It is to be observed, that persons taking outA CERTIFICATE, who arenot qualifiedby former Acts toKILL GAME, derive no privilege from their certificate so to do; but, nevertheless, remain liable to all the penalties of former acts, if informed against, and prosecuted to conviction. It, however, appears, upon the experience of the last seven years, that since the privilege of killing game has contributed so largely to the exigencies of the State, lesslitigationhas prevailed upon the score ofPRESERVATION. Indeed, there is now so little fear of an information, that almost every person having taken out a certificate, erroneously considers himselfnominallyentitledTO KILL; in full confirmation of which, the list of those who have obtained certificates in the different counties, may be inspected at theStamp Office, upon the payment ofone shilling, where will be found the names of hundreds who do not individually possess an independentTWENTY POUNDSper annumupon the face ofTHE GLOBE.
In all cases where the penalty does not exceed 20l. theJusticeofPeaceshall, upon information or complaint, summon the party and witnesses to appear, and proceed to hear and determine the matter in a summary way; and, upon due proof, by confession, or theoathofonewitness, give judgment for the forfeiture; and issue his warrant for levying the same on offenders goods, and tosell them, if not redeemed within six days; rendering to the party what overplus there may happen to be; and if goods sufficient are not found to answer thePENALTY, the offender shall stand committedTO PRISONforsix calendar months, unless the penalty be sooner paid. Any offender feeling himself aggrieved by such judgment, may, upon giving security, amounting to the value of the forfeiture, with the costs of affirmance,APPEALto the nextgeneral Quarter Sessions, when it is to be heard and finally determined; and in case the judgment be affirmed, Sessions may award such costs incurred by appeal as to themselves shall seem meet.Justicesmay mitigate penalties; so that the reasonable charges of officers and informers for discovery and prosecution, be always allowed over and above mitigation, and so as the same does not reduce the penalty to less than a moiety, over and above the costs and charges.
Restrictions for killingGAMEare as follow: NoPARTRIDGEto be killed between the 12th of February and 1st of September, under a penalty ofFIVE POUNDS. NoPHEASANTbetween the 1st of February and 1st of October, under the like penalty.Grouse, orRED GAME, only from August 12th to December 10th.Heath fowl, orBLACK GAME, from August 20th to December 10th.Bustardsfrom December 1st to March 1st. No time is limited for the killing ofHARES, providedthey are not illegally taken. NoGAMEwhatever is to be killed ortakensooner thanONE HOURbeforeSUN RISING, or later thanONE HOURafterSUN SET, under a penalty of 5l. to the qualified or unqualified. Killing game onSunday, orChristmas-day, liable to the same penalty as killing game during the night.
Any unqualified person exposing aHARE,PHEASANT,PARTRIDGE, or other game, to sale, is liable to a penalty of 5l. For selling aHARE,PHEASANT,PARTRIDGE, or other game, qualified or unqualified, 5l. If either are found in the shop, house, or possession of anyPOULTERER,SALESMAN,FISHMONGER,COOKorPASTRY-COOK, or of any person not qualified in hisown righttoKILL GAME, or entitled thereto under some person so qualified, it shall be deemed an exposing thereof to sale.
Unqualified personsusinganyengineto kill or destroyHARES,PHEASANTS,PARTRIDGES, or other game, liable to a penalty of 5l. as well askeepingandusingGREYHOUNDS,SETTING DOGS, or any engines to kill or destroyHARES,PHEASANTS,PARTRIDGES, or other game, are liable to a penalty of 5l. Thekeepingorusingbeing individually or jointly liable to the forfeiture of 5l. as well as for killing, so it should appear, from the plain construction of the Acts, that if the informations areseparately laid, first for "keepingandusing,"and secondly "forKILLING," conviction must inevitably follow for both, if sufficient evidence is produced to confirm the offence. Informations must be laid withinSIX CALENDAR MONTHS, before aJusticeofPeace, or by action of debt, bill, plaint, or information. The whole penalty to be given to the informer, withdouble costs, if brought on inWestminster Hall. Summary conviction, half to theinformer, and half tothe poor. These are the penalties annexed to former Acts, independent of the Act respecting annual certificates to be taken out from theClerkof thePeace, toKILL(or go in pursuit of)GAME; without which, incurs anadditionalpenalty of 20l. to the unqualified, making the forfeiture 25l. and of 20l. to theQUALIFIED, who becomes only liable to that single penalty, for killing, or attempting to kill, game without the annual certificate so prescribed to be taken out.
AQUALIFIED PERSONcannot come upon another man's ground toKILL GAME, without being liable to anACTIONfortrespass; and an unqualified person for trespassing, shall pay full costs: but if a person qualified to kill game, sustains anACTIONfortrespass, and the damage shall be found under 40s. he shall in such case pay no moreCOSTSthanDAMAGES; this being a most equitable construction, to prevent paltry and personal litigations. It has been decided by the highest legal authority, thatany unqualified person may go out to beat hedges, bushes, and mark birds, in company with any qualified person, to see the game pursued and taken, without being liable to any penalty, provided he has noDOG,GUN, orENGINE, of his own, individually, to assist in its destruction.
It would be unfair to conclude this subject, which has for centuries occasioned such a diversity of opinions amongst theSUPERIOR CLASSES, and diffused so much discontent amongst thelower, without submitting toboth, a veryEMPHATICand literal extract fromJudge Blackstone, in his comment upon the Forest Laws, in which he has this particular passage.
"From a simple principle, to which, though theForest Lawsare now mitigated, and by degrees grown entirely obsolete, yet, from this root has sprung abastard-slip, known by the name of theGame Laws, now arrived to, and wantoning in, its highest vigour; both founded upon the same unreasonable notions of permanent property in wild creatures, and productive of the same tyranny; but with this difference, that the Forest Laws established only oneMIGHTY HUNTERthroughout the land; theGame Lawshave raised a littleNimrodin every manor."
GAMES of ART—are those in which the skill, judgment, and penetration of the player are immediately concerned, and upon which alone his success must entirely depend. In this class are includedBilliards,Chess,Draughts,Cricket,Fives,Tennis,Bowls, and some others, as well as a few upon theCards; but as the latter are always subject toDECEPTION, and completely subservient to theslipping,sliding, andcuttingof the mostFAMILIAR FRIENDS, (even in private families,) they are, with propriety, much more entitled to the appellation ofCHANCEthan ofART, particularly where the unsuspecting player has theperpetual chanceof beingROBBED, without the mortification of knowing the main-spring of depredation. However expert those may be, who indulge and excel inGAMESofART, two things should ever be predominant in memory; always to play with an invariable philosophicPATIENCEandSERENITY, never to seem affected by a temporary run of ill-luck or momentary advantage, any more than agitated by the exulting irritation of a successful opponent. The run on one side may as suddenly be reversed to the other; a chance that petulance and ill-humour may probably destroy.Prudent playersnever engage in matches of any kind wherefourormoreare concerned, except amongst their most intimate acquaintance; particularly at the public tables of the Metropolis, where it is the custom forthreeto pollone, and divide the spoils after thePIDGEONhas beenplucked; a very fashionable mode of playing at bothBILLIARDSandWHIST; by which an infinity of necessitous and unprincipled adventurers procure a daily subsistence.
—are those in which the skill, judgment, and penetration of the player are immediately concerned, and upon which alone his success must entirely depend. In this class are includedBilliards,Chess,Draughts,Cricket,Fives,Tennis,Bowls, and some others, as well as a few upon theCards; but as the latter are always subject toDECEPTION, and completely subservient to theslipping,sliding, andcuttingof the mostFAMILIAR FRIENDS, (even in private families,) they are, with propriety, much more entitled to the appellation ofCHANCEthan ofART, particularly where the unsuspecting player has theperpetual chanceof beingROBBED, without the mortification of knowing the main-spring of depredation. However expert those may be, who indulge and excel inGAMESofART, two things should ever be predominant in memory; always to play with an invariable philosophicPATIENCEandSERENITY, never to seem affected by a temporary run of ill-luck or momentary advantage, any more than agitated by the exulting irritation of a successful opponent. The run on one side may as suddenly be reversed to the other; a chance that petulance and ill-humour may probably destroy.Prudent playersnever engage in matches of any kind wherefourormoreare concerned, except amongst their most intimate acquaintance; particularly at the public tables of the Metropolis, where it is the custom forthreeto pollone, and divide the spoils after thePIDGEONhas beenplucked; a very fashionable mode of playing at bothBILLIARDSandWHIST; by which an infinity of necessitous and unprincipled adventurers procure a daily subsistence.
GAMES of CHANCE.—Those games are so called, which depend solely upon the turning up of aCARD, or the uncertain "HAZARDofTHE DIE." When fairly played, without any latent deception ononeside or theother, they are considered truly equitable between the players, who are then said "toPLAY UPON THE SQUARE," without a point of advantage, the whole being dependent upon, and decided by, theEFFECTofCHANCE. The celebrated nocturnal game ofHazard, at which such immense property is annuallyLOSTandWON, at the most fashionable and powerfully-supportedGAMING HOUSES, is known to be the first and fairestGAMEofCHANCE, upon which an adventurer (determined to encounter the probability of ruin) can possibly venture toSTAKE HIS MONEY: on the contrary, it must be admitted, that the torrent of villainy, and unprincipled prostitution ofaffectedintegrity, have made such rapid and unprecedented strides to perfection, that the most experiencedSPORTSMENmust despair of being enabled toplay upon the square, after so manyGAMBLERSofFASHIONhave, within a few years, been detected withloaded dicein their possession.
.—Those games are so called, which depend solely upon the turning up of aCARD, or the uncertain "HAZARDofTHE DIE." When fairly played, without any latent deception ononeside or theother, they are considered truly equitable between the players, who are then said "toPLAY UPON THE SQUARE," without a point of advantage, the whole being dependent upon, and decided by, theEFFECTofCHANCE. The celebrated nocturnal game ofHazard, at which such immense property is annuallyLOSTandWON, at the most fashionable and powerfully-supportedGAMING HOUSES, is known to be the first and fairestGAMEofCHANCE, upon which an adventurer (determined to encounter the probability of ruin) can possibly venture toSTAKE HIS MONEY: on the contrary, it must be admitted, that the torrent of villainy, and unprincipled prostitution ofaffectedintegrity, have made such rapid and unprecedented strides to perfection, that the most experiencedSPORTSMENmust despair of being enabled toplay upon the square, after so manyGAMBLERSofFASHIONhave, within a few years, been detected withloaded dicein their possession.
The game of E O, so plausibly deluding to all classes, particularly to rustics upon the different countryCOURSESandRACE GROUNDS, is the mostdeceptive, and mostdestructive, of any ever yet displayed for the purpose of public attraction; it may be very candidly placed in a parallel line with thoselowandrascallyinventions ofHUSTLINGin theHAT, andPRICKINGin theBELT, to both which an infinity ofcunning countrymenbecome infatuated dupes, to the great emolument and gratification of that horde of miscreants, who subsist only upon the credulity and ignorance of the inexperienced, avaricious, and unsuspecting.
GANGRENE—is atechnicalterm, which inFARRIERY, as inSURGERY, implies the first stage ofMORTIFICATIONorPUTREFACTION.
—is atechnicalterm, which inFARRIERY, as inSURGERY, implies the first stage ofMORTIFICATIONorPUTREFACTION.
GASCOIN, or GASKIN,—of a horse, is that part of the hind quarter extending from the stifle (or inferior point of the thigh approaching the belly) to the bend of the hock behind; upon the shape, strength, and uniformity of which, the property, action, and excellence of the horse very much depends. If theGASKINSare wide, and divide below the tail in a curvilinear arch on the inside, with a prominent swell of the muscle on the outside, it is not only indicative of great strength, but adds considerably to the symmetry and value of the horse, when viewed behind. A horse wellformed in the gaskins, is seldom badly shaped in the fore quarters; nor are they, in general, horses of inferior action; exclusive of which, they are insured from the very aukwardDEFECTofcutting; no small inconvenience to aTRAVELLERwith awearyhorse upon alongjourney.
,—of a horse, is that part of the hind quarter extending from the stifle (or inferior point of the thigh approaching the belly) to the bend of the hock behind; upon the shape, strength, and uniformity of which, the property, action, and excellence of the horse very much depends. If theGASKINSare wide, and divide below the tail in a curvilinear arch on the inside, with a prominent swell of the muscle on the outside, it is not only indicative of great strength, but adds considerably to the symmetry and value of the horse, when viewed behind. A horse wellformed in the gaskins, is seldom badly shaped in the fore quarters; nor are they, in general, horses of inferior action; exclusive of which, they are insured from the very aukwardDEFECTofcutting; no small inconvenience to aTRAVELLERwith awearyhorse upon alongjourney.
GATE-NET.—AGATE-NETis a principal part of thestock in tradeof an expert and experiencedPOACHER; and, in respect toHARES, the most destructive nocturnal instrument that can be brought into use. They, at a certain hour in the dead of night, when hares are sure to be at feed, are fixed to the third bar of the gates of such fields as havegreen wheat,young clover, or any other where (by daily observation) they are known to use; when being fattened to the ground under the lower bar by means of wooden forked pegs,a lurcheris turned over the gate, who having been trained to the business, andrunning mute, scours the field in a circuitous direction; when thevictims, thus suddenly and unexpectedly alarmed, make immediately for the gate, (by which they entered,) when the dog being close at their heels, at least not far behind them, they have no alternative, but to rush into the net, where becoming entangled, they meet their destruction. In this waythreeorfour braceare taken in a plentiful country at one adventure. The only likely mode of rendering such attemptsabortive, is by painting the lower bars of the gatewhite, which will occasion the hares to shun the gateway, and have recourse to their meuses; ifGAME-KEEPERSandSPORTSMENwill but occasionally examine which, to take up thewell-intended wires, it will, at any rate, go a great way towards preventing such incredible havoc and wholesale destruction.
.—AGATE-NETis a principal part of thestock in tradeof an expert and experiencedPOACHER; and, in respect toHARES, the most destructive nocturnal instrument that can be brought into use. They, at a certain hour in the dead of night, when hares are sure to be at feed, are fixed to the third bar of the gates of such fields as havegreen wheat,young clover, or any other where (by daily observation) they are known to use; when being fattened to the ground under the lower bar by means of wooden forked pegs,a lurcheris turned over the gate, who having been trained to the business, andrunning mute, scours the field in a circuitous direction; when thevictims, thus suddenly and unexpectedly alarmed, make immediately for the gate, (by which they entered,) when the dog being close at their heels, at least not far behind them, they have no alternative, but to rush into the net, where becoming entangled, they meet their destruction. In this waythreeorfour braceare taken in a plentiful country at one adventure. The only likely mode of rendering such attemptsabortive, is by painting the lower bars of the gatewhite, which will occasion the hares to shun the gateway, and have recourse to their meuses; ifGAME-KEEPERSandSPORTSMENwill but occasionally examine which, to take up thewell-intended wires, it will, at any rate, go a great way towards preventing such incredible havoc and wholesale destruction.
GAZEHOUND;—the name by which the species ofDOGwe now termGREYHOUNDwas formerly called. With what propriety an animal of almostevery colourshould be equally denominatedgrey, does not appear; any more than at what particular period the change in appellation may have taken place. As the pursuit of theGREYHOUNDis entirely bysight, and not byscent, it should seem thatGAZEHOUNDwould be the most proper distinction of the two, and that the present is no more than a perversion from the original.
;—the name by which the species ofDOGwe now termGREYHOUNDwas formerly called. With what propriety an animal of almostevery colourshould be equally denominatedgrey, does not appear; any more than at what particular period the change in appellation may have taken place. As the pursuit of theGREYHOUNDis entirely bysight, and not byscent, it should seem thatGAZEHOUNDwould be the most proper distinction of the two, and that the present is no more than a perversion from the original.
GELDING—implies a horse divested of hisTESTICLES, by which he is deprived of the act ofCOPULATION, and of fartherPROPAGATION. For particulars of the operation, seeCastration.
—implies a horse divested of hisTESTICLES, by which he is deprived of the act ofCOPULATION, and of fartherPROPAGATION. For particulars of the operation, seeCastration.
GIFT of GOING—is a phrase from the sublime vocabulary of the horse-dealing fraternity, and implies a horse's possessing a much greater portion ofspeedinaction, particularly inTROTTING, than could well be expected from his shape and externalappearance. When a horse is shewn for sale, having little to recommend him, rough in his coat, low in condition, aukward in shape, and without a singlepointofattraction, if he can scramble along at the rate of twelve or thirteen miles an hour, he is then said to possess the "gift of going," which is to compensate for every other deficiency.
—is a phrase from the sublime vocabulary of the horse-dealing fraternity, and implies a horse's possessing a much greater portion ofspeedinaction, particularly inTROTTING, than could well be expected from his shape and externalappearance. When a horse is shewn for sale, having little to recommend him, rough in his coat, low in condition, aukward in shape, and without a singlepointofattraction, if he can scramble along at the rate of twelve or thirteen miles an hour, he is then said to possess the "gift of going," which is to compensate for every other deficiency.
GIMCRACK,—the name of a horse who was of great celebrity upon the turf, and for two or three years beat most of his time. He was foaled in 1760; got byCripple, (a son of the Godolphin Arabian;) dam byGrisewood'sPartner, and his pedigree was of the best blood; but being too small for a stallion of eminence, produced no winners of note. He was followed byyoung Gimcrack, a good horse forGIVEandTAKE PLATES, particularly at four heats.
,—the name of a horse who was of great celebrity upon the turf, and for two or three years beat most of his time. He was foaled in 1760; got byCripple, (a son of the Godolphin Arabian;) dam byGrisewood'sPartner, and his pedigree was of the best blood; but being too small for a stallion of eminence, produced no winners of note. He was followed byyoung Gimcrack, a good horse forGIVEandTAKE PLATES, particularly at four heats.
GINGER—is an aromatic spicy root, brought to us from theEastandWest Indies, in a preserved as well as in its natural state. In the former it is used as a stomachic and sweetmeat by the superior orders: in the latter it is common in all the shops, consisting of flat-knotted branches, of which the whitest, and least stringy or fibrous, are the best. It is a very useful ingredient in many compositions for the internal diseases of horses, particularly in theFLATULENT CHOLIC, commonly calledFRET. Houses in the country, remote from towns,where horses are used and fed upon peas haum, and other winter fodder, frequently producing such disorders, should never be without a small quantity of this article: two ounces bruised, and boiled inALEorGRUEL, then drained off, and the liquor given with a horn, would prove an excellent substitute for medicine upon many emergencies.
—is an aromatic spicy root, brought to us from theEastandWest Indies, in a preserved as well as in its natural state. In the former it is used as a stomachic and sweetmeat by the superior orders: in the latter it is common in all the shops, consisting of flat-knotted branches, of which the whitest, and least stringy or fibrous, are the best. It is a very useful ingredient in many compositions for the internal diseases of horses, particularly in theFLATULENT CHOLIC, commonly calledFRET. Houses in the country, remote from towns,where horses are used and fed upon peas haum, and other winter fodder, frequently producing such disorders, should never be without a small quantity of this article: two ounces bruised, and boiled inALEorGRUEL, then drained off, and the liquor given with a horn, would prove an excellent substitute for medicine upon many emergencies.
GIGS;—a term almost obsolete for what are now calledFLAPS, a kind of flaccid fleshy enlargement on each side a horse's jaw, which, in his mastication, frequently falling between the grinders, is productive of pain, and prevents the horse from eating. If they are long and thin, they may be completely taken off by a pair of scissars, and the wounds washed with a strong solution of alum in water: if they are too fleshy and substantial for this mode of extirpation, they may be slightly scarified with aBISTORY, orABSCESS LANCET, and after having been left to bleed for a proper length of time, may be stopped, and the parts constringed by the solution already described.
;—a term almost obsolete for what are now calledFLAPS, a kind of flaccid fleshy enlargement on each side a horse's jaw, which, in his mastication, frequently falling between the grinders, is productive of pain, and prevents the horse from eating. If they are long and thin, they may be completely taken off by a pair of scissars, and the wounds washed with a strong solution of alum in water: if they are too fleshy and substantial for this mode of extirpation, they may be slightly scarified with aBISTORY, orABSCESS LANCET, and after having been left to bleed for a proper length of time, may be stopped, and the parts constringed by the solution already described.
GIRTHS—are those well-known articles made from woollen web, and used for keeping the saddle in a safe and proper position. These, to preventGALLING, should be made ofELASTIC, and not thetightwove web, which being morerigidandharsh, is the more likely toLACERATEduring theheatandfrictionof a long chase. Observation should bemade that girths are never too short, so as to have the buckle below the pad of the saddle, either on one side or the other; for want of which judicious and sportsman-like attention,WARBLES,SITFASTS, andWOUNDS, very frequently ensue.
—are those well-known articles made from woollen web, and used for keeping the saddle in a safe and proper position. These, to preventGALLING, should be made ofELASTIC, and not thetightwove web, which being morerigidandharsh, is the more likely toLACERATEduring theheatandfrictionof a long chase. Observation should bemade that girths are never too short, so as to have the buckle below the pad of the saddle, either on one side or the other; for want of which judicious and sportsman-like attention,WARBLES,SITFASTS, andWOUNDS, very frequently ensue.
GIVE and TAKE PLATES—are those where theHORSEScarryWEIGHTaccording to theirHEIGHT, by the regulated standard offour inchesto aHAND. The fixed rules for aGIVEandTAKEare, that horses measuringFOURTEEN HANDS, are each to carry nine stone; above or below which height, they are to carry seven pounds,moreorless, forevery inchthey areHIGHERorLOWERthan theFOURTEEN HANDSfixed as the criterion.—Example: a horse measuringFOURTEEN HANDS,one inch and a half, will carry nine stone, ten pounds, eight ounces; a horse measuringTHIRTEEN HANDS,two inches and a half, will carry only eight stone, three pounds, eight ounces; the former being one inch and a half above theFOURTEEN HANDS, the other one inch and a half below it. The weight is, therefore, added, or diminished, by the eighths of every inch, higher or lower weight in proportion; and thesePLATESwere so exceedingly popular some few years since, that very few country courses were without one of this description.
—are those where theHORSEScarryWEIGHTaccording to theirHEIGHT, by the regulated standard offour inchesto aHAND. The fixed rules for aGIVEandTAKEare, that horses measuringFOURTEEN HANDS, are each to carry nine stone; above or below which height, they are to carry seven pounds,moreorless, forevery inchthey areHIGHERorLOWERthan theFOURTEEN HANDSfixed as the criterion.—Example: a horse measuringFOURTEEN HANDS,one inch and a half, will carry nine stone, ten pounds, eight ounces; a horse measuringTHIRTEEN HANDS,two inches and a half, will carry only eight stone, three pounds, eight ounces; the former being one inch and a half above theFOURTEEN HANDS, the other one inch and a half below it. The weight is, therefore, added, or diminished, by the eighths of every inch, higher or lower weight in proportion; and thesePLATESwere so exceedingly popular some few years since, that very few country courses were without one of this description.
GLANDERS—is, perhaps, without exception, the most dreadful, and certainly destructive, diseaseto which the horse is incident. No exertions have been wanting on the part of the most eminent professional men (particularly in France) to discover the means of successfully counteracting the justly-dreaded virulence of this disorder; but hitherto with so little the appearance of progress, that it is almost an invariable custom to render the subject an immediateVICTIMtoDEATH, so soon as he is ascertained to have become theVICTIMofDISEASE. There are never wantingSPECULATORS, orSPECULATIVE WRITERS, so long as "a doubt remains to hang a loop upon;" and many of these bothspeakandwriteas prompted by theirpecuniarysensations, and the sale of theNOSTRUMit is their personal interest to promote. These, of course, promulgate not the probability, but thecertainty, ofcure, and may, in so doing, possibly prey upon the credulity of those who are equally strangers to the origin of this disease, its progress, its effects, or its termination.
—is, perhaps, without exception, the most dreadful, and certainly destructive, diseaseto which the horse is incident. No exertions have been wanting on the part of the most eminent professional men (particularly in France) to discover the means of successfully counteracting the justly-dreaded virulence of this disorder; but hitherto with so little the appearance of progress, that it is almost an invariable custom to render the subject an immediateVICTIMtoDEATH, so soon as he is ascertained to have become theVICTIMofDISEASE. There are never wantingSPECULATORS, orSPECULATIVE WRITERS, so long as "a doubt remains to hang a loop upon;" and many of these bothspeakandwriteas prompted by theirpecuniarysensations, and the sale of theNOSTRUMit is their personal interest to promote. These, of course, promulgate not the probability, but thecertainty, ofcure, and may, in so doing, possibly prey upon the credulity of those who are equally strangers to the origin of this disease, its progress, its effects, or its termination.
After the great variety of opinions which have taken place; after all the investigations made by every class of the most diligent inquirers in anatomical dissections, as well as by various other means, three facts are incontrovertibly established: first, that the disease isINFECTIOUS; secondly, that it isCURABLE; and lastly, that theLUNGSof everyHORSEdyingunder thedisorder, orkilledduringits progress, have been either partially, or totally,destroyed. This demonstrated beyond the power of contradiction, what does it prove? Why, very clearly, to the judicious and scientific, who are inquisitive to experience, and open to conviction, that this disorder is in direct affinity to thePULMONARY CONSUMPTIONof theHUMAN SPECIES; but that the horse having no means of throwing off the morbid matter byexpectoration, as is the case with us,Nature, in her strong and inexplicable efforts for relief, propels the putrid discharge through the nostrils of the animal; whereas with theHUMAN FRAME, thewastingof thelungspasses through, and is discharged by, the mouth; and this, to the experienced practitioner, and learned inquirer, will hold forth the most unequivocal and satisfactory proof, that theGLANDERSis a virulentCONSUMPTIONofTHE LUNGS, by thecorrosiveproperty of which discharge (become inveterate) the glandular passages are proportionally affected.
Much judicious observation, and professional knowledge, is requisite to discriminate between this disease, and others bearinga partof itsappearances: many horses are too hastily deemedGLANDERED, which arenot so; and others as ignorantly said to be labouring underA COLD, and itsconsequence, till a whole stable has been affected, and every horse lost. The distinguishing traits are a discharge from one or both nostrils, of a viscid, slimy, and fœtid matter, having a kind of greasy tinge upon the surface:it is glutinous in its property, hanging to, and becoming dry and barky, upon the internal edges of the nostrils: it is white at the beginning, and grows darker in proportion to the duration and inveteracy of the disease; it becomes yellow, ash-colour, green, and lastly, tinged with blood, at which time, as well as before, it is dreadfully offensive: previous to this stage, indurated tumefactions have taken place under the jaws, the frame is daily more and more emaciated, the eyes sink gradually in their orbits, the appetite totally ceases, the body becomes almost motionless, seeming a mere lifeless trunk, till it falls to the ground a mass of perfect putrefaction.
GNAWPOST—was a countryPLATE HORSEof some celebrity, winning several for some years in succession. He was bred byMr. Shaftoe; was foaled in 1767; and got bySnapout ofMiss Cranbourne, who was got by the Godolphin Arabian, and bred by the then great Duke of Cumberland.
—was a countryPLATE HORSEof some celebrity, winning several for some years in succession. He was bred byMr. Shaftoe; was foaled in 1767; and got bySnapout ofMiss Cranbourne, who was got by the Godolphin Arabian, and bred by the then great Duke of Cumberland.
GOLDFINDER;—the name of one of the molt valuable and successful horses ever bred or trained in this kingdom: he beat nearly every horse of his time, and won almost every stakes he started for. He was bred byMr. Shaftoe; foaled in 1764; got bySnap; dam byBlank; grand-dam byRegulus, and the six preceding generationsbyArabians,Barbs, andTurks, up to the natural Barb mare, constituting one of the richest pedigrees in the annals ofRACING BLOOD.
;—the name of one of the molt valuable and successful horses ever bred or trained in this kingdom: he beat nearly every horse of his time, and won almost every stakes he started for. He was bred byMr. Shaftoe; foaled in 1764; got bySnap; dam byBlank; grand-dam byRegulus, and the six preceding generationsbyArabians,Barbs, andTurks, up to the natural Barb mare, constituting one of the richest pedigrees in the annals ofRACING BLOOD.
GODOLPHIN ARABIAN—was the property ofLord Godolphin, and produced more capital winners asA STALLION, than any horse that covered before his time in this kingdom. His progeny became equally eminent as stallions, to the whole of which are we principally indebted for the unprecedented eminence and superiority of the various studs so plentifully established in different parts of the country. He was the sire ofCade,Regulus,Blank,Babraham,Bajazet, and a long list ofet ceteras. SeeBarbs.
—was the property ofLord Godolphin, and produced more capital winners asA STALLION, than any horse that covered before his time in this kingdom. His progeny became equally eminent as stallions, to the whole of which are we principally indebted for the unprecedented eminence and superiority of the various studs so plentifully established in different parts of the country. He was the sire ofCade,Regulus,Blank,Babraham,Bajazet, and a long list ofet ceteras. SeeBarbs.
"GONE AWAY!"—is the exhilarating communicativeHOLLOA! from one sportsman to another inSTAGorFOXhunting, when the game breaks from large coverts, andgoes away; at which time, if it was not for this friendly rule, invariably observed, those who happen to beup the wind, would be inevitablythrown out, and the hounds have got miles, before the most distant part of the field knew any thing of the matter. To prevent the mortifying probability of which, those nearest the chace and the hounds, instantly vociferate the enlivening signal of, "GONE AWAY!". This being repeated by thenextin succession, it is re-echoed bya third, and so on till it vibrates through thewhole chain; and it must be acknowledged, there is not a more gratifying moment in the progress of a chase, than to see the distant effort of every individual, to recover his lost ground, and get in with the hounds.
—is the exhilarating communicativeHOLLOA! from one sportsman to another inSTAGorFOXhunting, when the game breaks from large coverts, andgoes away; at which time, if it was not for this friendly rule, invariably observed, those who happen to beup the wind, would be inevitablythrown out, and the hounds have got miles, before the most distant part of the field knew any thing of the matter. To prevent the mortifying probability of which, those nearest the chace and the hounds, instantly vociferate the enlivening signal of, "GONE AWAY!". This being repeated by thenextin succession, it is re-echoed bya third, and so on till it vibrates through thewhole chain; and it must be acknowledged, there is not a more gratifying moment in the progress of a chase, than to see the distant effort of every individual, to recover his lost ground, and get in with the hounds.
GORGED;—the common and vulgar term for swelled legs, when their enlarged and distended state has been occasioned more bysevereandhardwork, than the effect ofHUMOURSoriginating in a fizey or morbid state of the blood. A horse having his back sinews flushed, and legs thickened, so as to go short and stiff in action, but notbroken down, is said to begorged. Having the same appearances from humours, or a viscidity of the blood, he is then said to befoul, and must be relieved byPURGATIVESorDIURETICS, assisted by a great deal of hand-rubbing and regular friction. Gorged horses should be blistered, and turned out in time, by which they frequently getfresh again: continued at work too long, theybreak down, and become cripples.
;—the common and vulgar term for swelled legs, when their enlarged and distended state has been occasioned more bysevereandhardwork, than the effect ofHUMOURSoriginating in a fizey or morbid state of the blood. A horse having his back sinews flushed, and legs thickened, so as to go short and stiff in action, but notbroken down, is said to begorged. Having the same appearances from humours, or a viscidity of the blood, he is then said to befoul, and must be relieved byPURGATIVESorDIURETICS, assisted by a great deal of hand-rubbing and regular friction. Gorged horses should be blistered, and turned out in time, by which they frequently getfresh again: continued at work too long, theybreak down, and become cripples.
GOULARD.—The article so well known by this name, and so constantly brought into use upon many emergencies, is theEXTRACTofLEAD; which is prepared by, and may be obtained of, almost every druggist in the kingdom. Its excellent properties are universally admitted as aCORROBORANT, aREPELLENT, aSOLVENT, and an almost infallibleremedy in well-proportioned topical applications toinflammations,strains,bruises, orrecent tumefactions: but some degree of professional knowledge, and experimental practice, is necessary to insure a probable certainty of effect. Upon the first discovery of this article, it was brought into use invery smallquantities, and a teaspoonful or two only were directed to be added to a quart of spring water, which was then termedVegeto Mineral Water, and in certain cases (particularly of the eyes) looked up to asA SPECIFIC. Long experience, and attentive observation, have, however, justified its utility inmuch largerproportions, particularly withHORSES; where, in severe strains, or long-standing lamenesses, less thanfour ouncesto a pint ofCAMPHORATEDspirits cannot be brought into use with any expectation of success.——As a mild repellent toSWELLINGS,BRUISES,WARBLES, &c. two ounces of the extract, two ounces of camphorated spirits, and a pint of water, will be a proper proportion. In defluxions and inflammation of the eyes, one ounce of each, with a pint and half of water, will be found a very useful composition.
.—The article so well known by this name, and so constantly brought into use upon many emergencies, is theEXTRACTofLEAD; which is prepared by, and may be obtained of, almost every druggist in the kingdom. Its excellent properties are universally admitted as aCORROBORANT, aREPELLENT, aSOLVENT, and an almost infallibleremedy in well-proportioned topical applications toinflammations,strains,bruises, orrecent tumefactions: but some degree of professional knowledge, and experimental practice, is necessary to insure a probable certainty of effect. Upon the first discovery of this article, it was brought into use invery smallquantities, and a teaspoonful or two only were directed to be added to a quart of spring water, which was then termedVegeto Mineral Water, and in certain cases (particularly of the eyes) looked up to asA SPECIFIC. Long experience, and attentive observation, have, however, justified its utility inmuch largerproportions, particularly withHORSES; where, in severe strains, or long-standing lamenesses, less thanfour ouncesto a pint ofCAMPHORATEDspirits cannot be brought into use with any expectation of success.——As a mild repellent toSWELLINGS,BRUISES,WARBLES, &c. two ounces of the extract, two ounces of camphorated spirits, and a pint of water, will be a proper proportion. In defluxions and inflammation of the eyes, one ounce of each, with a pint and half of water, will be found a very useful composition.
GOURDINESS—is another rustic or provincial term forSWELLED LEGS, but of a different description, implying the kind ofdropsical laxityof theSOLIDS, submitting to pressure, and recovering from its indentation when the pressure is removed. This kind of swelling is a gradual approachto the disorder calledGREASE, at which it will soon arrive, if not counteracted speedily, by suchEVACUANTSandALTERATIVESas may be thought most applicable to the case.
—is another rustic or provincial term forSWELLED LEGS, but of a different description, implying the kind ofdropsical laxityof theSOLIDS, submitting to pressure, and recovering from its indentation when the pressure is removed. This kind of swelling is a gradual approachto the disorder calledGREASE, at which it will soon arrive, if not counteracted speedily, by suchEVACUANTSandALTERATIVESas may be thought most applicable to the case.
GRASS—is that well-known produce of the earth, which is the proper food for horses in a state ofNATURE,EASE, andINDOLENCE; but not of sufficient nutritive property for horses engaged in eitherSEVERE,LABORIOUS, orACTIVEexertions. Horses taken up from grass, and put suddenly to work, labour under an immediate and perceptible disquietude; the contents of the intestines are soon evacuated in aSTATEofLAXITY, the frame displays a profusion ofFOULandFŒTID PERSPIRATION, the body bespeaks its ownDEBILITY, and the perseverance of a few days demonstrates itsEMACIATION. To horses having been whole months in constant use and work, alternately accustomed to diurnal drudgery, and the routine of the manger,GRASS, with its conjunctiveLIBERTY, must prove a sweet, a comfortable, a proper, and a healthy change: it not only, by its own attenuating property, proportionally alters thePROPERTYof theBLOOD, but affords, by the comforts ofEASEandEXPANSION, a renovation of elasticity and vigour to the relaxed sinews, the exhausted spirits, and the battered frame.
—is that well-known produce of the earth, which is the proper food for horses in a state ofNATURE,EASE, andINDOLENCE; but not of sufficient nutritive property for horses engaged in eitherSEVERE,LABORIOUS, orACTIVEexertions. Horses taken up from grass, and put suddenly to work, labour under an immediate and perceptible disquietude; the contents of the intestines are soon evacuated in aSTATEofLAXITY, the frame displays a profusion ofFOULandFŒTID PERSPIRATION, the body bespeaks its ownDEBILITY, and the perseverance of a few days demonstrates itsEMACIATION. To horses having been whole months in constant use and work, alternately accustomed to diurnal drudgery, and the routine of the manger,GRASS, with its conjunctiveLIBERTY, must prove a sweet, a comfortable, a proper, and a healthy change: it not only, by its own attenuating property, proportionally alters thePROPERTYof theBLOOD, but affords, by the comforts ofEASEandEXPANSION, a renovation of elasticity and vigour to the relaxed sinews, the exhausted spirits, and the battered frame.
To the penurious and the unfeeling (equally insensible) it is sufficient, that a horse, worn to the bone withconstant work, andwantoffood, is "TURNED TO GRASS" in the winter, when there isnone to be eaten; or during the months ofJulyandAugust, when a horse loses moreFLESHby persecution fromflies(if not well protected by shade, accommodated with plenty of water, and an equal plenty of grass) than he can acquire by any advantage arising fromLIBERTYalone; which some people seem to conceive all that is required, and that the poor animal,Camelionlike, "can live upon the air." It should be recollected, that in the animal œconomy, substance only can beget substance, (seeAliment;) and no horse will be likely to accumulate flesh, or becomeFAT, whose means of living arepoor.
Impoverished rushy moors, and lank half-rotten autumn grass, (particularly afterwetsummers,) will prove much more likely to produceDISEASE, than produceCONDITION. Those who turn out horses to grass with a cough upon them, particularly if from aWARM STABLEin acold season, may expect to take them up with a short, husky, laboured asthmatic increase of the original complaint, or with tubercles formed upon the lungs; and those whoturn outin the winter season, with a hope of obtaining the cure ofCRACKED HEELS, orSWELLED LEGS, may probablytake upwith a confirmedGREASE, particularly if the constitution should lean a little toblood, andpedigreeof that description.
The utility and advantages of physic were never better understood, or more clearly ascertained, than at the present moment of general improvement: experienced sportsmen, and rational observers, however doubtful they may have been, are now convinced of its propriety, and never deviate from its practice. They invariablycleanseat theendof theHUNTING SEASON, and repeat the ceremonyaftertaking their horses up from grass, previous to getting them into condition. Let those who doubt the consistency, try the experiment, and they will be soon convinced, how littleonewill be enabled to stand aWINTER'S WORKwith theother.
GRAVELLED.—A horse is said, by the lower classes, to beGRAVELLED, when broken particles offlints, or smallpebbles, are insinuated between the outerSOLEof theFOOTand theWEBof theSHOE. This injury is seldom sustained, but where the shoe is formedtoo flatupon theinner surface, (without its proper protecting concavity,) when pressing too close, whatever extraneous substance gains admission, is there confined, and, from the stricture, has no possible chance of extrication. The degree of pain, or tenderness, depends entirely upon the mildness or severity of the case, and the length of its duration. The road to relief is the same; theshoe should be tenderly taken off, by one nail at a time, in preference to tearing it off by main and sudden force, (according to custom;) the sole should be well fomented with good hot milk and water, then covered with anEMOLLIENT POULTICEof linseed powder, milk, and two table spoonsful of olive oil, letting the same be repeated daily, till the inflammation has subsided, and the tenderness gone off; when the bottom of the hoof may be hardened bytwoorthreeapplications of a sponge dipt in vinegarboiling hotbeforeTHE SHOEis replaced.
.—A horse is said, by the lower classes, to beGRAVELLED, when broken particles offlints, or smallpebbles, are insinuated between the outerSOLEof theFOOTand theWEBof theSHOE. This injury is seldom sustained, but where the shoe is formedtoo flatupon theinner surface, (without its proper protecting concavity,) when pressing too close, whatever extraneous substance gains admission, is there confined, and, from the stricture, has no possible chance of extrication. The degree of pain, or tenderness, depends entirely upon the mildness or severity of the case, and the length of its duration. The road to relief is the same; theshoe should be tenderly taken off, by one nail at a time, in preference to tearing it off by main and sudden force, (according to custom;) the sole should be well fomented with good hot milk and water, then covered with anEMOLLIENT POULTICEof linseed powder, milk, and two table spoonsful of olive oil, letting the same be repeated daily, till the inflammation has subsided, and the tenderness gone off; when the bottom of the hoof may be hardened bytwoorthreeapplications of a sponge dipt in vinegarboiling hotbeforeTHE SHOEis replaced.
GREASE.—TheGREASEis a disorder particularly affecting theCARTorDRAFT HORSESof this country, but is seldom or rarely observed amongst horses of a superior description: its seat is cutaneous, and it first discovers itself by a stagnation of the fluids, and as consequent inflammatory enlargement above and about the fetlock, attended with pain and stiffness,moreorless, according to the state of the subject, or the severity of the attack. If proper means are not immediately taken, and judiciously persevered in, a degree of virulence, much trouble, and tedious attendance, unavoidably ensue. The skin, by its preternatural distension, soon assumes a greasy kind of transparency, having an irregular scaly appearance upon the surface, from whence (particularly when put into action) exudes a thin oilyICHOR, which, when become oflong duration, is frequently tingedWITH BLOOD, but always of afilthy unctuousproperty, andgreasyto thetouch.
.—TheGREASEis a disorder particularly affecting theCARTorDRAFT HORSESof this country, but is seldom or rarely observed amongst horses of a superior description: its seat is cutaneous, and it first discovers itself by a stagnation of the fluids, and as consequent inflammatory enlargement above and about the fetlock, attended with pain and stiffness,moreorless, according to the state of the subject, or the severity of the attack. If proper means are not immediately taken, and judiciously persevered in, a degree of virulence, much trouble, and tedious attendance, unavoidably ensue. The skin, by its preternatural distension, soon assumes a greasy kind of transparency, having an irregular scaly appearance upon the surface, from whence (particularly when put into action) exudes a thin oilyICHOR, which, when become oflong duration, is frequently tingedWITH BLOOD, but always of afilthy unctuousproperty, andgreasyto thetouch.
As it advances in unrestrained progress, it increases the growth of the hoof aroundTHE CORONET, rendering it of asoft,spongy, anddiseasedappearance: by the corrosive and fœtid property of the discharge, it soon affects and putrifiesTHE FROG, which it centricallycorrodes, and lays the foundation ofCANKERin theFOOT. As it becomes more inveterate, so it proportionally extends itself, and affects the surrounding parts; the small apertures from whence the ferous ichor originally oozed, now become malignantULCERS, intersected by warty excrescences, and watery bladders of apoisonousappearance. Arrived by length of time, want of care, and probably by the use of improper medicines, or injudicious treatment, at this its second stage, it assumes a more formidable appearance, and every symptom, as well as the limb, continues to increase: what were before onlyCADAVEROUS ULCERS, now become (in a partial degree)barky eschars, intermixed withgrowing tetters, from amidst which trickles down, in smoaking heat, the acrimonious sanies, or corrupted matter, which seems to excoriate as it passes, and soon deprives the part of hair; the little that is left serving only as so many conductors, from whence flows in streams the morbid matter, now become so trulyoffensive, that a horse, in such state, should be separated from others, lest fumes so incredibly noxious should, from the miasma, lay the foundation of disease with horses perfectly sound.
TheGREASEmay originate in either anINTERNALor anexternalcause; as well as be transmitted by hereditary taint (ofSIREorDAM) from one generation to another. An impure and acrimonious state of the blood, unattended to till it has acquired morbid malignity, must display itself in some part; and with horses of the kind described, it generally appears in the extremities, where theCIRCULATIONislanguid, and theleast ableto makeRESISTANCE. Horses too long continued inMOORSof longlankygrass, intermixed with rushes, or inMARSHY MEADOWSof aswampysoil, where, in the dreary months ofautumnandWINTER, their heels arenever dryforweeks together, is a very probable foundation of permanentGREASE, or some otherCHRONICcomplaint, the original cause of which isseldomadverted to, perhapsneverrecollected. Cutaneous disorders not properly eradicated byMERCURIALSorANTIMONIALS, but injudiciously thrown upon the circulation byREPELLENTS; the sudden absorption of a plentiful flow of milk, when a colt is taken from the dam; an extreme plethora, with a fizey viscidity of the blood; or any of those causes which too much relax the texture ofTHE SOLIDS, or impoverish and stagnateTHE FLUIDS,may be more immediately or remotely productive of this disease.
External causesalso frequently give rise to its appearance; a sudden check to perspiration by change of weather, or change of situation, from one stable to another; or from either to the external air, by turning out to grass from a warm and comfortable stable, unfavourably followed by a succession of cold nights, bleak winds, and rainy weather; washing the heels in hard well water after profuse perspiration; standing too constantly upon stale and filthy dung, for days and nights, impregnated with urine, so evidently prejudicial to the feet and frogs. Horses fed upon grains are remarked to be much subject to the disorder in a slight degree, and this tendency is probably strengthened by a want of cleanly attention, or a little assistance from medicinal counteraction.
Much mischief is frequently occasioned by the rash and injudicious interposition of some illiterate practitioner, who, with a degree ofself-cunning, (peculiar to professional ignorance,) piques himself upon the superiority of his art, and confidently proceeds to oppose the predominant efforts whichNaturehas been induced to make for herOWN RELIEF. Influenced by the deceptive impression ofimaginarysuccess, he begins with mildrepellents, dryingwashes, sharpwaters, strongastringents, thenstyptics,and lastlyMERCURIALorVITRIOLICcausticsandescharotics, where having reached the utmost extent of his fertile faculties, he issurprized, but notMORTIFIED, at finding what he erroneously thought aremedyhas provedTEN TIMES WORSEthan the original disease. The Grease, upon its first appearance, is, by a proper course of medicine, and judicious management, very easily subdued, and radically cured. In its second stage, greatPATIENCEandPERSEVERANCEis required; and no expence should be spared, or necessary means omitted. In the third and last,DEATHis preferable to any attempt at cure.