the Red Sea,i. 117Corals of Singapore,i. 150Coralline,iv. 201Cordouan, Tower of, lighthouse,ii. 157Cordova, Spanish admiral: battle of St. Vincent,i. 7,10Cork Harbour,ii. 308Cornelison: his voyage of discovery,iii. 129,133,142Cornwall: view on the coast of,i. 297;sketches of the coast,iv. 207–225;population,215;mines and fisheries,215,216;religion,223Corsairs, Gibraltar attacked by,i. 92Cost of ironclad ships of war,i. 14,231;ii. 146Costa Rica: towns and villages pillaged by pirates,iii. 30Coudin, midshipman of the“Medusa,”i. 78,80Coupang Bay, Lieutenant Bligh at; mutiny of theBounty,i. 244“Coupland”wrecked at Scarborough,iv. 254“Courageux”taken by theBellona,i. 229Cowries,iv. 140,141Crabs,iv. 129,151,154Crayfish,iv. 158Cricket-match on board ship,iv. 33Crimean War, its lessons,i. 15,19Crimson snow,iii. 164Croatoan Island, Virginia,ii. 2Croker Mountains, an imaginary discovery by Sir John Ross,iii. 166,170Cromwell’s Navy,i. 232Cromwell’s Navigation Act,ii. 30Crossing the Line: old ceremonies,i. 229Crozier, Captain: Arctic exploration,iii. 179,230Crusaders: their ships,i. 267,269Crusoe, Robinson: Alexander Selkirk; Defoe and the island of Juan Fernandez,i. 33,36Crusoe’s Island (Tobago),i. 179;ii. 50Crustaceans,iv. 150Crystal Palace Aquarium,iv. 114Cuba,i. 183;Havana,184;the pirate Morgan,iii. 30,31;discovered by Columbus,290Culloden,i. 8Cumberland, Earl of, as a pirate,i. 291,295,ii. 16;rich prizes,292;action with the“Madre de Dios,”293;Scourge of Malice,i. 295;voyage with Sir William Morison,ii. 17,18“Cumberland”sunk in action with the“Merrimac,”i. 20,21,22Cunard steamers: the first,ii. 105,106;“Scotia,”“Bothnia,”109;success of the Cunard Company,110Cushing, Lieutenant: his attack on the“Albemarle,”ii. 149Cust, Hon. Sir Edward, D.C.L.: his“Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,”i. 11,16Cuttle-fish, Gigantic,i. 31;iv. 147Dædalus: Captain McQuhæ’s account of the sea-serpent,iv. 186Da Gama, Vasco: the Cape of Good Hope doubled by him,i. 203;discovery of Natal,i. 211Dahlgren guns on the first“Monitor,”i. 23Dampier: on the bread-fruit,i. 238;his re-discovery of Australia,i. 151Dana’s“Seaman’s Manual,”i. 51;“Two Years Before the Mast,”i. 48,158Dancing on board ship,iv. 34Danes, Dr. Kane’s meeting with,iii. 253Danish ships,i. 263,265Danites at Utah and Salt Lake City,iv. 25Darien, the Indians of: Lolonois, the pirate, killed by them,iii. 28Darling, Grace: wreck of the“Forfarshire,”iv. 64Darling, Maggie and Jessie: their rescue of sailors in the St. Lawrence River,iv. 64Dartmouth,iv. 224Dartmouthin Boston Harbour,ii. 65–69;tea thrown overboard,69,72Darwin: on coral reefs,iv. 74,76;on Infusoria,113D’Avila, Alvares: his defence of Gibraltar,i. 92Dawkins, Captain, of theVanguard: loss of the ship,i. 63,65De Veer, Gerrit: map of Nova Zembla,iii. 131Davis, John, the pirate,iii. 16Davis, John: his Arctic explorations,iii. 127,128Davy, Sir Humphry: fecundity of the salmon,iv. 164Davy Jones’s Locker and its Treasures: pearls, corals, sponges, diving,iv. 66–90“Dead-heads”on American railways,iv. 26Deal: view on the coast; life-boats,ii. 229,232Deal,iv. 242;life-boat,ib.Deal hovellers,ii. 247,248Decisive voyages in history: Diaz, Columbus, Vasco da Gama, companions and followers of Columbus; Captain Cook,iii. 281Deep-sea soundings: cruise of theChallenger,i. 28,30;the accumulator and other apparatus,29,30,35“Defensor de Pedro,”the ship of De Soto, the pirate,iii. 79Defoe’s“Robinson Crusoe:”the island of Juan Fernandez,i.33De Gusman: Gibraltar besieged by him,i. 91,92Delorme, Dupuy:“Napoleon”constructed by,i. 226Deptford: old Deptford dockyard,i. 280;ii. 37;Peter the Great,38;Saye’s Court,39De Quiros, Pedro Fernandez: discovery of the New Hebrides,i. 151;his discoveries in the southern hemisphere,iii. 277De Ruyter, Admiral, on the Medway,ii. 31Desertion: from the navy; mutiny of theBounty,i. 235,239;mutiny of theNore,254;theWager,ii. 53Desolation Island,iii. 279De Soto Benito, the pirate: his cruelty,iii. 78–84;executed,83“Deutschland,”Wreck of the,ii. 114,273De Veer: narrative of Barents’s voyage of discovery,iii. 134,138Devil-fish,iv. 146Devil’s Frying-pan, Cornwall,iv. 225Devonshire coast scenery,iv. 199Devonshire boys on training-ships,i. 46Diamond fields of South Africa,i. 210Diamond Rock, Martinique: theCentaur,i. 161,187Diaz, Bartholomew de: his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope,i. 203;iii. 282,284;sea passage from Portugal to India,iii. 281Dibdin, Charles, and his two sons; their sea-songs,iv. 298Dickens, Charles: his first trip to America,iv. 3–12Dip of the magnetic needle,iii. 187Discipline, Value of; theVanguard,i. 65;“Kent,”East Indiaman,64,68,69,71,74;wreck of theAlceste,i. 82,83;loss of the“Birkenhead,”i. 74,75;want of discipline in the wreck of the“Medusa,”i. 75–82Disco,AlertandDiscoveryat,iii. 92,93;“Pandora”at,iii. 95;entrance to music-hall,96Discovery, Henry Hudson’s ship,iii. 146Discovery, Captain Cook’s ship,iii. 155,318Discovery: departure from Portsmouth with theAlert,iii. 84;narrative of the expedition,99–114Divers at work,iv. 85Divers attacked by a sword-fish,iv. 84Diving for pearls,iv. 69Diving for wreckage: the diving-bell,iv. 79Diving dress,iv. 86.(SeeSwimming.)Dobb’s Galley: its expedition to the Arctic regions,iii.154Dogs in M‘Clintock’s Arctic expedition,iii. 219,225Dogs, Edible,iii. 220Dogs, Wild, at Tortuga,iii. 7Dog-fish,iv. 162,164,262Dominica,i. 187Dorotheain the ice,iii. 165,166,167Doughtie, Master, executed by Drake for mutiny,i. 307Douglas Pines of British Columbia used for canoes,i. 167Dover,iv. 239,240Drake, Sir Francis: the Spanish Armada,i. 284,286,288;his first view of the Pacific,289,302;his ships,Judith,Pascha,Swan; his attack on Nombre de Dios,302;at the Isthmus of Panama,303;passes the Straits of Magellan,305;his circumnavigation of the globe,ib.;natives of Seal Bay,306;execution of a mutineer,307;his ship, theGolden Hinde,308;portrait,309;treasure ship,“Cacafuego”taken by him,311;arrival at Ternate,312;at San Francisco,ib.;at Celebes,313;death, funeral, and character,314Draketaken by Paul Jones,iii. 75Draper, Rev. Mr., lost in the“London,”ii. 294Dreadnought,i.5Dreadnought, hospital ship,ii. 120;iv. 285Dredges at work on the Suez Canal,i. 112,113Dredging in the deep sea,i. 30,31Dredging instruments on board theChallenger,i. 38Drinkwater’s“Siege of Gibraltar,”i. 16,91,97Drowning. (SeeSwimming.)Duel of English and French ships,i. 271Duncan, Admiral, addressing his crew on theVenerable, mutiny of the Nore,i. 253Dundas, Lord: Symington’s steam vessel,“Charlotte Dundas,”ii. 84Dundonald, Earl of: his“Autobiography of a Seaman,”i. 216Dunmore, Lord: life saved by him from shipwreck,iv. 243D’Urville, Admiral: discovery of South Polar Land,iii. 279D’Urville, Dumont: Trepang fishery at Raffles’ Bay,iv. 127Dust falling at Shanghai,i. 125Dutch East India Company,ii. 13Dutch fisheries,ii. 23Dutch naval war,ii. 30;Martin Tromp,ib.;Admiral Van Tromp,31Dutch shipping and English compared by Raleigh,ii. 10Dutch voyages of discovery,iii. 129Dyke Sand: the Goodwins,ii. 255Dynamite, its explosive power,ii. 152“Earl of Balcarras,”East Indiaman,ii. 15Earthquakes: at Shanghai,i. 123;California,162;West Indies,186Eastbourne,iv. 235East India Company; its history,ii. 11East India Station,i. 119Echinoderms,iv. 126Edinburgh, His Royal Highness the Duke of: theGalateaat the Cape,i. 205,209Edward III.: his fleet,i. 271,272Edwards, Captain Edward: expedition of thePandorato find the mutineers of theBounty,i. 244–246Eddystone Lighthouse,ii. 156;its history,159;Winstanley’s lighthouse,ib.;Rudyerd’s,161–163;Smeaton’s,164–171;views of former and present lighthouses,160,161,168;interior of the light chamber,171;portrait of Smeaton,170“Effort”on the Goodwin Sands,ii. 247Egerton, Sub-lieutenant, in Arctic exploration,iii. 105,106Egyptian galleys,i. 259Eider ducks and their eggs,iii. 167,251,252El Dorado, The search for,ii. 4Electrical phenomenon at Cape Horn,i. 176Electricity employed to remove theRoyal George,i. 62Ekenhead, Lieutenant: his swim with Byron across the Hellespont,iv. 257Electric light for lighthouses,ii. 187Elephant-hunting in South Africa,i. 208Elizabeth, Queen: her navy,i. 232,282;the Spanish Armada,283–291;Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe,314;her patronage of Gilbert and Raleigh; present to Gilbert,316;encouragement of Frobisher,iii. 123,124Elliott, General: his defence of Gibraltar,i. 16–18El Puerto del Santa Maria, Cuba: taken by the pirate Morgan,iii. 30“Ely”: rescue of the“Woolpacket,”Bideford Bay,ii. 251,252Emigration of Chinese to California,i. 162Emigration: to Australia,i. 154;Cape of Good Hope,210;America,ii. 62,69;Melbourne,iv. 54,55Engineers on board ship,i. 224–226;engine room of theWarrior,225;rank and pay of engineers,ib.English sailors,i. 226Enisco, M. F. de: his generosity to Nicuesa,iii. 309;his expeditions, capture of gold,iii. 314Enterprise: search for Franklin,iii. 211,214Erebus, Franklin’s ship in his last voyage,iii. 207ErebusandTerroramong the icebergs,iii. 193;discovery of relics,227Ericsson, Captain John: his battery in the first“Monitor,”i. 23;portrait,ii. 97;introduction of the screw-propeller,102Espinosa, Spanish admiral: his letter to the pirate Morgan,iii. 39Esquemeling, Joseph, a bucanier: his account of them,iii. 3,6Esquimalt, Vancouver Island,i. 163,165Esquimaux, The,iii. 117;described by Frobisher,123;portraits,172;snow village,173,174;Franklin’s fight with Esquimaux,195;kaiyacks and boat,196;Dr. Kane at Etah,238,251;relics of Franklin,225;plot against Dr.[pg 310]Hayes in Dr. Kane’s expedition,241;a laudanum stew,243;snow-houses,244;portrait of Kalutunah,245;sledges and team of dogs,163,225Esquiros, Alphonse: on“English Seamen and Divers,”i. 42;on street arabs,47;on Lloyd’s,ii. 125–128;on the diving-bell,iv. 81,83Etah, Esquimaux at,iii. 251Eugénie, Empress of the French, at the inauguration of the Suez Canal,i. 115Euplectella (Venus’s flower-basket,),i. 30,32Eurydicetraining-ship: lost off the Isle of Wight,iv. 227,228Falconer, James; his poem“The Shipwreck,”iv. 297;his Marine Dictionary,ib.Falkland Islands,i. 176Falmouth: its history,iv. 222;lighthouse,ib.;harbour,i. 72Farmer Peck’s Inn, Simon’s Bay,i. 206Fat: its influence on longevity,iv. 168Faulkner, Captain R., in theBellonatakes the“Courageux,”i. 228Fearney, William, Nelson’s bargeman at the battle of St. Vincent,i. 8Fearon, Colonel: burning of the“Kent,”i. 69Female pirates: Mary Read and Anne Bonney,iii. 67,68Ferdinand and Isabella: surrender of Gibraltar to,i. 92;their negotiations with and support of Columbus,ii. 286;reception of him after his first voyage,289,293;his second and third voyages,295;his arrest and subsequent treatment,296,297;their conduct to Ojèda and Nicuesa,307Fernandez, Juan: his supposed Antarctic voyage,iii. 276Ferry-boats at New York,i. 196,197Field, Cyrus W.: his promotion of submarine telegraphy,iv. 98–100Figuier: on sea-monsters,i. 31;foraminifera,iv. 112;mussels,130;oysters,131;pteropoda,142Fiji Islands,iv. 47Filey,iv. 252Fins of fish as organs of locomotion,iv. 159Fire: The Ship on Fire; burning of the“Amazon,”ii. 256,278–290Fires in Californian forests,i. 166Fire-ships attacking the Spanish Armada,i. 288Fish-life: voices of fish; Do fish sleep?iv. 178Fish, Anatomy of,iv. 159Fish-bladder,iv. 159Fish: salmon in British Columbia,i. 164,168,170,171;cod in Behring Sea,170Fish: Dutch fisheries,ii. 23Fisheries of Cornwall,iv. 215,216Fish at Juan Fernandez,i. 34Fiskernæs, South Greenland,iii. 164Fitch’s improvements in steam vessels,ii. 85,89Fitzjames, Captain, of theErebus,iii. 230Flags of the World, Naval,ii. 1Flamborough Head,iv. 251Floating ice,iii. 125,130Floating light-ships,iv. 244Flogging in the Navy,i. 51–53Flying-fish,i. 80;iv. 162,164Fogs: loss of theVanguard,i. 63–67Fog in the Polar regions,iii. 111,166,182,183,259Fog-horns, or Siren signals,iv. 280Foraminifera,iv. 111Forecastle pest-houses,ii. 121Forest, Submerged,iv. 199“Forfarshire,”Wreck of the,iv. 64Fortifications of Cherbourg,ii. 189;of Portland,195Fort Enterprise, Franklin at,iii. 188,190,193Forts and ships of war at Sebastopol,i. 14,15Fossil ivory,iii. 162“Fougueux”taken at Trafalgar,i. 11“Fox”: the search for Franklin,iii. 215Franklin, Sir John: his tombstone,iii. 98;Arctic voyages,166,168,178,189,190,191,193,195;his last voyage,204;portrait,205;memoir,206;the search for,207–232;relics found by Dr. Rae,215;other relics,227,229,231Franklin, Lady: her advocacy and support of Polar exploration,iii. 92,93,98;search for Sir John Franklin,207,215,222Franz Josef Land, discovered by Lieutenant Payer,iii. 272Frederick William, Emperor of Germany: Arctic expedition of the“Germania”and“Hansa,”iii. 259Free-board of theCaptain,i.54Free Town, Sierra Leone,i. 202,204Freezing, The sleepy comfort of: Dr. Kane’s experience,iii. 237French ironclads,i. 83French sailors,i. 226Frobisher, Sir Martin: the Spanish Armada,i. 284,287;his voyages of discovery,iii. 123,124,126;portrait,128Frobisher’s Strait,iii. 146Frost-bite,iii. 171Fruit at Shanghai,i. 123;in South Australia,154Fulton, Robert: steam navigation,ii. 87–95;submarine boat,88;“Clermont,”93;portrait,95;his torpedoes and torpedo boat,ii. 149,153Funeral at sea,ii. 153Fur-sealing: Alaska and San Francisco,i. 170,171Fury: Arctic voyage,iii. 172,176Fusaro, Lake: its oysters,iv. 136
Cabot, John, attempts to discover the North-west Passage,iii. 119,122Cabot, Sebastian: his discoveries,i. 278;iii. 119,121;rewarded by Edward VI.,121“Cacafuego,”treasure ship, taken by Drake,i. 311Cadiz, siege of,ii. 18;execution of De Soto, the pirate,iii. 83;view of the town,81Cairns in the Polar Regions,iii. 97“Calais-Douvres,”iv. 6Calcutta,i. 118;the Black Hole,ib.;cyclones,119,120Calicut: arrival of Vasco da Gama,iii. 299;the city bombarded,ib.;view of Calicut in the sixteenth century,300California: discovery of gold,i. 158;Chinamen in,161;earthquakes,ib.;named“New Albion”by Drake,313;“roughing it,”camping out, cooking,166;forest fires,ib.;cedar canoes,167;Sacramento; Oakland,iv. 28;San Francisco,29Callao,i. 172;Drake at,310Calthorpe, Hon. S. J. G.: his“Letters”on the Crimean War,i. 15Calvi, theVictoryat,i. 7Calypso’s Isle,i. 98“Cambria,”its assistance in the burning of the“Kent,”i. 69–74Cameron, John:“Our Possessions in Malayan India,”i. 144,146,147Campbell, Lord George: cruise of theChallenger,i. 28,33,34,35,39Canadian Voyageurs in Franklin’s expedition,iii. 190,191,194Cannibalism,i. 80;iii. 121;iv. 47,52Canoes, river and sea: Vancouver Island and British Columbia,i. 167Canton,i. 119,121,124Canute’s ships,i. 266Cape Alexander, Greenland,iii. 249Cape Bounty discovered by Sir E. Parry,iii. 170Cape Cod, Discovery of,ii. 11;view of,ii. 64Cape Chelyuskin,iii. 274Cape Constitution,iii. 239Cape Desolation,iii. 88Cape Farewell,iii. 93Cape Flattery, Vancouver Island,i. 163Cape of Good Hope: its discovery; Cape Town, Table Mountain,i.203,205;iii. 282;Port Elizabeth,i. 204;Simon’s Bay,205;visit of the Duke of Edinburgh,205–209;Farmer Peck’s Inn,206;diamond fields: ostrich farming,210;mutiny suppressed,256;first named the Cape of Storms,iii. 282;Waves,iv. 89Cape Horn,i. 175,176;Sir F. Drake,309;Anson,ii. 48,49;the pirate Sharp,iii. 56;view,iii. 277Cape Joseph Henry, sledging at,iii. 112Cape Town, Cape of Good Hope,i. 203,205Cape York: icebergs,iii. 100;view of Melville Bay,iii. 228Captain(Nelson’s ship),i. 8Captain, Loss of the,i. 54–59;cause of the disaster,i. 58;ii. 143;iv. 283Caraccioli, the priest-pirate,iii. 64,65,67Caribbee Islands discovered by Columbus,iii. 294;attacked by Ojeda,302Cariboo Gold Mines, British Columbia,i. 163Carlisle, A. D., B.A.:“Round the World in 1870,”iv. 29,31Carlsen, Captain: relics of Barents’s expedition discovered by him at Nova Zembla,iii.142“Caroline:”its assistance in the burning of the“Kent,”i. 72Carrageen: or Irish moss,iv. 202Carthage, Ships of,i. 259Cat, The, as a punishment,i. 51,52Catacombs at Citta Vecchia, Malta,i. 101,103Catoptric lights for lighthouses,ii. 186Cavalli (fish) of Juan Fernandez,i. 34Cavendish, Thomas: his circumnavigation of the globe,ii. 11Caverns of the sea-shore,iv. 195,200Cedar canoes of Vancouver Island,i. 167Centaurat the Diamond Rock, Martinique,i. 161,187Centipedes, cockroaches, and spiders in ships,i. 221Centurion: Anson’s voyage round the world,ii. 45–62Cephalopoda,iv. 139,142Cerberus, monitor, at Sydney,iv.54Cerimbra Roads, Monson’s action at,ii. 21Ceuta, Spanish fortress of,i. 97Ceylon,i. 119,144;pearl fishery,iv. 67Challenger, Cruise of the,i. 28;deep sea soundings,ib.;work of the expedition, and how it was done,29;Captain Sir George S. Nares,ib.;Prof. Wyville Thomson,ib.;sponges, zoophytes, star-fish, crustacea, cuttle-fish; island of Juan Fernandez,33,36;the ship in Antarctic ice,ib.;Kerguelen’s Land; Heard Island; sea elephants,34;icebergs,35;naturalist’s room in the ship,37;dredging instruments,38;Inaccessible Island: rescue of two voluntary Crusoes,39Chancelor, Richard: his journey to Moscow,iii. 122,123Chaplains on board ship,i. 222;trials of Joseph Primrose,223Chard, Joseph: his exertions in saving life from shipwrecks,iv. 248Charles I. and ship-money,ii. 28;his navy,29,30Chaucer’s description of the British sailor,i. 272Cherbourg Breakwater, history and progress,ii. 188;view,192Chesil Bank,ii. 193,195Chicago,iv. 15;view in Madison Street,17Chichestertraining ship,i. 45,47Chili,i. 172“Chimborazo”in a gale,iv. 13China: Hong Kong,iv. 43;Shanghai,44China: John Chinaman in San Francisco,i. 161;iv. 31“China”in a cyclone in the Pacific,iv. 39;destroyed by fire,ib.China Naval Station,i. 119,137“China,”steam ship,iv. 31Chinese junks at Singapore,i. 147,148Chinese obstructions to foreign travel,iv. 5Chinese paintings,i. 126,147Chinese phrases:“Pigeon English,”i. 126;customs and costume,127Chinese waiters on board ship,iv. 38Chinese Merchants’ Steam-ship Company,iv. 31“Chinook jargon,”“Pigeon English,”i. 167Christian IV. of Denmark: his encouragement of Arctic exploration,iii. 150;his ill-treatment of Munk,151Christian, Fletcher: the mutiny of theBounty,i. 239–247;shot by an Otaheitan,249Christian, Thursday October, son of Fletcher Christian, discovered on Pitcairn Island,i. 247Christmas in the Arctic regions,iii. 103,222,224,263“Cinco Chagas”(the Five Wounds) burnt by the Earl of Cumberland,i. 294Cinque Ports,i. 267“City of Berlin,”Atlantic steamer,iv. 3“City of Brussels,”Atlantic steamer,iv. 3“City of Richmond,”Atlantic steamer,iv. 3Cleodora, a univalve shell,iv. 145“Clermont,”steam vessel, built by Fulton and Livingston,ii. 93Clocks: The“Mother Clock”at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich,iv. 282Clyde and its ship-building yards, The,ii. 97Coal: early trade in“sea-coal,”i. 271Coal in the Arctic regions,iii. 107;in Vancouver Island,i. 168Coast-guardsmen and their cottages,iv. 232,234Cobb, Captain: burning of the“Kent,”i. 69–74Cobden, Richard: his support of M. de Lesseps and the Suez Canal,i. 107Cochrane, Admiral: his description of Lieutenant Larmour and the naval service,i. 216Cockles,iv. 204,205Cockroaches in ships,i. 221Cocoa-nut oil manufactories at Sierra Leone,i. 203Cocos, or Keeling Coral Island: Darwin’s description,iv. 75,76Cod: the Newfoundland and English fisheries,iv. 175,176Cod-liver oil a protection to swimmers,iv. 264Cœlenterata: Hydrozoa and Actinozoa,iv. 115Coffin-ships,i. 3;ii. 112Cold in the Arctic regions,iii. 171,225,236,237,276.(SeeTemperature.)Colden, C. D.: his“Life of Fulton,”ii. 94,150Coles, Captain Cowper Phipps: his invention of revolving turrets,i. 54;loss of theCaptain,ib.Collins, Wilkie: the pilchard fishery,iv. 173;Botallack Mine,207,209;Looe,212;Cornish hospitality,216;pedestrianism,218Collins line of steam-ships,ii. 106–108Collinson, Captain: Search of Franklin in theEnterprise,iii. 211,214Collodon, Dr., on the diving-bell,iv. 83Colorado: newspapers at George Town and Central City,iv. 27Colour of the sea,i. 35,87; iv. 96Colpoys, Admiral: mutiny at Spithead,i. 251Columbus, Bartholomew, brother of Christopher Columbus:iii. 285,295;his visit to England,285;imprisoned,296Columbus, Christopher: his landing at Trinidad,i. 177;history of his life and discoveries, by his son,iii. 283;his personal character and appearance,ib.;voyage to Iceland,ib.;first application to Ferdinand and Isabella,285;portrait,ib.;first voyage,286;land discovered,288,289;his caravels,288;at Cuba and Hispaniola, gold and tobacco,290,291;is shipwrecked,291;return to Spain, royal reception,289,293;second voyage,294;disaffection and mutiny in Hispaniola,ib.;return and third voyage,295;general mutiny,ib.;his arrest and subsequent ill-treatment,296,297;fourth voyage,ib.;his death,297;burial and final interment at Havana,298;his voyage to Greenland and Iceland,118Columbus, Diego, brother of Christopher Columbus: imprisoned by Bobadillo,iii. 296;made Governor of San Domingo,308Columbus, Ferdinand, son of Christopher Columbus: his history of his father and his discoveries,iii. 283Concerts on board ship,iv. 35“Congress”burnt in action with the“Merrimac,”i. 20,22,23Conrad, Chevalier: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps,i. 111Conus, a univalve shell,iv. 141Coode: construction of Portland Breakwater,ii. 194Cook, Captain James: his discovery of Botany Bay,i. 151;his Arcticvoyage,iii. 155,158;voyage of theResolutionandAdventure,277;discoveries,278;his career,318;his tragical death,ib.Cook, captain of the“Cambria:”his assistance at the burning of the“Kent,”i.74Cook, Eliza, her verses on the Sea,iv. 299“Comet,”Bell’s passenger steamer,ii. 95,96Comet, naval steam-tug,ii. 98Compass on iron ships,ii. 102Comrie, Dr. Peter, R.N.: on the discipline in training-ships,i. 46Copenhagen, Nelson at,ii. 65,75Coracles, or basket-boats,i. 258Coral-islands and coral-fishing,iv. 72,73Coral-reefs in the Red Sea,i. 117Corals of Singapore,i. 150Coralline,iv. 201Cordouan, Tower of, lighthouse,ii. 157Cordova, Spanish admiral: battle of St. Vincent,i. 7,10Cork Harbour,ii. 308Cornelison: his voyage of discovery,iii. 129,133,142Cornwall: view on the coast of,i. 297;sketches of the coast,iv. 207–225;population,215;mines and fisheries,215,216;religion,223Corsairs, Gibraltar attacked by,i. 92Cost of ironclad ships of war,i. 14,231;ii. 146Costa Rica: towns and villages pillaged by pirates,iii. 30Coudin, midshipman of the“Medusa,”i. 78,80Coupang Bay, Lieutenant Bligh at; mutiny of theBounty,i. 244“Coupland”wrecked at Scarborough,iv. 254“Courageux”taken by theBellona,i. 229Cowries,iv. 140,141Crabs,iv. 129,151,154Crayfish,iv. 158Cricket-match on board ship,iv. 33Crimean War, its lessons,i. 15,19Crimson snow,iii. 164Croatoan Island, Virginia,ii. 2Croker Mountains, an imaginary discovery by Sir John Ross,iii. 166,170Cromwell’s Navy,i. 232Cromwell’s Navigation Act,ii. 30Crossing the Line: old ceremonies,i. 229Crozier, Captain: Arctic exploration,iii. 179,230Crusaders: their ships,i. 267,269Crusoe, Robinson: Alexander Selkirk; Defoe and the island of Juan Fernandez,i. 33,36Crusoe’s Island (Tobago),i. 179;ii. 50Crustaceans,iv. 150Crystal Palace Aquarium,iv. 114Cuba,i. 183;Havana,184;the pirate Morgan,iii. 30,31;discovered by Columbus,290Culloden,i. 8Cumberland, Earl of, as a pirate,i. 291,295,ii. 16;rich prizes,292;action with the“Madre de Dios,”293;Scourge of Malice,i. 295;voyage with Sir William Morison,ii. 17,18“Cumberland”sunk in action with the“Merrimac,”i. 20,21,22Cunard steamers: the first,ii. 105,106;“Scotia,”“Bothnia,”109;success of the Cunard Company,110Cushing, Lieutenant: his attack on the“Albemarle,”ii. 149Cust, Hon. Sir Edward, D.C.L.: his“Annals of the Wars of the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries,”i. 11,16Cuttle-fish, Gigantic,i. 31;iv. 147Dædalus: Captain McQuhæ’s account of the sea-serpent,iv. 186Da Gama, Vasco: the Cape of Good Hope doubled by him,i. 203;discovery of Natal,i. 211Dahlgren guns on the first“Monitor,”i. 23Dampier: on the bread-fruit,i. 238;his re-discovery of Australia,i. 151Dana’s“Seaman’s Manual,”i. 51;“Two Years Before the Mast,”i. 48,158Dancing on board ship,iv. 34Danes, Dr. Kane’s meeting with,iii. 253Danish ships,i. 263,265Danites at Utah and Salt Lake City,iv. 25Darien, the Indians of: Lolonois, the pirate, killed by them,iii. 28Darling, Grace: wreck of the“Forfarshire,”iv. 64Darling, Maggie and Jessie: their rescue of sailors in the St. Lawrence River,iv. 64Dartmouth,iv. 224Dartmouthin Boston Harbour,ii. 65–69;tea thrown overboard,69,72Darwin: on coral reefs,iv. 74,76;on Infusoria,113D’Avila, Alvares: his defence of Gibraltar,i. 92Dawkins, Captain, of theVanguard: loss of the ship,i. 63,65De Veer, Gerrit: map of Nova Zembla,iii. 131Davis, John, the pirate,iii. 16Davis, John: his Arctic explorations,iii. 127,128Davy, Sir Humphry: fecundity of the salmon,iv. 164Davy Jones’s Locker and its Treasures: pearls, corals, sponges, diving,iv. 66–90“Dead-heads”on American railways,iv. 26Deal: view on the coast; life-boats,ii. 229,232Deal,iv. 242;life-boat,ib.Deal hovellers,ii. 247,248Decisive voyages in history: Diaz, Columbus, Vasco da Gama, companions and followers of Columbus; Captain Cook,iii. 281Deep-sea soundings: cruise of theChallenger,i. 28,30;the accumulator and other apparatus,29,30,35“Defensor de Pedro,”the ship of De Soto, the pirate,iii. 79Defoe’s“Robinson Crusoe:”the island of Juan Fernandez,i.33De Gusman: Gibraltar besieged by him,i. 91,92Delorme, Dupuy:“Napoleon”constructed by,i. 226Deptford: old Deptford dockyard,i. 280;ii. 37;Peter the Great,38;Saye’s Court,39De Quiros, Pedro Fernandez: discovery of the New Hebrides,i. 151;his discoveries in the southern hemisphere,iii. 277De Ruyter, Admiral, on the Medway,ii. 31Desertion: from the navy; mutiny of theBounty,i. 235,239;mutiny of theNore,254;theWager,ii. 53Desolation Island,iii. 279De Soto Benito, the pirate: his cruelty,iii. 78–84;executed,83“Deutschland,”Wreck of the,ii. 114,273De Veer: narrative of Barents’s voyage of discovery,iii. 134,138Devil-fish,iv. 146Devil’s Frying-pan, Cornwall,iv. 225Devonshire coast scenery,iv. 199Devonshire boys on training-ships,i. 46Diamond fields of South Africa,i. 210Diamond Rock, Martinique: theCentaur,i. 161,187Diaz, Bartholomew de: his discovery of the Cape of Good Hope,i. 203;iii. 282,284;sea passage from Portugal to India,iii. 281Dibdin, Charles, and his two sons; their sea-songs,iv. 298Dickens, Charles: his first trip to America,iv. 3–12Dip of the magnetic needle,iii. 187Discipline, Value of; theVanguard,i. 65;“Kent,”East Indiaman,64,68,69,71,74;wreck of theAlceste,i. 82,83;loss of the“Birkenhead,”i. 74,75;want of discipline in the wreck of the“Medusa,”i. 75–82Disco,AlertandDiscoveryat,iii. 92,93;“Pandora”at,iii. 95;entrance to music-hall,96Discovery, Henry Hudson’s ship,iii. 146Discovery, Captain Cook’s ship,iii. 155,318Discovery: departure from Portsmouth with theAlert,iii. 84;narrative of the expedition,99–114Divers at work,iv. 85Divers attacked by a sword-fish,iv. 84Diving for pearls,iv. 69Diving for wreckage: the diving-bell,iv. 79Diving dress,iv. 86.(SeeSwimming.)Dobb’s Galley: its expedition to the Arctic regions,iii.154Dogs in M‘Clintock’s Arctic expedition,iii. 219,225Dogs, Edible,iii. 220Dogs, Wild, at Tortuga,iii. 7Dog-fish,iv. 162,164,262Dominica,i. 187Dorotheain the ice,iii. 165,166,167Doughtie, Master, executed by Drake for mutiny,i. 307Douglas Pines of British Columbia used for canoes,i. 167Dover,iv. 239,240Drake, Sir Francis: the Spanish Armada,i. 284,286,288;his first view of the Pacific,289,302;his ships,Judith,Pascha,Swan; his attack on Nombre de Dios,302;at the Isthmus of Panama,303;passes the Straits of Magellan,305;his circumnavigation of the globe,ib.;natives of Seal Bay,306;execution of a mutineer,307;his ship, theGolden Hinde,308;portrait,309;treasure ship,“Cacafuego”taken by him,311;arrival at Ternate,312;at San Francisco,ib.;at Celebes,313;death, funeral, and character,314Draketaken by Paul Jones,iii. 75Draper, Rev. Mr., lost in the“London,”ii. 294Dreadnought,i.5Dreadnought, hospital ship,ii. 120;iv. 285Dredges at work on the Suez Canal,i. 112,113Dredging in the deep sea,i. 30,31Dredging instruments on board theChallenger,i. 38Drinkwater’s“Siege of Gibraltar,”i. 16,91,97Drowning. (SeeSwimming.)Duel of English and French ships,i. 271Duncan, Admiral, addressing his crew on theVenerable, mutiny of the Nore,i. 253Dundas, Lord: Symington’s steam vessel,“Charlotte Dundas,”ii. 84Dundonald, Earl of: his“Autobiography of a Seaman,”i. 216Dunmore, Lord: life saved by him from shipwreck,iv. 243D’Urville, Admiral: discovery of South Polar Land,iii. 279D’Urville, Dumont: Trepang fishery at Raffles’ Bay,iv. 127Dust falling at Shanghai,i. 125Dutch East India Company,ii. 13Dutch fisheries,ii. 23Dutch naval war,ii. 30;Martin Tromp,ib.;Admiral Van Tromp,31Dutch shipping and English compared by Raleigh,ii. 10Dutch voyages of discovery,iii. 129Dyke Sand: the Goodwins,ii. 255Dynamite, its explosive power,ii. 152“Earl of Balcarras,”East Indiaman,ii. 15Earthquakes: at Shanghai,i. 123;California,162;West Indies,186Eastbourne,iv. 235East India Company; its history,ii. 11East India Station,i. 119Echinoderms,iv. 126Edinburgh, His Royal Highness the Duke of: theGalateaat the Cape,i. 205,209Edward III.: his fleet,i. 271,272Edwards, Captain Edward: expedition of thePandorato find the mutineers of theBounty,i. 244–246Eddystone Lighthouse,ii. 156;its history,159;Winstanley’s lighthouse,ib.;Rudyerd’s,161–163;Smeaton’s,164–171;views of former and present lighthouses,160,161,168;interior of the light chamber,171;portrait of Smeaton,170“Effort”on the Goodwin Sands,ii. 247Egerton, Sub-lieutenant, in Arctic exploration,iii. 105,106Egyptian galleys,i. 259Eider ducks and their eggs,iii. 167,251,252El Dorado, The search for,ii. 4Electrical phenomenon at Cape Horn,i. 176Electricity employed to remove theRoyal George,i. 62Ekenhead, Lieutenant: his swim with Byron across the Hellespont,iv. 257Electric light for lighthouses,ii. 187Elephant-hunting in South Africa,i. 208Elizabeth, Queen: her navy,i. 232,282;the Spanish Armada,283–291;Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe,314;her patronage of Gilbert and Raleigh; present to Gilbert,316;encouragement of Frobisher,iii. 123,124Elliott, General: his defence of Gibraltar,i. 16–18El Puerto del Santa Maria, Cuba: taken by the pirate Morgan,iii. 30“Ely”: rescue of the“Woolpacket,”Bideford Bay,ii. 251,252Emigration of Chinese to California,i. 162Emigration: to Australia,i. 154;Cape of Good Hope,210;America,ii. 62,69;Melbourne,iv. 54,55Engineers on board ship,i. 224–226;engine room of theWarrior,225;rank and pay of engineers,ib.English sailors,i. 226Enisco, M. F. de: his generosity to Nicuesa,iii. 309;his expeditions, capture of gold,iii. 314Enterprise: search for Franklin,iii. 211,214Erebus, Franklin’s ship in his last voyage,iii. 207ErebusandTerroramong the icebergs,iii. 193;discovery of relics,227Ericsson, Captain John: his battery in the first“Monitor,”i. 23;portrait,ii. 97;introduction of the screw-propeller,102Espinosa, Spanish admiral: his letter to the pirate Morgan,iii. 39Esquemeling, Joseph, a bucanier: his account of them,iii. 3,6Esquimalt, Vancouver Island,i. 163,165Esquimaux, The,iii. 117;described by Frobisher,123;portraits,172;snow village,173,174;Franklin’s fight with Esquimaux,195;kaiyacks and boat,196;Dr. Kane at Etah,238,251;relics of Franklin,225;plot against Dr.[pg 310]Hayes in Dr. Kane’s expedition,241;a laudanum stew,243;snow-houses,244;portrait of Kalutunah,245;sledges and team of dogs,163,225Esquiros, Alphonse: on“English Seamen and Divers,”i. 42;on street arabs,47;on Lloyd’s,ii. 125–128;on the diving-bell,iv. 81,83Etah, Esquimaux at,iii. 251Eugénie, Empress of the French, at the inauguration of the Suez Canal,i. 115Euplectella (Venus’s flower-basket,),i. 30,32Eurydicetraining-ship: lost off the Isle of Wight,iv. 227,228Falconer, James; his poem“The Shipwreck,”iv. 297;his Marine Dictionary,ib.Falkland Islands,i. 176Falmouth: its history,iv. 222;lighthouse,ib.;harbour,i. 72Farmer Peck’s Inn, Simon’s Bay,i. 206Fat: its influence on longevity,iv. 168Faulkner, Captain R., in theBellonatakes the“Courageux,”i. 228Fearney, William, Nelson’s bargeman at the battle of St. Vincent,i. 8Fearon, Colonel: burning of the“Kent,”i. 69Female pirates: Mary Read and Anne Bonney,iii. 67,68Ferdinand and Isabella: surrender of Gibraltar to,i. 92;their negotiations with and support of Columbus,ii. 286;reception of him after his first voyage,289,293;his second and third voyages,295;his arrest and subsequent treatment,296,297;their conduct to Ojèda and Nicuesa,307Fernandez, Juan: his supposed Antarctic voyage,iii. 276Ferry-boats at New York,i. 196,197Field, Cyrus W.: his promotion of submarine telegraphy,iv. 98–100Figuier: on sea-monsters,i. 31;foraminifera,iv. 112;mussels,130;oysters,131;pteropoda,142Fiji Islands,iv. 47Filey,iv. 252Fins of fish as organs of locomotion,iv. 159Fire: The Ship on Fire; burning of the“Amazon,”ii. 256,278–290Fires in Californian forests,i. 166Fire-ships attacking the Spanish Armada,i. 288Fish-life: voices of fish; Do fish sleep?iv. 178Fish, Anatomy of,iv. 159Fish-bladder,iv. 159Fish: salmon in British Columbia,i. 164,168,170,171;cod in Behring Sea,170Fish: Dutch fisheries,ii. 23Fisheries of Cornwall,iv. 215,216Fish at Juan Fernandez,i. 34Fiskernæs, South Greenland,iii. 164Fitch’s improvements in steam vessels,ii. 85,89Fitzjames, Captain, of theErebus,iii. 230Flags of the World, Naval,ii. 1Flamborough Head,iv. 251Floating ice,iii. 125,130Floating light-ships,iv. 244Flogging in the Navy,i. 51–53Flying-fish,i. 80;iv. 162,164Fogs: loss of theVanguard,i. 63–67Fog in the Polar regions,iii. 111,166,182,183,259Fog-horns, or Siren signals,iv. 280Foraminifera,iv. 111Forecastle pest-houses,ii. 121Forest, Submerged,iv. 199“Forfarshire,”Wreck of the,iv. 64Fortifications of Cherbourg,ii. 189;of Portland,195Fort Enterprise, Franklin at,iii. 188,190,193Forts and ships of war at Sebastopol,i. 14,15Fossil ivory,iii. 162“Fougueux”taken at Trafalgar,i. 11“Fox”: the search for Franklin,iii. 215Franklin, Sir John: his tombstone,iii. 98;Arctic voyages,166,168,178,189,190,191,193,195;his last voyage,204;portrait,205;memoir,206;the search for,207–232;relics found by Dr. Rae,215;other relics,227,229,231Franklin, Lady: her advocacy and support of Polar exploration,iii. 92,93,98;search for Sir John Franklin,207,215,222Franz Josef Land, discovered by Lieutenant Payer,iii. 272Frederick William, Emperor of Germany: Arctic expedition of the“Germania”and“Hansa,”iii. 259Free-board of theCaptain,i.54Free Town, Sierra Leone,i. 202,204Freezing, The sleepy comfort of: Dr. Kane’s experience,iii. 237French ironclads,i. 83French sailors,i. 226Frobisher, Sir Martin: the Spanish Armada,i. 284,287;his voyages of discovery,iii. 123,124,126;portrait,128Frobisher’s Strait,iii. 146Frost-bite,iii. 171Fruit at Shanghai,i. 123;in South Australia,154Fulton, Robert: steam navigation,ii. 87–95;submarine boat,88;“Clermont,”93;portrait,95;his torpedoes and torpedo boat,ii. 149,153Funeral at sea,ii. 153Fur-sealing: Alaska and San Francisco,i. 170,171Fury: Arctic voyage,iii. 172,176Fusaro, Lake: its oysters,iv. 136