PLATEI.
Fig. 1.—A 41-inch Java pony. Many East Indian ponies are said to be saturated with Arab blood. In the Java mare figured the head and limbs bear nearly the same relation to the trunk as in small desert Arabs.
Fig. 2.—A Norwegian Udganger pony in which the legs are relatively nearly as short as in the dachshund. From a specimen in the Bergen Museum.
Fig. 3.—A 42-inch pony of the Udganger type from Iceland, in which the head and legs bear nearly the same relation to the trunk as in Exmoor ponies. This pony is characterised by a fine head, large eyes, and small ears; by fine limbs, sloping shoulders, and a short back; and by the absence of the hind chestnuts and all four ergots.
Plate I.
Fig. 1. A 41-inchJAVA PONY.
Fig. 1. A 41-inchJAVA PONY.
Fig. 2. A DWARFED UDGANGER PONY, NORWAY.
Fig. 2. A DWARFED UDGANGER PONY, NORWAY.
Fig. 3. A 42-inchICELAND PONY, UDGANGER TYPE.
Fig. 3. A 42-inchICELAND PONY, UDGANGER TYPE.
PLATEII.
Fig. 4.—Skeleton of a 33-inch Shetland pony (Highland Chieftain) in the American Museum of Natural History, New York. Though the front cannon-bone is 1·5 inches shorter than in the three-toed Miocene horseProtohippus, it has only been dwarfed about one-quarter of an inch. From a photograph lent by Prof. H. Fairfield Osborn.
Fig. 5.—Skeleton of Persimmon, a 66-inch race-horse belonging to the late King EdwardVII. The bones of the limbs of Persimmon bear practically the same relation to each other and to the trunk as in Highland Chieftain, but in Persimmon the skull is relatively shorter and the withers are relatively higher.
Plate II.
Fig. 4.—Skeleton of Highland Chieftain, a 33-inch Shetland Pony.
Fig. 4.—Skeleton of Highland Chieftain, a 33-inch Shetland Pony.
Fig. 5.—Skeleton of Persimmon, a 66-inch Thoroughbred.
Fig. 5.—Skeleton of Persimmon, a 66-inch Thoroughbred.
PLATEIII.
Fig. 6.—Side view of skull of Eric, a 36·5-inch Shetland pony of the riding type.
Fig. 7.—Skull of a new-born foal of the Celtic or riding type.
Fig. 8.—Skull of a four-year-old Prjevalsky horse from Mongolia. In the foal the cranium is relatively large and the face decidedly dished; in the Sheltie the face is longer than in the foal, but less bent downwards on the cranium and less dished; in the Prjevalsky stallion the cranium is less globular, while the face is very long and, owing to the bulging outwards of the nasals, “Roman-nosed.” Though in some Shetland ponies the face is long, the wild horse now found in Mongolia seems to have contributed little to the making of the modern Sheltie.
Plate III.
Fig. 6.—Skull of Eric, a 36·5-inch Shetland Pony.
Fig. 6.—Skull of Eric, a 36·5-inch Shetland Pony.
Fig. 7.—Skull of a new-born foal, Celtic type.
Fig. 7.—Skull of a new-born foal, Celtic type.
Fig. 8.—Skull of a wild Prjevalsky horse, from Mongolia.
Fig. 8.—Skull of a wild Prjevalsky horse, from Mongolia.
PLATEIV.
Fig. 9a. Middle metacarpal (front cannon-bone) of Eric, a 36·5-inch Shetland pony; length, 143 mm. (5·6 inches), width at middle of shaft, 26 mm. In Eric the reduction or dwarfing of the front cannon-bones is estimated at 1 inch. Half nat. size.
Fig. 9b. Middle metacarpal of the Miocene 3-toed (36-inch?) horseProtohippus sejunctus; length, 177 mm. (6·9 inches), width, 21 mm.—i.e., 1·3 inches longer than in Eric. Half nat. size.
Fig. 9c. Middle metacarpal ofHypohippus, the (40-inch?) Miocene 3-toed “forest” horse of Montana and South Dakota; length, 215 mm. (8·4 inches), width, 22 mm.—i.e., 2·8 inches longer than in Eric. Half nat. size.
Fig. 10. Bones of fore and hind foot (half nat. size) ofEohippus(fig. 12). After Marsh.
Fig. 11. Bones of fore and hind foot (half nat. size) ofOrohippus(fig. 13). After Marsh.
Fig. 11a. Bones of the three front toes (II.,III., andIV.) ofNeohipparion, the 10-hands American Miocene desert horse with deer-like limbs. In this ancient race-horse theII. andIV. toes are very much shorter than inHypohippus(fig. 20), a late Miocene “forest” horse.
Fig. 11b. Engraving of a small-headed horse made during the Early Stone Age in the Combarelles Cave, France. The short face, small ear, and flowing mane suggest a race to which Shelties may be related. One-fourth nat. size.
Plate IV.
Cannon-bones, half nat. size.
Fig. 9a.
Eric.
Fig. 9b.
Protohippus.
Fig. 9c.
Hypohippus.
Fig. 10.—Fore and hind foot,Eohippus, ½ nat. size.
Fig. 11.—Fore and hind foot,Orohippus, ½ nat. size.
Fig. 11a.
Forefoot,Neohipparion, ¼ nat. size.
Fig. 11b.—Engraving of a small-headed horse.
PLATEV.
Fig. 12.—Restoration ofEohippus, the AmericanHyracotherium, size about 12 inches. See fig. 10.
Fig. 13.—Orohippus, a late Eocene four-toed horse, size about 16 inches. See fig. 11.
Fig. 14.—Mesohippus, an Oligocene horse about 24 inches. In some of the three-toed Oligocene horses the cannon-bones were as long as in a 32-inch Shetland pony. See fig 18.
Fig. 15.—Hypohippus, a three-toed Miocene “forest” horse, with theII. andIV. toes long and functional. In 40-inch specimens ofHypohippusthe cannon-bones were 2·5 inches longer than in some 40-inch Shetland ponies. See figs. 9 and 20.
Fig. 16.—Merychippus, a 9-hands three-toed Miocene horse.Protohippus(a possible ancestor of modern fine-limbed breeds) and the extinctHipparionsseem to have been derived fromMerychippus.
Fig. 17.—A 33-inch Shetland pony. In modern Shelties the legs are relatively shorter than in the three-toed horses of the later Miocene deposits. Shetland ponies have probably partly sprung from ancestors allied toMerychippusand partly from ancestors with limbs of theHypohippustype.
Figs. 12 to 16 after Osborn and Lull.
Plate V.
Fig. 16.—Merychippus, 36 inches.
Fig. 12.—Eohippus, 12 inches.
Fig. 15.—Hypohippus, 40 inches.
Fig. 14.—Mesohippus, 24 inches.
Fig. 13.—Orohippus, 16 inches.
Fig. 17.—Shetland, 33 inches.
All the figures one-thirtieth nat. size.
PLATEVI.
Fig. 18.—Skeleton of fore-foot ofMesohippus. TheII.,III., andIV. digits are complete, theV. is represented by the upper end of the metacarpal. Oligocene of America. After Marsh.
Fig. 19.—Forefoot ofMerychippus(orProtohippus). DigitsII. andIV. shorter than in fig. 18, and the vestige of digitV. very small or absent. American Miocene. After specimen in American Museum of Natural History.
Fig. 20.—Forefoot ofHypohippus, the Miocene “forest” horse. DigitsII. andIV. long as inMesohippus, digitsI. andIV. represented by small “splints” not seen in figure. After specimen in American Museum of Natural History.
Fig. 21.—Upper molar,E. stenonis, natural size. The internal pillar (p) is only one-third the length of the grinding surface of the crown. Pliocene. After Boule.
Fig. 22.—Upper molar,E. fossilis, natural size. The internal pillar (p) is more than half the length of the grinding surface of crown. Pleistocene. Kent’s Cavern, Devonshire. After Owen.
Fig. 23.—Premolar and molars (natural size) of a small mediæval? horse from Aberdour, Aberdeenshire. The internal pillars are short. Small horses with short-pillared teeth have lived in Europe since the end of the Pliocene. In the 36·5-inch Shetland pony Eric the molars very closely agree with those figured. From specimens received from Prof. Arthur Thomson, Aberdeen.
Fig. 24.—Premolar and molars of a small horse from the Roman Fort, Newstead. The pillars are long, as inE. robustusof Solutrè and other small Pleistocene horses of Europe; as in the 11-handsE. tauof the Mexican Pleistocene; and as in Shetland ponies of the “forest” or Londonderry type.
Plate VI.
Fig. 21.
Fig. 22.
Fig. 23.
Fig. 24.
Fig. 18.
Mesohippus.
Fig. 19.
Merychippus.
Fig. 20.
Hypohippus.