[42]Letters from Governor Grimes to Secretary of State, GeorgeW. McCleary, February 14, November 5, and December 1, 1855, and to Congressman S. R. Curtis, February 28, 1855, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.
[42]Letters from Governor Grimes to Secretary of State, GeorgeW. McCleary, February 14, November 5, and December 1, 1855, and to Congressman S. R. Curtis, February 28, 1855, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.
[43]Letter from Governor Grimes to the Iowa Congressional Delegation, January 3, 1855, in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, pp. 627-630.
[43]Letter from Governor Grimes to the Iowa Congressional Delegation, January 3, 1855, in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, pp. 627-630.
[44]Letter from Governor Grimes to the Iowa Congressional Delegation, January 3, 1855, in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, p. 629.
[44]Letter from Governor Grimes to the Iowa Congressional Delegation, January 3, 1855, in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, p. 629.
[45]Letter of Governor Grimes to Congressman S. R. Curtis, February 28, 1855, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.
[45]Letter of Governor Grimes to Congressman S. R. Curtis, February 28, 1855, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.
[46]Letter of Governor Grimes to President Pierce, December 3, 1855, in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. III, pp. 135-137;Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, pp. 889, 890.
[46]Letter of Governor Grimes to President Pierce, December 3, 1855, in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. III, pp. 135-137;Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, pp. 889, 890.
[47]Smith’sThe Iowa Frontier During the War of the Rebellionin theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowafor 1898, p. 59.
[47]Smith’sThe Iowa Frontier During the War of the Rebellionin theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowafor 1898, p. 59.
[48]“He [Secretary of State in Iowa, Geo. W. McCleary] also writes me that these Indians are manifestly making preparations for war, and have been and are now making great efforts to induce all the Mississippi River Sioux to unite with them in hostilities upon the whites. I hear from various sources that several runners have been sent by the Sioux west of the Missouri river, to those in this State, and in Minnesota, with war belts, urging the latter to make common cause with them. The result of all this is a great state of alarm along the whole frontier.”—Letter of Governor Grimes to President Pierce, December 3, 1855, in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. III, p. 136. Charles Aldrich in an editorial in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. III, p. 566, remarked that “Had the earnest appeals of Gov. Grimes been heeded, the Spirit Lake Massacre would not have occurred.”
[48]“He [Secretary of State in Iowa, Geo. W. McCleary] also writes me that these Indians are manifestly making preparations for war, and have been and are now making great efforts to induce all the Mississippi River Sioux to unite with them in hostilities upon the whites. I hear from various sources that several runners have been sent by the Sioux west of the Missouri river, to those in this State, and in Minnesota, with war belts, urging the latter to make common cause with them. The result of all this is a great state of alarm along the whole frontier.”—Letter of Governor Grimes to President Pierce, December 3, 1855, in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. III, p. 136. Charles Aldrich in an editorial in theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. III, p. 566, remarked that “Had the earnest appeals of Gov. Grimes been heeded, the Spirit Lake Massacre would not have occurred.”
[49]The notable depredations charged to Indian outlawry at this time were in Buena Vista County where whole settlements were routed; at Dakota City in Humboldt County; near Algona and Bancroft in Kossuth County. In fact both the spring and summer of 1855 and 1856 were never free from depredations somewhere. For further information consultThe Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, pp. 889, 890;Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 272.
[49]The notable depredations charged to Indian outlawry at this time were in Buena Vista County where whole settlements were routed; at Dakota City in Humboldt County; near Algona and Bancroft in Kossuth County. In fact both the spring and summer of 1855 and 1856 were never free from depredations somewhere. For further information consultThe Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, pp. 889, 890;Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 272.
[50]Hughes’sThe Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851in theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. X, Pt. I, p. 117.
[50]Hughes’sThe Treaty of Traverse des Sioux in 1851in theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. X, Pt. I, p. 117.
[51]Albright’sThe First Organized Government of Dakotain theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. VIII, p. 138.
[51]Albright’sThe First Organized Government of Dakotain theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. VIII, p. 138.
[52]“It is a matter of history that whiskey is, and has been since the advent of white men in this country, the ‘bane of the Indians,’ and that there is scarcely a tribe or an individual Indian but that would at times give all his possessions for whiskey. When under its influence he knows not what he does. All of the depredations committed by them upon the whites; all murders among themselves; or personal injuries inflicted by them upon each other, are perpetrated while under the influence of that destructive bane, or to revenge acts done while laboring under intoxication ... men will wonder why the agent will let whiskey go into the Indian country, as has been heretofore reported, ‘without let or hindrance.’ The same men, being in the Indian country ostensibly, solely for the good of the ‘poor Indian,’ will pass an Indian with a five or ten gallon keg on his back, and not attempt to destroy it; knowing at the same time that he has an equal authority for so doing as the agent, and just as much money furnished for expenses of prosecutions.”—Report of D. B. Herriman, Chippewa Agent, September 15, 1857, inSenate Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, pp. 341, 342.
[52]“It is a matter of history that whiskey is, and has been since the advent of white men in this country, the ‘bane of the Indians,’ and that there is scarcely a tribe or an individual Indian but that would at times give all his possessions for whiskey. When under its influence he knows not what he does. All of the depredations committed by them upon the whites; all murders among themselves; or personal injuries inflicted by them upon each other, are perpetrated while under the influence of that destructive bane, or to revenge acts done while laboring under intoxication ... men will wonder why the agent will let whiskey go into the Indian country, as has been heretofore reported, ‘without let or hindrance.’ The same men, being in the Indian country ostensibly, solely for the good of the ‘poor Indian,’ will pass an Indian with a five or ten gallon keg on his back, and not attempt to destroy it; knowing at the same time that he has an equal authority for so doing as the agent, and just as much money furnished for expenses of prosecutions.”—Report of D. B. Herriman, Chippewa Agent, September 15, 1857, inSenate Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, pp. 341, 342.
[53]See note 29 above, andSenate Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 342.
[53]See note 29 above, andSenate Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 342.
[54]Pond’sThe Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as They Were in 1834in theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, pp. 378, 379.
[54]Pond’sThe Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as They Were in 1834in theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, pp. 378, 379.
[55]Ida M. Street’sA Chapter of Indian Historyin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. III, pp. 601, 602.
[55]Ida M. Street’sA Chapter of Indian Historyin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. III, pp. 601, 602.
[56]Petition of R. B. Clark, et al, to Governor Hempstead, July 6, 1854, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa; Report of Major William Williams to Governor Hempstead, September 1, 1854, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.
[56]Petition of R. B. Clark, et al, to Governor Hempstead, July 6, 1854, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa; Report of Major William Williams to Governor Hempstead, September 1, 1854, in the Public Archives, Des Moines, Iowa.
[57]Mrs. Abbie Gardner-Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1885 edition), pp. 24-31; Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa,pp. 28, 29.
[57]Mrs. Abbie Gardner-Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1885 edition), pp. 24-31; Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa,pp. 28, 29.
[58]Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 298; Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 292; Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 272; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 268.
[58]Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 298; Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 292; Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 272; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 268.
[59]Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 281.
[59]Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 281.
[60]Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 281, 282; N. H. Winchell’sAborigines of Minnesota, p. 551.
[60]Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 281, 282; N. H. Winchell’sAborigines of Minnesota, p. 551.
[61]Other Indian chieftains who were leaders of the consolidated bands and who were to play a prominent part in later Indian history were Titonka, Ishtahabah or Young Sleepy Eyes, Umpashotah, Wahkonsa, and Kasominee.The great battles of Iowa’s inter-tribal Indian history were fought during the period of the supremacy of these leaders. These battles were mostly fought along the Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, and Cedar rivers. The most notable were: Mud Lake, southeast of the present site of Webster City, against the Musquakies; a terrific contest with the Sac and Fox near Adel; a second contest quite as sanguinary with the same Indians about six miles north of the present city of Algona in 1852; a second battle with the Musquakies in April, 1852, near Clear Lake; and one on the banks of the Lizard, in which the Sioux, victorious, ended their long contest with the Sac and Fox. It was in the Algona battle that the “lingering remnants of two great nations who had for more than two hundred years waged unrelenting warfare against each other had their last and final struggle.”—Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 25. Also Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 282-287; Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 288, 289.
[61]Other Indian chieftains who were leaders of the consolidated bands and who were to play a prominent part in later Indian history were Titonka, Ishtahabah or Young Sleepy Eyes, Umpashotah, Wahkonsa, and Kasominee.
The great battles of Iowa’s inter-tribal Indian history were fought during the period of the supremacy of these leaders. These battles were mostly fought along the Des Moines, Skunk, Iowa, and Cedar rivers. The most notable were: Mud Lake, southeast of the present site of Webster City, against the Musquakies; a terrific contest with the Sac and Fox near Adel; a second contest quite as sanguinary with the same Indians about six miles north of the present city of Algona in 1852; a second battle with the Musquakies in April, 1852, near Clear Lake; and one on the banks of the Lizard, in which the Sioux, victorious, ended their long contest with the Sac and Fox. It was in the Algona battle that the “lingering remnants of two great nations who had for more than two hundred years waged unrelenting warfare against each other had their last and final struggle.”—Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 25. Also Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 282-287; Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 288, 289.
[62]Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 29; Hoover’sTragedy of Okobojiin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. V, p. 15; Richman’sThe Tragedy at MinnewaukoninJohn Brown among the Quakers, p. 208.
[62]Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 29; Hoover’sTragedy of Okobojiin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. V, p. 15; Richman’sThe Tragedy at MinnewaukoninJohn Brown among the Quakers, p. 208.
[63]Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 29.
[63]Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 29.
[64]See note 32 above.
[64]See note 32 above.
[65]Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 29. The date of settlement here is frequently stated as 1847.
[65]Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 29. The date of settlement here is frequently stated as 1847.
[66]Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein the Collections of theMinnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 264.
[66]Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein the Collections of theMinnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 264.
[67]For statements concerning the character of Henry Lott see Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 222; Lucas’sThe Milton Lott Tragedy, pp. 1-10; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, pp. 264-268;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 890; Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 289; etc.
[67]For statements concerning the character of Henry Lott see Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 222; Lucas’sThe Milton Lott Tragedy, pp. 1-10; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, pp. 264-268;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 890; Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 289; etc.
[68]Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28.
[68]Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28.
[69]The Madrid (Iowa) Historical Society, on December 18, 1905, the fifty-ninth anniversary of the boy’s death, placed an iron marker upon his grave which had but lately been identified.—Lucas’sThe Milton Lott Tragedy, p. 8.
[69]The Madrid (Iowa) Historical Society, on December 18, 1905, the fifty-ninth anniversary of the boy’s death, placed an iron marker upon his grave which had but lately been identified.—Lucas’sThe Milton Lott Tragedy, p. 8.
[70]The death of Mrs. Lott is said to have been the first white death in what is now Webster County.—Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 296.
[70]The death of Mrs. Lott is said to have been the first white death in what is now Webster County.—Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 296.
[71]This cabin was in Dallas County, about five miles southwest of Madrid. Here Lott lived until the autumn of 1847.—Lucas’sThe Milton Lott Tragedy, p. 5.
[71]This cabin was in Dallas County, about five miles southwest of Madrid. Here Lott lived until the autumn of 1847.—Lucas’sThe Milton Lott Tragedy, p. 5.
[72]To be definite, the cabin of Lott was in Section 16, Township 93, Range 28 West, very near the west line of the section.—Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 297.
[72]To be definite, the cabin of Lott was in Section 16, Township 93, Range 28 West, very near the west line of the section.—Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 297.
[73]Stories as to the ruse used differ, but all now quite generally accept the elk incident. At the same time the assertion has been made that the incident never happened, but that Lott found at the lodge of Sidominadota silverware stolen from him in 1847, and committed murder forthwith.
[73]Stories as to the ruse used differ, but all now quite generally accept the elk incident. At the same time the assertion has been made that the incident never happened, but that Lott found at the lodge of Sidominadota silverware stolen from him in 1847, and committed murder forthwith.
[74]Some writers concerning this incident aver that both the girl and boy escaped unharmed while others more romantically mention the boy as left for dead, while the girl escaping unharmed in the darkness later returned to the rescue of her brother. The boy, whose name was Joshpaduta, was later taken charge of by a white family named Carter who gave him a home. The boy would often leaveand be gone for many days when he would again return. He is said, just before the Spirit Lake Massacre, to have warned these people of the impending trouble and then to have disappeared. He never returned, and the presumption is that he became a member of that band or was killed by them for telling.—Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28; Gue ’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 291; Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 30.
[74]Some writers concerning this incident aver that both the girl and boy escaped unharmed while others more romantically mention the boy as left for dead, while the girl escaping unharmed in the darkness later returned to the rescue of her brother. The boy, whose name was Joshpaduta, was later taken charge of by a white family named Carter who gave him a home. The boy would often leaveand be gone for many days when he would again return. He is said, just before the Spirit Lake Massacre, to have warned these people of the impending trouble and then to have disappeared. He never returned, and the presumption is that he became a member of that band or was killed by them for telling.—Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28; Gue ’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 291; Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 30.
[75]See Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 293-299; Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28; Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 271; Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, pp. 29, 31; Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 289-292.
[75]See Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 293-299; Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28; Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 271; Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, pp. 29, 31; Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, pp. 289-292.
[76]Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 298, 299; Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28; Lucas’sThe Milton Lott Tragedy, p. 7; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 268.
[76]Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 298, 299; Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28; Lucas’sThe Milton Lott Tragedy, p. 7; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 268.
[77]Another report declared that the prosecuting attorney of Hamilton County had nailed the head above the entrance to his home in Homer. Note what is said in Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28; Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 271; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, pp. 268, 269.
[77]Another report declared that the prosecuting attorney of Hamilton County had nailed the head above the entrance to his home in Homer. Note what is said in Flickinger’sPioneer History of Pocahontas County, Iowa, p. 28; Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 271; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, pp. 268, 269.
[78]Smith’sThe Iowa Frontier During the War of the Rebellionin theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowa for 1898, p. 56.
[78]Smith’sThe Iowa Frontier During the War of the Rebellionin theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowa for 1898, p. 56.
[79]Smith’sThe Iowa Frontier During the War of the Rebellionin theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowa for 1898, p. 56.
[79]Smith’sThe Iowa Frontier During the War of the Rebellionin theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowa for 1898, p. 56.
[80]Carpenter’sMajor William Williamsin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, p. 151.
[80]Carpenter’sMajor William Williamsin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, p. 151.
[81]Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 272.
[81]Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 272.
[82]TheSpirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 892.
[82]TheSpirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 892.
[83]Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 292; Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 300, 301;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 892; Gillespie and Steele’sHistory of Clay County, Iowa, pp. 55, 56.
[83]Gue’sHistory of Iowa, Vol. I, p. 292; Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, pp. 300, 301;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 892; Gillespie and Steele’sHistory of Clay County, Iowa, pp. 55, 56.
[84]See note 83 above and also Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 43;House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 357.
[84]See note 83 above and also Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 43;House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 357.
[85]A. Warner and Company’sHistory of the Counties of Woodbury and Plymouth, Iowa, p. 295.
[85]A. Warner and Company’sHistory of the Counties of Woodbury and Plymouth, Iowa, p. 295.
[86]W. S. Dunbar and Company’sBiographical History of Cherokee County, Iowa, pp. 233-238.
[86]W. S. Dunbar and Company’sBiographical History of Cherokee County, Iowa, pp. 233-238.
[87]Wegerslev and Walpole’sPast and Present of Buena Vista County, Iowa, pp. 37, 38; Perkins’sHistory of O’Brien County, Iowa, pp. 10, 11.
[87]Wegerslev and Walpole’sPast and Present of Buena Vista County, Iowa, pp. 37, 38; Perkins’sHistory of O’Brien County, Iowa, pp. 10, 11.
[88]Flandrau’sThe Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre of 1857in theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. III, p. 388.
[88]Flandrau’sThe Ink-pa-du-ta Massacre of 1857in theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. III, p. 388.
[89]Smith’sThe Iowa Frontier During the War of the Rebellionin theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowa for 1898, p. 56.
[89]Smith’sThe Iowa Frontier During the War of the Rebellionin theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowa for 1898, p. 56.
[90]Carpenter’sMajor William Williamsin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, p. 152.
[90]Carpenter’sMajor William Williamsin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, p. 152.
[91]Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 270.
[91]Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 270.
[92]For further reading concerning the character of the winter of 1856-1857 see Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 223; Richman’sThe Tragedy at MinnewaukoninJohn Brown among the Quakers, pp. 210-212; J. F. Duncombe’sThe Spirit Lake Relief Expedition of 1857in theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowa for 1898, p. 38;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 892; Carpenter’sMajor William Williamsin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, p. 152; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections ofthe Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 270; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, pp. 19, 20.
[92]For further reading concerning the character of the winter of 1856-1857 see Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 223; Richman’sThe Tragedy at MinnewaukoninJohn Brown among the Quakers, pp. 210-212; J. F. Duncombe’sThe Spirit Lake Relief Expedition of 1857in theProceedings of the Pioneer Lawmakers’ Association of Iowa for 1898, p. 38;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 892; Carpenter’sMajor William Williamsin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. II, p. 152; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections ofthe Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 270; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, pp. 19, 20.
[93]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 7; Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, p. 7.
[93]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 7; Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, p. 7.
[94]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 8-14; Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, pp. 7, 8.
[94]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 8-14; Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, pp. 7, 8.
[95]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 14-35.
[95]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 14-35.
[96]Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, p. 11; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 17; Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 36.
[96]Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, p. 11; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 17; Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 36.
[97]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 36-38.
[97]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 36-38.
[98]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 43, 44;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 891.
[98]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 43, 44;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 891.
[99]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 42, 43.
[99]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 42, 43.
[100]Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 271; Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 42-45; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 19;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 891.
[100]Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 271; Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 42-45; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 19;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 891.
[101]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 44;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, pp. 891, 892.
[101]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 44;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, pp. 891, 892.
[102]Neill’sThe History of Minnesota, p. 621; Mrs. Abigail Gardner Sharp in theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 32.
[102]Neill’sThe History of Minnesota, p. 621; Mrs. Abigail Gardner Sharp in theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 32.
[103]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 44, 45; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 17;The Spirit Lake Massacre and ReliefExpeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 891; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 270.
[103]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 44, 45; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 17;The Spirit Lake Massacre and ReliefExpeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 891; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 270.
[104]Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, p. 11; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, pp. 17, 18;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 891; Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 45, 46.
[104]Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, p. 11; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, pp. 17, 18;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 891; Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 45, 46.
[105]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 46.
[105]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 46.
[106]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 48.
[106]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 48.
[107]Jareb Palmer’sIncidents of the Late Indian Outragesin theHamilton Freeman, July 23, 1857; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, pp. 272, 273.
[107]Jareb Palmer’sIncidents of the Late Indian Outragesin theHamilton Freeman, July 23, 1857; Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, pp. 272, 273.
[108]Dr. Strong had gone from Fort Dodge to Okoboji with the thought of locating there, but had finally decided upon Springfield. Eliza Gardner had been induced to spend the winter with the Strong family at Springfield.
[108]Dr. Strong had gone from Fort Dodge to Okoboji with the thought of locating there, but had finally decided upon Springfield. Eliza Gardner had been induced to spend the winter with the Strong family at Springfield.
[109]Jareb Palmer’sIncidents of the Late Indian Outragesin theHamilton Freeman(Webster City), July 23, 1857; Hoover’sTragedy of Okobojiin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. V, pp. 19, 20.
[109]Jareb Palmer’sIncidents of the Late Indian Outragesin theHamilton Freeman(Webster City), July 23, 1857; Hoover’sTragedy of Okobojiin theAnnals of Iowa(Third Series), Vol. V, pp. 19, 20.
[110]Jareb Palmer’sIncidents of the Late Indian Outragesin theHamilton Freeman(Webster City), July 23, 1857.
[110]Jareb Palmer’sIncidents of the Late Indian Outragesin theHamilton Freeman(Webster City), July 23, 1857.
[111]Some authors give only three, Robert Clark, Enoch Ryan, and Jonathan Howe, as accompanying them upon their return. There seems good evidence to support the claim that Asa Burtch also made the return trip. SeeThe Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 893; Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 51; Smith’sA History of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 64; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 19.
[111]Some authors give only three, Robert Clark, Enoch Ryan, and Jonathan Howe, as accompanying them upon their return. There seems good evidence to support the claim that Asa Burtch also made the return trip. SeeThe Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 893; Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 51; Smith’sA History of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 64; Carpenter’sThe Spirit Lake Massacrein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 19.
[112]In spite of their villainous character the Sioux pitied the apparent misfortunes of the Inkpaduta band and explained their unhappy lot as follows: “Long ago some chiefs and principal men of the Iowas returned from Canada to Prairie du Chien in the winter, and attempted to pass through the Dakota territory to their own country. They were kindly received and hospitably entertained by the Wabashaw band, who sent messengers to the Wahpekutas, then encamped at Dry Wood, requesting them to receive the Iowas in a friendly manner and to aid them in their journey. The Wahpekutas returned a favorable answer and prepared a feast for the Iowas, but killed them all while they were eating it.” Thereafter, these Wahpekutas were very unfortunate, many were killed, and the band nearly perished. Their wickedness on this particular occasion was held to account for all their calamities of the future. In this connection read Pond’sThe Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as They Were in 1834in theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 425.
[112]In spite of their villainous character the Sioux pitied the apparent misfortunes of the Inkpaduta band and explained their unhappy lot as follows: “Long ago some chiefs and principal men of the Iowas returned from Canada to Prairie du Chien in the winter, and attempted to pass through the Dakota territory to their own country. They were kindly received and hospitably entertained by the Wabashaw band, who sent messengers to the Wahpekutas, then encamped at Dry Wood, requesting them to receive the Iowas in a friendly manner and to aid them in their journey. The Wahpekutas returned a favorable answer and prepared a feast for the Iowas, but killed them all while they were eating it.” Thereafter, these Wahpekutas were very unfortunate, many were killed, and the band nearly perished. Their wickedness on this particular occasion was held to account for all their calamities of the future. In this connection read Pond’sThe Dakotas or Sioux in Minnesota as They Were in 1834in theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 425.
[113]Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, p. 14.
[113]Lee’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre, p. 14.
[114]Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 264.
[114]Hughes’sCauses and Results of the Inkpaduta Massacrein theCollections of the Minnesota Historical Society, Vol. XII, p. 264.
[115]The termgens, as here used, implies descent in the male line. It is also well in this connection to recall the fact that the Sioux were in no sense a nation but acted as bands, each band being entirely separate, distinct, and independent from any other.—See Dorsey’sSiouan Sociologyin theFifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 213 ff.
[115]The termgens, as here used, implies descent in the male line. It is also well in this connection to recall the fact that the Sioux were in no sense a nation but acted as bands, each band being entirely separate, distinct, and independent from any other.—See Dorsey’sSiouan Sociologyin theFifteenth Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, p. 213 ff.
[116]Richman’sThe Tragedy at MinnewaukoninJohn Brown among the Quakers, pp. 207, 208; Hodge’sHandbook of the American Indians, Pt. II, pp. 891, 902; Robinson’sA History of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 215, 216;House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 359.
[116]Richman’sThe Tragedy at MinnewaukoninJohn Brown among the Quakers, pp. 207, 208; Hodge’sHandbook of the American Indians, Pt. II, pp. 891, 902; Robinson’sA History of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 215, 216;House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 359.
[117]House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 359;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 887.
[117]House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 359;The Spirit Lake Massacre and Relief Expeditionin theRoster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 887.
[118]Robinson’sHistory of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 204, 216.
[118]Robinson’sHistory of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 204, 216.
[119]Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt.I, p. 389; Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. II, p. 220.
[119]Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt.I, p. 389; Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. II, p. 220.
[120]Following the murder of Tasagi, Inkpaduta either through choice or fear became an exile from the band of Tasagi. His flight to the band of his father had automatically made him one. Doane Robinson in hisSioux Indian Courtsin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. V, pp. 404, 405, thus describes how a Wahpekuta became an exile:“If the offense was peculiarly repellent to the better sentiment of the camp the court might insist upon the summary infliction of the sentence imposed. This might be the death penalty, exile or whipping; or it might be the destruction of the tepee and other property of the convict.... For some offenses a convict was exiled from the camp, given an old tepee and a blanket, but no arms, and was allowed to make a living if he could. Sometimes he would go off and join some other band, but such conduct was not considered good form and he usually set up his establishment on some small hill near the home camp and made the best of the situation. If he conducted himself properly he was usually soon forgiven and restored to his rights in the community. If he went off to another people he lost all standing among the Sioux and was thereafter treated as an outlaw and a renegade. The entire band of Inkpaduta, once the terror of the Dakota frontier, was composed of these outlaws.” It was Inkpaduta’s flight to his father’s band at this time that lost, for him, all standing with the followers of Tasagi. See also Robinson’sA History of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 343, 344.
[120]Following the murder of Tasagi, Inkpaduta either through choice or fear became an exile from the band of Tasagi. His flight to the band of his father had automatically made him one. Doane Robinson in hisSioux Indian Courtsin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. V, pp. 404, 405, thus describes how a Wahpekuta became an exile:
“If the offense was peculiarly repellent to the better sentiment of the camp the court might insist upon the summary infliction of the sentence imposed. This might be the death penalty, exile or whipping; or it might be the destruction of the tepee and other property of the convict.... For some offenses a convict was exiled from the camp, given an old tepee and a blanket, but no arms, and was allowed to make a living if he could. Sometimes he would go off and join some other band, but such conduct was not considered good form and he usually set up his establishment on some small hill near the home camp and made the best of the situation. If he conducted himself properly he was usually soon forgiven and restored to his rights in the community. If he went off to another people he lost all standing among the Sioux and was thereafter treated as an outlaw and a renegade. The entire band of Inkpaduta, once the terror of the Dakota frontier, was composed of these outlaws.” It was Inkpaduta’s flight to his father’s band at this time that lost, for him, all standing with the followers of Tasagi. See also Robinson’sA History of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 343, 344.
[121]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 220.
[121]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 220.
[122]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 221.
[122]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 221.
[123]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 217.
[123]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 217.
[124]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 220.
[124]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 220.
[125]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, pp. 217-222.
[125]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, pp. 217-222.
[126]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, pp. 221, 222; Robinson’sA History of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 209.
[126]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, pp. 221, 222; Robinson’sA History of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 209.
[127]Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 272.
[127]Ingham’sInk-pa-du-tah’s Revengein theMidland Monthly, Vol. IV, p. 272.
[128]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, pp. 267, 268;South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 226.
[128]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, pp. 267, 268;South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. VI, p. 226.
[129]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 56, 57.
[129]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 56, 57.
[130]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 57. It is to be regretted that much of Mrs. Sharp’s characterization of the Sioux evidences an animus and a tendency to emphasize the bad rather than the good traits. The following from page 57 of her book is evidently unfair: “No other tribe of aborigines has ever exhibited more savage ferocity or so appalled and sickened the soul of humanity by wholesale slaughtering of the white race as has the Sioux”.
[130]Mrs. Sharp’sHistory of the Spirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 57. It is to be regretted that much of Mrs. Sharp’s characterization of the Sioux evidences an animus and a tendency to emphasize the bad rather than the good traits. The following from page 57 of her book is evidently unfair: “No other tribe of aborigines has ever exhibited more savage ferocity or so appalled and sickened the soul of humanity by wholesale slaughtering of the white race as has the Sioux”.
[131]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 223.
[131]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 223.
[132]Robinson’sHistory of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 346, 347.
[132]Robinson’sHistory of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, pp. 346, 347.
[133]Hodge’sHand Book of the American Indians, Pt. II, pp. 891, 902;South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 110, 111;House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, pp. 359, 389; Mrs. Sharp’sSpirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 54-56.
[133]Hodge’sHand Book of the American Indians, Pt. II, pp. 891, 902;South Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. I, pp. 110, 111;House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, pp. 359, 389; Mrs. Sharp’sSpirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), pp. 54-56.
[134]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 223.
[134]Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 223.
[135]Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 892; Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 301; Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 53; Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 223.
[135]Roster and Record of Iowa Soldiers, Vol. VI, p. 892; Fulton’sRed Men of Iowa, p. 301; Smith’sHistory of Dickinson County, Iowa, p. 53; Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 223.
[136]Robinson’sHistory of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 344.
[136]Robinson’sHistory of the Dakota or Sioux Indiansin theSouth Dakota Historical Collections, Vol. II, p. 344.
[137]The strength of the band was not great. Originally it is said to have numbered one hundred fifty lodges, but this estimate appears to be too high. At the time it started up the Little Sioux from Smithland it probably numbered not more than fifteen lodges at the highest estimate. Its depletion was due to dissatisfaction in the band and to the fact that the band did not draw annuities which caused many to drop out and return to the Agency in order to secure them. See Mrs. Sharp’sSpirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 56; Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 248;House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 359; Hodge’sHandbook of American Indians, Pt. II, p. 891.
[137]The strength of the band was not great. Originally it is said to have numbered one hundred fifty lodges, but this estimate appears to be too high. At the time it started up the Little Sioux from Smithland it probably numbered not more than fifteen lodges at the highest estimate. Its depletion was due to dissatisfaction in the band and to the fact that the band did not draw annuities which caused many to drop out and return to the Agency in order to secure them. See Mrs. Sharp’sSpirit Lake Massacre(1902 edition), p. 56; Hubbard and Holcombe’sMinnesota in Three Centuries, Vol. III, p. 248;House Executive Documents, 1st Session, 35th Congress, Vol. II, Pt. I, p. 359; Hodge’sHandbook of American Indians, Pt. II, p. 891.