rebellions in,441,442,454,502,504;Paraguayan invasion of,473,474Rioja,15,63,64Rio Negro,392Rio Real,338Rivadavia, Bernardino,104,119,120,262Rivera, Fructuoso,255,259,261-269,461Roca, Julio, General, successes of,145;candidate for president,147,157;his first administration,150;party leader,153;took command of army,155;his second administration,158,160;his followers,160Rodrigues, Alves, President,511Rojas, Diego de,14Rondeau, José, General,254,263Rosario,40,63,136,155Rosas, Juan Manuel, laudation of,114;federalist leader in Buenos Aires,122et seq.,266;growth of his power,200;and Montevideo,268;relations with Entre Rios,270;and Oribe faction,461Rubber,490,501,511SSabará,378,391Saldanha Marinho,482Salta, province of Argentina,15;intendencia,75;social conditions in,80;Buenos Airean army passes through,91;warfare in,94;rebellion in,155San Ildefonso, treaty of,246,389San John d'El Rei,400San Juan,15,40,64,137San Luiz,64,155San Martin, José, General,77,96-114Santa Catharina,19,26;captured by Spain,77,246;description of,313;exploration of,316;Brazilian possession of,377;settlement of,386,397;captured by the Spaniards,389;restored to Portugal,390;invasion of,446,504,506;seat of revolutionary government,504Santa Fé, Argentina (city), Spanish settlement of,29;desire of, for independence,116;founded,168Santa Fé, Argentina (province), governor of, sent Indians and supplies to Buenos Aires,31;Indians in,63,130;a part of intendencia of Buenos Aires,75;invasion of,121;Brazilian army in,129;Congress held in,131;revolution in,155;Creoles of, defeat Charruas,242;loyal to Artigas,255Santa Luzia, battle of,453Santa Rita Durão (poet),399Santiago de Chile,42,51,107Santiago del Estero (Argentina),14,15,63,121,154Santo Amaro,319Santos,51,316,318São Francisco River, the, why so named,302;valley of,310,311;Pernambucos on,344;military raids near,357;cattle-raisers established on,372;gold around headwaters of,378São Paulo (city), menaced by Indians,333;prosperity of,501,the home of Rodrigues Alvez,511São Paulo (province), opposition to the extension of Spanish dominions,66;Jesuits in,169,328,330,347,374;description of,313;conditions of, for settlement,318;nucleus of settlement of Brazil,320;inhabitants of,322;spread of Indians in,332;not a sugar-raising province,338;profits by secret trade,373;gold in,378;depopulated,393;an Englishman in,407;revolution in,453;representation of, in Chamber of Brazil,488;coffee in,489São Vicente,23,318Saraiva, Aparcicio,280Saraiva, Gomercindo,503,504Saraiva, José Antonio,486,488Sarandi, battle of,120,260,427Schouten,48Sea-power, of England,82,269,366;of Spain,93,103,111,255;of France,269;of Brazil,426,462;of Argentina,428Sergipe,310,343,344,357Seville Junta,88,251Sheep-raising,131,148,278Silver mining, in Bolivia and Peru,16,22,78,233;Spain's desire for,49;value of,50Sipe-Sipe, battle of,104Slavery, Indian, in Argentine provinces,17,33;tendency of,56;Hernandarias opposed to,59;forbidden by Spanish Government,60,175;under Spaniards,165;Paulistas and,174,322,347;forbidden by Portuguese Government,321;Jesuits fought against,327;Mem da Sa and,335;Pombal and,398Slavery, negro,82,324,458;encouraged,328,335;increased,398;proportion of slaves in population of Brazil,405.SeeEmancipation of slaves.Solis, Juan Diaz de,19,230Soracaba,373,453Soriano, first settlement in Uruguay,238,241Souza, Thomas de,323,329Spain, war with Portugal,382;revolt of 1820 in,411Spanish authority unquestioned,52Spanish Creoles at war with Brazilian Creoles,66,68,105,240,242,245,248,254,256,382,388,389,409Spanish discoveries and conquests,7,8,12-15,301Spanish monarchy, structure of,4,7,20Spanish possession of Portugal and Brazil,342Spanish treasure fleet, capture of, by the Dutch,353Street-car tax riots,485Sucré (Charcas),16,33,89,182Sugar, districts of cultivation of,78,309,310,312,321,343,371;first cultivation of,317,321;industry prosperous,321,324,336,448:annual production of,338;trade,351;price,361,392,397;industry decadent,393;staple production,405;comparative cultivation,458;plantation companies,501Suipacha, battle of,91TTabocas, battle of,362Tamoyo Indians,331,335Tandil Mountains,237Tapajos River,314Taxation,338,393Theresina Christina, Empress of Brazil,457,498"Thirty-three," the,259Tierra del Fuego,41Tieté River,347Tiradentes,400Tobacco,78,310,393,405,448Tocantins River,310,392Tucuman, battle of,94Tucuman (city), founded,15;Congress at,105;Paz's army in,123,124Tucuman (province), Spanish rule in,15,17;political dependency,17,33,61;thriving towns in,62,63;revolt in,155;missionary work in,182UUnitarian party,119,121,123,126,263United States of America, and Lopez,202,203;arbitrator,222;influence of, on Brazil,399,500;recognises Brazil's independence,426;does not support Pedro,434;prevents commercial blockade,506Urquiza, Justo José, General, defeats allied unitarians and colorados,126;governor of Entre Rios,128;forms alliance with Brazil and colorado faction in Uruguay,129,462,472;favours federal constitution,131-134;first president of Argentine Republic,135;his term expires,137;refuses to revolt against Buenos Aires,142;revolt against,144;his friendship with Lopez,200;general-in-chief,271;successes in Uruguay,271,462;Lopez angry with,471Uruguay,34,75,227-284;Indians in,62,71,74;first settlement,68;Spanish territory,77,100;Portuguese troops in,110;war with Brazil,120,209,256,260,470;war with Paraguay,141,142,206-219,276,471;area of,229;settlement of,238,239,242,386;population of,247,265,273,278;war with Argentina,255,267;independence of,255,259,260,263,430,461,463,476;Brazilian occupation of,258,408;constitution of,264;Brazilian intervention in,270,274,407,462;Paulistas in,348;rebellion against Pedro,427;Brazilian protectorate of,468Uruguay River, the, explored,22;harbours,31;course of,38;Jesuit missions along,60,68;navigation of,134,464Uruguayana, capture of,212Uspallata Pass,106VVasco da Gama.SeeGama, Vasco da.Vasconcellos, Bernardo, in Congress of Brazil,430,446;absent from Rio,433;result of work,440,441,443;death,461Veiga, Evaristo da,430,433Venezuela,100Vespucci, Amerigo,302,306Viceroyalties, divided into provinces,53;Peru,61,74,176;Buenos Aires,74,75,80;Atlantic slope of Spanish South America,246Victoria,311,320,378Vidal, guerrilla chief,362Vieira, Antonio,374Vieira, Fernandes.SeeFernandes Vieira.Vilapugio, battle of,97Villegagnon, French adventurer,334Visigoths,3,290WWater Witch, incident,203Wheat,148,159,278,340Whitelocke, General,85XXingú River,314YYellow fever,461ZZeballos, Pedro de,77