fertility of,349,350,352,395;granted to Welser family,349;settlement of,349-351;savage tribes of,350;subject to viceroyalty of Lima,67;under jurisdiction of Bogotá and Caracas,71,356,419,426;revolutionary spirit in,76,358-361, etc.;revolts against Bolivar,79,101,323,378;war of independence in,86,261,316,317,362,364,366-370,378-383,388,434,437,451,452;in Colombian confederation,98,322,376,378,384,443;Bolivarian constitution of,99,385;separates from confederation,99,324,385,387,388,451;cattle-raising in,345,355,395;topography of,351,352;negro labour in,351,352,357;agricultural products of,352,358,390,395;exports from,352,390;commercial conditions of,352-358,390-392,395,396,398,399;gold placers of,352;taxation in,353,389,391,392,395;education in,353;trading posts in,354;made a captaincy-general,355,419;captains-general of,356,360,361;boundaries of, fixed,356;population of,357,390;characteristics of population of,357,358;Bonaparte claims allegiance of,360;first independent republic of South America,362;constitution of 1811,362;financial conditions in,362,394-396,398;earthquake in,363;important battles of war of independence in,369,374,375,378,381-383;impoverished by wars,384,394;constitution of 1831,389,391,394;civil wars in,387-392,396-398;political conditions in,389-392;roads built in,390;bank established in,390;slavery abolished,391;liberty of the press permitted,392;religious conditions in,392,395;smuggling in,394;stable currency of,395;railroads built in,395,396;debt of,396;boundary dispute with British Guiana,398;foreign relations of,398;navy of, destroyed,398;progress of,399;provinces under jurisdiction of,426Vernon, Admiral,428Viceroyalties, of Bogotá,71,250,356,420,426;of Buenos Aires,71,251;of Lima,50,67,250,375;of Quito,86,418,420Vicuña, Claudio, President of Chile,193,194,219,226Vicuñas,238Vidal, Dictator of Peru,102,106Vilcabamba,40,61,63Vilcañota nudo, the,4,8Villapugio, battle of,170,258Villarica, gold-mines of,144-146Viluma, battle of,256,260Vista Florida, Dictator of Peru,102Vivanco, Peruvian general,106WWelser family, the, Venezuela granted to,349Wheat introduced into South America,66,151,211,303,332,343,352,421,428Wheelwright, William, establishes first Pacific steamship line,198Windward Islands, the,347Wool,8YYahuarcocha Lake,294Yahuar Huaccac, Inca emperor,8Yngavi, decisive battle of,105,107,273Yucay, valley of,61Yungay, battle of,105,198,272Yupanqui, Inca emperor,9ZZaldua, President of Colombia,479Zaruma, plateau of,288,291Zenufana (Antioquia),407