Rae, W. F.: his account of California,i. 158;the Rocky Mountains,iv. 21Rae, Dr.: relics of Franklin’s last voyage found by him,iii. 215Raffles, Sir Stamford, at Singapore,i. 143Rafts: timber-rafts at Singapore,i. 146;raft of the“Medusa,”i. 76–82;Géricault’s painting,81;foundering of the“Arctic,”ii. 108Rain in the Arctic regions,iii. 182Raleigh, Sir Walter: the Spanish Armada,i. 285;colonisation and trade with America,315;Queen Elizabeth’s patronage,316;“Bark Raleigh,”ib.;colonisation of Virginia,ii. 2;search for El Dorado,4;arrival at Trinidad,4,33;portrait,5;mountains of Guiana; river Orinoco,8;fabulous tales,ib.;his observations on trade and the state of the navy,10Ralph the Rover: the bell of the Inchcape Rock,ii. 173Rams of ironclads: loss of theVanguardand“Grosser Kurfürst,”ii. 155Ramsay, David, patents for steam-ships,ii. 79Ramsgate:iv. 241;wrecks on the Goodwin Sands,ii. 212–235;map of Ramsgate and the Goodwin Sands at low water,252Ramsgate Life-boat and the“Aid”steam-tug,ii. 215“Ranger,”Paul Jones’s ship,iii. 72,75Rats on board ship,i. 222;on the sea-coast,iv. 197;on Looe Island,214Raw meat: its medicinal value in Arctic regions,iii. 244Rawson, Lieut., in Arctic exploration,iii. 102,105,106,107Razor-fish,iv. 128,129Red-hot shot, first record of,i. 91;at Sebastopol,16;at Gibraltar,16,18Red Sea,i. 115;passage of the Israelites,ib.;its name; coral and animalculæ,117;islands,ib.Redoubtable, at Trafalgar,i. 10,11,12Reed, Sir E. J.: cost of ironclad war-ships,i. 14;designer of theIron DukeandVanguard,67;big guns and armour plates,6;“Our Ironclad Ships,”ii. 144,146Reindeer in Spitzbergen,iii. 167;at Hammerfest,179;venison,246Relics brought back by the Franklin search expedition,iii. 229Renaud, M.: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal,i. 110Rendel, J. R., C.E.: his co-operation in the Suez Canal,i. 110;Portland breakwater,ii. 194Rennie, James: his advocacy of steam war-vessels,ii. 98Rennie, John: the Bell Rock lighthouse,ii. 173,176;Plymouth breakwater,190;his use of the diving bell,iv. 81Rensselaer Harbour: winter quarters of Dr. Kane in the“Advance,”iii. 235Rescue: the search for Franklin,iii. 214Resolute: the search for Franklin,iii. 207Resolution: Arctic voyages,iii. 155ResolutionandAdventure: Captain Cook’s voyage of discovery,iii. 277Restoration Island named by Lieutenant Bligh: mutiny of theBounty,i. 244Reticulosa,iv. 111Reynaud, M.: Héhaux lighthouse, Brittany,ii. 178–181Rhizopoda,iv. 111Rhodosperms,iv. 200Richard I., first maritime code,i. 268;laws against wrecking,ii. 237Richardson, Sir John: portrait,iii. 185;his adventure with wolves,189,190;his attempt to swim the Coppermine River,iii. 191,193Riou, Capt., his death at Copenhagen,i. 152Roanoake; its colonisation,ii. 2“Roanoake,”i. 20Robber crab,iv. 152“Robert J. Stockton,”iron steam-ship,ii. 103,104Roberts, Captain Bartholomew, the pirate,iii. 63,64Roberts, Lady: her help in the wreck of the“Killarney,”ii. 314,317Robin Hood’s Bay,iv. 256Robinson Crusoe: the island of Juan Fernandez,i. 33–36“Rob Roy:”Napier’s steam-vessel,ii. 98Rock-borers,iv. 203Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Railway,iv. 21Rodney’s naval victory,i. 186Rôles d’Oleron: laws against wrecking,ii. 237Roman ships and galleys,i. 261Ronayne, John: his bravery in saving life,ii. 257–261Rooke, Sir George: Gibraltar taken by him,i. 94Rose, Richard: his life-buoy seat,iv. 262Ross, Sir John: portrait,iii. 161;his Arctic voyages,163;his voyage in theVictory,186;search for Franklin in theFelix,207Ross, Sir James Clarke: Arctic voyage,iii. 163;Arctic exploration,179,181,184;discovery of the magnetic pole,187;“Fox”expedition in search of Franklin,216,225;discovery of the South Polar Land; Victoria Land, Possession Island, and Mount Erebus,280“Rothsay Castle,”wreck of the,ii. 288,297–304Round the World on a Man-of-war,i. 87–214“Round the World in Eighty Days,”iv. 1Royal George, loss of the,i. 59–62;its removal by Colonel Pasley,62;diving operations,iv. 86Royal Humane Society,iv. 263Royal Observatory, Greenwich,iv. 278–282Royal Sovereign, Charles I.’s ship,ii. 29Royal Sovereign,i. 5Rudyerd, John, second Eddystone Lighthouse,ii. 161;destroyed by fire,160,163;death of a keeper,ib.Russell, J. Scott, F.R.S.,“The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,”i. 85;ii. 101;portrait,129;construction of the“Great Eastern,”130Russian America, Alaska,i. 169,170Russian Arctic Explorations,iii. 185Russian attempts to discover the north-west passage,iii. 159;Russian Arctic voyages,159–162Russian ironclads,i. 83Saba Island, West Indies,i. 185Sabine; Arctic expedition,iii. 163,170Saïd Pacha and M. de Lesseps,i. 108Sailors: Lascars, Malays, and Kanakas,i. 43;Devonshire boys on training ships,46;rating of sailors (able, ordinary, and boys),51;their hardships,53;flogging,51–53;perils of the sailor’s life,54;their conduct on board theTerror,iii. 199.(SeeDiscipline.)St. Catherine’s Island, taken by the pirate Morgan,iii. 45St. Domingo: drawing by Columbus of its discovery,iii. 292;early gold-washing at,293;war, mutiny, and famine,295;Diego Columbus made governor,308St. Elias, Mount, Alaska,i. 170St. George’s Island, Bermuda,i. 187,189St. Helena,i. 212,213St. John’s, Newfoundland: possession taken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert,i. 318St. Juan de Ulloa, Sir John Hawkins’s action at,i. 299,301“St. Lawrence,”i. 20St. Lucia,i. 187St. Paul’s travels; his shipwreck at Malta,i. 103,104“St. Valentine,”treasure-ship, taken by Monson,ii. 21St. Vincent, Battle of,i. 7,8,9St. Vincent, Lord: suppression of the mutiny on theSt. George,i. 256;portrait,257Salmon, the, its natural history,iv. 163–168;parr, smolt, grilse,ib.;abundance of its ova,164;tinned salmon from America,166Salmon: fisheries of California, Vancouver’s Island, British Columbia, Alaska,i. 164,168,170,171,202;mode of curing,iv. 167;salmon leaps,ib.Saltness of the sea,i. 87,97;iv. 90Salt Lake, Great; Salt Lake City,iv. 23;Cape Douglas garrison,24,25;street in the city,25Salvador,i. 8“Salvador del Mundi,”i. 9“Samaritano,”wrecked on the Goodwin Sands; Margate and Ramsgate lifeboats,ii. 217–223Samphire,iv. 231,233Sandgate: loss of the“Grosser Kurfürst,”iv. 238Sandwich: seal of the town,i. 274Sandwich in the mutiny of the Nore,i. 252Sandwich Islands: Honolulu; the king,iv. 45;the ex-queen Emma,46;sugar cultivation,ib.;volcanoes,47Sandy Hook Light, New York,i. 196San Francisco: the bay; its entrance, the“Golden Gate,”i. 157;the city,158;its history,ib.;society,161;view of the bay,160;a timber wharf,156;“John Chinaman”in San Francisco,161;Chinese theatres,ib.;earthquakes,162;iv. 29,30;Drake at,i. 313San Joseph,i. 8San Juan Island,i. 166;British camp,i. 165“San Nicolas,”i. 8San Salvador, the first land in the New World discovered by Columbus,iii. 288Santangel, his support of the plans of Columbus,iii. 286Santiago,i. 172“Santissima Trinidada,”i. 8,10Saracens, their ships,i. 269Sardines: mode of fishing for,iv. 174“Savannah,”the Atlantic first crossed by her,ii. 105Saving life at sea. (SeeHovellers,Life, andLifeboats.)Saw-fish,iv. 162Sawkins, Captain, the pirate,iii. 51–55Scaliger, J. C.: history of paddle-boats,ii. 78Scallops,iv. 138,140Scammon, Captain, soundings in Behring Sea,i. 138Scandinavian early explorers of the Arctic regions,iii. 116Scarborough:iv. 253;shipwrecks, loss of the“Coupland,”254“Schiller,”loss of the,ii. 267School on board the“Fox”in the Arctic regions,iii. 219Scilly Islands,ii. 268–270Scoresby: changes in the Greenland ice-fields,iii. 163,178Scotland, pearl fisheries of,iv. 71Scott, Mr.: buried at sea in the“Fox”Arctic expedition,iii. 221Screw-propeller, history of its invention,ii. 102Screw steamer, plan and section of stern,ii. 101Scurvy: on board in Anson’s fleet,ii. 50,119;in the expedition of theAlertandDiscovery,iii. 106,107,111,114;in Munk’s Arctic voyage,150;in Vitus Behring, Ischirikoff, and Parry’s voyages,161,162,176;in Dr. Kane’s expedition,239Sea, the: its living wonders,iv. 111;its saltness, agitation, and waves,iv. 90;the Gulf Stream,91;tides,92;its colour and phosphorescence,96,97Sea-anemones,iv. 123,196–198Sea coasts:“Sketches of our Coasts,”Cornwall,iv. 207–225;South coasts,225–247;East coasts, Norfolk, Yorkshire,247Sea of Ancient Ice, voyage of theAlert,iii. 101Sea-cucumber,iv. 126,128Sea-elephants,i. 34;iii. 279Sea-shore:“By the Sea-shore,”iv. 190–207;calm and storm,192“Sea-goers”in guard-ships,i. 45Sea-horse,iii. 155,156;iv. 162Sea-lion,iv. 188Seamen. (SeeSailors.)Sea-monsters, fabulous,i. 31Sea-polyps from the Atlantic: voyage of theChallenger,i. 31Sea-serpent: various accounts of it, drawings, conjectures, and probabilities,iv. 184–190Sea-sickness,i. 50Sea-sickness and remedies,iv. 6,7Sea songs and poems, by Dibdin and others,i. 8,42;iv. 298–304Sea-trees, Falkland Islands,i. 178Sea-urchins, sea-slugs,iv. 125Sea-weeds,iv. 200Seal of the town of Sandwich,i. 274Seals: on inaccessible island,i. 40;their flesh as food,iii. 94,217–219,251Sebastopol, siege and bombardment of,i. 14,15Selkirk, Alexander, on the island of Juan Fernandez,i. 33Selkirk, Lady: plate taken from her by Paul Jones,iii. 73,74;returned five years afterwards,75“Serapis”taken by Paul Jones,iii. 77Seton, Major: loss of the“Birkenhead,”i. 71Severn: Commodore Anson’s ship,ii. 46,50“Shah”and“Huascar:”action between them,i. 26Shakespeare’s allusions to the sea,iv. 291–295;“The Tempest,”292;“Merchant of Venice,”294;“Measure for Measure,”Henry VI. part ii.,“Richard III.,”“Pericles,”“Cymbeline,”“Antony and Cleopatra,”“Hamlet,”295Shakespeare’s Cliff,iv. 240Shanghai,i. 122,125Sharks and Shark Fishing,iv. 160;common shark; tiger shark,161;the shark worshipped in Africa,162Sharp, Captain, the pirate,iii. 55Shells, Univalve,iv. 139“Shenandoah:”her exploits in the American war,i. 139;American whale ships burnt,iii. 157Sheshaldinski, Peak of, Aleutian Islands,i. 171Ships and shipping interests, History of,i. 258–ii. 156Ship-building, History of. (SeeNaval Architecture.)Ship-money raised by Charles I.,ii. 28Shipwrecks and their lessons,ii. 297Shipwrecks; Falconer’s poem,iv. 297Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society,iv. 226,249,258,272Shrimps,iv. 158Sieges of Gibraltar,i. 90Sierra Leone,i. 202,204;Drake at,314Sierra Nevada,iv. 20,27,28;snow-shed,29Siffante, south-west wind,i. 107Signals of distress,ii. 266,275;iv. 289;necessity for electric communication,ii. 277Sigurd, King, the crusader, at Gibraltar,i. 90Silver Mines in Nevada,iv. 26Simon’s Town, Cape of Good Hope,i. 206Singapore,i. 143;spices, foliage, fruit, climate,145,146;scenery and commerce,147;new harbour,146,147;corals,150;Kling gharry drivers,150;tiger hunting,ib.;views,152,153Singhapura, Strait pirates,i. 146Sinope, Battle of,i. 15Siren signals,iv. 289“Sirius,”ii. 106Sirocco,i. 107Sitka, the capital of Alaska,i. 169,170Skeletons of Franklin’s crews found by McClintock,iii. 230Skerryvore Lighthouse,ii. 175–178Slave-trade: established,i. 295;slaves taken by Sir John Hawkins,ib.;the African Company,ii. 33;views of Columbus on slavery,iii. 295,302;slaves from America taken to Spain by Columbus and others,295,302,307Sledges in Arctic exploration,iii. 99–114,133;sledge journeys by McClintock,iii. 225;by Morton, in Dr. Kane’s Arctic expedition,239;by Dr. Kane’s,248;by Capt. Parry’s,179;by Lieut. Payer’s,272Sleep in the Arctic regions,iii. 251Sleepy comfort of freezing: Dr. Kane’s experience,iii. 237Slip water bottles, for deep-sea sounding,i. 29,38Smeaton, John: biographical notice,ii. 164;third Eddystone lighthouse,165;portrait,170;diving bell,iv. 81Smiles, Samuel: Smeaton and the Eddystone Lighthouse,ii. 164,170;Plymouth Breakwater,191Smith, Sir Sidney,i. 6Smith, William, Discovery of South Polar Land,iii. 278Smith’s Sound, view in,iii. 149;discovered by Baffin,150;explored by Dr. Kane,233“Smoke-stack, Patent,”on the“G. S. Wright,”i. 141Smuggling,iv. 210,234Smyth, Rear-Admiral:“The Mediterranean,”i. 87Snow and ice: on American railways,iv. 21,28;at Plover Bay,i. 139;crimson snow,iii. 164.(And seeIce.)Snow-blindness,iii. 179,182,239Snow houses,iii. 244Snow village in Greenland,iii. 173,174“Sofia,”Swedish Arctic expedition,iii. 257Soldier crab,iv. 154Soldiers at sea; burning of the“Kent,”i. 69,70,72;loss of the“Birkenhead,”74,75;wreck of the“Medusa,”77,78,79,80Solen or razor-fish,iv. 128,129Songs, Naval,i. 42,43“Souffleur, The,”or the Blower. Mauritius,iv. 95Southampton,iv. 225South-east American Station,i. 175South Sea Bubble,ii. 42–44South Virginia Company: colonisation of America,ii. 11Southey’s“Life of Nelson,”i. 8,10;“British Admirals,”274,275,278;defeat of the Armada,290;Sir John Hawkins and the slave-trade,298;Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe,314;anecdotes of Drake,315;exploits of Sir William Monson,ii. 19;sea anemones,iv. 197Sovereign of the Seas, launched by Phineas Pett,i. 232Spalding’s diving-bell, its failure, and his death,iv. 81Spanish Armada defeated,i. 283–291Spanish galleons taken during the Commonwealth,ii. 31;taken by Alison,59–61;iii. 3Spanish expedition to El Dorado,ii. 9Speedy, commanded by Admiral Cochrane,i. 219;action with the Spanish frigate“Gamo,”ib.Spiders in ships,i. 221Spinola: action at Cerimbra Roads,ii. 19,21Spinous cockle,iv. 204Spithead, mutiny at,i. 251Spitzbergen: discovery of,iii. 142;Magdalena Bay,166,167;animal life in,167,257Spolasco, Dr.: wreck of the“Killarney,”ii. 305Spondylus,iv. 138,140Sponges:“Venus’s Flower-basket,”i. 30,32;sponge fishing off the coast of Greece,iv. 65,77Sprat,iv. 173Spray of the ocean,iv. 92Spry, W. J. J., R.N.: cruise of theChallenger,i. 28Squat lobsters,iv. 158“Squirrel,”Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship,i. 318Stables, Dr., R.N., on the punishment of the“cat,”i. 52,53;“Medical Life in the Navy,”i. 220Staines, Sir Thomas: his discovery of the survivors of theBounty,i. 247,248Stamp Act in America,ii. 66Star-fish from the Atlantic; voyage of theChallenger,i. 31;iv. 125,128Stations, Naval: American,i. 102;Pacific,156;Australian,119,131,150;China,119,137;East India,119;Southeast American,175;West Indian,178;North American,198;African,202Steam-power essential in deep-sea sounding,i. 29,30Steam as a motive-power for ships: early history,ii. 79–97Steam-ships first used for Arctic exploration,iii. 186Steam war-ships first introduced,i. 225Steel ships,i. 84Stephens, F. G.:“History of Gibraltar and its Sieges,”i. 90Stephenson, Captain H. F.: winter quarters of theDiscovery,iii. 100,101;AlertandDiscoveryexpedition,iii. 92Stevenson, Allan: the Skerryvore lighthouse,ii. 175–178;revolving and other lights,186Stevenson, Robert, Rennie’s assistant at the Bell Rock Lighthouse,ii. 175Stewart, Captain A.: search for Franklin,iii. 207Stirling, J. D. Morriss, on the sea-serpent,iv. 187,189Storms: the great gale of 1703;Defoe’s account,ii. 199–209;other accounts,201,202,203;“The Storm,”“After the Storm,”and other illustrations,iv. 292,293,296,297,300,301Straits of Gibraltar: scenery,i. 97Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount: his verses on the lifeboat,ii. 211Strombus, a univalve shell,iv. 144Sturgeon and its roe; caviare,iv. 162Submarine telegraph cables,iv. 98Submerged forest,iv. 199Suez,i. 110,114,115Suez Canal: procession of ships at its opening,i. 97;M. de Lesseps’ published works on the Canal; its origin and completion,i. 107–115;statistics,115;bird’s-eye view,109Sugar plantations, Jamaica,i. 183Sun, The. (SeeMock Suns.)Sun at midnight in the Arctic regions,iii. 264“Sunbeam:”voyage of circumnavigation,iv. 40;61,62Sun-fish,iv. 162,164Sunshine in the Polar regions,iii. 109Surgeons in the navy,i. 52Swallow,i. 7Swallow, Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship,i. 318Swamped at sea: loss of the“London,”ii. 289,290–297Swedish Arctic expeditions,iii. 257Swedish ships: sanitary arrangements,ii. 120Sword-fish, and mode of fishing for it,iv. 177,178Sydney, South Australia,i. 154;its natural productions,ib.;the Domain; the botanic garden,155;iv. 52Symington, William: steam navigation,ii. 82;his experiments,83,84,92;portrait,85Symons, Captain, lost in the“Amazon,”ii. 278,282Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope,i. 207Tallack, W.:“Malta under the Phœnicians, Knights, and English,”i. 98Tandon, Moquin, on sea-monsters,i. 31Tasman: his discovery of Tasmania,i. 151;discovery of New Zealand,iv. 51;the Maories,ib.Taylor, James: steam navigation,ii. 81,83Tchuktchi Indians:iii. 158;building a hut,157;Professor Nordenskjöld at a Tchuktchi village,275Tea in Chili,i. 175;Japanese,i. 133;iv. 43Tea tax in America,ii. 67–69,72;thrown overboard,69,72“Tegethoff:”Austro-Hungarian Arctic expedition,iii. 271;two years on an ice-floe,ib.;the ship abandoned,274Telegraphy: submarine cables,iv. 98Telescope, equatorial, at the Observatory, Greenwich,iv. 218Téméraire,i. 5,10,11;her engines,i. 225Temperature: of the depths of the sea,i. 30;of the Atlantic Ocean,37;extreme cold in the Arctic regions,iii. 103,105,111,135,136,171,225,236,237,276Tenney, Matthew: his heroism on board theCumberland,i. 22Teredo,iv. 128Ternati, Drake at,i. 312,313TerrorandErebusamong the icebergs,iii. 193,197Terror: voyage of theTerrorunder Captain Back,196;the ship nipped in the ice,204;Franklin’s last expedition,207;discovery of relics,227,230Thames: Great Storm of 1703,ii. 204;poetry of the,iv. 272Theatre at Lima,i. 172Theatres, Chinese, in San Francisco,i. 161Theatricals: on the“Great Britain,”iv. 34;“Royal Arctic Theatres”on theAlertandDiscovery,iii. 103;on other Arctic ships,170“Thémistocle,”i. 7Thermometers for deep-sea sounding,i. 30,37,38Thirst, sufferings from,ii. 16Thomas, Captain, lost in the“Schiller,”ii. 267,270Thomson, J.,“The Straits of Malacca,”i. 144Thomson, Professor Wyville; cruise of theChallenger,i. 29Thorne, Robert, his voyage of discovery,iii. 119Thorpeness, Suffolk,iv. 247;enterprise of Joseph Chard,ib.Thunderer; her engines,i. 225Tides of the Ocean,iv. 92Tilbury Fort; Great Storm of 1703; West Indiamen wrecked,ii. 205Time, mode of reckoning it in ships;“watches,”“bells,”“dog-watches,”i. 50Time, difference between London and San Francisco,iv. 30Timor, Lieut. Bligh at; mutiny of theBounty,i. 242Tobacco in Cuba when discovered by Columbus,iii. 290Tobago; Crusoe’s Island,i. 179Top-knot, a minute flat-fish,iv. 206Torpedo (fish),iv. 160Torpedoes: Fulton’s submarine boat,ii. 88;Marquis of Worcester’s inventions,146;Bishop Wilkins’s subaqueous vessel, or“ark,”148;Schott, Knuffler, Fulton’s torpedoes,ib.,149;Cushing’s attack on the“Albemarle,”151;“Lay”torpedo,ib.;Porter’s, Fulton’s, Lay torpedo, Spar torpedo,153;Paraguayan torpedo,154;Harvey torpedo,153,155;Whitehead or“fish”torpedo,155Torres, Luis Vaes de; Torres Strait,iii. 277Tortuga, bucaniers at,iii. 5,6;wild dogs and horses,iii. 7;its discovery; turtles,315Torture: Spaniards tortured by pirates,iii. 38Toulon, Siege of,i. 6“Trades’ Increase,”East Indiaman,ii. 13Trafalgar, Battle of,i. 10–13,227Training Ships,i. 44;theChichester,45,47;course of instruction and drill,48,49;saluting officers,48;incessant work,49;iv. 287Transportation of convicts to Australia,i. 154Treasure ships,i. 311;ii. 19,55,56,59–61;iii. 60,63Trentin the ice,iii. 165,166,167Trepang fisheries (Holothuria),iv. 127,128Trevethick, Robt., portrait,ii. 97Trinidad, Columbus landing at,i. 177,178;iii. 295;visit of Amerigo Vespucci,302;Raleigh at,ii. 4,33Trinidad, Port of Spain,i. 179–182Trinity House and the Trinity Corporation,iv. 287–289;duties of the Board,289;light-vessels and staff of the Corporation,ib.;royal and noble Masters and Brethren,ib.;fog-horns or Siren signals,ib.Tripe de roche: rock-lichen as food,iii. 241Tristan d’Acunha,i. 38,201Triton, a univalve shell,iv. 144Trochus, a univalve shell,iv. 141Trollope, Anthony:“The West Indies and the Spanish Main,”i. 179,182,183;Bermuda,187,188;New Zealand,iv. 51;Sydney,52;Melbourne,54Tromp, Martin,ii. 30Tryal, Commodore Anson’s ship,ii. 46,50,55Tunny: tunny-fishing,iv. 177Turbo, a univalve shell,iv. 141Turret-ships:“Monitor,”“Merrimac,”“Miantonoma,”ii.139,140,141;interior of a turret-ship,142;“Brooklyn,”“Ohio,”Captain,Vanguard,Warrior,Black Prince,143;other turret-ships:Inflexible,144,145;Alexandra,146,147Turtle at the Island of Ascension,i. 202“Tuscarora:”deep-sea soundings,i. 28,30Twain, Mark: his account of the Bermudas,i. 189Tyre, Ships of,i. 259Unclassed ships,ii. 123Uniongun-boat,i. 6“UnitedKingdom,”steam-ship,ii. 98,99“United States,”Dr. Hayes’s Arctic expedition,iii. 255Univalves,iv. 139Unseaworthy ships,ii. 112–119Upernavik, Danish settlement at,iii. 254Urchins: sea-urchins,iv. 126,128Utah,iv. 23
Rae, W. F.: his account of California,i. 158;the Rocky Mountains,iv. 21Rae, Dr.: relics of Franklin’s last voyage found by him,iii. 215Raffles, Sir Stamford, at Singapore,i. 143Rafts: timber-rafts at Singapore,i. 146;raft of the“Medusa,”i. 76–82;Géricault’s painting,81;foundering of the“Arctic,”ii. 108Rain in the Arctic regions,iii. 182Raleigh, Sir Walter: the Spanish Armada,i. 285;colonisation and trade with America,315;Queen Elizabeth’s patronage,316;“Bark Raleigh,”ib.;colonisation of Virginia,ii. 2;search for El Dorado,4;arrival at Trinidad,4,33;portrait,5;mountains of Guiana; river Orinoco,8;fabulous tales,ib.;his observations on trade and the state of the navy,10Ralph the Rover: the bell of the Inchcape Rock,ii. 173Rams of ironclads: loss of theVanguardand“Grosser Kurfürst,”ii. 155Ramsay, David, patents for steam-ships,ii. 79Ramsgate:iv. 241;wrecks on the Goodwin Sands,ii. 212–235;map of Ramsgate and the Goodwin Sands at low water,252Ramsgate Life-boat and the“Aid”steam-tug,ii. 215“Ranger,”Paul Jones’s ship,iii. 72,75Rats on board ship,i. 222;on the sea-coast,iv. 197;on Looe Island,214Raw meat: its medicinal value in Arctic regions,iii. 244Rawson, Lieut., in Arctic exploration,iii. 102,105,106,107Razor-fish,iv. 128,129Red-hot shot, first record of,i. 91;at Sebastopol,16;at Gibraltar,16,18Red Sea,i. 115;passage of the Israelites,ib.;its name; coral and animalculæ,117;islands,ib.Redoubtable, at Trafalgar,i. 10,11,12Reed, Sir E. J.: cost of ironclad war-ships,i. 14;designer of theIron DukeandVanguard,67;big guns and armour plates,6;“Our Ironclad Ships,”ii. 144,146Reindeer in Spitzbergen,iii. 167;at Hammerfest,179;venison,246Relics brought back by the Franklin search expedition,iii. 229Renaud, M.: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal,i. 110Rendel, J. R., C.E.: his co-operation in the Suez Canal,i. 110;Portland breakwater,ii. 194Rennie, James: his advocacy of steam war-vessels,ii. 98Rennie, John: the Bell Rock lighthouse,ii. 173,176;Plymouth breakwater,190;his use of the diving bell,iv. 81Rensselaer Harbour: winter quarters of Dr. Kane in the“Advance,”iii. 235Rescue: the search for Franklin,iii. 214Resolute: the search for Franklin,iii. 207Resolution: Arctic voyages,iii. 155ResolutionandAdventure: Captain Cook’s voyage of discovery,iii. 277Restoration Island named by Lieutenant Bligh: mutiny of theBounty,i. 244Reticulosa,iv. 111Reynaud, M.: Héhaux lighthouse, Brittany,ii. 178–181Rhizopoda,iv. 111Rhodosperms,iv. 200Richard I., first maritime code,i. 268;laws against wrecking,ii. 237Richardson, Sir John: portrait,iii. 185;his adventure with wolves,189,190;his attempt to swim the Coppermine River,iii. 191,193Riou, Capt., his death at Copenhagen,i. 152Roanoake; its colonisation,ii. 2“Roanoake,”i. 20Robber crab,iv. 152“Robert J. Stockton,”iron steam-ship,ii. 103,104Roberts, Captain Bartholomew, the pirate,iii. 63,64Roberts, Lady: her help in the wreck of the“Killarney,”ii. 314,317Robin Hood’s Bay,iv. 256Robinson Crusoe: the island of Juan Fernandez,i. 33–36“Rob Roy:”Napier’s steam-vessel,ii. 98Rock-borers,iv. 203Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Railway,iv. 21Rodney’s naval victory,i. 186Rôles d’Oleron: laws against wrecking,ii. 237Roman ships and galleys,i. 261Ronayne, John: his bravery in saving life,ii. 257–261Rooke, Sir George: Gibraltar taken by him,i. 94Rose, Richard: his life-buoy seat,iv. 262Ross, Sir John: portrait,iii. 161;his Arctic voyages,163;his voyage in theVictory,186;search for Franklin in theFelix,207Ross, Sir James Clarke: Arctic voyage,iii. 163;Arctic exploration,179,181,184;discovery of the magnetic pole,187;“Fox”expedition in search of Franklin,216,225;discovery of the South Polar Land; Victoria Land, Possession Island, and Mount Erebus,280“Rothsay Castle,”wreck of the,ii. 288,297–304Round the World on a Man-of-war,i. 87–214“Round the World in Eighty Days,”iv. 1Royal George, loss of the,i. 59–62;its removal by Colonel Pasley,62;diving operations,iv. 86Royal Humane Society,iv. 263Royal Observatory, Greenwich,iv. 278–282Royal Sovereign, Charles I.’s ship,ii. 29Royal Sovereign,i. 5Rudyerd, John, second Eddystone Lighthouse,ii. 161;destroyed by fire,160,163;death of a keeper,ib.Russell, J. Scott, F.R.S.,“The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,”i. 85;ii. 101;portrait,129;construction of the“Great Eastern,”130Russian America, Alaska,i. 169,170Russian Arctic Explorations,iii. 185Russian attempts to discover the north-west passage,iii. 159;Russian Arctic voyages,159–162Russian ironclads,i. 83Saba Island, West Indies,i. 185Sabine; Arctic expedition,iii. 163,170Saïd Pacha and M. de Lesseps,i. 108Sailors: Lascars, Malays, and Kanakas,i. 43;Devonshire boys on training ships,46;rating of sailors (able, ordinary, and boys),51;their hardships,53;flogging,51–53;perils of the sailor’s life,54;their conduct on board theTerror,iii. 199.(SeeDiscipline.)St. Catherine’s Island, taken by the pirate Morgan,iii. 45St. Domingo: drawing by Columbus of its discovery,iii. 292;early gold-washing at,293;war, mutiny, and famine,295;Diego Columbus made governor,308St. Elias, Mount, Alaska,i. 170St. George’s Island, Bermuda,i. 187,189St. Helena,i. 212,213St. John’s, Newfoundland: possession taken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert,i. 318St. Juan de Ulloa, Sir John Hawkins’s action at,i. 299,301“St. Lawrence,”i. 20St. Lucia,i. 187St. Paul’s travels; his shipwreck at Malta,i. 103,104“St. Valentine,”treasure-ship, taken by Monson,ii. 21St. Vincent, Battle of,i. 7,8,9St. Vincent, Lord: suppression of the mutiny on theSt. George,i. 256;portrait,257Salmon, the, its natural history,iv. 163–168;parr, smolt, grilse,ib.;abundance of its ova,164;tinned salmon from America,166Salmon: fisheries of California, Vancouver’s Island, British Columbia, Alaska,i. 164,168,170,171,202;mode of curing,iv. 167;salmon leaps,ib.Saltness of the sea,i. 87,97;iv. 90Salt Lake, Great; Salt Lake City,iv. 23;Cape Douglas garrison,24,25;street in the city,25Salvador,i. 8“Salvador del Mundi,”i. 9“Samaritano,”wrecked on the Goodwin Sands; Margate and Ramsgate lifeboats,ii. 217–223Samphire,iv. 231,233Sandgate: loss of the“Grosser Kurfürst,”iv. 238Sandwich: seal of the town,i. 274Sandwich in the mutiny of the Nore,i. 252Sandwich Islands: Honolulu; the king,iv. 45;the ex-queen Emma,46;sugar cultivation,ib.;volcanoes,47Sandy Hook Light, New York,i. 196San Francisco: the bay; its entrance, the“Golden Gate,”i. 157;the city,158;its history,ib.;society,161;view of the bay,160;a timber wharf,156;“John Chinaman”in San Francisco,161;Chinese theatres,ib.;earthquakes,162;iv. 29,30;Drake at,i. 313San Joseph,i. 8San Juan Island,i. 166;British camp,i. 165“San Nicolas,”i. 8San Salvador, the first land in the New World discovered by Columbus,iii. 288Santangel, his support of the plans of Columbus,iii. 286Santiago,i. 172“Santissima Trinidada,”i. 8,10Saracens, their ships,i. 269Sardines: mode of fishing for,iv. 174“Savannah,”the Atlantic first crossed by her,ii. 105Saving life at sea. (SeeHovellers,Life, andLifeboats.)Saw-fish,iv. 162Sawkins, Captain, the pirate,iii. 51–55Scaliger, J. C.: history of paddle-boats,ii. 78Scallops,iv. 138,140Scammon, Captain, soundings in Behring Sea,i. 138Scandinavian early explorers of the Arctic regions,iii. 116Scarborough:iv. 253;shipwrecks, loss of the“Coupland,”254“Schiller,”loss of the,ii. 267School on board the“Fox”in the Arctic regions,iii. 219Scilly Islands,ii. 268–270Scoresby: changes in the Greenland ice-fields,iii. 163,178Scotland, pearl fisheries of,iv. 71Scott, Mr.: buried at sea in the“Fox”Arctic expedition,iii. 221Screw-propeller, history of its invention,ii. 102Screw steamer, plan and section of stern,ii. 101Scurvy: on board in Anson’s fleet,ii. 50,119;in the expedition of theAlertandDiscovery,iii. 106,107,111,114;in Munk’s Arctic voyage,150;in Vitus Behring, Ischirikoff, and Parry’s voyages,161,162,176;in Dr. Kane’s expedition,239Sea, the: its living wonders,iv. 111;its saltness, agitation, and waves,iv. 90;the Gulf Stream,91;tides,92;its colour and phosphorescence,96,97Sea-anemones,iv. 123,196–198Sea coasts:“Sketches of our Coasts,”Cornwall,iv. 207–225;South coasts,225–247;East coasts, Norfolk, Yorkshire,247Sea of Ancient Ice, voyage of theAlert,iii. 101Sea-cucumber,iv. 126,128Sea-elephants,i. 34;iii. 279Sea-shore:“By the Sea-shore,”iv. 190–207;calm and storm,192“Sea-goers”in guard-ships,i. 45Sea-horse,iii. 155,156;iv. 162Sea-lion,iv. 188Seamen. (SeeSailors.)Sea-monsters, fabulous,i. 31Sea-polyps from the Atlantic: voyage of theChallenger,i. 31Sea-serpent: various accounts of it, drawings, conjectures, and probabilities,iv. 184–190Sea-sickness,i. 50Sea-sickness and remedies,iv. 6,7Sea songs and poems, by Dibdin and others,i. 8,42;iv. 298–304Sea-trees, Falkland Islands,i. 178Sea-urchins, sea-slugs,iv. 125Sea-weeds,iv. 200Seal of the town of Sandwich,i. 274Seals: on inaccessible island,i. 40;their flesh as food,iii. 94,217–219,251Sebastopol, siege and bombardment of,i. 14,15Selkirk, Alexander, on the island of Juan Fernandez,i. 33Selkirk, Lady: plate taken from her by Paul Jones,iii. 73,74;returned five years afterwards,75“Serapis”taken by Paul Jones,iii. 77Seton, Major: loss of the“Birkenhead,”i. 71Severn: Commodore Anson’s ship,ii. 46,50“Shah”and“Huascar:”action between them,i. 26Shakespeare’s allusions to the sea,iv. 291–295;“The Tempest,”292;“Merchant of Venice,”294;“Measure for Measure,”Henry VI. part ii.,“Richard III.,”“Pericles,”“Cymbeline,”“Antony and Cleopatra,”“Hamlet,”295Shakespeare’s Cliff,iv. 240Shanghai,i. 122,125Sharks and Shark Fishing,iv. 160;common shark; tiger shark,161;the shark worshipped in Africa,162Sharp, Captain, the pirate,iii. 55Shells, Univalve,iv. 139“Shenandoah:”her exploits in the American war,i. 139;American whale ships burnt,iii. 157Sheshaldinski, Peak of, Aleutian Islands,i. 171Ships and shipping interests, History of,i. 258–ii. 156Ship-building, History of. (SeeNaval Architecture.)Ship-money raised by Charles I.,ii. 28Shipwrecks and their lessons,ii. 297Shipwrecks; Falconer’s poem,iv. 297Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society,iv. 226,249,258,272Shrimps,iv. 158Sieges of Gibraltar,i. 90Sierra Leone,i. 202,204;Drake at,314Sierra Nevada,iv. 20,27,28;snow-shed,29Siffante, south-west wind,i. 107Signals of distress,ii. 266,275;iv. 289;necessity for electric communication,ii. 277Sigurd, King, the crusader, at Gibraltar,i. 90Silver Mines in Nevada,iv. 26Simon’s Town, Cape of Good Hope,i. 206Singapore,i. 143;spices, foliage, fruit, climate,145,146;scenery and commerce,147;new harbour,146,147;corals,150;Kling gharry drivers,150;tiger hunting,ib.;views,152,153Singhapura, Strait pirates,i. 146Sinope, Battle of,i. 15Siren signals,iv. 289“Sirius,”ii. 106Sirocco,i. 107Sitka, the capital of Alaska,i. 169,170Skeletons of Franklin’s crews found by McClintock,iii. 230Skerryvore Lighthouse,ii. 175–178Slave-trade: established,i. 295;slaves taken by Sir John Hawkins,ib.;the African Company,ii. 33;views of Columbus on slavery,iii. 295,302;slaves from America taken to Spain by Columbus and others,295,302,307Sledges in Arctic exploration,iii. 99–114,133;sledge journeys by McClintock,iii. 225;by Morton, in Dr. Kane’s Arctic expedition,239;by Dr. Kane’s,248;by Capt. Parry’s,179;by Lieut. Payer’s,272Sleep in the Arctic regions,iii. 251Sleepy comfort of freezing: Dr. Kane’s experience,iii. 237Slip water bottles, for deep-sea sounding,i. 29,38Smeaton, John: biographical notice,ii. 164;third Eddystone lighthouse,165;portrait,170;diving bell,iv. 81Smiles, Samuel: Smeaton and the Eddystone Lighthouse,ii. 164,170;Plymouth Breakwater,191Smith, Sir Sidney,i. 6Smith, William, Discovery of South Polar Land,iii. 278Smith’s Sound, view in,iii. 149;discovered by Baffin,150;explored by Dr. Kane,233“Smoke-stack, Patent,”on the“G. S. Wright,”i. 141Smuggling,iv. 210,234Smyth, Rear-Admiral:“The Mediterranean,”i. 87Snow and ice: on American railways,iv. 21,28;at Plover Bay,i. 139;crimson snow,iii. 164.(And seeIce.)Snow-blindness,iii. 179,182,239Snow houses,iii. 244Snow village in Greenland,iii. 173,174“Sofia,”Swedish Arctic expedition,iii. 257Soldier crab,iv. 154Soldiers at sea; burning of the“Kent,”i. 69,70,72;loss of the“Birkenhead,”74,75;wreck of the“Medusa,”77,78,79,80Solen or razor-fish,iv. 128,129Songs, Naval,i. 42,43“Souffleur, The,”or the Blower. Mauritius,iv. 95Southampton,iv. 225South-east American Station,i. 175South Sea Bubble,ii. 42–44South Virginia Company: colonisation of America,ii. 11Southey’s“Life of Nelson,”i. 8,10;“British Admirals,”274,275,278;defeat of the Armada,290;Sir John Hawkins and the slave-trade,298;Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe,314;anecdotes of Drake,315;exploits of Sir William Monson,ii. 19;sea anemones,iv. 197Sovereign of the Seas, launched by Phineas Pett,i. 232Spalding’s diving-bell, its failure, and his death,iv. 81Spanish Armada defeated,i. 283–291Spanish galleons taken during the Commonwealth,ii. 31;taken by Alison,59–61;iii. 3Spanish expedition to El Dorado,ii. 9Speedy, commanded by Admiral Cochrane,i. 219;action with the Spanish frigate“Gamo,”ib.Spiders in ships,i. 221Spinola: action at Cerimbra Roads,ii. 19,21Spinous cockle,iv. 204Spithead, mutiny at,i. 251Spitzbergen: discovery of,iii. 142;Magdalena Bay,166,167;animal life in,167,257Spolasco, Dr.: wreck of the“Killarney,”ii. 305Spondylus,iv. 138,140Sponges:“Venus’s Flower-basket,”i. 30,32;sponge fishing off the coast of Greece,iv. 65,77Sprat,iv. 173Spray of the ocean,iv. 92Spry, W. J. J., R.N.: cruise of theChallenger,i. 28Squat lobsters,iv. 158“Squirrel,”Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship,i. 318Stables, Dr., R.N., on the punishment of the“cat,”i. 52,53;“Medical Life in the Navy,”i. 220Staines, Sir Thomas: his discovery of the survivors of theBounty,i. 247,248Stamp Act in America,ii. 66Star-fish from the Atlantic; voyage of theChallenger,i. 31;iv. 125,128Stations, Naval: American,i. 102;Pacific,156;Australian,119,131,150;China,119,137;East India,119;Southeast American,175;West Indian,178;North American,198;African,202Steam-power essential in deep-sea sounding,i. 29,30Steam as a motive-power for ships: early history,ii. 79–97Steam-ships first used for Arctic exploration,iii. 186Steam war-ships first introduced,i. 225Steel ships,i. 84Stephens, F. G.:“History of Gibraltar and its Sieges,”i. 90Stephenson, Captain H. F.: winter quarters of theDiscovery,iii. 100,101;AlertandDiscoveryexpedition,iii. 92Stevenson, Allan: the Skerryvore lighthouse,ii. 175–178;revolving and other lights,186Stevenson, Robert, Rennie’s assistant at the Bell Rock Lighthouse,ii. 175Stewart, Captain A.: search for Franklin,iii. 207Stirling, J. D. Morriss, on the sea-serpent,iv. 187,189Storms: the great gale of 1703;Defoe’s account,ii. 199–209;other accounts,201,202,203;“The Storm,”“After the Storm,”and other illustrations,iv. 292,293,296,297,300,301Straits of Gibraltar: scenery,i. 97Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount: his verses on the lifeboat,ii. 211Strombus, a univalve shell,iv. 144Sturgeon and its roe; caviare,iv. 162Submarine telegraph cables,iv. 98Submerged forest,iv. 199Suez,i. 110,114,115Suez Canal: procession of ships at its opening,i. 97;M. de Lesseps’ published works on the Canal; its origin and completion,i. 107–115;statistics,115;bird’s-eye view,109Sugar plantations, Jamaica,i. 183Sun, The. (SeeMock Suns.)Sun at midnight in the Arctic regions,iii. 264“Sunbeam:”voyage of circumnavigation,iv. 40;61,62Sun-fish,iv. 162,164Sunshine in the Polar regions,iii. 109Surgeons in the navy,i. 52Swallow,i. 7Swallow, Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship,i. 318Swamped at sea: loss of the“London,”ii. 289,290–297Swedish Arctic expeditions,iii. 257Swedish ships: sanitary arrangements,ii. 120Sword-fish, and mode of fishing for it,iv. 177,178Sydney, South Australia,i. 154;its natural productions,ib.;the Domain; the botanic garden,155;iv. 52Symington, William: steam navigation,ii. 82;his experiments,83,84,92;portrait,85Symons, Captain, lost in the“Amazon,”ii. 278,282Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope,i. 207Tallack, W.:“Malta under the Phœnicians, Knights, and English,”i. 98Tandon, Moquin, on sea-monsters,i. 31Tasman: his discovery of Tasmania,i. 151;discovery of New Zealand,iv. 51;the Maories,ib.Taylor, James: steam navigation,ii. 81,83Tchuktchi Indians:iii. 158;building a hut,157;Professor Nordenskjöld at a Tchuktchi village,275Tea in Chili,i. 175;Japanese,i. 133;iv. 43Tea tax in America,ii. 67–69,72;thrown overboard,69,72“Tegethoff:”Austro-Hungarian Arctic expedition,iii. 271;two years on an ice-floe,ib.;the ship abandoned,274Telegraphy: submarine cables,iv. 98Telescope, equatorial, at the Observatory, Greenwich,iv. 218Téméraire,i. 5,10,11;her engines,i. 225Temperature: of the depths of the sea,i. 30;of the Atlantic Ocean,37;extreme cold in the Arctic regions,iii. 103,105,111,135,136,171,225,236,237,276Tenney, Matthew: his heroism on board theCumberland,i. 22Teredo,iv. 128Ternati, Drake at,i. 312,313TerrorandErebusamong the icebergs,iii. 193,197Terror: voyage of theTerrorunder Captain Back,196;the ship nipped in the ice,204;Franklin’s last expedition,207;discovery of relics,227,230Thames: Great Storm of 1703,ii. 204;poetry of the,iv. 272Theatre at Lima,i. 172Theatres, Chinese, in San Francisco,i. 161Theatricals: on the“Great Britain,”iv. 34;“Royal Arctic Theatres”on theAlertandDiscovery,iii. 103;on other Arctic ships,170“Thémistocle,”i. 7Thermometers for deep-sea sounding,i. 30,37,38Thirst, sufferings from,ii. 16Thomas, Captain, lost in the“Schiller,”ii. 267,270Thomson, J.,“The Straits of Malacca,”i. 144Thomson, Professor Wyville; cruise of theChallenger,i. 29Thorne, Robert, his voyage of discovery,iii. 119Thorpeness, Suffolk,iv. 247;enterprise of Joseph Chard,ib.Thunderer; her engines,i. 225Tides of the Ocean,iv. 92Tilbury Fort; Great Storm of 1703; West Indiamen wrecked,ii. 205Time, mode of reckoning it in ships;“watches,”“bells,”“dog-watches,”i. 50Time, difference between London and San Francisco,iv. 30Timor, Lieut. Bligh at; mutiny of theBounty,i. 242Tobacco in Cuba when discovered by Columbus,iii. 290Tobago; Crusoe’s Island,i. 179Top-knot, a minute flat-fish,iv. 206Torpedo (fish),iv. 160Torpedoes: Fulton’s submarine boat,ii. 88;Marquis of Worcester’s inventions,146;Bishop Wilkins’s subaqueous vessel, or“ark,”148;Schott, Knuffler, Fulton’s torpedoes,ib.,149;Cushing’s attack on the“Albemarle,”151;“Lay”torpedo,ib.;Porter’s, Fulton’s, Lay torpedo, Spar torpedo,153;Paraguayan torpedo,154;Harvey torpedo,153,155;Whitehead or“fish”torpedo,155Torres, Luis Vaes de; Torres Strait,iii. 277Tortuga, bucaniers at,iii. 5,6;wild dogs and horses,iii. 7;its discovery; turtles,315Torture: Spaniards tortured by pirates,iii. 38Toulon, Siege of,i. 6“Trades’ Increase,”East Indiaman,ii. 13Trafalgar, Battle of,i. 10–13,227Training Ships,i. 44;theChichester,45,47;course of instruction and drill,48,49;saluting officers,48;incessant work,49;iv. 287Transportation of convicts to Australia,i. 154Treasure ships,i. 311;ii. 19,55,56,59–61;iii. 60,63Trentin the ice,iii. 165,166,167Trepang fisheries (Holothuria),iv. 127,128Trevethick, Robt., portrait,ii. 97Trinidad, Columbus landing at,i. 177,178;iii. 295;visit of Amerigo Vespucci,302;Raleigh at,ii. 4,33Trinidad, Port of Spain,i. 179–182Trinity House and the Trinity Corporation,iv. 287–289;duties of the Board,289;light-vessels and staff of the Corporation,ib.;royal and noble Masters and Brethren,ib.;fog-horns or Siren signals,ib.Tripe de roche: rock-lichen as food,iii. 241Tristan d’Acunha,i. 38,201Triton, a univalve shell,iv. 144Trochus, a univalve shell,iv. 141Trollope, Anthony:“The West Indies and the Spanish Main,”i. 179,182,183;Bermuda,187,188;New Zealand,iv. 51;Sydney,52;Melbourne,54Tromp, Martin,ii. 30Tryal, Commodore Anson’s ship,ii. 46,50,55Tunny: tunny-fishing,iv. 177Turbo, a univalve shell,iv. 141Turret-ships:“Monitor,”“Merrimac,”“Miantonoma,”ii.139,140,141;interior of a turret-ship,142;“Brooklyn,”“Ohio,”Captain,Vanguard,Warrior,Black Prince,143;other turret-ships:Inflexible,144,145;Alexandra,146,147Turtle at the Island of Ascension,i. 202“Tuscarora:”deep-sea soundings,i. 28,30Twain, Mark: his account of the Bermudas,i. 189Tyre, Ships of,i. 259Unclassed ships,ii. 123Uniongun-boat,i. 6“UnitedKingdom,”steam-ship,ii. 98,99“United States,”Dr. Hayes’s Arctic expedition,iii. 255Univalves,iv. 139Unseaworthy ships,ii. 112–119Upernavik, Danish settlement at,iii. 254Urchins: sea-urchins,iv. 126,128Utah,iv. 23
Rae, W. F.: his account of California,i. 158;the Rocky Mountains,iv. 21Rae, Dr.: relics of Franklin’s last voyage found by him,iii. 215Raffles, Sir Stamford, at Singapore,i. 143Rafts: timber-rafts at Singapore,i. 146;raft of the“Medusa,”i. 76–82;Géricault’s painting,81;foundering of the“Arctic,”ii. 108Rain in the Arctic regions,iii. 182Raleigh, Sir Walter: the Spanish Armada,i. 285;colonisation and trade with America,315;Queen Elizabeth’s patronage,316;“Bark Raleigh,”ib.;colonisation of Virginia,ii. 2;search for El Dorado,4;arrival at Trinidad,4,33;portrait,5;mountains of Guiana; river Orinoco,8;fabulous tales,ib.;his observations on trade and the state of the navy,10Ralph the Rover: the bell of the Inchcape Rock,ii. 173Rams of ironclads: loss of theVanguardand“Grosser Kurfürst,”ii. 155Ramsay, David, patents for steam-ships,ii. 79Ramsgate:iv. 241;wrecks on the Goodwin Sands,ii. 212–235;map of Ramsgate and the Goodwin Sands at low water,252Ramsgate Life-boat and the“Aid”steam-tug,ii. 215“Ranger,”Paul Jones’s ship,iii. 72,75Rats on board ship,i. 222;on the sea-coast,iv. 197;on Looe Island,214Raw meat: its medicinal value in Arctic regions,iii. 244Rawson, Lieut., in Arctic exploration,iii. 102,105,106,107Razor-fish,iv. 128,129Red-hot shot, first record of,i. 91;at Sebastopol,16;at Gibraltar,16,18Red Sea,i. 115;passage of the Israelites,ib.;its name; coral and animalculæ,117;islands,ib.Redoubtable, at Trafalgar,i. 10,11,12Reed, Sir E. J.: cost of ironclad war-ships,i. 14;designer of theIron DukeandVanguard,67;big guns and armour plates,6;“Our Ironclad Ships,”ii. 144,146Reindeer in Spitzbergen,iii. 167;at Hammerfest,179;venison,246Relics brought back by the Franklin search expedition,iii. 229Renaud, M.: his co-operation with M. de Lesseps in the Suez Canal,i. 110Rendel, J. R., C.E.: his co-operation in the Suez Canal,i. 110;Portland breakwater,ii. 194Rennie, James: his advocacy of steam war-vessels,ii. 98Rennie, John: the Bell Rock lighthouse,ii. 173,176;Plymouth breakwater,190;his use of the diving bell,iv. 81Rensselaer Harbour: winter quarters of Dr. Kane in the“Advance,”iii. 235Rescue: the search for Franklin,iii. 214Resolute: the search for Franklin,iii. 207Resolution: Arctic voyages,iii. 155ResolutionandAdventure: Captain Cook’s voyage of discovery,iii. 277Restoration Island named by Lieutenant Bligh: mutiny of theBounty,i. 244Reticulosa,iv. 111Reynaud, M.: Héhaux lighthouse, Brittany,ii. 178–181Rhizopoda,iv. 111Rhodosperms,iv. 200Richard I., first maritime code,i. 268;laws against wrecking,ii. 237Richardson, Sir John: portrait,iii. 185;his adventure with wolves,189,190;his attempt to swim the Coppermine River,iii. 191,193Riou, Capt., his death at Copenhagen,i. 152Roanoake; its colonisation,ii. 2“Roanoake,”i. 20Robber crab,iv. 152“Robert J. Stockton,”iron steam-ship,ii. 103,104Roberts, Captain Bartholomew, the pirate,iii. 63,64Roberts, Lady: her help in the wreck of the“Killarney,”ii. 314,317Robin Hood’s Bay,iv. 256Robinson Crusoe: the island of Juan Fernandez,i. 33–36“Rob Roy:”Napier’s steam-vessel,ii. 98Rock-borers,iv. 203Rocky Mountains and the Pacific Railway,iv. 21Rodney’s naval victory,i. 186Rôles d’Oleron: laws against wrecking,ii. 237Roman ships and galleys,i. 261Ronayne, John: his bravery in saving life,ii. 257–261Rooke, Sir George: Gibraltar taken by him,i. 94Rose, Richard: his life-buoy seat,iv. 262Ross, Sir John: portrait,iii. 161;his Arctic voyages,163;his voyage in theVictory,186;search for Franklin in theFelix,207Ross, Sir James Clarke: Arctic voyage,iii. 163;Arctic exploration,179,181,184;discovery of the magnetic pole,187;“Fox”expedition in search of Franklin,216,225;discovery of the South Polar Land; Victoria Land, Possession Island, and Mount Erebus,280“Rothsay Castle,”wreck of the,ii. 288,297–304Round the World on a Man-of-war,i. 87–214“Round the World in Eighty Days,”iv. 1Royal George, loss of the,i. 59–62;its removal by Colonel Pasley,62;diving operations,iv. 86Royal Humane Society,iv. 263Royal Observatory, Greenwich,iv. 278–282Royal Sovereign, Charles I.’s ship,ii. 29Royal Sovereign,i. 5Rudyerd, John, second Eddystone Lighthouse,ii. 161;destroyed by fire,160,163;death of a keeper,ib.Russell, J. Scott, F.R.S.,“The Fleet of the Future: Iron or Wood,”i. 85;ii. 101;portrait,129;construction of the“Great Eastern,”130Russian America, Alaska,i. 169,170Russian Arctic Explorations,iii. 185Russian attempts to discover the north-west passage,iii. 159;Russian Arctic voyages,159–162Russian ironclads,i. 83Saba Island, West Indies,i. 185Sabine; Arctic expedition,iii. 163,170Saïd Pacha and M. de Lesseps,i. 108Sailors: Lascars, Malays, and Kanakas,i. 43;Devonshire boys on training ships,46;rating of sailors (able, ordinary, and boys),51;their hardships,53;flogging,51–53;perils of the sailor’s life,54;their conduct on board theTerror,iii. 199.(SeeDiscipline.)St. Catherine’s Island, taken by the pirate Morgan,iii. 45St. Domingo: drawing by Columbus of its discovery,iii. 292;early gold-washing at,293;war, mutiny, and famine,295;Diego Columbus made governor,308St. Elias, Mount, Alaska,i. 170St. George’s Island, Bermuda,i. 187,189St. Helena,i. 212,213St. John’s, Newfoundland: possession taken by Sir Humphrey Gilbert,i. 318St. Juan de Ulloa, Sir John Hawkins’s action at,i. 299,301“St. Lawrence,”i. 20St. Lucia,i. 187St. Paul’s travels; his shipwreck at Malta,i. 103,104“St. Valentine,”treasure-ship, taken by Monson,ii. 21St. Vincent, Battle of,i. 7,8,9St. Vincent, Lord: suppression of the mutiny on theSt. George,i. 256;portrait,257Salmon, the, its natural history,iv. 163–168;parr, smolt, grilse,ib.;abundance of its ova,164;tinned salmon from America,166Salmon: fisheries of California, Vancouver’s Island, British Columbia, Alaska,i. 164,168,170,171,202;mode of curing,iv. 167;salmon leaps,ib.Saltness of the sea,i. 87,97;iv. 90Salt Lake, Great; Salt Lake City,iv. 23;Cape Douglas garrison,24,25;street in the city,25Salvador,i. 8“Salvador del Mundi,”i. 9“Samaritano,”wrecked on the Goodwin Sands; Margate and Ramsgate lifeboats,ii. 217–223Samphire,iv. 231,233Sandgate: loss of the“Grosser Kurfürst,”iv. 238Sandwich: seal of the town,i. 274Sandwich in the mutiny of the Nore,i. 252Sandwich Islands: Honolulu; the king,iv. 45;the ex-queen Emma,46;sugar cultivation,ib.;volcanoes,47Sandy Hook Light, New York,i. 196San Francisco: the bay; its entrance, the“Golden Gate,”i. 157;the city,158;its history,ib.;society,161;view of the bay,160;a timber wharf,156;“John Chinaman”in San Francisco,161;Chinese theatres,ib.;earthquakes,162;iv. 29,30;Drake at,i. 313San Joseph,i. 8San Juan Island,i. 166;British camp,i. 165“San Nicolas,”i. 8San Salvador, the first land in the New World discovered by Columbus,iii. 288Santangel, his support of the plans of Columbus,iii. 286Santiago,i. 172“Santissima Trinidada,”i. 8,10Saracens, their ships,i. 269Sardines: mode of fishing for,iv. 174“Savannah,”the Atlantic first crossed by her,ii. 105Saving life at sea. (SeeHovellers,Life, andLifeboats.)Saw-fish,iv. 162Sawkins, Captain, the pirate,iii. 51–55Scaliger, J. C.: history of paddle-boats,ii. 78Scallops,iv. 138,140Scammon, Captain, soundings in Behring Sea,i. 138Scandinavian early explorers of the Arctic regions,iii. 116Scarborough:iv. 253;shipwrecks, loss of the“Coupland,”254“Schiller,”loss of the,ii. 267School on board the“Fox”in the Arctic regions,iii. 219Scilly Islands,ii. 268–270Scoresby: changes in the Greenland ice-fields,iii. 163,178Scotland, pearl fisheries of,iv. 71Scott, Mr.: buried at sea in the“Fox”Arctic expedition,iii. 221Screw-propeller, history of its invention,ii. 102Screw steamer, plan and section of stern,ii. 101Scurvy: on board in Anson’s fleet,ii. 50,119;in the expedition of theAlertandDiscovery,iii. 106,107,111,114;in Munk’s Arctic voyage,150;in Vitus Behring, Ischirikoff, and Parry’s voyages,161,162,176;in Dr. Kane’s expedition,239Sea, the: its living wonders,iv. 111;its saltness, agitation, and waves,iv. 90;the Gulf Stream,91;tides,92;its colour and phosphorescence,96,97Sea-anemones,iv. 123,196–198Sea coasts:“Sketches of our Coasts,”Cornwall,iv. 207–225;South coasts,225–247;East coasts, Norfolk, Yorkshire,247Sea of Ancient Ice, voyage of theAlert,iii. 101Sea-cucumber,iv. 126,128Sea-elephants,i. 34;iii. 279Sea-shore:“By the Sea-shore,”iv. 190–207;calm and storm,192“Sea-goers”in guard-ships,i. 45Sea-horse,iii. 155,156;iv. 162Sea-lion,iv. 188Seamen. (SeeSailors.)Sea-monsters, fabulous,i. 31Sea-polyps from the Atlantic: voyage of theChallenger,i. 31Sea-serpent: various accounts of it, drawings, conjectures, and probabilities,iv. 184–190Sea-sickness,i. 50Sea-sickness and remedies,iv. 6,7Sea songs and poems, by Dibdin and others,i. 8,42;iv. 298–304Sea-trees, Falkland Islands,i. 178Sea-urchins, sea-slugs,iv. 125Sea-weeds,iv. 200Seal of the town of Sandwich,i. 274Seals: on inaccessible island,i. 40;their flesh as food,iii. 94,217–219,251Sebastopol, siege and bombardment of,i. 14,15Selkirk, Alexander, on the island of Juan Fernandez,i. 33Selkirk, Lady: plate taken from her by Paul Jones,iii. 73,74;returned five years afterwards,75“Serapis”taken by Paul Jones,iii. 77Seton, Major: loss of the“Birkenhead,”i. 71Severn: Commodore Anson’s ship,ii. 46,50“Shah”and“Huascar:”action between them,i. 26Shakespeare’s allusions to the sea,iv. 291–295;“The Tempest,”292;“Merchant of Venice,”294;“Measure for Measure,”Henry VI. part ii.,“Richard III.,”“Pericles,”“Cymbeline,”“Antony and Cleopatra,”“Hamlet,”295Shakespeare’s Cliff,iv. 240Shanghai,i. 122,125Sharks and Shark Fishing,iv. 160;common shark; tiger shark,161;the shark worshipped in Africa,162Sharp, Captain, the pirate,iii. 55Shells, Univalve,iv. 139“Shenandoah:”her exploits in the American war,i. 139;American whale ships burnt,iii. 157Sheshaldinski, Peak of, Aleutian Islands,i. 171Ships and shipping interests, History of,i. 258–ii. 156Ship-building, History of. (SeeNaval Architecture.)Ship-money raised by Charles I.,ii. 28Shipwrecks and their lessons,ii. 297Shipwrecks; Falconer’s poem,iv. 297Shipwrecked Mariners’ Society,iv. 226,249,258,272Shrimps,iv. 158Sieges of Gibraltar,i. 90Sierra Leone,i. 202,204;Drake at,314Sierra Nevada,iv. 20,27,28;snow-shed,29Siffante, south-west wind,i. 107Signals of distress,ii. 266,275;iv. 289;necessity for electric communication,ii. 277Sigurd, King, the crusader, at Gibraltar,i. 90Silver Mines in Nevada,iv. 26Simon’s Town, Cape of Good Hope,i. 206Singapore,i. 143;spices, foliage, fruit, climate,145,146;scenery and commerce,147;new harbour,146,147;corals,150;Kling gharry drivers,150;tiger hunting,ib.;views,152,153Singhapura, Strait pirates,i. 146Sinope, Battle of,i. 15Siren signals,iv. 289“Sirius,”ii. 106Sirocco,i. 107Sitka, the capital of Alaska,i. 169,170Skeletons of Franklin’s crews found by McClintock,iii. 230Skerryvore Lighthouse,ii. 175–178Slave-trade: established,i. 295;slaves taken by Sir John Hawkins,ib.;the African Company,ii. 33;views of Columbus on slavery,iii. 295,302;slaves from America taken to Spain by Columbus and others,295,302,307Sledges in Arctic exploration,iii. 99–114,133;sledge journeys by McClintock,iii. 225;by Morton, in Dr. Kane’s Arctic expedition,239;by Dr. Kane’s,248;by Capt. Parry’s,179;by Lieut. Payer’s,272Sleep in the Arctic regions,iii. 251Sleepy comfort of freezing: Dr. Kane’s experience,iii. 237Slip water bottles, for deep-sea sounding,i. 29,38Smeaton, John: biographical notice,ii. 164;third Eddystone lighthouse,165;portrait,170;diving bell,iv. 81Smiles, Samuel: Smeaton and the Eddystone Lighthouse,ii. 164,170;Plymouth Breakwater,191Smith, Sir Sidney,i. 6Smith, William, Discovery of South Polar Land,iii. 278Smith’s Sound, view in,iii. 149;discovered by Baffin,150;explored by Dr. Kane,233“Smoke-stack, Patent,”on the“G. S. Wright,”i. 141Smuggling,iv. 210,234Smyth, Rear-Admiral:“The Mediterranean,”i. 87Snow and ice: on American railways,iv. 21,28;at Plover Bay,i. 139;crimson snow,iii. 164.(And seeIce.)Snow-blindness,iii. 179,182,239Snow houses,iii. 244Snow village in Greenland,iii. 173,174“Sofia,”Swedish Arctic expedition,iii. 257Soldier crab,iv. 154Soldiers at sea; burning of the“Kent,”i. 69,70,72;loss of the“Birkenhead,”74,75;wreck of the“Medusa,”77,78,79,80Solen or razor-fish,iv. 128,129Songs, Naval,i. 42,43“Souffleur, The,”or the Blower. Mauritius,iv. 95Southampton,iv. 225South-east American Station,i. 175South Sea Bubble,ii. 42–44South Virginia Company: colonisation of America,ii. 11Southey’s“Life of Nelson,”i. 8,10;“British Admirals,”274,275,278;defeat of the Armada,290;Sir John Hawkins and the slave-trade,298;Drake’s circumnavigation of the globe,314;anecdotes of Drake,315;exploits of Sir William Monson,ii. 19;sea anemones,iv. 197Sovereign of the Seas, launched by Phineas Pett,i. 232Spalding’s diving-bell, its failure, and his death,iv. 81Spanish Armada defeated,i. 283–291Spanish galleons taken during the Commonwealth,ii. 31;taken by Alison,59–61;iii. 3Spanish expedition to El Dorado,ii. 9Speedy, commanded by Admiral Cochrane,i. 219;action with the Spanish frigate“Gamo,”ib.Spiders in ships,i. 221Spinola: action at Cerimbra Roads,ii. 19,21Spinous cockle,iv. 204Spithead, mutiny at,i. 251Spitzbergen: discovery of,iii. 142;Magdalena Bay,166,167;animal life in,167,257Spolasco, Dr.: wreck of the“Killarney,”ii. 305Spondylus,iv. 138,140Sponges:“Venus’s Flower-basket,”i. 30,32;sponge fishing off the coast of Greece,iv. 65,77Sprat,iv. 173Spray of the ocean,iv. 92Spry, W. J. J., R.N.: cruise of theChallenger,i. 28Squat lobsters,iv. 158“Squirrel,”Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship,i. 318Stables, Dr., R.N., on the punishment of the“cat,”i. 52,53;“Medical Life in the Navy,”i. 220Staines, Sir Thomas: his discovery of the survivors of theBounty,i. 247,248Stamp Act in America,ii. 66Star-fish from the Atlantic; voyage of theChallenger,i. 31;iv. 125,128Stations, Naval: American,i. 102;Pacific,156;Australian,119,131,150;China,119,137;East India,119;Southeast American,175;West Indian,178;North American,198;African,202Steam-power essential in deep-sea sounding,i. 29,30Steam as a motive-power for ships: early history,ii. 79–97Steam-ships first used for Arctic exploration,iii. 186Steam war-ships first introduced,i. 225Steel ships,i. 84Stephens, F. G.:“History of Gibraltar and its Sieges,”i. 90Stephenson, Captain H. F.: winter quarters of theDiscovery,iii. 100,101;AlertandDiscoveryexpedition,iii. 92Stevenson, Allan: the Skerryvore lighthouse,ii. 175–178;revolving and other lights,186Stevenson, Robert, Rennie’s assistant at the Bell Rock Lighthouse,ii. 175Stewart, Captain A.: search for Franklin,iii. 207Stirling, J. D. Morriss, on the sea-serpent,iv. 187,189Storms: the great gale of 1703;Defoe’s account,ii. 199–209;other accounts,201,202,203;“The Storm,”“After the Storm,”and other illustrations,iv. 292,293,296,297,300,301Straits of Gibraltar: scenery,i. 97Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount: his verses on the lifeboat,ii. 211Strombus, a univalve shell,iv. 144Sturgeon and its roe; caviare,iv. 162Submarine telegraph cables,iv. 98Submerged forest,iv. 199Suez,i. 110,114,115Suez Canal: procession of ships at its opening,i. 97;M. de Lesseps’ published works on the Canal; its origin and completion,i. 107–115;statistics,115;bird’s-eye view,109Sugar plantations, Jamaica,i. 183Sun, The. (SeeMock Suns.)Sun at midnight in the Arctic regions,iii. 264“Sunbeam:”voyage of circumnavigation,iv. 40;61,62Sun-fish,iv. 162,164Sunshine in the Polar regions,iii. 109Surgeons in the navy,i. 52Swallow,i. 7Swallow, Sir Humphrey Gilbert’s ship,i. 318Swamped at sea: loss of the“London,”ii. 289,290–297Swedish Arctic expeditions,iii. 257Swedish ships: sanitary arrangements,ii. 120Sword-fish, and mode of fishing for it,iv. 177,178Sydney, South Australia,i. 154;its natural productions,ib.;the Domain; the botanic garden,155;iv. 52Symington, William: steam navigation,ii. 82;his experiments,83,84,92;portrait,85Symons, Captain, lost in the“Amazon,”ii. 278,282Table Bay, Cape of Good Hope,i. 207Tallack, W.:“Malta under the Phœnicians, Knights, and English,”i. 98Tandon, Moquin, on sea-monsters,i. 31Tasman: his discovery of Tasmania,i. 151;discovery of New Zealand,iv. 51;the Maories,ib.Taylor, James: steam navigation,ii. 81,83Tchuktchi Indians:iii. 158;building a hut,157;Professor Nordenskjöld at a Tchuktchi village,275Tea in Chili,i. 175;Japanese,i. 133;iv. 43Tea tax in America,ii. 67–69,72;thrown overboard,69,72“Tegethoff:”Austro-Hungarian Arctic expedition,iii. 271;two years on an ice-floe,ib.;the ship abandoned,274Telegraphy: submarine cables,iv. 98Telescope, equatorial, at the Observatory, Greenwich,iv. 218Téméraire,i. 5,10,11;her engines,i. 225Temperature: of the depths of the sea,i. 30;of the Atlantic Ocean,37;extreme cold in the Arctic regions,iii. 103,105,111,135,136,171,225,236,237,276Tenney, Matthew: his heroism on board theCumberland,i. 22Teredo,iv. 128Ternati, Drake at,i. 312,313TerrorandErebusamong the icebergs,iii. 193,197Terror: voyage of theTerrorunder Captain Back,196;the ship nipped in the ice,204;Franklin’s last expedition,207;discovery of relics,227,230Thames: Great Storm of 1703,ii. 204;poetry of the,iv. 272Theatre at Lima,i. 172Theatres, Chinese, in San Francisco,i. 161Theatricals: on the“Great Britain,”iv. 34;“Royal Arctic Theatres”on theAlertandDiscovery,iii. 103;on other Arctic ships,170“Thémistocle,”i. 7Thermometers for deep-sea sounding,i. 30,37,38Thirst, sufferings from,ii. 16Thomas, Captain, lost in the“Schiller,”ii. 267,270Thomson, J.,“The Straits of Malacca,”i. 144Thomson, Professor Wyville; cruise of theChallenger,i. 29Thorne, Robert, his voyage of discovery,iii. 119Thorpeness, Suffolk,iv. 247;enterprise of Joseph Chard,ib.Thunderer; her engines,i. 225Tides of the Ocean,iv. 92Tilbury Fort; Great Storm of 1703; West Indiamen wrecked,ii. 205Time, mode of reckoning it in ships;“watches,”“bells,”“dog-watches,”i. 50Time, difference between London and San Francisco,iv. 30Timor, Lieut. Bligh at; mutiny of theBounty,i. 242Tobacco in Cuba when discovered by Columbus,iii. 290Tobago; Crusoe’s Island,i. 179Top-knot, a minute flat-fish,iv. 206Torpedo (fish),iv. 160Torpedoes: Fulton’s submarine boat,ii. 88;Marquis of Worcester’s inventions,146;Bishop Wilkins’s subaqueous vessel, or“ark,”148;Schott, Knuffler, Fulton’s torpedoes,ib.,149;Cushing’s attack on the“Albemarle,”151;“Lay”torpedo,ib.;Porter’s, Fulton’s, Lay torpedo, Spar torpedo,153;Paraguayan torpedo,154;Harvey torpedo,153,155;Whitehead or“fish”torpedo,155Torres, Luis Vaes de; Torres Strait,iii. 277Tortuga, bucaniers at,iii. 5,6;wild dogs and horses,iii. 7;its discovery; turtles,315Torture: Spaniards tortured by pirates,iii. 38Toulon, Siege of,i. 6“Trades’ Increase,”East Indiaman,ii. 13Trafalgar, Battle of,i. 10–13,227Training Ships,i. 44;theChichester,45,47;course of instruction and drill,48,49;saluting officers,48;incessant work,49;iv. 287Transportation of convicts to Australia,i. 154Treasure ships,i. 311;ii. 19,55,56,59–61;iii. 60,63Trentin the ice,iii. 165,166,167Trepang fisheries (Holothuria),iv. 127,128Trevethick, Robt., portrait,ii. 97Trinidad, Columbus landing at,i. 177,178;iii. 295;visit of Amerigo Vespucci,302;Raleigh at,ii. 4,33Trinidad, Port of Spain,i. 179–182Trinity House and the Trinity Corporation,iv. 287–289;duties of the Board,289;light-vessels and staff of the Corporation,ib.;royal and noble Masters and Brethren,ib.;fog-horns or Siren signals,ib.Tripe de roche: rock-lichen as food,iii. 241Tristan d’Acunha,i. 38,201Triton, a univalve shell,iv. 144Trochus, a univalve shell,iv. 141Trollope, Anthony:“The West Indies and the Spanish Main,”i. 179,182,183;Bermuda,187,188;New Zealand,iv. 51;Sydney,52;Melbourne,54Tromp, Martin,ii. 30Tryal, Commodore Anson’s ship,ii. 46,50,55Tunny: tunny-fishing,iv. 177Turbo, a univalve shell,iv. 141Turret-ships:“Monitor,”“Merrimac,”“Miantonoma,”ii.139,140,141;interior of a turret-ship,142;“Brooklyn,”“Ohio,”Captain,Vanguard,Warrior,Black Prince,143;other turret-ships:Inflexible,144,145;Alexandra,146,147Turtle at the Island of Ascension,i. 202“Tuscarora:”deep-sea soundings,i. 28,30Twain, Mark: his account of the Bermudas,i. 189Tyre, Ships of,i. 259Unclassed ships,ii. 123Uniongun-boat,i. 6“UnitedKingdom,”steam-ship,ii. 98,99“United States,”Dr. Hayes’s Arctic expedition,iii. 255Univalves,iv. 139Unseaworthy ships,ii. 112–119Upernavik, Danish settlement at,iii. 254Urchins: sea-urchins,iv. 126,128Utah,iv. 23