DISCUSSION

A small triangular point of brown chert probably belongs to theFresnotype. The tip is broken but the original length was about 2 cm.

Generally, the tools from this site are made from native tan chert cores and flakes, or from petrified wood, and are rough to the point of being almost nondescript. Imagination is often required to attempt assignment to types.

A massive axe-shaped object of petrified wood is worked to a near-blade form at the expanded end (Fig. 12, K), but appears to have been used as a maul. The groove is natural. It is 15 cm. long, 9 cm. wide, and 4.5 cm. in thickness. Two smaller objects of petrified wood (Fig. 12, G, H) are partially shaped, showing some of the original surfaces. They resemble choppers or picks and are 7 × 5.1 × 2.3 cm. and 8.8 × 4.7 × 2 cm. A fourth object of petrified wood, 10.5 cm. long and 4.2 cm. wide, is more suggestive of a pick but shows little evidence of use.

Smaller core tools include two choppers or end scrapers of tan chert and quartzite. The first has much of its original surfaces, with one end pointed by bifacial beveling. It is 5.5 cm. long. The second is unifacially beveled across one end and onto one edge; it is similar in size. Two possible gouges of red and tan chert, 3.4 and 4.2 cm. long, are ovate in outline and roughly flaked bifacially at one end. Eight smaller objects are keel-shaped core scrapers or small choppers of tan and gray chert. They are irregularly ovate, triangular or elongate, from 2.5 to 4 cm. in length, 1.8 to 3.3 cm. in width. Flaking is bifacial but those with one flat face have minimal flaking on this side. Two larger, thick leaf-shaped forms (Fig. 11, GG, HH) may have served as knives or scrapers.

Other tools are made from flakes. Two might be knives: one (Fig. 11, II) is of gray chert, long and ovoid, rough at the base but well finished around the edges. It is 5.9 cm. long, 2 cm. wide. The second is made from a flat, triangular-shaped piece of petrified wood, which is unmodified at one end (the base), but has good secondary flaking around the edges. It is 5.1 cm. long, 3 cm. wide, and 6 mm. in thickness.

A thumbnail end scraper (Fig. 11, LL) is of gray quartz, 3 × 2 cm. in diameters, 6 mm. thick. Unifacial beveling on one end and one side is quite steep and the reverse face shows many tiny fractures around the cutting curve.

Fig. 12. Ornaments and Stone Tools. A, Polished stone tablet. B, Banded slate bead. C, Bone bead. D, Sandstone bead or concretion. E, Pitted stone. F, Brown sandstone whetstone. G, H, Choppers of petrified wood. I, Polished stone celt. J, Small hammerstone. K, Maul of petrified wood. (All to scale exceptB,CandDwhich are only slightly reduced.)

There are 15 small scrapers (Fig. 11, MM-PP) which are ovate or triangular in outline and made from flakes which vary from 3 to 8 mm. in thickness. They are of tan, brown and mottled gray chert, petrified wood, and gray quartzite. Most are flaked bifacially but some show a preponderance of flaking on the convex face. Sizes range from 2 to 4.5 cm. Five small broken flake objects show some flaking.

There are four drills, all made of tan chert. One flake drill (Fig. 11, KK) has an expanded base, a shaft which is triangular in cross section and a keen point which shows use polish. A second (Fig. 11, JJ) has a geniculate form, is less well made, but shows usage at the tip. The other two are tiny, 2.1 and 2.2 cm. long, have one flat and one keel-shaped face, and are worked on two of the three planes. They could have been used as gravers or drills.

Few objects of polished stone were found. One large celt (Fig. 12, I) is from the surface. It is symmetrically ovate, 17.5 cm. long, 7.5 cm. wide, and 3.8 cm. thick. It shows pecking marks on the faces, but is well ground at the bit and along the edges. A triangular hard sandstone pebble, 7.5 × 7 × 3.3 cm., has round pits, 3 cm. in diameter, on each face, (Fig. 12, E). There are smooth depressions on two edges. A large pitted mortar stone is of ferruginous sandstone, 22 × 16 cm. One face has an oval depression, 13 × 12 cm., in the center of which, and on the opposite face, are deep hemispherical pits, 3.5 cm. in diameter.

An oval-shaped hammerstone (Fig. 12, J) of tan chert is smoothed on two faces, roughened by pecking around all edges. A whetstone of brown sandstone (Fig. 12, F) has one deep and two shallow grooves on one face, two grooves on the opposite.

A rectangular flat tablet of mottled brown slate (Fig. 12, A) was found during the burial excavations but not in direct association. It is 6 cm. long, 4.5 cm. wide, and 3.5 mm. thick. The faces are polished and the edges ground smooth with rounded corners, but there are no decorations or perforations.

A bead of gray and brown banded slate (Fig. 12, B) was found on the surface of Hill 1. It is pear-shaped, 9 mm. long, 12 mm. wide, counter-drilled and highly polished. A small perforated sandstone concretion (Fig. 12, D) may have been used as a bead, but the perforation seems to be natural, and the surfaces are not modified.

An oval, reddish claystone concretion was found on the surface. It is 12 × 6.5 cm., and 2.7 cm. thick. The hard cortex had been removed, exposing the soft ocher, which was a probable source of paint.

A segment of bone, 2.6 cm. long, was found on the surface. The ends are cut squarely across and there is a small (natural?) perforation. It is probably a bead of bird bone (Fig. 12, C), is hard, very white, and the surface is polished. No other artifacts of bone or shell were found, but the test pits in dark soil exposed numerous animal bones as well as mussel and snail shells. No identifications were secured.

The Smithport Landing Site is one of a number of village and mound sites along the Red River valley and its tributaries in northwestern Louisiana (Fig. 1) at which varying amounts of Alto Focus pottery, whole vessels or sherds, have been found. The mound sites shown are within the river flood plain, with exception of Thigpen Mound and Village Site, which are on a terrace immediately overlooking the valley; Gahagan, Curtis, Mounds Plantation, and Belcher mounds are on old river channels near the present stream. The burial vessels at Gahagan were Alto types—fiveHolly Fine Engraved, threeHickory Engraved, oneKiam Incised—and 12% of the 76 sherds from the surface are the distinctive Alto types (Hickory,CarmelandHolly Engraved,Davis Incised,Crockett Curvilinear Incised,Weches Fingernail ImpressedandPennington Punctated-Incised). The Thigpen Site is preponderantly Bossier, but included in the scant collection of 102 sherds are oneWeches, fiveDunkin, and fiveWilkinson. We have only a few sherds from the Curtis Mound (Sunny Point in Moore’s 1912 report) butHickory Fine Engravedis included. At the Belcher Mound Site (Webb, 1959) the premound level had sherds and burial vessels of both Alto and Haley types.

The Mounds Plantation (Pickett Landing in Moore’s 1912 report) Site has recently been explored with some intensity (McKinney, Plants and Webb, to be reported). Twenty-six percent of the decorated sherds in the previous surface collection were of the distinctive Alto types, 4.15% Coles Creek. A trench through one of the mounds showed intrusive Belcher Focus burials but the fill, habitation, and premound level sherds were Coles Creek and Alto, with admixture at all levels but increasing amounts of Alto in the top levels. Alto types areDavisandHarrison Bayou Incised;Hickory,HollyandCarmel Engraved;Pennington,Crockett,Wilkinson, andWechesin the punctated and punctated-incised categories. Coles Creek types wereColes Creek,ChaseandBeldeau Incised;Rhinehart Punctated; and the shared typesHardyandSanson Incised. Deep burials in a second mound had scant pottery but the two vessels wereHolly Engravedand a bowl withCrockettandPenningtondesigns, both black and polished.

The non-mound village sites shown inFigure 1are on hills fronting the valley or on tributaries and lakes. All of those shown have Alto and Bossier pottery types, most have Coles Creek-Troyville, all have a good representation of the shared typesHardy-Kiam,Dunkin-Manchac,Harrison BayouandSanson Incised,Wilkinson Punctated, andRhinehart-atypical,Pennington Punctated-Incised. Omitting these shared types and using only distinctive types, the Allen Site has 7% Alto, no Coles Creek; the Wilkinson Site has 10.5% Alto, 0.3% Coles Creek; the Chamarre Site has 14% Alto, 1.5% Troyville; Williams Point has 4% Alto, no Coles Creek; East Smithport has 8% Alto, no Coles Creek; the Colbert Place has 1.6% Alto, 5.45% Coles Creek; Greer has 6.7% Alto, 1.8% Coles Creek; Pease and Sinner are strong Bossier sites but have 0.3% and 0.5% Alto, respectively; Swanson’s Landing has 4% Alto and 4% Coles Creek; and Harrison Bayou has 1% Alto.

Not all of the mound or village sites in this same area show this kind of representation of Alto or Coles Creek; there are as many or more which are well developed Bossier sites and have little or no Alto. For example, we have 230 surface sherds from the Vanceville Mound in Bossier Parish with no Alto or Coles Creek types; the 3942 sherds from the lower and premound levels of the Oden Mound include two questionableHickory Engraved, no other Alto or Coles Creek types; 1275 surface sherds from the Marston Village Site show no Coles Creek, oneHolly Fine Engraved, and threePennington Punctated-Incised. In these same sites, as the distinctive types drop out, the shared incised and punctated types likeDunkin-Manchac,Rhinehart-Penningtonvariants,Wilkinson,Harrison Bayou Incisedand evenHardy-Kiam Incisedare almost completely replaced byPease Brushed-Incised,Belcher Ridged, and the brushed types (Webb, 1959). Large projectile points and heavy scraper types also disappear, replaced by small arrow point types and thumbnail-size, triangular and rectangular flake scrapers (Webb, 1959: Fig. 126).

The Smithport Landing Site shares with the other hilltop or hill slope village sites of this earlier Caddoan period the carry-over of late Archaic dart points, especially types likeGary,Ellis,Kent,Carrollton,Palmillas,San Patrice,Evans,Maçon, andPontchartrain. Large as well as small scrapers, pitted stones, manos of hand size, oval metates, small drills, large and small celts, brown and white sandstonehones, hammerstones, and crude choppers are usual at these sites. Triangular and ovate knives, recurved-edge (Copena-like) knives, stone beads and polished stone problematicals (boatstones, bannerstones, gorgets) or plummets are all missing or very rare, although stone beads and problematicals occur in the late Archaic. The slate bead from Smithport, a recurved (Copena) blade fragment from the Thigpen Site, and a two-hole gorget from a small site north of Wallace Lake (Webb, 1948: Pl. 16, 9) are exceptions. Small projectile points, generally ofAlbaandColberttypes, about equal the number of large ones at these sites. Ear ornaments, shell and bone tools are infrequent.

In conclusion, the Smithport Landing Site is one of the larger village sites of the earlier Caddoan (Gibson Aspect, Alto Focus) period along the Red River valley in northwestern Louisiana. It shares with a number of other village sites of this period evidences of a carry over of late Archaic projectile points and stone artifact traits. It also shares with numerous village and mound sites evidences of admixture of Coles Creek ceramic types and influences with the Alto pottery types as the earliest pottery at these sites. It seems increasingly clear that the advent of Coles Creek and Alto Caddoan peoples and/or ceramics, arrow points, and riverine mound building into this area were virtually simultaneous occurrences. Out of this blending developed the subsequent Bossier Focus ceramics and other cultural manifestations over a wide portion of northwestern Louisiana, extending into eastern Texas and southern Arkansas.

It is possible that the large ceremonial mound groups, like Gahagan and Mounds Plantation, served as ceremonial centers for a number of villages, including those in the adjoining hill areas, accounting for the frequency of specialized burials, with ceremonial copper and polished stone objects, pipes and ornamentation, and highly developed burial ceramics, in the mound sites, in comparison with the paucity of these objects in the hill villages.

Considerable research is needed (1) to establish the nature of the relationships between mound sites in the valleys and the villages in the hills; (2) to trace the extent of Coles Creek and Alto contacts and the process of amalgamation of these two strong cultures over the wide area from central Louisiana into Arkansas, Oklahoma and eastern Texas (this must have been friendly, as it is inconceivable that Caddoan peoples would have supplanted Coles Creek almost overnight in hundreds of villages); (3) and the development out of this amalgamation of Bossier, Plaquemine, and other later cultures.

[1]Thanks are extended to Monroe Dodd, Jr., George Freeman, and other friends who assisted in the site exploration; to Alex Krieger and James A. Ford for assistance with pottery identification and typology; to A. L. Wedgeworth, Jr., for photography; and to Gordon Maxcy for film developing and assistance with the plates.

D’Antoni, Blaise C.

1961a. Bayou Pierre, Land of Yesteryear, Chapter 2. Newsletter, North Louisiana Historical Assn., April, pp. 9-14.1961b. Bayou Pierre, Land of Yesteryear, Chapter 3. Newsletter, North Louisiana Historical Assn., July, pp. 7-12.1962. Bayou Pierre, Land of Yesteryear, Chapter 5. Newsletter, North Louisiana Historical Assn., May, pp. 13-15.

1961a. Bayou Pierre, Land of Yesteryear, Chapter 2. Newsletter, North Louisiana Historical Assn., April, pp. 9-14.

1961b. Bayou Pierre, Land of Yesteryear, Chapter 3. Newsletter, North Louisiana Historical Assn., July, pp. 7-12.

1962. Bayou Pierre, Land of Yesteryear, Chapter 5. Newsletter, North Louisiana Historical Assn., May, pp. 13-15.

Ford, James A.

1951. Greenhouse: A Troyville-Coles Creek Period Site in Avoyelles Parish, Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 44, Part 1.

Ford, James A., and Clarence H. Webb

1956. Poverty Point, A Late Archaic Site in Louisiana. Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 46, Part 1.

Ford, James A., and G. R. Willey

1940. Crooks Site, A Marksville Period Burial Mound in La Salle Parish, Louisiana. Department of Conservation, Louisiana Geological Survey, Anthropological Study No. 3.

Moore, Clarence B.

1912. Some Aboriginal Sites on Red River. Journal of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, 2nd. Series, Vol. 14, Part 4.

Newell, H. Perry, and Alex D. Krieger

1949. The George C. Davis Site, Cherokee County, Texas. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 5.

Quimby, George I.

1951. The Medora Site, West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, Vol. 24, No. 2.1957. The Bayou Goula Site, Iberville Parish, Louisiana. Fieldiana: Anthropology, Vol. 47, No. 2.

1951. The Medora Site, West Baton Rouge Parish, Louisiana. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, Vol. 24, No. 2.

1957. The Bayou Goula Site, Iberville Parish, Louisiana. Fieldiana: Anthropology, Vol. 47, No. 2.

Suhm, Dee Ann, Alex D. Krieger, and Edward B. Jelks

1954. An Introductory Handbook of Texas Archeology. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 25.

Suhm, Dee Ann, and Edward B. Jelks (editors)

1962. Handbook of Texas Archeology: Type Descriptions. The Texas Archeological Society, Special Publication No. 1, and The Texas Memorial Museum Bulletin, No. 4.

Webb, Clarence H.

1948. Caddoan Prehistory: The Bossier Focus. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 19.1959. The Belcher Mound, A Stratified Caddoan Site in Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 16.1961. Relationships between the Caddoan and Central Louisiana Culture Sequences. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 31.

1948. Caddoan Prehistory: The Bossier Focus. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological and Paleontological Society, Vol. 19.

1959. The Belcher Mound, A Stratified Caddoan Site in Caddo Parish, Louisiana. Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology, No. 16.

1961. Relationships between the Caddoan and Central Louisiana Culture Sequences. Bulletin of the Texas Archeological Society, Vol. 31.

1560 Line AvenueShreveport, Louisiana

1560 Line Avenue

Shreveport, Louisiana

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