Chapter 35

718Tideman, 128, 129. Geddes, 210, 211.719Young’s despatch, 14th May 1652, inThe Answer of the Parliament, p. 20. Penn’sMemorials, i. 419. Tideman, 197. Gardiner,Letters and Papers relating to the First Dutch War, i. 178.The French Occurrences, &c.,Brit. Mus., E, 665, 6. It may be noted that Tromp, in hisRescriptto the States-General (see note, p. 398), mentioned that Huyrluyt and van der Saen had received instructions to strike only to royal squadrons.720In the Dutch writings the place was described as “Fairle,” “Fayrleigh,” “Virly,” “Vierly,” &c. Its position is shown, as Fairlee, in the reproduction of the chart from Selden in this book (Fig. 3, p. 121).721The Answer of the Parliament.Gibson, Collections of Naval Affairs,Add. MSS., 11,684, fol. 5b. Geddes,op. cit., 212. Gardiner,op. cit., ii. 118;Letters and Papers, i. 172. Tideman,op. cit., 135. The Dutch accounts, which vary in certain particulars from the English and from one another, are unanimous in saying that the first broadside came from Blake’s ship, theJames, which would have been according to custom, since Tromp did not lower his flag after the third shot.722See his memorandum, p. 398. Tromp wrote to Blake from Calais four days afterwards ((23 May)/(2 June)), saying he had intended to salute him, and asking for the restoration of a ship taken. In reply Blake accused him of having sought out the English fleet, and “instead of performing those usual respects which of right belong unto them, and which yourself have often done,” had attacked him. InThe Answer of the Parliament, p. 11, it is said that one of the Dutch captains who had been taken prisoner stated that when he struck to some English men-of-war at Calais a few weeks before, Tromp asked him “why he did strike sail to them,” saying, “Were you not as strong as they? And being so, why were you afraid?” As the above-mentioned letter from Tromp to Blake is given by Gardiner (Letters and Papers, i. 216) only as “translated from a Dutch translation of the French original,” an authenticated copy of the French original is given inAppendix M, from Tideman (De Zee Betwist, App. C, p. 202). It is from the archives at The Hague (Lias Engeland, 1652 (Copie), and is endorsed by Job. Corñ. Rhees, and again by N. Ruysch, as identical with the authentic copy. The original of Blake’s reply is also given. It is printed by Gardiner as “retranslated from the Dutch translation” (ibid., i. 257), and differs in some points from the original.723The Answer of the Parliament, p. 4.724Resol. St.-Gen., (25 May)/(4 June), 3/13 June 1652. Tideman,De Zee Betwist, 164. Articulen van Vreede ende Confederatie, &c.Brit. Mus., 8122, ee. 12—“Dat hij aengaeñ het voeren ofte strijcken van vlagge in de Rencontre mette Engelsche Vlooten of Schepen hem bij provisie respectivelijck sal hebben te gedragen en te reguleren in sulcker voegen als bij tijden van voorgaende Coningen van Groot-Britaignen is gedaan ende gepractiseert geweest.”725Tideman, 171.726State Papers, Dom., xxiv. 15.727Cats, Schaep, and van de Perre to the States-General, 27th June 1652.Add. MSS., 17,677, U, fol. 162. Pauw was officially informed by the Council of State that the fleet had put to sea “to execute its designs.” Geddes,op. cit., 223. Gardiner,Letters and Papers, i. 301. The number of Blake’s fleet was variously stated as 60, 64, 66, 68, 72 vessels: 60 were counted passing Dunbar.728Letter from Leyden, 4/14 August 1652.Mercurius Politicus,Brit. Mus., E, 673, 1. The accounts vary somewhat.Severall Proceedings in Parliament,Brit. Mus., E, 796, 11.A Perfect Diurnall, E, 796, 14.French Occurrences, E, 669, 6.Onstelde-Zee, p. 34, (8122, ee. 6)/(11).Hollantsche Mercurius, 1652, p. 70. Gibson in his narrative (supra) says he was on board one of the ships (theAssurance) that attacked the busses, and that they found them “northwards of the Dogger Bank”; but there is no doubt that the locality was far north of the Dogger, off Buchan Ness,Brit. Mus. Add. MSS.11,684.729Memoirs of Edward Ludlow, 420.730Proc. Council of State, 20th July 1652.731Resol. Holl., 1652, pp. 343, 364, 387.Hollantsche Mercurius, 1652, p. 86. Beaujon,Hist. Dutch Fisheries, 363.Groot Placaet-Boeck, ii. 506. Aitzema,Saken van Staet, iii. 810. Penn’sMemorials, i. 526, 527.State Papers, Dom., xxv. 25; xxxii. 15; xxxvi. 15, 29, 55; xxxviii. 116; xxxix. 73; xli.732The Declaration and Speech of the Lord Admiral Vantrump, and his setting up a great Standard of Broom for the States of Holland, for the Cleering of the Narrow Seas of all Englishmen: New Broom sweepes clean, p. 4.Brit. Mus., E, 689, 13. A Perfect Account of the Daily Intelligencer,Brit. Mus., E, 689, 14. Gardiner,Hist. of Commonwealth, ii. 151. Geddes,op. cit., 270, 319.733Journals of the House of Commons, vii. 145.734State Papers, Dom.,Interregnum, xxix. 42-47.735This collection is in a treatise in the British Museum (Harleian MSS., 4314), entitled “The Sovereignty of the English seas vindicated and proved by some few Records (amongst many others of that kynd) remayning in the Tower of London,” Collected by William Ryley, senior. Among the State Papers (Dom., xxxv. 35) is a copy of the ordinance of John, in Latin, French, and English, endorsed by Bradshaw, “A transcript of a record in the time of King John touching the striking of sail; brought in by Mr Ryley, Keeper of the Records in the Tower, by order of the Council of State.” It contains the following note by Ryley, referring, presumably, to theBlack Book of the Admiralty: “The French is in a very ancient and fair MS. book amongst the rest of the maritime laws, and undoubtedly was a record of the Admiralty Court, then in the possession of the registrar of that Court, the names of the Lord Admiral and registrar being written at the beginning of the book, which is now remaining with Mr Selden, and is of no less authority than antiquity.”736State Papers, Dom.,Interregnum, xxix. 48.737Masson,Life of Milton, iv. 149, 226.738Of the Dominion or Ownership of the Sea, written at first in Latin and entituledMare Clausum seu De Dominio Marisby John Selden, Esqr: translated into English and set forth with some Additional Evidences and Discoursesby Marchamont Needham. Published by special Command, London, 1652. Another edition, by “J. H. Gent,” was published in 1663, “perfected and restored.” It is, however, so far as Selden’s text is concerned, merely Needham’s translation, careful inspection showing that it was printed from the same type.739State Papers, Dom.,Interregnum, xxxiv. 31-49; vol. 33, No. 14. The copy belonging to Cromwell, and bearing his autograph, was sold in 1908.740In some dedicatory verses Neptune thus addresses the Great Commonwealth of England:—“Go on (great State!) and make it knownThou never wilt forsake thine own,Nor from thy purpose start:But that thou wilt thy power dilate,Since Narrow Seas are found too straightFor thy capacious heart.So shall thy rule, and mine, have large extent:Yet not so large, as just, and permanent.”The work appeared when Tromp was lord of the narrow seas; the preface is dated 19th November, the day before Blake’s defeat.741De Dominio Serenissimæ Genvensis Reipublicæ in Mari Ligustico.Rome, 1641.742Maris Liberi vindiciæ adversus Petrum, Baptistam Burgum Ligustici Maritimi Dominii Assertorem.Hagæ Comitum, 1652.743Cap. vi. p. 118. Seesupra, p. 367.744Joannis Seldeni vindiciæ secundum integritatem existimationis suæ, per convitium de Scriptione Maris Clausi, petulantissimum mendacissimumque insolentius læsæ in Vindiciis Maris Liberi adversus Petrum Baptistam Burgum, Ligustici Maritimi Dominii assertorem. Hagæ Comitum jam nunc emissis.London, 1653.745Maris Liberi Vindiciæ adversus Gulielmum Welwodum Britannici Maritimi Dominii assertorem.Hagæ Comitum, 1653. Other works were Mord. von der Reck,Disputatio juridica de Piscatione, 1652; Martin Schook,Imperium Maritimum, Amsterdam, 1653; Stephen S. Burman,Mare Belli Anglicani injustissimè Belgis illata, Helena, 1652. The latter contains a pretty full account of the old “Burgundy” treaties, and of others concluded by England with various countries in the seventeenth century, in which, as the author points out, no claim was made to the sovereignty of the seas.746For example, Robinson,Briefe Considerations concerning the Advancement of Trade and Navigation, 1649.747Stubbe,A Further Justification, 91.748Geddes, i. 282, 289, 292. Gardiner, ii. 128, 183, 329. Aitzema, iii. 804.749Geddes, i. 315. Gardiner, ii. 340.Verbael gehouden door de Heeren H. van Beverningk, W. Nieuport, J. van de Perre, en A. P. Jongestal, als Gedeputeerden en Extraordinaris Ambassadeurs van de Heeren Staeten Generael der Vereenigde Nederlanden, aen de Republyck van Engelandt, i. 7, 12.750Clarendon,The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars, vi. 607. Gardiner,op. cit., ii. 111.751Verbael of the Ambassadors, 10, 21, 35.752Ibid., 84. Thurloe’sState Papers, i. 394.75321st July 1653.Verbael, 53.75425th July,Verbael, 56, 59, 62. Geddes, i. 341. Thurloe, i. 382.755The Deputies to the Council, (27 July)/(6 August); reply of the Council, 1/11 August.Verbael, 64, 66, 70.756Verbael, 75, 142, 143, 150. Thurloe, i. 370, 417, 418. Geddes, i. 362. Gardiner, ii. 350,757Verbael, 155. “7. Dat alle schepen onder het ressort van haer Ho. Mog. t’ huys behoorende, in alle rencontres in de Zee, aen Oorloghschepen van de Republyck van Engelandt sullen draegen het selvige respect, ende deselve eere doen, als sy ooit voor desen syn gewoon geweest te doen.”758Stubbe,A Further Justification, 92. Stubbe says he had an account of part of the proceedings from one of the English commissioners; he had also the use of official manuscripts.759Verbael, 189. “Syn Excellencie ... gesyt ... dat sy daerom voor af meenden, dat moeste vaststellen haer Reght ende Dominie in de naeuwe Zee, ende het stuck van haere Visscherye, ende ... eyndelyck besluytende dat die pointen van de Zee ende Visscherye geadjusteert synde, het vordere werck seer souden faciliteren.”760Verbael, 189, 190, 196, 198, 214.761Art. xviii.Verbael, 203.762Stubbe,A Further Justification, 62.763Art. xv.764Gardiner,Letters and Papers, i. 49, 170.765Art. xvi.Verbael, 203.766Art. xiv. “That the inhabitants and subjects of the United Provinces may, with their ships and vessels, furnished as merchantmen, freely use their navigation, sail, pass and repass in the seas of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Isles within the same, (commonly called the British Seas) without any wrong or injury to be offered to them, by the ships or people of this Commonwealth, but on the contrary shall be treated with all love and friendly offices; And may likewise with their men of war not exceeding such a number as shall be agreed upon in this treaty, sail, pass and repass through the said seas, to and from the countries and parts beyond them: but in case the States-General shall have occasion to pass the said seas with a greater number of ships of war, they shall give three months before notice of their intentions to the said Commonwealth, and obtain their consent for the passing of such fleet, before they put them forth upon these seas, for preventing all jealousies and misunderstandings between the States by means thereof.”Verbael, 202.767Sir H. Vane, who was the chief director of the war, is reported to have said that the interests of the two countries “were as irreconcilable as those of rivals, trade being to both nations what a mistress is unto lovers; that there never could intervene any durable peace, except both nations did unite by coalition, or the English subjugate the others and reduce them into a province, or by strict conditions and contrivances ensure themselves against the growth and future puissance of the Dutch.” Stubbe,op. cit., 119.768The Ambassadors to the States-General, 18/28 November.Verbael, 215. Geddes, i. 372.769Verbael, 216, 219.770Verbael, 229, 230, 236.771See pp. 78-81.772Art. xviii. “Antiqui intercursus et commercii tractatus, provisionaliter pristinam vim et auctoritatem obtineant.”773Beukelsz, who invented the modern method of pickling herrings, is said by some to have died in 1347, by others in 1397, and by a few in 1401. Stubbe says the deputies assigned the year 1414 to the discovery, but no year is mentioned in their report.774Verbael, 237, 238, 240-243. Stubbe,op. cit., 64.775The statement referred to the licenses for fishing on the Zowe.See p. 65.776Whitelock to Thurloe, 10th March 1654. Thurloe’sCollection, ii. 158.777Council of State Order Book, 6th Aug. 1653.State Papers, Dom., Interregnum.778Dumont,Corps Diplomatique, VI. ii. 125. “X. Subditis Serenissimi Regis Sueciæ liberum erit, per Maria atque Littora, quæ in Ditione hujus Reipublicæ sunt, piscari, atque Haleces, aliosque Pisces capere; dummodo mille Navium numerum piscantes non excedant. Neque inter piscantes ullum iis impedimentum, aut, molestia asseratur Neque à Navibus præsidiariis hujus Reipublicæ, neque ab iis quibus Diplomate permissum est, res suas privatim suo marte repetere, nec a piscantibus in Boreali plagâ Britanniæ, piscationis nomine onera aliqua exigantur, immo omnes humaniter atque amice tractentur, usque retia in Littore siccare, quemque opus est commeatum ab eorum Locorum Incolis, justo pretio comparare sibi licebit.”779Stubbe,op. cit., 68. Robinson,England’s Safety in Trades Encrease, 1641. Ibid.,Considerations Concerning the Advancement of Trade and Navigation, 1649.780The Deputies to the States-General, 7/17 December 1653.Verbael, 246.781It may be noted that Philip Meadows now became Latin Secretary to the Council in place of Milton. He was afterwards an extremely able opponent of the English claims to the sovereignty of the sea, and wrote the best book against them.See p. 524.782Verbael, 260, 261. MS. Commentary, Stubbe,op. cit., 60.783“Ende dat sy alleenlyck spraecken van de naeuwe Zee.”784Verbael, 231.785Verbael, 272.786Stubbe,op. cit.Geddes has shown that Beverning, acting secretly with De Witt, had clandestine communications with Cromwell as early as 8th December, clearly with reference to the exclusion of the Prince of Orange.Op. cit., i. 385.787Verbael, 273.788Ad. 15. ut ad angustum mare (quod Britannicum vocant) ibique ad certas regulas cum distinctione locorum et littorum ita restringatur, ut idem ille honor eademque dignitas, quæ vexilli supremi et veli dimissione unquam delati aut observati fuerunt, in posterum adhuc deferantur, et observentur.Verbael, 275.789“Ende met eenen voortgaende tot het 15 Artikel raekende het stryken van de Vlagge, &c., syn wederom gerepeteert alle de argumenten ende redenen, die in voorige Conferentien syn geallegeert geweest, ende wierdt ten uytersten by den Heer Generael daer in gepersisteert, alleenlyck, dat hy die explicatie byvoeghde op haere laetste antwoorde, daer sonder eenige distinctie van de rencontres in zee gesprooken wordt, dat sy dat verstonden van de naeuwe Zeën die de Britannische Zeën genoemt worden.”Verbael, 278, 27 December 1653/4 January 1654.790Secrete Resol. St. Generael, 9/19 Feb. 1654.Verbael, 300.791“Met seer scherpe woorden, ende hatelycke illatien tegensprack.”Ibid., 307.792Ibid., 320. “Angustum mare, quod vulgo Britannicum mare appellatur.”793“Tot de naeuwe Zee expresselyck gerestringeert.”Ibid., 288.794Verbael, 283, 285, 289.795Geddes,op. cit., i. 380.796Ibid., 290, 293, 311, 319. Geddes, i. 378-393. Gardiner,op. cit., ii. 368, 369.797“Gelyk sy in ’t 14 van de 27 Artikelen haere Brittannische Zën selver gedefinieert hadden.”Verbael, 396.798“Daer op syne Hoogheyt in colere seyde, dat sonder de versoghte elucidatie ende interpretatie, hy de Ratificatie niet konde uytwisselen.”Ibid., 397.799Next day Cromwell entertained the Dutch ambassadors and their wives to a sumptuous banquet, and after dinner he passed them a paper with the remark, “We have hitherto exchanged many papers, but in my opinion this is the best.” It was the first verse of Psalm cxxxiii., which they all then sang together solemnly—“Behold, how good a thing it is,And how becoming well,Together such as brethren areIn unity to dwell.”Verbael, 419. Aitzema, iii. 927. Geddes, i. 422.800Dumont,Corps Diplomatique, VI. ii. 75.Verbael of the Ambassadors, 356.801XIII. Item, quod naves et navigia dictarum Fœderatarum Provinciarum, tam bellica et ad hostium vim propulsandam instructa, quam alia, quæ alicui e navibus bellicis hujus Reipublicæ in maribus Britannicis obviam dederint, vexillum suum e mali vertice detrahent, et supremum velum demittent, eo modo, quo ullis retro temporibus, sub quocunque anteriori regimine, unquam observatam fuit.802Lawson, from theFairfax, at Aberdeen, to the Admiralty Committee, 13th May 1654. Same to Blackburn, 13th May.State Papers, Dom., lxxi. 78, 79.803Cockraine to the Admiralty Committee, 11th Aug. 1654.Ibid., lxxiv. 39.804Heaton to the Admiralty Committee, 15th Aug. 1654.State Papers, Dom., lxxiv. 61, 62.805The Skagerreef or Scaw, the north point of Jutland, Denmark. The ships were going to the north in connection with the war between Denmark and Sweden.806Richard Cromwell, the Protector, to General Montague, 18th March 1659. Thurloe’sCollections, vii. 633.807The Information of William Gunnell, and others, of Great Yarmouth, 25th September 1654.Verbael of the Ambassadors, 600, 601.808Ibid., 612, 614, 646, 689, 711. From the sworn depositions made before the Burgomasters of Enkhuisen, it appears that that town had at least 246 busses at the Yarmouth fishing in 1654.809Brit. Mus. MSS. Stowe, 152, fol. 135.810Proc. Council of State, 9th June 1654. Vice-Admiral Lawson, in transmitting to the Admiralty the request from the Governor of Calais, said it had been the practice for the French and Spanish men-of-war to suffer the fishermen of each nation to fish freely, although the war between these Powers had lasted so long.State Papers, Dom., xcviii. 13.811Bills to repeal it were introduced into the Commons in 1656, 1657, and 1658.Commons’ Journals, vii. 451, &c.812An Act for the Encouraging and Increasing of Shipping and Navigation, 12 Car. II., c. 18, cl. v. 1660.813An Act for the Encouragement of Trade, 15 Car. II., c. 7, ss. xiii., xiv. 1663.814An Act against importing Cattle from Ireland and other parts beyond the Seas, and Fish taken by Foreigners, 18 & 19 Car. II., c. 2, s. ii. Any ling, herring, cod, pilchard, fresh or salted, dried or bloated, or any salmon, eels, or conger, taken by aliens and brought into the realm, were liable to be seized by any person for his own benefit and the benefit of the poor of the parish. The prohibition to import stockfish and live eels was withdrawn by 32 Car. II., c. 2, 1680.815“To the High and Mighty Monarch Charles ye Second, &c., the humble petition of Simon Smith, late agent for the Royall Fishing,” MS. prefixed in a copy ofThe Herring-Bvsse Trade, andA True Narration of the Royall Fishings of Great Brittaine and Ireland, bound together in vellum, elaborately ornamented in gold, and bearing the royal arms and the letters C. R. on both sides.816Sir Edward Nicholas to the Lord Mayor, 23rd July 1660.Remembrancia, p. 143. There is an undated copy among the State Papers (Domestic) erroneously calendared under September 1662 (vol. lix. 6: compare vol. xli. 19, under date September 1661). The original is in the Guildhall. Simon Smith was employed in the preliminary work connected with the Society, and in 1662 rendered an account of his disbursements, amounting to £456, including £150 “for setting the poor to work so as to breed up teachers for making nets, &c.”State Papers, Dom., liv. 77.817Commons’ Journals, viii. 179.State Papers, Dom., Charles II., xxi. 27.818Commons’ Journals, viii. 203, 215, 222, 228.Lords’ Journals, xi. 228b. According to the Dutch ambassador, the Bill was not passed without much debate and opposition (De Witt’sBrieven, iv. 68), no doubt principally owing to the provisions concerning fish-days. An amendment was carried limiting Wednesday to be a fish-day in all inns, taverns, and victualling houses.819Lords’ Journals, xi. 239. De Witt’sBrieven, iv. 66. The preamble was of the usual kind: that the honour and greatness of the king and the power and wealth of the kingdom depended upon shipping and commerce, the fisheries being one of the greatest means thereto; and it proceeded to say that the kingdom was specially suited for fishery by reason of the number of harbours, and the sea from which foreign nations took such great wealth, set their people on work, and made their towns populous and prosperous. The foreigners were not content with a temperate and moderate exercise of the liberty of fishing on our coasts, which was permitted to them by favour of the king, but fished with illegal instruments which served to destroy the brood of fish in some places, causing the greatest poverty; and in other places they came with whole fleets among the nets and boats of subjects, to the great damage and hindrance of their lawful business. The king was therefore most humbly beseeched to establish completely and vigorously and maintain the rights of his crown over the seas, and to give such orders and instructions to the admirals and commanders at sea as might be necessary to this effect. The first clause prohibited trawling, whether by subjects or foreigners, within eight miles of the coast of Sussex and the coast to the westwards, and other clauses prohibited the use of set-nets or other nets with small meshes on the coast “or within half seas over,” or the use of seines by foreigners within ten miles of any part of the coast to the hindering of subjects in their fishing. Offenders were to be brought in as prize. These provisions were in part aimed against the French.820Act for the Fishings and Erecting of Companies for promoting the same, 12th June 1661.Acta Parl. Scot., vii. 259.821Records Convent. Roy. Burghs, iii. 523, 15th September 1660. The commissioners, taking into consideration how advantageous it would be to the increase of trade and the common weal of the whole burghs and kingdom “that the fisching tread be erected within the samyn, and wnderstanding by thair registeris and wther paperis in thair clarkis handis that the said tread hes bein endevoured in former tymes but not takin full effect,” instructed that the records be searched, and the matter represented to Parliament.822Rec. Conv. Roy. Burghs, iii. 626.Acta Parl. Scot., vii. 64, 103, 195, &c.Ibid., William and Mary, c. 103.823State Papers, Dom., xli. 20.824ΙΧΘΨΟΘΗΡΑ,or the Royal Trade of Fishing, Discovering the inestimable Profit the Hollanders have made thereof, with the vast Emoluments and Advantages that will redound to his Sacred Majesty and his three Kingdoms by the Improvement of it. Now seasonably published by Command for the Benefit of the Nation.London, 1662.825State Papers, Dom., 1663, lxxiii. 56; lxxxvi. 104, 105, 106; xci. 53; ciii. 130; cix. 2. “But Lord!” says Pepys, “to see how superficially things are done in the business of the Lottery, which will be the disgrace of the Fishery, and without profit.”Diary, iv. 369 (ed. 1893).826Commons’ Journals, viii. 378, 383. 14 Car. II., c. 28.827Lord Southampton to the Masters of the Trinity House, 31st July 1662. The Masters to the Lord Treasurer, 23rd August. The Lord Treasurer to the king, 2nd Sept.State Papers, Dom., lix. 7;Entry Book, vii. 258. Pepys’Diary, ii. 403, 404.828Commons’ Journals, viii. 497, &c.Lords’ Journals, xi. 555, &c. 15 Car. II., c. 16. All herrings, white or red, were to be “justly and truly packed, and of one time of taking, salting, saving, or drying, and equally well packed in the midst and every part of the barrel.” This was to be done by a sworn packer, and the barrel branded after the Dutch method.829John Collins,Salt and Fishery, 2. 1682.830State Papers, Dom., ciii. 130.831Diary, vol. iv. 177, 192, 233, 263, &c.832The ambassadors were Van Beverwaert (Louis of Nassau), Simon van Hoorn, the burgomaster of Amsterdam, Michael van Gogh, and Joachim Ripperda. Pontalis,John de Witt, i. 263.Brieven, geschreven ende gewisselt tusschen de Heer Johan de Witt, Raedt-Pensionaris en Groot-Segelbewaerder van Hollandt en West-Vrieslandt, ende de Gevolmaghtigden van den Staedt der Vereenigde Nederlanden, &c., iv. 1, 46.

718Tideman, 128, 129. Geddes, 210, 211.

719Young’s despatch, 14th May 1652, inThe Answer of the Parliament, p. 20. Penn’sMemorials, i. 419. Tideman, 197. Gardiner,Letters and Papers relating to the First Dutch War, i. 178.The French Occurrences, &c.,Brit. Mus., E, 665, 6. It may be noted that Tromp, in hisRescriptto the States-General (see note, p. 398), mentioned that Huyrluyt and van der Saen had received instructions to strike only to royal squadrons.

720In the Dutch writings the place was described as “Fairle,” “Fayrleigh,” “Virly,” “Vierly,” &c. Its position is shown, as Fairlee, in the reproduction of the chart from Selden in this book (Fig. 3, p. 121).

721The Answer of the Parliament.Gibson, Collections of Naval Affairs,Add. MSS., 11,684, fol. 5b. Geddes,op. cit., 212. Gardiner,op. cit., ii. 118;Letters and Papers, i. 172. Tideman,op. cit., 135. The Dutch accounts, which vary in certain particulars from the English and from one another, are unanimous in saying that the first broadside came from Blake’s ship, theJames, which would have been according to custom, since Tromp did not lower his flag after the third shot.

722See his memorandum, p. 398. Tromp wrote to Blake from Calais four days afterwards ((23 May)/(2 June)), saying he had intended to salute him, and asking for the restoration of a ship taken. In reply Blake accused him of having sought out the English fleet, and “instead of performing those usual respects which of right belong unto them, and which yourself have often done,” had attacked him. InThe Answer of the Parliament, p. 11, it is said that one of the Dutch captains who had been taken prisoner stated that when he struck to some English men-of-war at Calais a few weeks before, Tromp asked him “why he did strike sail to them,” saying, “Were you not as strong as they? And being so, why were you afraid?” As the above-mentioned letter from Tromp to Blake is given by Gardiner (Letters and Papers, i. 216) only as “translated from a Dutch translation of the French original,” an authenticated copy of the French original is given inAppendix M, from Tideman (De Zee Betwist, App. C, p. 202). It is from the archives at The Hague (Lias Engeland, 1652 (Copie), and is endorsed by Job. Corñ. Rhees, and again by N. Ruysch, as identical with the authentic copy. The original of Blake’s reply is also given. It is printed by Gardiner as “retranslated from the Dutch translation” (ibid., i. 257), and differs in some points from the original.

723The Answer of the Parliament, p. 4.

724Resol. St.-Gen., (25 May)/(4 June), 3/13 June 1652. Tideman,De Zee Betwist, 164. Articulen van Vreede ende Confederatie, &c.Brit. Mus., 8122, ee. 12—“Dat hij aengaeñ het voeren ofte strijcken van vlagge in de Rencontre mette Engelsche Vlooten of Schepen hem bij provisie respectivelijck sal hebben te gedragen en te reguleren in sulcker voegen als bij tijden van voorgaende Coningen van Groot-Britaignen is gedaan ende gepractiseert geweest.”

725Tideman, 171.

726State Papers, Dom., xxiv. 15.

727Cats, Schaep, and van de Perre to the States-General, 27th June 1652.Add. MSS., 17,677, U, fol. 162. Pauw was officially informed by the Council of State that the fleet had put to sea “to execute its designs.” Geddes,op. cit., 223. Gardiner,Letters and Papers, i. 301. The number of Blake’s fleet was variously stated as 60, 64, 66, 68, 72 vessels: 60 were counted passing Dunbar.

728Letter from Leyden, 4/14 August 1652.Mercurius Politicus,Brit. Mus., E, 673, 1. The accounts vary somewhat.Severall Proceedings in Parliament,Brit. Mus., E, 796, 11.A Perfect Diurnall, E, 796, 14.French Occurrences, E, 669, 6.Onstelde-Zee, p. 34, (8122, ee. 6)/(11).Hollantsche Mercurius, 1652, p. 70. Gibson in his narrative (supra) says he was on board one of the ships (theAssurance) that attacked the busses, and that they found them “northwards of the Dogger Bank”; but there is no doubt that the locality was far north of the Dogger, off Buchan Ness,Brit. Mus. Add. MSS.11,684.

729Memoirs of Edward Ludlow, 420.

730Proc. Council of State, 20th July 1652.

731Resol. Holl., 1652, pp. 343, 364, 387.Hollantsche Mercurius, 1652, p. 86. Beaujon,Hist. Dutch Fisheries, 363.Groot Placaet-Boeck, ii. 506. Aitzema,Saken van Staet, iii. 810. Penn’sMemorials, i. 526, 527.State Papers, Dom., xxv. 25; xxxii. 15; xxxvi. 15, 29, 55; xxxviii. 116; xxxix. 73; xli.

732The Declaration and Speech of the Lord Admiral Vantrump, and his setting up a great Standard of Broom for the States of Holland, for the Cleering of the Narrow Seas of all Englishmen: New Broom sweepes clean, p. 4.Brit. Mus., E, 689, 13. A Perfect Account of the Daily Intelligencer,Brit. Mus., E, 689, 14. Gardiner,Hist. of Commonwealth, ii. 151. Geddes,op. cit., 270, 319.

733Journals of the House of Commons, vii. 145.

734State Papers, Dom.,Interregnum, xxix. 42-47.

735This collection is in a treatise in the British Museum (Harleian MSS., 4314), entitled “The Sovereignty of the English seas vindicated and proved by some few Records (amongst many others of that kynd) remayning in the Tower of London,” Collected by William Ryley, senior. Among the State Papers (Dom., xxxv. 35) is a copy of the ordinance of John, in Latin, French, and English, endorsed by Bradshaw, “A transcript of a record in the time of King John touching the striking of sail; brought in by Mr Ryley, Keeper of the Records in the Tower, by order of the Council of State.” It contains the following note by Ryley, referring, presumably, to theBlack Book of the Admiralty: “The French is in a very ancient and fair MS. book amongst the rest of the maritime laws, and undoubtedly was a record of the Admiralty Court, then in the possession of the registrar of that Court, the names of the Lord Admiral and registrar being written at the beginning of the book, which is now remaining with Mr Selden, and is of no less authority than antiquity.”

736State Papers, Dom.,Interregnum, xxix. 48.

737Masson,Life of Milton, iv. 149, 226.

738Of the Dominion or Ownership of the Sea, written at first in Latin and entituledMare Clausum seu De Dominio Marisby John Selden, Esqr: translated into English and set forth with some Additional Evidences and Discoursesby Marchamont Needham. Published by special Command, London, 1652. Another edition, by “J. H. Gent,” was published in 1663, “perfected and restored.” It is, however, so far as Selden’s text is concerned, merely Needham’s translation, careful inspection showing that it was printed from the same type.

739State Papers, Dom.,Interregnum, xxxiv. 31-49; vol. 33, No. 14. The copy belonging to Cromwell, and bearing his autograph, was sold in 1908.

740In some dedicatory verses Neptune thus addresses the Great Commonwealth of England:—“Go on (great State!) and make it knownThou never wilt forsake thine own,Nor from thy purpose start:But that thou wilt thy power dilate,Since Narrow Seas are found too straightFor thy capacious heart.So shall thy rule, and mine, have large extent:Yet not so large, as just, and permanent.”The work appeared when Tromp was lord of the narrow seas; the preface is dated 19th November, the day before Blake’s defeat.

740In some dedicatory verses Neptune thus addresses the Great Commonwealth of England:—

“Go on (great State!) and make it knownThou never wilt forsake thine own,Nor from thy purpose start:But that thou wilt thy power dilate,Since Narrow Seas are found too straightFor thy capacious heart.So shall thy rule, and mine, have large extent:Yet not so large, as just, and permanent.”

The work appeared when Tromp was lord of the narrow seas; the preface is dated 19th November, the day before Blake’s defeat.

741De Dominio Serenissimæ Genvensis Reipublicæ in Mari Ligustico.Rome, 1641.

742Maris Liberi vindiciæ adversus Petrum, Baptistam Burgum Ligustici Maritimi Dominii Assertorem.Hagæ Comitum, 1652.

743Cap. vi. p. 118. Seesupra, p. 367.

744Joannis Seldeni vindiciæ secundum integritatem existimationis suæ, per convitium de Scriptione Maris Clausi, petulantissimum mendacissimumque insolentius læsæ in Vindiciis Maris Liberi adversus Petrum Baptistam Burgum, Ligustici Maritimi Dominii assertorem. Hagæ Comitum jam nunc emissis.London, 1653.

745Maris Liberi Vindiciæ adversus Gulielmum Welwodum Britannici Maritimi Dominii assertorem.Hagæ Comitum, 1653. Other works were Mord. von der Reck,Disputatio juridica de Piscatione, 1652; Martin Schook,Imperium Maritimum, Amsterdam, 1653; Stephen S. Burman,Mare Belli Anglicani injustissimè Belgis illata, Helena, 1652. The latter contains a pretty full account of the old “Burgundy” treaties, and of others concluded by England with various countries in the seventeenth century, in which, as the author points out, no claim was made to the sovereignty of the seas.

746For example, Robinson,Briefe Considerations concerning the Advancement of Trade and Navigation, 1649.

747Stubbe,A Further Justification, 91.

748Geddes, i. 282, 289, 292. Gardiner, ii. 128, 183, 329. Aitzema, iii. 804.

749Geddes, i. 315. Gardiner, ii. 340.Verbael gehouden door de Heeren H. van Beverningk, W. Nieuport, J. van de Perre, en A. P. Jongestal, als Gedeputeerden en Extraordinaris Ambassadeurs van de Heeren Staeten Generael der Vereenigde Nederlanden, aen de Republyck van Engelandt, i. 7, 12.

750Clarendon,The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars, vi. 607. Gardiner,op. cit., ii. 111.

751Verbael of the Ambassadors, 10, 21, 35.

752Ibid., 84. Thurloe’sState Papers, i. 394.

75321st July 1653.Verbael, 53.

75425th July,Verbael, 56, 59, 62. Geddes, i. 341. Thurloe, i. 382.

755The Deputies to the Council, (27 July)/(6 August); reply of the Council, 1/11 August.Verbael, 64, 66, 70.

756Verbael, 75, 142, 143, 150. Thurloe, i. 370, 417, 418. Geddes, i. 362. Gardiner, ii. 350,

757Verbael, 155. “7. Dat alle schepen onder het ressort van haer Ho. Mog. t’ huys behoorende, in alle rencontres in de Zee, aen Oorloghschepen van de Republyck van Engelandt sullen draegen het selvige respect, ende deselve eere doen, als sy ooit voor desen syn gewoon geweest te doen.”

758Stubbe,A Further Justification, 92. Stubbe says he had an account of part of the proceedings from one of the English commissioners; he had also the use of official manuscripts.

759Verbael, 189. “Syn Excellencie ... gesyt ... dat sy daerom voor af meenden, dat moeste vaststellen haer Reght ende Dominie in de naeuwe Zee, ende het stuck van haere Visscherye, ende ... eyndelyck besluytende dat die pointen van de Zee ende Visscherye geadjusteert synde, het vordere werck seer souden faciliteren.”

760Verbael, 189, 190, 196, 198, 214.

761Art. xviii.Verbael, 203.

762Stubbe,A Further Justification, 62.

763Art. xv.

764Gardiner,Letters and Papers, i. 49, 170.

765Art. xvi.Verbael, 203.

766Art. xiv. “That the inhabitants and subjects of the United Provinces may, with their ships and vessels, furnished as merchantmen, freely use their navigation, sail, pass and repass in the seas of Great Britain and Ireland, and the Isles within the same, (commonly called the British Seas) without any wrong or injury to be offered to them, by the ships or people of this Commonwealth, but on the contrary shall be treated with all love and friendly offices; And may likewise with their men of war not exceeding such a number as shall be agreed upon in this treaty, sail, pass and repass through the said seas, to and from the countries and parts beyond them: but in case the States-General shall have occasion to pass the said seas with a greater number of ships of war, they shall give three months before notice of their intentions to the said Commonwealth, and obtain their consent for the passing of such fleet, before they put them forth upon these seas, for preventing all jealousies and misunderstandings between the States by means thereof.”Verbael, 202.

767Sir H. Vane, who was the chief director of the war, is reported to have said that the interests of the two countries “were as irreconcilable as those of rivals, trade being to both nations what a mistress is unto lovers; that there never could intervene any durable peace, except both nations did unite by coalition, or the English subjugate the others and reduce them into a province, or by strict conditions and contrivances ensure themselves against the growth and future puissance of the Dutch.” Stubbe,op. cit., 119.

768The Ambassadors to the States-General, 18/28 November.Verbael, 215. Geddes, i. 372.

769Verbael, 216, 219.

770Verbael, 229, 230, 236.

771See pp. 78-81.

772Art. xviii. “Antiqui intercursus et commercii tractatus, provisionaliter pristinam vim et auctoritatem obtineant.”

773Beukelsz, who invented the modern method of pickling herrings, is said by some to have died in 1347, by others in 1397, and by a few in 1401. Stubbe says the deputies assigned the year 1414 to the discovery, but no year is mentioned in their report.

774Verbael, 237, 238, 240-243. Stubbe,op. cit., 64.

775The statement referred to the licenses for fishing on the Zowe.See p. 65.

776Whitelock to Thurloe, 10th March 1654. Thurloe’sCollection, ii. 158.

777Council of State Order Book, 6th Aug. 1653.State Papers, Dom., Interregnum.

778Dumont,Corps Diplomatique, VI. ii. 125. “X. Subditis Serenissimi Regis Sueciæ liberum erit, per Maria atque Littora, quæ in Ditione hujus Reipublicæ sunt, piscari, atque Haleces, aliosque Pisces capere; dummodo mille Navium numerum piscantes non excedant. Neque inter piscantes ullum iis impedimentum, aut, molestia asseratur Neque à Navibus præsidiariis hujus Reipublicæ, neque ab iis quibus Diplomate permissum est, res suas privatim suo marte repetere, nec a piscantibus in Boreali plagâ Britanniæ, piscationis nomine onera aliqua exigantur, immo omnes humaniter atque amice tractentur, usque retia in Littore siccare, quemque opus est commeatum ab eorum Locorum Incolis, justo pretio comparare sibi licebit.”

779Stubbe,op. cit., 68. Robinson,England’s Safety in Trades Encrease, 1641. Ibid.,Considerations Concerning the Advancement of Trade and Navigation, 1649.

780The Deputies to the States-General, 7/17 December 1653.Verbael, 246.

781It may be noted that Philip Meadows now became Latin Secretary to the Council in place of Milton. He was afterwards an extremely able opponent of the English claims to the sovereignty of the sea, and wrote the best book against them.See p. 524.

782Verbael, 260, 261. MS. Commentary, Stubbe,op. cit., 60.

783“Ende dat sy alleenlyck spraecken van de naeuwe Zee.”

784Verbael, 231.

785Verbael, 272.

786Stubbe,op. cit.Geddes has shown that Beverning, acting secretly with De Witt, had clandestine communications with Cromwell as early as 8th December, clearly with reference to the exclusion of the Prince of Orange.Op. cit., i. 385.

787Verbael, 273.

788Ad. 15. ut ad angustum mare (quod Britannicum vocant) ibique ad certas regulas cum distinctione locorum et littorum ita restringatur, ut idem ille honor eademque dignitas, quæ vexilli supremi et veli dimissione unquam delati aut observati fuerunt, in posterum adhuc deferantur, et observentur.Verbael, 275.

789“Ende met eenen voortgaende tot het 15 Artikel raekende het stryken van de Vlagge, &c., syn wederom gerepeteert alle de argumenten ende redenen, die in voorige Conferentien syn geallegeert geweest, ende wierdt ten uytersten by den Heer Generael daer in gepersisteert, alleenlyck, dat hy die explicatie byvoeghde op haere laetste antwoorde, daer sonder eenige distinctie van de rencontres in zee gesprooken wordt, dat sy dat verstonden van de naeuwe Zeën die de Britannische Zeën genoemt worden.”Verbael, 278, 27 December 1653/4 January 1654.

790Secrete Resol. St. Generael, 9/19 Feb. 1654.Verbael, 300.

791“Met seer scherpe woorden, ende hatelycke illatien tegensprack.”Ibid., 307.

792Ibid., 320. “Angustum mare, quod vulgo Britannicum mare appellatur.”

793“Tot de naeuwe Zee expresselyck gerestringeert.”Ibid., 288.

794Verbael, 283, 285, 289.

795Geddes,op. cit., i. 380.

796Ibid., 290, 293, 311, 319. Geddes, i. 378-393. Gardiner,op. cit., ii. 368, 369.

797“Gelyk sy in ’t 14 van de 27 Artikelen haere Brittannische Zën selver gedefinieert hadden.”Verbael, 396.

798“Daer op syne Hoogheyt in colere seyde, dat sonder de versoghte elucidatie ende interpretatie, hy de Ratificatie niet konde uytwisselen.”Ibid., 397.

799Next day Cromwell entertained the Dutch ambassadors and their wives to a sumptuous banquet, and after dinner he passed them a paper with the remark, “We have hitherto exchanged many papers, but in my opinion this is the best.” It was the first verse of Psalm cxxxiii., which they all then sang together solemnly—“Behold, how good a thing it is,And how becoming well,Together such as brethren areIn unity to dwell.”Verbael, 419. Aitzema, iii. 927. Geddes, i. 422.

“Behold, how good a thing it is,And how becoming well,Together such as brethren areIn unity to dwell.”

Verbael, 419. Aitzema, iii. 927. Geddes, i. 422.

800Dumont,Corps Diplomatique, VI. ii. 75.Verbael of the Ambassadors, 356.

801XIII. Item, quod naves et navigia dictarum Fœderatarum Provinciarum, tam bellica et ad hostium vim propulsandam instructa, quam alia, quæ alicui e navibus bellicis hujus Reipublicæ in maribus Britannicis obviam dederint, vexillum suum e mali vertice detrahent, et supremum velum demittent, eo modo, quo ullis retro temporibus, sub quocunque anteriori regimine, unquam observatam fuit.

802Lawson, from theFairfax, at Aberdeen, to the Admiralty Committee, 13th May 1654. Same to Blackburn, 13th May.State Papers, Dom., lxxi. 78, 79.

803Cockraine to the Admiralty Committee, 11th Aug. 1654.Ibid., lxxiv. 39.

804Heaton to the Admiralty Committee, 15th Aug. 1654.State Papers, Dom., lxxiv. 61, 62.

805The Skagerreef or Scaw, the north point of Jutland, Denmark. The ships were going to the north in connection with the war between Denmark and Sweden.

806Richard Cromwell, the Protector, to General Montague, 18th March 1659. Thurloe’sCollections, vii. 633.

807The Information of William Gunnell, and others, of Great Yarmouth, 25th September 1654.Verbael of the Ambassadors, 600, 601.

808Ibid., 612, 614, 646, 689, 711. From the sworn depositions made before the Burgomasters of Enkhuisen, it appears that that town had at least 246 busses at the Yarmouth fishing in 1654.

809Brit. Mus. MSS. Stowe, 152, fol. 135.

810Proc. Council of State, 9th June 1654. Vice-Admiral Lawson, in transmitting to the Admiralty the request from the Governor of Calais, said it had been the practice for the French and Spanish men-of-war to suffer the fishermen of each nation to fish freely, although the war between these Powers had lasted so long.State Papers, Dom., xcviii. 13.

811Bills to repeal it were introduced into the Commons in 1656, 1657, and 1658.Commons’ Journals, vii. 451, &c.

812An Act for the Encouraging and Increasing of Shipping and Navigation, 12 Car. II., c. 18, cl. v. 1660.

813An Act for the Encouragement of Trade, 15 Car. II., c. 7, ss. xiii., xiv. 1663.

814An Act against importing Cattle from Ireland and other parts beyond the Seas, and Fish taken by Foreigners, 18 & 19 Car. II., c. 2, s. ii. Any ling, herring, cod, pilchard, fresh or salted, dried or bloated, or any salmon, eels, or conger, taken by aliens and brought into the realm, were liable to be seized by any person for his own benefit and the benefit of the poor of the parish. The prohibition to import stockfish and live eels was withdrawn by 32 Car. II., c. 2, 1680.

815“To the High and Mighty Monarch Charles ye Second, &c., the humble petition of Simon Smith, late agent for the Royall Fishing,” MS. prefixed in a copy ofThe Herring-Bvsse Trade, andA True Narration of the Royall Fishings of Great Brittaine and Ireland, bound together in vellum, elaborately ornamented in gold, and bearing the royal arms and the letters C. R. on both sides.

816Sir Edward Nicholas to the Lord Mayor, 23rd July 1660.Remembrancia, p. 143. There is an undated copy among the State Papers (Domestic) erroneously calendared under September 1662 (vol. lix. 6: compare vol. xli. 19, under date September 1661). The original is in the Guildhall. Simon Smith was employed in the preliminary work connected with the Society, and in 1662 rendered an account of his disbursements, amounting to £456, including £150 “for setting the poor to work so as to breed up teachers for making nets, &c.”State Papers, Dom., liv. 77.

817Commons’ Journals, viii. 179.State Papers, Dom., Charles II., xxi. 27.

818Commons’ Journals, viii. 203, 215, 222, 228.Lords’ Journals, xi. 228b. According to the Dutch ambassador, the Bill was not passed without much debate and opposition (De Witt’sBrieven, iv. 68), no doubt principally owing to the provisions concerning fish-days. An amendment was carried limiting Wednesday to be a fish-day in all inns, taverns, and victualling houses.

819Lords’ Journals, xi. 239. De Witt’sBrieven, iv. 66. The preamble was of the usual kind: that the honour and greatness of the king and the power and wealth of the kingdom depended upon shipping and commerce, the fisheries being one of the greatest means thereto; and it proceeded to say that the kingdom was specially suited for fishery by reason of the number of harbours, and the sea from which foreign nations took such great wealth, set their people on work, and made their towns populous and prosperous. The foreigners were not content with a temperate and moderate exercise of the liberty of fishing on our coasts, which was permitted to them by favour of the king, but fished with illegal instruments which served to destroy the brood of fish in some places, causing the greatest poverty; and in other places they came with whole fleets among the nets and boats of subjects, to the great damage and hindrance of their lawful business. The king was therefore most humbly beseeched to establish completely and vigorously and maintain the rights of his crown over the seas, and to give such orders and instructions to the admirals and commanders at sea as might be necessary to this effect. The first clause prohibited trawling, whether by subjects or foreigners, within eight miles of the coast of Sussex and the coast to the westwards, and other clauses prohibited the use of set-nets or other nets with small meshes on the coast “or within half seas over,” or the use of seines by foreigners within ten miles of any part of the coast to the hindering of subjects in their fishing. Offenders were to be brought in as prize. These provisions were in part aimed against the French.

820Act for the Fishings and Erecting of Companies for promoting the same, 12th June 1661.Acta Parl. Scot., vii. 259.

821Records Convent. Roy. Burghs, iii. 523, 15th September 1660. The commissioners, taking into consideration how advantageous it would be to the increase of trade and the common weal of the whole burghs and kingdom “that the fisching tread be erected within the samyn, and wnderstanding by thair registeris and wther paperis in thair clarkis handis that the said tread hes bein endevoured in former tymes but not takin full effect,” instructed that the records be searched, and the matter represented to Parliament.

822Rec. Conv. Roy. Burghs, iii. 626.Acta Parl. Scot., vii. 64, 103, 195, &c.Ibid., William and Mary, c. 103.

823State Papers, Dom., xli. 20.

824ΙΧΘΨΟΘΗΡΑ,or the Royal Trade of Fishing, Discovering the inestimable Profit the Hollanders have made thereof, with the vast Emoluments and Advantages that will redound to his Sacred Majesty and his three Kingdoms by the Improvement of it. Now seasonably published by Command for the Benefit of the Nation.London, 1662.

825State Papers, Dom., 1663, lxxiii. 56; lxxxvi. 104, 105, 106; xci. 53; ciii. 130; cix. 2. “But Lord!” says Pepys, “to see how superficially things are done in the business of the Lottery, which will be the disgrace of the Fishery, and without profit.”Diary, iv. 369 (ed. 1893).

826Commons’ Journals, viii. 378, 383. 14 Car. II., c. 28.

827Lord Southampton to the Masters of the Trinity House, 31st July 1662. The Masters to the Lord Treasurer, 23rd August. The Lord Treasurer to the king, 2nd Sept.State Papers, Dom., lix. 7;Entry Book, vii. 258. Pepys’Diary, ii. 403, 404.

828Commons’ Journals, viii. 497, &c.Lords’ Journals, xi. 555, &c. 15 Car. II., c. 16. All herrings, white or red, were to be “justly and truly packed, and of one time of taking, salting, saving, or drying, and equally well packed in the midst and every part of the barrel.” This was to be done by a sworn packer, and the barrel branded after the Dutch method.

829John Collins,Salt and Fishery, 2. 1682.

830State Papers, Dom., ciii. 130.

831Diary, vol. iv. 177, 192, 233, 263, &c.

832The ambassadors were Van Beverwaert (Louis of Nassau), Simon van Hoorn, the burgomaster of Amsterdam, Michael van Gogh, and Joachim Ripperda. Pontalis,John de Witt, i. 263.Brieven, geschreven ende gewisselt tusschen de Heer Johan de Witt, Raedt-Pensionaris en Groot-Segelbewaerder van Hollandt en West-Vrieslandt, ende de Gevolmaghtigden van den Staedt der Vereenigde Nederlanden, &c., iv. 1, 46.

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