[Opéra comique, in two acts; text by Bayard and St. Georges. First produced at the Opéra Comique, Paris, February 11, 1840.]PERSONAGES.Sulpice, an old sergeant.Tony, a Tyrolean peasant in love withMarie.Hortensius, secretary of the Marchioness.Marie, the adopted Daughter of the Regiment.Marchioness de Berkenfeld.Duchesse de Crackenthorpe.[Villagers, soldiers, gentlemen, guests.]The scene is laid in the Tyrol; time, about twelve years after the Battle of Marengo.
[Opéra comique, in two acts; text by Bayard and St. Georges. First produced at the Opéra Comique, Paris, February 11, 1840.]
PERSONAGES.
[Villagers, soldiers, gentlemen, guests.]
The scene is laid in the Tyrol; time, about twelve years after the Battle of Marengo.
At the opening of the opera Marie, the heroine, and vivandière in Napoleon’s Twenty-first Regiment, has been saved from falling over a precipice by Tony, a Tyrolean peasant, and is ever after the object of his special admiration and, shortly, of his love. She tells the story of her life, from which it appears that she was adopted as the Daughter of the Regiment because she was picked up on the field of battle by Sergeant Sulpice, who found upon her person a letter written by her father to the Marchioness de Berkenfeld. Tony’s reward for his rescue of Marie is his arrestas a spy, but not before he has declared his love for her. He easily clears up his record, and the soldiers decide he may have Marie’s hand if he will join them. He gives joyous assent to this proposition, but his hopes are suddenly dashed to the ground when the Marchioness de Berkenfeld appears. Sergeant Sulpice delivers the letter to her, after reading which she claims Marie as her niece, and carries her off amidst smothered imprecations by the soldiers and especially by Tony upon the Marchioness.
In the second act Marie is found in her new home at the castle of Berkenfeld, and the old sergeant is with her, while she is rehearsing a romance which she is to sing to a grand company. She and Sulpice suddenly break out into a rollicking rataplan, and go through military evolutions to the horror of the Marchioness. While the latter is expostulating with them, martial music announces the approach of the gallant Twenty-first, with Tony at their head, for he is now a colonel. He makes another appeal for Marie’s hand, and the appeal is seconded by the soldiers, but the Marchioness refuses the favor. Tony then proposes an elopement, to which Marie consents. To thwart this scheme, the Marchioness announces that early in life she had been secretly married to an army officer of low rank and that he was Marie’s father. Unable to disobey her mother’s wishes, Marie gives up Tony and falls into a melancholy mood. Her sad plight rouses old associations in the mind of theMarchioness, and she at last gives her consent to the union.
The music of the first act is very brilliant, and includes among its best numbers Marie’s opening song, “The Camp was my Birthplace”; the duet with Sulpice, known the world over as “The Rataplan,” stirring and martial in its character and accompanied by the rattling of drums and the sonorous strains of the brasses; the spirited “Salute to France”; Marie’s song of the regiment, “All Men confess it”; her pretty duet with Tony, “No longer can I doubt it”; and her touching adieu to the regiment, “Farewell, a Long Farewell.”
In the second act the principal numbers are the “Rataplan” (repeated); Marie’s aria, “By the Glitter of Greatness and Riches”; the soldiers’ spirited choral appeal, “We have come our Child to free”; Tony’s romance, “That I might live in her Dear Sight”; and the effective trio, “Once again, what Delight,” leading to the exultant finale. The music of the opera is light, but exceedingly brilliant, and the leading rôles have always been esteemed by great artists. That of Marie was a favorite one with Jenny Lind, Patti, Sontag, and Albani.
[Opera buffa, in three acts; text and music by Donizetti. First produced at the Theatre des Italiens, Paris, January 4, 1843.]PERSONAGES.Don Pasquale, an obstinate but kind-hearted bachelor.Dr. Malatesta, his friend and physician.Ernesto,Don Pasquale’snephew.Norina, a young widow.Notary.[Valets, chambermaids, majordomo, dressmaker, etc.]The scene is laid in Rome; time, last century.
[Opera buffa, in three acts; text and music by Donizetti. First produced at the Theatre des Italiens, Paris, January 4, 1843.]
PERSONAGES.
[Valets, chambermaids, majordomo, dressmaker, etc.]
The scene is laid in Rome; time, last century.
The opening of the first act of “Don Pasquale” discloses the Don enraged with Ernesto, his nephew, because he will not marry to suit him. Dr. Malatesta, a mutual friend, comes to the help of Ernesto, to whom he is greatly attached, and contrives a scheme to further his interests. He urges the Don to marry a lady, pretending she is his (the doctor’s) sister, in reality Norina, with whom Ernesto is in love. Norina is let into the secret, her part being to consent to the marriage contract and then so torment Don Pasquale that he will be glad to get rid of her and even consent to her marriage with Ernesto.
In the second act Ernesto is found bewailing his fate. The Don enters, showily arrayed for his wedding. Norina appears with the doctor, and shyly and reluctantly signs the wedding-contract.As soon as she has signed it, however, she drops all modesty. The bewildered Ernesto is kept quiet by signs from the doctor. Norina first refuses all the Don’s demonstrations, and then declares Ernesto shall be her escort. She summons the servants, and lays out a scheme of housekeeping upon such an extravagant scale that Don Pasquale declares he will not pay the bills. She says he shall, as she is now master of the house.
In the third act Norina continues her annoying antics. She employs the most expensive milliners and modistes. At length, when he finds that she is going to the theatre, he forbids it. A quarrel follows. She boxes his ears, and as she flounces out of the room she purposely drops a letter, the contents of which add jealousy to his other troubles. At this juncture Dr. Malatesta comes in and condoles with him. Nothing will satisfy Don Pasquale, however, except her leaving the house, and finally he orders her to go, at the same time taxing her with having a lover concealed on the premises. The doctor pleads with him to let his nephew marry Norina. When he finds she is really the doctor’s sister, he is only too glad to get out of his troubles by consenting to the marriage of the young couple and blessing them.
The principal numbers in the first act are the duet for Ernesto and Don Pasquale; the scena for Norina, “And in that Look she gave”; and the charming duet for Norina and the doctor, “What Sport we’ll have,” closing the act. The secondact opens with the lugubrious aria, “Oh! how at one Fell Blow,” in which Ernesto bewails his sad condition, and also contains a charming quartette. The gem of the opera is the serenade in the last act, “How Soft the Air — in April Night so Fair,” better known perhaps by its Italian title, “Com ’e gentil,” which was inserted by Donizetti after the first performance to strengthen the work and make it more popular. The serenade has been heard the world over and is a favorite concert number still. The charm of “Don Pasquale” lies in its humorous situations and the bright, melodious music which illustrates them. For brilliant gayety it stands in the front rank of comic operas.
[Grand opera, in three acts; text by Rossi. First produced at the Kärnthnerthor Theatre, Vienna, May 19, 1842.]PERSONAGES.Linda, daughter ofAntonio.Pierotto, a villager.Antonio, a farmer.Madalina, his wife.Marquis of Boisfleury.Carlo, the Marquis’ son.Prefect.[Villagers, Savoyards, etc.]The scene is laid in Switzerland; time, last century.
[Grand opera, in three acts; text by Rossi. First produced at the Kärnthnerthor Theatre, Vienna, May 19, 1842.]
PERSONAGES.
[Villagers, Savoyards, etc.]
The scene is laid in Switzerland; time, last century.
The first act of “Linda de Chamouni” opens in the valley of that name, and discloses the home ofAntonio Lonstolat, a farmer, and his old wife, Madalina, whose only daughter, Linda, is in love with Carlo, a young painter who has recently come into the valley. Misfortunes have overtaken the old couple, and they are in danger of losing their farm, which is owned by the Marchioness de Sirval. Their anxiety is temporarily relieved when the Marquis of Boisfleury visits them and assures them he will save the farm, his real purpose being to effect the ruin of Linda by ingratiating himself with her parents. The Prefect of the village, however, is aware of his designs, and induces them to let Linda accompany a party of villagers to Paris, promising at the same time to place her with his brother, who is supposed to be living in that city. She soon leaves under the protection of Pierotto, the Savoyard.
The second act discloses them on the way to Paris, but Linda unfortunately loses her companion. Upon reaching Paris she finds that the Prefect’s brother is dead. Meanwhile Carlo, who has followed her, arrives, and reveals to her that he is the Viscount Sirval, son of the Marchioness, and nephew of the Marquis. He renews his offer of marriage, and places her in a handsome apartment. In these questionable surroundings Pierotto discovers her. Her father, who has had to give up the farm, also finds her, and, distrusting her innocence amid such luxury, curses her. The Marchioness meanwhile, who has learned of her son’s attachment, threatens to imprison Linda if he doesnot marry the lady she has selected for him. He gives his feigned consent, and Linda, thinking he has deserted her, goes insane.
In the last act Pierotto takes her back to her native village. Carlo arrives there in search of her, and finding her with Pierotto sings to her, hoping she will recognize his voice and that her reason may return. The song has the desired effect. Subsequently the Marchioness relents, gives her consent to their union, and all ends happily.
The music of “Linda” is of that serious and dignified kind which justifies its inclusion in the list of grand operas. In the first act the opening aria of Antonio, “We were both in this Valley nurtured,” is a touching expression of the sorrow of the aged couple. Linda’s farewell, “Oh, Stars that guide my Fervent Love,” familiar on the concert stage by its Italian title, “O, luce di quest’ anima,” is an aria of strong dramatic power, and has always been a popular favorite. In this act also are Pierotto’s pathetic ballad, “Once a Better Fortune seeking,” and the passionate duet for Linda and Carlo, “Oh that the Blessed Day were come.” The principal numbers in the second act are the brilliant duet for Linda and Pierotto, “Oh, Linda, at thy Happy Fate,” which is highly embellished, and the aria for Linda, “Ah! go, my Love.” The last act contains a mournful aria by Carlo, “If from Heaven the Bolts should reach me”; his charming song in which he appeals to Linda, “Hear the voice that, softly singing”; andthe rapturous duet for Linda and Carlo, “Ah! the Vision of thy Sorrow fades,” which closes the opera.
[Opera buffa, in two acts; text by Romani. First produced in Milan in 1832; in English at Drury Lane Theatre, London, in 1839.]PERSONAGES.Nemorino, a young husbandman.Sergeant Belcore.Dr. Dulcamara, a travelling quack.Landlord.Notary.Pietro, peasant.Adina, a country girl.Gianetta,Floretta,}her companions.[Farmers, peasants, soldiers, villagers, etc.]The scene is laid in an Italian village; time, last century.
[Opera buffa, in two acts; text by Romani. First produced in Milan in 1832; in English at Drury Lane Theatre, London, in 1839.]
PERSONAGES.
[Farmers, peasants, soldiers, villagers, etc.]
The scene is laid in an Italian village; time, last century.
Few more graceful little operas have been written than “The Elixir of Love.” Its heroine, Adina, a capricious country girl, is loved by Nemorino, a farmer, whose uncle lies at the point of death, also by Belcore, a sergeant, whose troops are billeted upon the neighboring village. Adina has both her lovers in suspense when Dr. Dulcamara, a quack, arrives in the village to sell his nostrums. Nemorino applies to him for a bottle of the Elixir of Love, and receives from him a bottle of ordinary wine with the assurance that if he drinks of it he can command the love of anyone on the morrow. To make sure of its agreeable properties, he drinks the whole of it with the result that he accosts Adina in a half-tipsy condition, and so disgusts her that she promises to marry the sergeant in a week. In the mean time an order comes for the departure of the troops, and the sergeant presses her to marry him that day.
Adina gives her consent, and the second act opens with the assembling of the villagers to witness the signing of the marriage contract. While the principals and notary retire for the signing, Nemorino enters, and finding Dr. Dulcamara begs of him some charm that will make Adina love him; but as he has no money the quack refuses to assist him. Nemorino is in despair, but at this juncture the sergeant enters out of humor, as the capricious Adina has refused to sign until evening. Finding that Nemorino needs money, he urges him to enlist, and for the sake of the bonus of twenty crowns he consents. Nemorino hastens with the money to the quack, and obtains a second bottle of elixir which is much more powerful than the first. The girls of the village somehow have discovered that Nemorino’s uncle has died and left him a handsome property, of which good fortune, however, Nemorino is ignorant. They use all their charms to attract his favor. Nemorino attributes his sudden popularity to the elixir, and even the quack himself is surprised at the remarkable change in his customer. Nemorino now pays Adina off in kind by making her jealous. Dr.Dulcamara comes to her assistance, seeing an opportunity for the sale of more elixir. He explains its properties to her, tells her of Nemorino’s attachment, and advises her to try some of it. Struck with his devotion, she announces another change of mind to the sergeant, and bestows her hand upon the faithful Nemorino.
The opera abounds with bright and gay musical numbers, the most attractive of which are the long and characteristic buffo song, “Give Ear now, ye Rustic Ones,” in which Dr. Dulcamara describes his various nostrums to the villagers; the charmingly humorous duet, “Much obliged,” for Nemorino and Dr. Dulcamara; and the ensemble, “The Wine-cup full teeming,” in which the half-tipsy Nemorino appears in the finale of the first act. The prominent numbers of the second act are the beautiful duet, “What Affection and oh, how cruel,” for Adina and Dr. Dulcamara; the beautiful romanza for Nemorino, “In her Dark Eye embathed there stood” (“Una furtiva lacrima”), which is of world-wide popularity; and Adina’s gracefully melodious aria, “So much Joy is more than my Heart can contain.”
[Comic operetta, in two acts; text by Wolfe. First produced at the Museum, Boston, Mass., April 7, 1862.]PERSONAGES.Dr. Paracelsus.Señor Balthazar.Carlos, his son.Perez,Sancho,}porters.Don Pomposo, alguazil.Donna Lucrezia, wife ofDr. Paracelsus.Isabella, her daughter.Inez, her maid.[Serenaders, citizens, etc.]The scene is laid in Alcantara, Spain; time, last century.
[Comic operetta, in two acts; text by Wolfe. First produced at the Museum, Boston, Mass., April 7, 1862.]
PERSONAGES.
[Serenaders, citizens, etc.]
The scene is laid in Alcantara, Spain; time, last century.
The first act of this operetta opens with a dainty serenade by Carlos, son of Señor Balthazar, to Señorita Isabella, daughter of Dr. Paracelsus, with whom he is in love. Isabella, who is intended for another by her mother, Donna Lucrezia, prefers this unknown serenader. As the song closes, Isabella, Lucrezia, and even the maid Inez claim it as a compliment, and quarrel over it in an effective buffo trio, “You Saucy Jade.” Three songs follow this number,—“Beneath theGloomy Convent Wall,” “When a Lover is Poor,” and “There was a Knight, as I’ve been told,” in which the three women recite their unfortunate love affairs. As their songs close, the doctor enters with the announcement that a basket has arrived, ostensibly for Inez. The curious Lucrezia looks into it, and finds Carlos, who immediately jumps out and sings a passionate love-song, “I love, I love,” which the infatuated Lucrezia takes to herself. The love scene is interrupted by a sudden noise, and in alarm she hurries Carlos back into the basket and flies. Carlos in the mean time gets out again and fills it with books. The doctor and Inez enter, and to conceal the receipt of the basket from Lucrezia, as she might be angry with the maid, they remove it to a balcony, whence by accident it tumbles into the river. Their terror when they learn that a man was concealed in it makes an amusing scene, and this is heightened by the entrance of the Alguazil, who announces himself in a pompous bass song, “I’m Don Hypolito Lopez Pomposo,” and inquires into the supposed murder.
In the second act the situation becomes still further complicated when the doctor and Inez find Carlos in the house. Convinced that he is a detective, they seek to conciliate him by offering him wine, but by mistake give him a narcotic draught which the doctor had mixed for one of his patients. Carlos falls insensible, and thinking him dead, they hide him under a sofa. MeanwhileSeñor Balthazar, the father of the youth whom Isabella supposes she is to be forced to marry, and who turns out to be Carlos, arrives to pass the night. As they have no bed for him, he sleeps upon the sofa over the supposed corpse of his own son. A quartette, “Good-night, Señor Balthazar,” follows, which is full of humor, mingled with ghostly terror, and grotesque in its effect, especially in the accompaniment. Daylight, however, dispels the illusion, and a happy dénouement is reached in the finale, “Hope, ever Smiling,” which is quite brilliant in character. The operetta is very amusing in its situations, the songs are pretty and tuneful, and the concerted music is particularly effective.
[Opéra comique, in three acts; text by St. Georges. First produced in Vienna, November 25, 1847.]PERSONAGES.Plunkett, a wealthy young farmer.Lionel, his adopted brother, afterwards Earl of Derby.Lord Tristan Mickleford,Lady Henrietta’scousin.Sheriffof Richmond, footman toLady Henrietta.Lady Henrietta, Maid of Honor to the Queen.Nancy, her waiting-maid.Molly Pitt,Polly Smith,Betsy Witt,}servants.[Farmers, farmers’ wives, servants, ladies, hunters, huntresses, and footmen.]The scene is laid in Richmond, England; time of Queen Anne.
[Opéra comique, in three acts; text by St. Georges. First produced in Vienna, November 25, 1847.]
PERSONAGES.
[Farmers, farmers’ wives, servants, ladies, hunters, huntresses, and footmen.]
The scene is laid in Richmond, England; time of Queen Anne.
The first act of “Martha,” unquestionably the most popular of all light operas, opens during the progress of the servants’ fair at Richmond, whither Lady Henrietta, maid of honor to the Queen, accompanied by Nancy, her maid, and Sir Tristan, her aged cousin and admirer, tired of court life, have resorted in the disguise of servants. In the first three scenes they arrange their masquerade.Sir Tristan, much to his disgust, is to be known as John, and Lady Henrietta as Martha. The first number is a duet for the two ladies, “Of the Knights so Brave and Charming,” followed by an animated trio with Sir Tristan, in dance time. The fourth scene is laid in the market-place, in which appear Plunkett, a wealthy farmer, and Lionel, his adopted brother. The parentage of the latter is unknown, but he has a souvenir from his father in the form of a ring which he is to present to the Queen whenever he shall find himself in trouble. Lionel tells his story in a tenor aria, “Lost, proscribed, a Humble Stranger,” which has been a favorite song the world over for years. The two have come to the fair to engage servants for the year, who are bound over by the sheriff. Plunkett and Lionel meet Martha and Nancy, and are so delighted with their looks that they tender the customary bonus which secures them. They accept it as a joke, but find that it is a serious matter when the young farmers drive off with them, leaving Sir Tristan in despair.
The second act opens in Plunkett’s farmhouse. After having learned their names, Plunkett attempts to find out what they can do, and tests them first at the spinning-wheel, which leads up to the delightful spinning quartette, “When the Foot the Wheel turns lightly.” It does not take the brothers long to find out that they have engaged servants who are more ornamental than useful,but they decide to keep them. Nancy in a pet kicks her wheel over and runs off, followed by Plunkett, leaving Lionel alone with Martha. He at once falls in love with her, snatches a rose from her bosom, and refuses to return it unless she will sing. She replies with the familiar song, “The Last Rose of Summer,” interpolated by Flotow, and made still more effective by introducing the tenor in the refrain. He asks for her hand, but she makes sport of him. In the mean time Plunkett and Nancy return, and a beautiful Good-night quartette follows, “Midnight Sounds.” The brothers then retire, and Martha and Nancy, aided by Sir Tristan, make their escape. The next scene opens in the woods where farmers are carousing; among them Plunkett, who sings a rollicking drinking-song, “I want to ask you.” The revel is interrupted by a hunting-party of court ladies, headed by the Queen. Martha and Nancy are among them, and are recognized by Plunkett and Lionel, but they are not recognized in turn. Plunkett attempts to seize Nancy, but the huntresses drive him off, leaving Lionel and Lady Henrietta alone. The scene is one of the most effective in the opera, and contains a beautiful tenor solo, “Like a Dream Bright and Fair”—better known perhaps by its Italian title, “M’appari,” and a romance for soprano, “Here in Deepest Forest Shadows,” the act closing with a finely concerted quintette and chorus. The despairing Lionel bethinks him of his ring, gives it to Plunkett, and asks him to show it to the Queen.It proves that he is the only son of the late Earl of Derby, and his estate, of which he has been unjustly deprived, is restored to him.
The opera reaches its musical climax in the second act. The third is mainly devoted to the dénouement. The Lady Henrietta, who has really been seriously in love with Lionel, is united to him, and it hardly needs to be added that Nancy and Plunkett go and do likewise.
[Romantic opera, in three acts; text by Deschamps and Pacini. First produced as a lyric drama at the Palais Royal Theatre, Paris, in 1837; rewritten and produced in its present form, at Hamburg, December 30, 1844.]PERSONAGES.Alessandro Stradella, a famous singer.Bassi, a rich Venetian.Leonora, his ward.Barbarino,Malvolio,}bandits.[Pupils of Stradella, masqueraders, guards, and people of the Romagna.]The scene is laid in Venice and Rome; time, the year 1769.
[Romantic opera, in three acts; text by Deschamps and Pacini. First produced as a lyric drama at the Palais Royal Theatre, Paris, in 1837; rewritten and produced in its present form, at Hamburg, December 30, 1844.]
PERSONAGES.
[Pupils of Stradella, masqueraders, guards, and people of the Romagna.]
The scene is laid in Venice and Rome; time, the year 1769.
The story of the opera follows in the main the familiar historical, and probably apochryphal, narrative of the experiences of the Italian musician, Alessandro Stradella, varying from it only in the dénouement. Stradella wins the hand of Leonora, the fair ward of the wealthy Venetian merchant, Bassi, who is also in love with her. They fly to Romeand are married, but in the mean time are pursued by two bravos, Barbarino and Malvolio, who have been employed by Bassi to make way with Stradella. They track him to his house, and while the bridal party are absent, they enter in company with Bassi and conceal themselves. Not being able to accomplish their purpose on this occasion, they secure admission a second time, disguised as pilgrims, and are kindly received by Stradella. In the next scene, while Stradella, Leonora, and the two bravos are singing the praises of their native Italy, pilgrims on their way to the shrine of the Virgin are heard singing outside, and Leonora and Stradella go out to greet them. The bravos are so touched by Stradella’s singing that they hesitate in their purpose. Bassi upbraids them, and finally, upon receiving an additional sum of money, they agree to execute his designs, and conceal themselves. When Stradella returns and rehearses a hymn to the Virgin which he is to sing on the morrow, they are so affected that they emerge from their hiding-place, confess the object of their visit, and implore his forgiveness. Explanations follow, a reconciliation is effected, and the lovers are made happy. This dénouement differs from that of the historical version, in which both lovers are killed.
The principal numbers are Stradella’s serenade, “Hark! Dearest, hark”; the following nocturne, “Through the Valleys”; the brilliant carnival chorus, “Joyous ringing, Pleasure singing,” in the first act: the aria of Leonora in her chamber, “BeWitness to my Fond Heart’s Dreaming,” the rollicking drinking-song of the two bravos, “Quick, let us drink,” and the bandit ballad, “Within Lofty Mountains,” sung by Stradella, in the second act; and an exquisite terzetto, “Tell me, then, Friend Barbarino,” sung by Bassi and the two bravos when they hesitate to perform their work; and Stradella’s lovely hymn to the Virgin, “Virgin Maria, humbly adoring,” in the third act.
[Opéra comique, in three acts; text by Zell. First produced in Vienna in 1877.]PERSONAGES.Marquis de Marsillac.Hector, his nephew.Marquis d’ Aubigné, King’s chamberlain.Bombardine, his henchman.Louis XIV.Mons. l’Abbé.Nanon, mistress of the Golden Lamb.Ninon de l’Enclos, a famous beauty.Mme. de Frontenac,Countess Houliers,}Ninon’sfriends.Gaston.Mme. de Maintenon, King’s mistress.[Country relatives, peasants, soldiers, courtiers, ladies, etc.]The scene is laid in Paris; time of Louis the Fourteenth.
[Opéra comique, in three acts; text by Zell. First produced in Vienna in 1877.]
PERSONAGES.
[Country relatives, peasants, soldiers, courtiers, ladies, etc.]
The scene is laid in Paris; time of Louis the Fourteenth.
The first act opens at the inn of the Golden Lamb, near the gates of Paris, kept by Nanon, who has become so famous for her wit and beauty that the Marquis de Marsillac, director of the Royal Theatre, takes his nephew Hector there to see her. Thither also goes Ninonde l’Enclos, the famous beauty, to get a sight of Nanon, who, she suspects, has attracted the attentions of her own lover, the Marquis d’Aubigné. She is told that Nanon is to be married to Grignan, the drummer, and returns to the city with her suspicions allayed. Grignan, however, is in reality the Marquis, who, in the disguise of a drummer, intends to abduct Nanon. After a serenade to her she surprises him with a proposal of marriage; but when everything is ready for the ceremony, the Marquis secures his own arrest by his Colonel on account of a duel. While grieving over the arrest, Nanon receives a ring and some friendly assurances from Gaston, the page of Ninon de l’Enclos, and thereupon turns to her for help in rescuing the supposed Grignan from death, which is the penalty for duelling.
The second act opens in Ninon’s salon. Marsillac, his nephew, and an Abbé, who is one of Ninon’s lovers and confessor of Mme. de Maintenon, are present at a ball, likewise D’Aubigné, who is reproached by Ninon for having remained away so long and forgotten her birthday. To escape embarrassment he sings to her the same serenade he had sung to Nanon. Shortly afterwards Nanon arrives to seek Ninon’s aid in saving Grignan. In the mean time D’Aubigné, jealous of Hector, because he pays court both to Nanon and Ninon, challenges him, and they hurry into the latter’s garden and settle their quarrel with thesword. During their absence Marsillac, who has noted Grignan’s serenade, also sings it, accompanied by the musicians of the court chapel, but is only laughed at for his trouble. When D’Aubigné returns from the duel, he is asked to clear up the mystery of this song; but before he can do so the guard, who has seen the duel, enters and arrests Hector, who has been wounded and refuses to give the name of his opponent.
The third act opens in the private chapel of Mme. de Maintenon, where the Abbé sings to her the same serenade in the form of a hymn. Marsillac appears to ask for Hector’s pardon, and receives it when it appears that D’Aubigné was the challenging party. D’Aubigné thereupon congratulates her upon her birthday with the serenade, and Marsillac repeats it. Ninon and Nanon next appear to intercede for their lovers, D’Aubigné and Grignan. The King presents Nanon with the life of Grignan, and she in turn, recognizing Grignan, presents the pardon to Ninon. Touched by her generosity, Grignan offers Nanon his hand, and Mme. de Maintenon, who is somewhat uneasy at the King’s evident admiration for Nanon, gives her consent and she is made Marquise d’Aubigné.
The music of “Nanon” is gay and brilliant throughout. The principal numbers are the serenade, a minstrel’s song, as it is usually designated, “Ah! what a Joyful Day is this; I am so Full of Glee,” which is heard in various forms in all three acts; the opening drinking-choruses; Nanon’sballad, “Once before this Tavern straying”; the jolly chorus of the country relatives, “Here we come in Troops of Dozens, Uncles, Nephews, Aunts, and Cousins”; Gaston’s ballad, “All that Frenchmen now will heed”; Hector’s song, “Young appearing,” in the second act; and the lively concerted finale of the last act.
[Pastoral opera, in three acts; text by Carré. First produced at the Théâtre Lyrique, Paris, March 19, 1864.]PERSONAGES.Mirella, daughter of Raimondo.Tavena, a fortune-teller.Andreluno, a shepherd boy.Vincenzina, sister ofVincenzo.Clemenza, a peasant girl.Vincenzo, lover ofMirella.Urias, his rival.Raimondo, a wealthy farmer.Ambrogio, father ofVincenzo.[Villagers, citizens, etc.]The scene is laid in Provence; time, the last century.
[Pastoral opera, in three acts; text by Carré. First produced at the Théâtre Lyrique, Paris, March 19, 1864.]
PERSONAGES.
[Villagers, citizens, etc.]
The scene is laid in Provence; time, the last century.
The opera of “Mirella,” in France known as “Mireille,” is founded upon the “Mireio” of Mistral, the Provençal poet, and was originally written in five acts. Subsequently it was reduced to three acts and a waltz was added to the finale. Though one of the lighter of Gounod’s operas, and not very strong dramatically, it has great lyric beauty. The first scene opens in a mulberry grove. Mirella is rallied by the girls upon her love for Vincenzo, the basket-maker, and isalso warned by Tavena, the fortune-teller, against yielding to her attachment, as she foresees that Raimondo, Mirella’s father, will never consent to the union. When she meets her lover, however, they renew their pledges and arrange, if their plans are thwarted, to meet at the Chapel of the Virgin.
The second act opens with a merry-making at Arles. Tavena informs Mirella that Vincenzo has a rival in Urias, a wild herdsman, who has asked her hand of her father. Mirella however repulses him when he brings the father’s consent. Ambrogio, Vincenzo’s father, and his daughter, Vincenzina, intercede with Raimondo in Vincenzo’s behalf, but in vain. Mirella, who has overheard them, declares to her father her irrevocable attachment for Vincenzo, which throws him into such a rage that he is about to strike her. She is saved from the blow by appealing to the memory of her mother.
The last act opens upon a desolate sunburned plain. Mirella appears toiling across the hot sands to keep her appointment with her lover at the Chapel of the Virgin, accompanied by Andreluno, the shepherd boy, singing to the accompaniment of his pipe. Tavena meets them, and assures Mirella that Vincenzo will keep his appointment, and then returns to Arles to plead with the father in Mirella’s behalf. The poor girl arrives at the chapel nearly prostrated with the burning heat. Vincenzo soon appears, and is shortly followed byRaimondo, who is so affected by the pitiable condition of his daughter, that he gives his consent to their union. A biographer of Gounod has condensed the story of the opera into these few words: “A rich young girl, a poor young man, an ill-fated love; and death of the young girl by sunstroke.” In the revised version the dénouement is happy instead of tragic.
The first act opens with the pretty and graceful pastoral chorus of the maidens under the mulberry-trees, “Sing, Happy Maidens, as we gather.” The second act also opens with an equally graceful chorus and farandole, “The Gay Farandole never fails to delight,” followed by a beautiful Provençal folk song, “Evening is Sweet with Summer Flowers,” which is full of local color. Tavena sings a quaint fortune-teller’s roundelay, “’Tis the Season of the Year,” and in the next scene Mirella has a number of rare beauty, “The Frowns of Fortune I fear no longer,” in which she declares her unalterable love for Vincenzo. The finale of this act with its vigorous aria for Mirella, “At your Feet, behold, I remain,” is the only really dramatic episode in the opera. The third act opens with the quaint little song of Andreluno with oboe accompaniment, “The Day awakes,” and also contains a plaintive song for tenor, “Angels of Paradise.” It closes with a waltz song, “Gentle Bird of the Morning,” which is most lavishly embellished and ends the quiet, naïve, little pastoral opera with a brilliant vocal pyrotechnical display.
[Fairy opera, in three acts; text by Wette. First produced, in Germany in 1894.]PERSONAGES.Peter, a broom-maker.Gertrude, his wife.Witch.Hansel.Gretel.Sandman, the sleep fairy.Dewman, the dawn fairy.[Angels, witches, and fairies.]The scene is laid in a German forest; time, the present.
[Fairy opera, in three acts; text by Wette. First produced, in Germany in 1894.]
PERSONAGES.
[Angels, witches, and fairies.]
The scene is laid in a German forest; time, the present.
The story of “Hansel and Gretel” is based upon one of Grimm’s fairy tales. The first act opens at the house of Peter, the broom-maker, who with his wife is away seeking food. The children, Hansel and Gretel, have been left with injunctions to knit and make brooms. Instead of working they indulge in a childish romp, which is interrupted by the mother, who has returned. In her anger she upsets a pitcher of milk, which was the only hope of supper in the house. Thereupon she sends them into the forest, and bids them not to come home until they have filled their basketwith strawberries. When Peter returns he brings provisions with him, but breaks out in a fit of rage when he is informed the children have been sent away, telling his wife of the witch who haunts the woods, entices children to her honey-cake house, bakes them into gingerbread, and devours them.
The second act opens with a characteristic instrumental number, “The Witches’ Ride.” The children are disclosed near the Ilsenstein, making garlands and mocking the cuckoos in a beautiful duet with echo accompaniment. At last they realize that they are lost, and their distress is heightened by strange sights and sounds. In the midst of their trouble the Sandman approaches, strews sand in their eyes, and sings them to sleep with a charming lullaby, after they have recited their prayer, “When at Night I go to sleep, Fourteen Angels Watch do keep.” As they go to sleep, the fourteen angels come down and surround them, while other angels perform a stately dance.
The third act is called “The Witch’s House.” The angels have disappeared, and the Dawn Fairy wakens the children, singing a delightful song, “I’m up with Early Dawning.” Gretel wakes first, and rouses Hansel by tickling him with a leaf, accompanying the act with a tickling song. When fairly aroused, they discover the witch’s house, with an oven on one side and a cage on the other. The house is made of sweets and creams. Enticed by its sweetness, the hungry children break off fragments, and are surprised at their work bythe old witch within. She comes out, and, after a series of invocations, accompanied with characteristic music, prepares to bake Gretel in the oven; but while she is looking into it the children push her into the fire. Then they dance a witch waltz, and meanwhile the oven falls into bits. Swarms of children rush round them, released from their gingerbread disguise, and sing a song of gratitude as two of the boys drag out the witch from the ruins in the form of a big cake. The father and mother at last find the children, and all join in the pious little hymn, “When past bearing is our Grief, God, the Lord, will send Relief.” It is only a little child’s tale, but it is accompanied by music of the highest order, and built up on the same plan of motives which Wagner has used in his imposing Nibelung Trilogy.
[Musical comedy, in two acts; text by Bellamy and Paulton. First produced at the Comedy Theatre, London, November 9, 1885; in New York at the Casino, March 10, 1886.]PERSONAGES.Marquis de Pontvert.Eugene Marcel, the Marquis’ secretary.Vicomte de Brissac.Delaunay, a young officer.Dufois, landlord of the Golden Lion.Chevalier de Brabazon, guest of the Marquis.Ravannes,Cadeaux,}two thieves.Cerise Marcel, Erminie’s companion.Javatte, Erminie’smaid.Princesse de Gramponeur.Erminie de Pontvert.[Soldiers, peasantry, guards, waiters, etc.]The scene is laid in France; time, the last century.
[Musical comedy, in two acts; text by Bellamy and Paulton. First produced at the Comedy Theatre, London, November 9, 1885; in New York at the Casino, March 10, 1886.]
PERSONAGES.
[Soldiers, peasantry, guards, waiters, etc.]
The scene is laid in France; time, the last century.
The story of “Erminie” is based upon the old melodrama “Robert Macaire,” the two vagabonds, Ravannes and Cadeaux, taking the places of the two murderers, Macaire and Jacques Strop. Few melodramas were more popular in their day than “Robert Macaire,” in which Lemaitre, the great French actor, made one ofhis most conspicuous successes. It is also true that few musical comedies have been more successful than “Erminie.” At the opening of the opera, a gallant on the way to his betrothal with a young lady whom he has never seen is attacked by two thieves, Ravannes and Cadeaux, who carry off his wardrobe and tie him to a tree. Later, Ravannes arrives in the midst of the betrothal festivities, and passes himself off as the expected guest. He introduces Cadeaux as a nobleman, and explains their lack of proper attire with the statement that they had been robbed while on the way there. Erminie has an affection for Eugene, her father’s secretary, and none for the man who claims to be a suitor for her hand. Ernst, who was the real victim of the robbery, and who is in love with Cerise, escapes from the predicament in which the two thieves placed him, and arrives in time for the festivities, to find himself denounced by Ravannes as the highwayman who had attacked them earlier in the day. Ravannes, by assuming great magnanimity and a certain nobility of conduct, and by his proffers of help to Erminie in securing the man she loves in return for her assistance in his plans, of which she of course is ignorant, so ingratiates himself in her confidence that he nearly succeeds in robbing the house. In the end, however, the two vagabonds are unmasked. Eugene obtains the hand of Erminie, and Ernst and Cerise are equally fortunate.
The music of “Erminie” is light and graceful throughout. Its principal numbers are Erminie’s song, “Ah! when Love is Young”; the duet for Eugene and Erminie, “Past and Future”; the Marquis’ stirring martial song, “Dull is the Life of the Soldier in Peace”; the rollicking thieves’ duet, “We’re a Philanthropic Couple, be it known”; Erminie’s pretty dream song, “At Midnight on my Pillow lying,” and the lullaby “Dear Mother, in Dreams I see her,” which is the gem of the opera; the song and whistling chorus, “What the Dicky Birds say”; the vocal gavotte, “Join in Pleasures, dance a Measure”; and the concerted piece, “Good-night,” which leads up to the close of the last act.
[Opera bouffe, in three acts; text by Vanloo and Aterrier. First produced at the Thèâtre des Fantasies Parisiennes, Brussels, March 21, 1874; in Paris, November 11, 1874; in New York at the Park Theatre, 1875.]PERSONAGES.Don Bolero d’Alcarazas, a Spanish grandee.Marasquin, banker.Mourzook, a Moorish chief.Giroflé,Girofla,}Don Bolero’stwin daughters.Aurore, their mother.Pedro, the page.Paquita.Pirate Chief.Godfather.Godmother.Fernand.Guzman.[Cousins, bridesmaids, pages, pirates, Moors, etc.]The scene is laid in Spain; time, the last century.
[Opera bouffe, in three acts; text by Vanloo and Aterrier. First produced at the Thèâtre des Fantasies Parisiennes, Brussels, March 21, 1874; in Paris, November 11, 1874; in New York at the Park Theatre, 1875.]
PERSONAGES.
[Cousins, bridesmaids, pages, pirates, Moors, etc.]
The scene is laid in Spain; time, the last century.
The opening scene of “Giroflé-Girofla” which, with “La Fille de Madame Angot,” made the reputation of Lecocq as an opera-bouffe composer, introduces Don Bolero d’Alcarazas, a Spanish grandee, and Aurore, his wife, also their twin daughters, Giroflé and Girofla, who, being of marriageble age, have been hastily betrothed, Giroflé to Marasquin, a banker to whom Don Bolero is heavily indebted, and Girofla to Mourzook, a Moorish chief who has made regular demands upon Don Bolero for money onpenalty of death. By the double marriage he expects to get rid of his obligations on the one hand and avoid the payment of the enforced tribute on the other. Giroflé is married as arranged, but Girofla, who was to have been married the same day, is abducted by pirates before the ceremony can be performed. When Mourzook arrives and finds he has no bride, he is in a terrible rage, but is quieted down when, after a little manœuvring by Aurore, Giroflé is passed off on him as Girofla and is thus to be married a second time.
In the second act the wedding festivities are going on and both bridegrooms are clamoring for their brides. No word is heard from Admiral Matamoras, who has been sent to capture the pirates. Don Bolero and Aurore resort to all kinds of expedients to settle matters and pacify the irate banker and the furious Moor, and besides have much trouble in restraining Giroflé from flying to her Marasquin. At last she is locked up. She manages to get out, however, and goes off with some of her cousins for a revel. Her absence is explained by a report that the pirates have carried her off also, which adds to the parents’ perplexity as well as to the fury of Marasquin and Mourzook. At last Giroflé appears in a tipsy condition and is claimed by both. The act closes with the report that Matamoras has been defeated, and that the pirates have carried Girofla to Constantinople.
The third act opens on the following morning. The two would-be husbands have been locked intotheir apartments. Marasquin has passed a quiet night, but Mourzook has smashed the furniture and escaped through the window from his chamber. The parents assure Marasquin that even if Mourzook returns he will have to leave that afternoon, and suggest that there can be no harm in letting him have Giroflé for his wife until that time. Marasquin reluctantly consents, and when Mourzook returns and Giroflé is presented to him as Girofla, a ridiculous love scene occurs, which Marasquin contrives to interrupt by various devices. Finally the return of Girofla is announced, and Matamoras with his sailors appears, leading her by the hand. Explanations are made all round, the parents are forgiven, and Mourzook is satisfied.
The music is lively throughout and oftentimes brilliant, and of a higher standard than usually characterizes opera bouffe. The most taking numbers are the ballad with pizzicato accompaniment, sung by Paquita, “Lorsque la journée est finis” (“When the Day is finished”); the concerted ensemble, “À la chapelle” (“To the Church”); the grotesque pirates’ chorus, “Parmi les choses délicates” (“Among the Delicate Things to do”), and the sparkling duet for Giroflé and Marasquin, “C’est fini, le mariage” (“The Marriage has been solemnized”), in the first act: the bacchanalian chorus, “Écoutez cette musique” (“Listen to this Music”), leading up to a dance; a vivacious and well-written quintette, “Matamoras, grand capitaine” (“Matamoras, our Great Captain”);a fascinating drinking-song, “Le Punch scintille” (“This Flaming Bowl”), and the andante duet “O Giroflé, O Girofla,” a smooth, tender melody, which is in striking contrast with the drinking-music preceding it and that which immediately follows the chorus of the half-tipsy wedding-guests, “C’ést le canon” (“It is the Cannon”): and the rondo, “Beau père une telle demand” (“Oh, my Father, now you ask”), sung by Marasquin, and the duet for Mourzook and Giroflé “Ma belle Giroflé” (“My Lovely Giroflé”), in the third act.
[Opera bouffe, in three acts; text by Clairville, Sirandin, and Konig. First produced at the Fantasies Parisiennes, Brussels, November, 1872; in Paris at the Folies Dramatiques, February 23, 1873.]PERSONAGES.Clairette Angot, daughter of the market.Mlle. Lange, comedienne.Ange Pitou, street singer.Pomponnet, hairdresser.Larivaudière,Louchard,}police officials.Javotte.Amaranthe.Cydalise.Hersilie.Babet.Trenitz.[Bourgeois, grenadiers, conspirators, hussars, servants, marketwomen, etc.The scene is laid in Paris; time, about the period of the French Revolution.
[Opera bouffe, in three acts; text by Clairville, Sirandin, and Konig. First produced at the Fantasies Parisiennes, Brussels, November, 1872; in Paris at the Folies Dramatiques, February 23, 1873.]
PERSONAGES.
[Bourgeois, grenadiers, conspirators, hussars, servants, marketwomen, etc.
The scene is laid in Paris; time, about the period of the French Revolution.
The first act opens in a market square in Paris where the marketwomen and others in holidaycostume are making ready to celebrate the wedding of Pomponnet, the hairdresser, and Clairette, the daughter of the late Madame Angot. During the festive preparations, for which Clairette has little desire, as her affections are fixed upon Ange Pitou, a street singer, who is continually in trouble by reason of his political songs, the latter makes his appearance. He is informed of the forthcoming wedding, which has been arranged by the market people, who have adopted Clairette as the child of the market. At the same time Larivaudière and Louchard, the police officials who caused his arrest because of his knowledge of the relations of Larivaudière and Mademoiselle Lange, the comedienne and favorite of Barras, are surprised to find him at large. To prevent him from reciting his knowledge in a song which he is sure has been written, Larivaudière buys him off. Pitou subsequently regrets his bargain. When the crowd clamors for a song, he says he has none. The people are furious with him, but Clairette comes to his rescue. She has found the song denouncing Larivaudière, sings it, and is arrested, notwithstanding Pitou’s declaration that he is the author of it.
The second act opens in Mademoiselle Lange’s salon. She has persuaded Barras to release Clairette and have her brought to her apartments, so that she may discover why she sings this song denouncing the government and insulting her also. In the mean time she has also sent for Pomponnet, her hairdresser, and informs him what hisfuture wife has done. He replies that Pitou wrote the song, and that he (Pomponnet) has it. She orders him to fetch it to her. When Clairette arrives they recognize each other as old school friends. Mademoiselle Lange assures her she shall not go back to prison and that she need not marry Pomponnet. She retires to Mademoiselle Lange’s boudoir, when a visitor is announced. It is Ange Pitou, and a love scene at once occurs. The jealous Larivaudière enters and accuses them of being lovers. To justify herself Mademoiselle Lange declares that Pitou and Clairette are lovers, and the latter confirms the statement. Pomponnet’s voice is heard in the outer room. He is admitted, and promptly arrested for having the revolutionary song on his person. The act closes with a meeting of conspirators, and Mademoiselle Lange’s clever oiling of the grenadiers who have come to arrest them by turning the whole affair into a grand ball, to which they are invited.
The last act is occupied with plots and counter-plots which at last succeed in disentangling all the complications. Mademoiselle Lange’s perfidy, as well as Pitou’s, is shown up, Larivaudière has his revenge, and Clairette and Pomponnet are made happy.
The music of the opera is so bright, gay, and characteristic that it made Lecocq a dangerous rival of Offenbach. The most conspicuous numbers are Clairette’s pretty romance, “L’enfant de la Halle” (“The Child of the Market”); Amaranthe’sjolly couplets, “Marchande de marée” (“A Beautiful Fishwoman”); Ange Pitou’s rondo, “Certainement j’aimais Clairette” (“’Tis true I loved Clairette”) and Clairette’s spirited song, “Jadis les rois, race proscrite” (“Once Kings, a Race proscribed”), in the first act: another equally spirited song, “Comme un Coursier” (“Like a Courser”); Pomponnet’s pretty air, “Elle est tellement innocente” (“She is so innocent”); a charming sentimental duet for Mademoiselle Lange and Clairette, “Jours fortunes de notre enfance” (“Happy Days of Childhood”); a striking ensemble in the form of a quintette, “Oui, je vous le dis, c’est pour elle” (“Yes, ’tis on her Account alone”); and the famous conspirators’ chorus, “Quand on conspire” (“When one conspires”), in the second act: and Clairette’s couplets with chorus, “Vous aviez fait de la dépense” (“You put yourselves to Great Expense”); the humorous duet, “Larivaudière and Pomponnet,” and Clairette’s song, “Ah! c’est donc toi” (“Ah! ’tis you, then”), in the last act.