CHAPTER XXV

Had it been given to Daniel Webster, as it was given to Edward Everett, to live until the guns were fired upon Fort Sumter, there would have been an end of compromise. He would have stamped that mighty foot with a sound that would have rung throughout the land, have called forth a million men, and might have averted the war!

Just then a voice rang out from one of the seats—"As Douglas did!" Joseph Cook paused a moment. His chest swelled as he drew in a breath, and then looking at the man who had interrupted him, he spoke in that powerful voice:

The firmament above the massive brow of Daniel Webster was a vaster arch than that over the narrowforehead of Stephen A. Douglas, and the lightning that rent the clouds from the dying face of one, would never have been needed to bring daylight to the other!

I was seated beside the Rev. Charles F. Deems of New York, a Southerner by birth and in his sympathies through the then recent war. He turned to me and said: "That was the most magnificent sentence that I have ever heard!" There was a moment of silence, and then a burst of applause from the audience.

The Lake Bluff Assembly never drew a large patronage, as no Chautauqua Assembly ever has which depended upon a great city whose inhabitants can hear the famous preachers and orators. The successful Assemblies have been located in fairly large towns, with villages and small cities surrounding, near enough to reach the Assembly, but so distant that to enjoy its benefits the visitors must stay more than one day. The support of a Chautauqua Assembly of the higher grade comes not mainly from the one-day excursionists, but from those who plan to enter the classes and remain at least a fortnight. These patrons constitute the backbone of the institution, and without them the transitory crowds soon lose their interest and the Assembly declines. Lake Bluff maintainedan existence for ten or twelve years, but never obtained an extensive constituency.

The year 1878 was noteworthy in the establishment of two Assemblies, one still living after more than forty years, the other one of the largest, most steadfast in fidelity to the Chautauqua ideal, and most extended in its influence. The first of these was the Round Lake Assembly, at a camp ground near Saratoga in New York. We have narrated elsewhere (see page 44) the story of the "praying band leader" who undertook to hold a little meeting of his own at Chautauqua, and when called to order left in disgust, but later showed his manly spirit by asking Dr. Vincent to organize an Assembly on the Chautauqua plan on the grounds at Round Lake, of which camp meeting he was President. This Assembly began in 1878, and is still maintained both as a summer school, a camp meeting, and a Sunday School training institution. It was opened according to the Chautauqua pattern, with an evening of short speeches, of which some at least were supposed to blend humor with sense. Frank Beard was on the platform, and was expected to be the wit of the evening. To the blank perplexity of all, he made a serious speech, without a solitary funny allusion. The audience did not know whether to laugh or to look solemn,as he talked on, and at last brought us all "before the great white throne." The next morning at breakfast—for all the imported workers took our meals at one table in the Round Lake Hotel—Dr. Vincent freed his mind to Frank Beard, somewhat after this fashion:

Now, Frank, I want you to understand that we bring you here to brighten up the program with a little fun. We don't need you to make serious speeches; there are plenty of men to do that; I can do it myself, a great deal better than you can. To-night I'm going to give you another chance, and I expect you to rise to the occasion with something to laugh at.

So, before the evening lecture, Dr. Vincent announced that Mr. Beard wished to say a few words. This was something of what he said:

Dr. Vincent, he didn't like the speech I made last night. He told me this morning before all these fellers that it was too eloquent, and he said, "Mr. Beard, when you are eloquent you take the shine off from me, and these other men, and you mustn't do it. If there is any eloquence needed, I will do it myself, and you mustn't interfere with the regular program."

Then he went on, in his usual way, using some of the dear old jokes that some of us had heard at Chautauqua, but polished up for a new constituency. Everybody saw that he was guying thedoctor, but there was a group of us present who knew just how Frank was twisting the breakfast talk of the Superintendent of Instruction.

On the shore of Round Lake, near the Assembly ground, a copy of Palestine Park had been constructed, and daily lectures were given there. It was just a few feet larger than the Park at Chautauqua, as we were informed by the President. Let me correct the report that a big Methodist bishop arriving late one night, and enquiring the way to the hotel, fell into the clutches of the most mischievous small boy in the region, who told him:

"The gates are all shut and you'll have to climb the fence yonder."

He did so, according to the story, and fell from the top of the fence into the Dead Sea, which at once swelled its waters and washed away the city of Jericho. The eminent divine, it is said, drenched with water and spattered with mud, walked up the Jordan Valley and over the mountains of Ephraim, destroying the cities and obliterating sundry holy places; one foot caught in Jacob's Well, and his head bumped on Mount Gerizim. He reached the hotel at last, but the next morning showed the land of Palestine in worse ruin than had been wrought by Nebuchadnezzar's army. All this I, myself,read in a New York newspaper that is said to contain "All the news that is fit to print"; but I here and now declare solemnly that there is not a shred of truth in the story, for I saw the Bishop, and I saw the Park!

The Round Lake meetings are held to this day, courses of lectures are given, and classes are held. But the Park of Palestine, which was to surpass Chautauqua's Park, is no more. It was built on swampy ground, after a few years sank under the encroaching waters of the lake, and was never restored.

The other institution founded in 1878 was the Kansas Chautauqua Assembly. It was organized by the Rev. J. E. Gilbert, then a pastor of a Methodist Church in Topeka, who was an active Sunday School worker and started other assemblies during his different pastorates in the Middle West. It was held for three years at Lawrence, then at Topeka for two years, and finally in 1883 located at Ottawa, about fifty miles southwest from Kansas City. Most of the Assemblies already named were held upon camp grounds, but the Ottawa Assembly was unique in its location upon the large Forest Park just outside the city, leased for this purpose by the authorities. Being public property, no cottages could be built upon it,but a city of three hundred tents arose every summer, and after a fortnight were folded and taken away. For nearly twenty years this Assembly was under the direction of the writer, and in every respect followed the lines laid down by its parent Chautauqua. Buildings were put up for classes, which served as well for the annual agricultural fair in the fall. In our first year at Ottawa, our normal class was held out of doors, the members seated upon the unroofed grand stand of the Park, and I was teaching them with the aid of a blackboard. Clouds began to gather rapidly and a storm seemed to be in prospect. I paused in the lesson and said:

"I am somewhat of a stranger here—how long does it take a thunder storm to arrive?"

"About two minutes!" responded a voice from the seats; and instantly there came a rush to cover, leaving the history of the Bible to care for itself. We were just in time, for a minute later it was blowing a hurricane, bending the great trees and breaking their branches. I had heard of Kansas cyclones, had been shown a "cyclone cellar," and only the day before had taken dinner in a house of which one end had been blown clean off by a cyclone. As we stood in a building which we had named "Normal Hall," I asked a lady by thewindow, "Is this a cyclone?" She glanced without and then calmly said: "No, this is a straight wind."

In ten minutes the tornado was over and we reassembled for the lesson. Kansas people seemed to accept occurrences like this as all in the day's work. One weather-story of Kansas reminds of another. On my first visit to that State in 1882, the last year of the Assembly at Topeka, I was standing in front of the hotel, thinking of the historic events in Kansas,—where the Civil War actually began, though unrealized at the time,—when I saw nearby a rather rough looking, bearded individual. Thinking that he might be one of the pioneers, with a story to tell of the early days, I stepped up and began in the conventional way by remarking:

"I don't think it's going to rain."

He looked me over and responded:

"Wal, strangers from the East think they know when it's goin' to rain and when it ain't; but us fellers who've lived in Kansas thirty years never know whether it'll rain in five minutes or whether it won't rain in three months."

The Ottawa Assembly was one of the best in the Chautauqua system. The people of the city built for its use a large tabernacle and halls for classes.Beside the park flows the River Marais du Cygne, "the Swamp of the Swan," celebrated in one of Whittier's poems; and on a bank overlooking the river was erected a Hall of Philosophy, copying the old Hall at Chautauqua, except that its columns were lighter and ornamented, improving its appearance. We followed the Chautauqua programs as far as possible, having many of the same speakers on our platform and Professor Sherwin to lead the music, succeeded later by Dr. H. R. Palmer. The teacher-training work, then called the Normal Class, was maintained thoroughly, with adult, intermediate, and children's classes,—all wearing badges and following banners. The C. L. S. C., with all its usages of camp fires, Recognition Day, vigil, procession and arches, was kept prominent. We established a Chautauqua Boys' Club, and Girls' Club also. We could not conduct a summer school, as the meeting lasted only a fortnight, but we had lecture courses of high character upon literature. Kansas contained more old soldiers in its population than any other State in the Union, and the Grand Army Day at Ottawa was an event of State-wide interest. Some distinguished veterans spoke on these occasions, among them General John A. Logan, Major William McKinley, and General John B. Gordonof the Confederate Army; also Private A. J. Palmer of New York, whose "Company D, the Die-No-Mores," roused enthusiasm to its summit. One element in Ottawa's success was the steadfast loyalty of the city,—a place then of seven or eight thousand people, which enjoyed a special prohibitory law some years earlier than the rest of the State. Almost every family had its tent in Forest Park and lived there day and night during the fortnight of the meetings. Another cause of its prosperity was its able, broad, and continuous management. Its President for many years was the Rev. Duncan C. Milner, a Chautauquan from his boots up to his head, and laboring with untiring energy in its behalf.

I must tell an amusing story of our camp fire one summer. As the ground was by this time well occupied, we decided to have the bonfire on a raft out in the stream, while the crowd sang the songs and listened to the speeches from the Hall of Philosophy on the shore. But when we met at night for the services, the raft and the materials ready for lighting had disappeared! We were told that the janitor had thought it an improvement to have the fire lighted above, in a bend of the river, and float down to the Hall. We waited, not exactly pleased with the janitor's unauthorizedaction, and after a time we heard a mighty racket. The raft with the bonfire was floating down the stream, while around it was a convoy of about a hundred boats, loaded with boys, and each boy blowing a horn or yelling in the most vociferous manner. That put an end to any prospect of songs and speeches, for who could command silence to such a din? But that was not all nor the worst. The janitor tried in vain to anchor his raft, but it still floated downward. We saw our camp fire sail majestically down the river, until it approached the mill dam and the falls, when the boys desperately rowed their boats out of danger. Raft and contents went over the falls and the bonfire was quenched in the devouring flood. As we saw it going to its doom, I distinctly heard the word "dam" spoken, and I fear it was intended to include a final "n." But that was the last attempt at a camp fire. When I proposed one at the next season, the entire Round Table burst out with a roaring laugh.

The success of Ottawa led to the opening of many other Assemblies all over the State, and by degrees weakened this, the mother Chautauqua of Kansas. It is still maintained, but in a small way, as one of the chain Chautauquas.

In 1879, a Sunday School Congress which soongrew into an Assembly was held at Ocean Grove, on the Atlantic Coast, almost the only place where the camp meeting, the summer resort, and the Chautauqua idea have lived together in mutual peace and prosperity. But even at Ocean Grove the Assembly has been overshadowed, almost out of sight, by the camp meeting and the summer boarding-house contingent. For several seasons I took part in the work, and in 1881 conducted the Children's Class. On the next to the last day I told all the children to meet me at our chapel, naming the hour when the tide would be at its lowest, every child to bring a pail and shovel, or a shingle, if his shovel had been lost. We formed a goodly procession of three hundred, marching down the avenue, myself at the head. At the beach I had selected a suitable area, and set the children to constructing out of the damp sand a model two hundred feet long of Palestine, the land of which we had been studying in the daily class. It was a sight to see those young nation builders, making the coastline, piling up the mountains, and digging out the Jordan valley with its lakes. Some Biblically inclined gentlemen aided in the supervision, and apparently a thousand people stood above and looked on. When it was finished I walked up and down the model, asking the children questionsupon it, and was somewhat surprised to find how much they knew. Some whose conduct in the class gave little promise were among the promptest to exploit their knowledge. It was my purpose to leave the map that it might be seen by the multitude until the tide should wash it away. But the boys shouted, "Can't we stamp it down now?" and I rather reluctantly consented. Palestine has been overrun, and trodden down, and destroyed by armies of Assyrians, Babylonians, Turks, Crusaders, and many other warriors, but the land never suffered such a treading down by the Gentiles as on that morning at Ocean Grove.

In the year 1879, the wind-wafted seed of Chautauqua was borne to the Pacific Coast and an Assembly was founded at Pacific Grove in Monterey, California. I know not whether it remains, but the Grove has been the place of meeting for the California Methodist Conference year after year. Another Assembly combined with the summer resort was established this year at Mountain Lake in Maryland, a charming spot, whose elevation beside a lovely lake brings coolness to the summer air.

One more Assembly established in 1879 must not be forgotten. In the early years of Chautauqua we used to see a plainly clad man, who from hisappearance might have been a farmer or a lumberman; in fact, he was the proprietor of a large saw and planing mill. This man was at every meeting, listened intently and took full notes, for he was intelligent, reading good books, and ardent in his devotion to Chautauqua. For years he was one of my friends, but, alas! I have forgotten his name. He lived in Northern Indiana, and in 1879 was able to interest enough people to start an Assembly at Island Park at Rome City, Indiana, not far from the Michigan line. He became its Secretary, managed its finances, and called upon the Rev. A. H. Gillet, one of Dr. Vincent's lieutenants, to conduct it. For many years Island Park was one of the foremost children of Chautauqua in its program and its attendance. It was situated upon an island in a lovely lake, with bridges leading to the mainland, where most of the tents and cottages were placed, and where buildings were erected for the normal classes and the kindergarten; the Tabernacle, seating 2500, being upon the island which was bright with flower beds amid winding paths. For years Island Park was a center of Chautauqua influence and strong in promoting the C. L. S. C., but like many other Assemblies, it failed to receive financial support and was abandoned.

Two great Assemblies, both closely following the path of Chautauqua, were founded in the year 1880. One of these was Monona Lake, near Madison, Wis. It was established by the State Sunday School Association, its founder and first president being the Hon. Elihu Colman of Fond du Lac. Like Ottawa in Kansas, it was an assembly of tents, not of cottages. The first session, a small gathering, was held in 1880 on the shores of Green Lake, one of the five hundred lakes of Wisconsin; but in the following year it was removed to Monona Lake, one of the five surrounding the capital city, Madison. After Mr. Colman, the Rev. F. S. Stein, D.D., became President, and for nearly a generation, Mr. Moseley, a bookseller of Madison, was its efficient secretary, business manager, and organizer of its programs. The standards of Monona Lake were high and its work was thorough, but for lack of adequate support, it was given up after nearly thirty years of usefulness and the point became an amusement park.

Among those prominent in the early seasons at Monona Lake was the Rev. O. P. Bestor, who was active in promoting the C. L. S. C. He brought with him his son, who began as a small boy attending the Assembly, and formed the assembly-habit so strongly that in the after years he grewup to be the President of the Chautauqua Institution—Albert E. Bestor, LL.D.

The other notable Chautauqua started in 1880 was the New England Assembly at South Framingham, Mass., originally in closer affiliation with the original Chautauqua than any other Assembly, for it chose Dr. Vincent as Superintendent of Instruction, and many of its speakers were also on the Chautauqua program. It drew from all the New England States, until its success led to the establishment of other Assemblies at Fryeburg, Maine, at Northampton, Mass., and at Plainville, Conn. One of Dr. Vincent's assistants at the Framingham Assembly was the Dr. A. E. Dunning, at first Congregational Secretary of Sunday School work, later Editor of the Congregationalist. Dr. Vincent, after a few years, gave the Assembly into the hands of Dr. Dunning and the writer, and sometimes we conducted it jointly; at other times in successive years. On an eminence overlooking the grounds and the adjoining lake arose another Hall of Philosophy, like the one at Chautauqua, and all the Chautauqua customs were followed—C. L. S. C., Normal Class, Children's Classes, and the rest. The first President was the Rev. William R. Clark, who was instrumental in locating the Assembly upon the ground of a camp meetingwhich it succeeded. It was continued for more than a generation, but at last succumbed to changing times. Perhaps it might have continued longer, if throughout its history it had not been encumbered by the debts of the former Camp Meeting Association.

Our chapter has already grown beyond bounds. We would like to tell the stories of Monteagle, Tennessee, of Mount Dora, Florida, of De Funiak Springs, also in Florida, of the Arkansas and Dakota and Southern California Assemblies. In fifteen years after Chautauqua began there were nearly a hundred Assemblies, each independent of all the others, yet all in friendly relation to the oldest and greatest of them all, the mother—Chautauqua by the Lake.

Wehave seen how Chautauquas sprung up throughout the land, inspired by the example of the original Assembly beside the lake. All these were independent, arranging their own programs and securing their own speakers. Chautauqua never took a copyright upon the name or a patent for the idea. It was natural, however, for many of these Assemblies to combine their interests, for it soon found that half a dozen Chautauquas in the same section could save expenses by employing the same group of speakers and passing them on from one gathering to another. There were already lyceum bureaus offering lecturers and entertainers. At first the Assemblies secured a few of their speakers from these offices, and after a few years their entire programs were arranged in conjunction with the bureaus. Finally the lyceum agencies began to organize and conduct assemblies directly, and thus the Chautauqua circuit or the system of a Chautauqua chain was developed.One office in Chicago, the Redpath Bureau, is said to conduct three thousand Chautauqua assemblies every year, others have charge of a thousand apiece, while there are lesser chains of fifty, twenty-five or a dozen assemblies. I have been officially informed that in the year 1919, ten thousand chain Chautauquas were held in the United States and Canada. They are to be found everywhere, but their most popular field is in the Middle West, where "the Chautauqua" is expected every year by the farming communities. These bureaus and the "talent" which they employ have been combined in an organization for mutual interest, to avoid reduplication in the same locality, to secure their workers and arrange their programs. This is named the International Lyceum and Chautauqua Association, holding an annual convention at which the organizers and the participants upon the programs come face to face and form their engagements. The circuit system has arisen largely through economic causes; the saving of expense by efficient organization, the elimination of long railroad jumps from Assembly to Assembly, guarantee of continuous engagement to attractive speakers, better publicity, and the concentration of responsibility. It is found that the most successful Chautauquas are held, not in cities, nor evenin large towns, but in the smaller places. The town of a thousand, or even one as small as five hundred inhabitants, during its annual Chautauqua week will rally from the farms and hamlets two thousand people to hear a popular lecture, five or seven thousand during the week. In each place an advance agent appears, interviews the business men, the ministers, and the heads of any clubs or improvement societies, and obtains pledges of support by the sale of a definite number of tickets. College boys make up the tent crews; a Scout Master organizes the Boy Scouts; and trained experts arrange for the advertising. The "morning-hour men" give lectures in courses of uplifting nature on civic and national questions; the popular features of the program are supplied by entertainers, musical troupes, bands, artists, and dramatic companies. It is a fact of deeper significance than many recognize that political leaders find here the greatest forum for their messages. Many of these orators receive more than fees for their speeches; they come near the heart of the people, they reach their constituencies and disseminate their views more widely than through any other agency. Some political reformers have won not only prominence, but power through these chain Chautauquas.

It may be remembered that while the Hon. William Jennings Bryan was Secretary of State he received some criticism and even ridicule for "hitting the Chautauqua trail" and "going off with the yodelers." On that subject theBaltimore Sunsaid in an editorial:

If it could be demonstrated, we would be willing to wager that the average Chautauqua student has a far better knowledge of public questions than the average of those who sneer. And whether he likes it or not, no public official of to-day can afford to disregard the Chautauqua movement.

Mr. Bryan himself gave this testimony in theReview of Reviews:

The Chautauqua affords one of the best opportunities now presented a public speaker for the discussion of questions of interest to the people. The audience is a select one, always composed of the thoughtful element in the community, and as they pay admission, they stay to hear. I believe that a considerable part of the progress that is now being made along the line of moral and political reform is traceable to the influence of the Chautauqua.

A writer inThe Outlook(September 18, 1918) says:

I have studied the Chautauqua speakers. They command the admiration of the honest critic. They deal with serious subjects as experts. They carry men, women and children on to the conclusion ofthe longest lecture by knowing when to lighten at the proper moment with a story or a lilt of humor, or sometimes a local reference. Said a village woman in my hearing of a fellow-speaker on the problems of patriotism, "I thought at first he would be hard to follow, but I surely hated when he had to stop." The thermometer was reported to be 105° in the tent. The speaker held the rapt attention of the people for an hour and a half in a philosophical presentation of the causes of the war and our responsibilities in consequence. It was like reading a solid book and condensing it with marked success into one hearing. It was typical, and twenty millions are reported to be listening to such addresses in Chautauqua tents the country over.

In the magazineThe World To-Day(September, 1911), I read the following by George L. Flude:

A few years ago I saw Senator Robert M. La Follette address a crowd of eight thousand people at Waterloo, Iowa. For two hours and a half he jammed insurgent Republicanism into that crowd. He was at that time the only insurgent in the party and had not been named yet. The crowd took it all in. They were there to be instructed, not to hear a partisan speech. Hence their attitude, regardless of party affiliation, was a receptive one. He absolutely converted that crowd into insurgents and they did not know it. For five years La Follette crammed and jammed "non-partisan" talks into Chautauqua crowds through Iowa, Illinois, Missouri, Ohio, Nebraska, and Kansas. The average audience was probablyabout four thousand and he met sixty or more audiences each summer; 240,000 people inoculated with insurgency by one man.

Occasionally an audience finds that the lecture is not what was looked for. Some years ago a Western Assembly engaged Senator La Follette, and from the list of his subjects chose "The World's Greatest Tragedy," expecting a sensational attack upon the greed of capitalists. A great crowd assembled to see "Senator Bob jump on the trusts." He gave his well-known literary lecture onHamlet, a critical appreciation, without a word on current affairs. The crowd sat, first puzzled, then baffled, and at last went away dejected.

A newspaper of wide circulation,The Christian Science Monitor, said:

By far the most active and keenly interested voters of the country, with their leaders, forceful in shaping progressive legislation, have come during the last decade from States where this Chautauqua method of cultivation of the adult population has been most steadily used, and the end is not yet, since now the system is being organized in a thorough-going way never known before. Public men, educators, artists, authors, pioneers in discovery of unknown lands or of secrets of nature, who get the ear of this huge audience season after season, come nearer to the heartof the nation and observe its ways of living better than by any other method.

The old mother Chautauqua by the Lake would not like to be held responsible for all the utterances under the tents of her ten thousand daughters. For that matter, she would not endorse everything spoken upon her own platform in the Amphitheater, where "free speech" is the motto and the most contradictory opinions are presented. But she must recognize that her daughters have wielded a mighty power in forming the political and moral convictions of the nation.

The bell which rang at Fair Point on August 4, 1874, to open the first Assembly, might be compared to "The shot heard 'round the world" from Concord Bridge in 1775, for in answer to its call ten thousand Chautauquas have arisen on the American Continent. The question might be asked, Why have none of the ten thousand rivaled the first, the original Chautauqua?

Many of these opened with a far better outfit of external accommodations, with more money expended upon their programs, with greater advertising publicity, with more popular attractions. Yet now at the period of almost fifty years, not another among the ten thousand, either of the earlier or the later Assemblies, holds a twomonths' program, conducts courses of study of a wide range, or brings together even one quarter of the assemblage which every year gathers upon the old Chautauqua ground. All the assemblies which were established with the highest promise have either been abandoned or are continued as chain Chautauquas, meeting for a week only. Let us endeavor to answer the question—Why does the mother-Chautauqua still stand supreme?

In the judgment of this writer, who has known Chautauqua almost from the beginning, and has taken part in fifty similar gatherings, the reasons for its supremacy are easily seen and stated. It was established by two men of vision, one of whom was also a practical man of business, and both men of high ideals which they never lowered and from which they and their successors have never swerved. In its plans from first to last, there was a unique blending of religion, education, and recreation. No one of these three elements has been permitted to override the two others, and neither of them has been sacrificed to win popularity, although on the other side, popular features have been sought for within just limits. Never has the aim of Chautauqua been to make money; it has had no dividends and no stockholders. It has opened avenues and leased lotsto hundreds of people, but it has not sought financial gain. Neither of its Founders nor any of their associates have been enriched by it, for all profits—when there have been any—have been expended upon improvements or enlargement of plans. It has shown the progressive spirit, while firm in its principles, open to new ideas, willing to listen to both sides of every question. It has sought to attract and to benefit all classes in the community, not setting the poor against the rich, nor the rich against the poor, giving a welcome to scholars of every view and to churches of every doctrine. It has maintained a continuous, consistent administration, fortunate in finding able and broad-minded men to carry forward the conceptions of its founders. Few changes have been made in its management and these have been without a revolution or a renunciation of principles. Men at the head have changed, but not the policy of the institution. It has remained unshaken in its loyalty to the Christian religion and penetrated through and through with the Christian spirit, without flying the flag or wearing the badge of any one denomination of Christians. These have been the principles that placed Chautauqua at the front in its beginning and have kept it at the front through forty-eight years.

Dr. Lyman AbbottDr. Charles P. AkedRev. Hugh BlackBishop C. H. BrentBishop F. S. BristolBishop Phillips BrooksDean Charles R. BrownProf. Sylvester BurnhamBishop William BurtDr. S. Parkes CadmanRev. Francis E. ClarkRev. R. H. ConwellBishop R. Cleveland CoxRev. T. L. CuylerDr. E. W. DonaldDr. Daniel DorchesterRev. Samuel A. EliotBishop Samuel FallowsPres. W. H. P. FaunceDr. Harry Emerson FosdickBishop Cyrus W. FossBishop Charles H. FowlerDr. James A. FrancisDr. Washington GladdenBishop D. A. GoodsellDr. George A. GordonDr. F. W. GunsaulusDr. John HallDr. N. D. HillisDr. P. S. HensonDean George HodgesBishop E. E. HossRev. Lynn HoughBishop Edwin H. HughesDr. Charles E. JeffersonBishop A. W. LeonardDr. R. S. MacArthurDr. A. MackenziePres. W. D. MackenzieBishop F. J. McConnellBishop W. F. McDowellDr. W. P. MerrillBishop C. B. MitchellChaplain W. H. MilburnDr. Philip S. MoxomBishop W. F. OldhamBishop J. T. PeckBishop H. C. PotterRev. G. A. Johnston RossBishop Matthew SimpsonDr. T. DeWitt TalmageBishop Boyd VincentBishop John H. VincentBishop W. D. WalkerBishop H. W. WarrenBishop Herbert WelchDr. H. L. WillettBishop C. D. WilliamsDr. C. F. WishartDr. Cornelius WoelfkinRabbi Louis Wolsey

Prof. Herbert B. AdamsPres. E. B. AndrewsPres. J. B. AngellProf. H. T. BaileyPres. J. H. BarrowsProf. B. P. BowneProf. H. H. BoyesenProf. P. H. BoyntonPres. E. B. BryanPres. N. M. ButlerCom. E. E. BrownPres. J. H. CarlisleCom. P. P. ClaxtonProf. A. S. CookPres. W. H. CrawfordProf. M. L. D'OogeProf. A. S. DraperPres. C. W. EliotProf. R. T. ElyPres. John FinleyProf. Alcee FortierPres. W. G. FrostPres. C. C. HallPres. G. Stanley HallPres. W. R. HarperDr. W. T. HarrisProf. A. B. HartMr. Walter L. HerveyProf. Mark HopkinsMr. James L. HughesProf. William JamesPres. D. S. JordanPres. Henry C. KingProf. C. F. LavellPres. H. N. MacCrackenDean Shailer MathewsPres. J. E. McFadyenPres. Edward OlsonMrs. Alice F. PalmerProf. George M. PalmerCol. Francis W. ParkerProf. F. G. PeabodyPres. A. V. V. RaymondPres. B. P. RaymondPres. Rush RheesPres. J. G. SchurmanPres. Julius H. SeelyeProf. Thomas D. SeymourProf. Morse StephensPres. E. E. SparksPres. C. F. ThwingProf. Moses C. TylerDr. Herman Von HolstPres. Booker T. WashingtonProf. L. A. WeiglePres. B. I. WheelerPres. C. D. Wright

Dr. Lyman AbbottMrs. G. R. Alden (Pansy)Mr. Norman AngellMr. John K. BangsProf. Earl BarnesRabbi H. BerkowitzMr. John G. BrooksDr. J. M. BuckleyMr. Richard BurtonMr. Geo. W. CableMr. Ralph ConnorMr. G. Willis CookeRev. S. McChord CrothersDr. W. J. DawsonProf. Henry DrummondDr. A. E. DunningMr. John FiskeMr. John FoxMr. Hamlin GarlandMr. H. A. GibbonsRabbi R. J. H. GottheilMr. John T. GravesRabbi Moses GriesMr. Edward H. GriggsDr. Edward E. HaleMr. Norman HapgoodCol. T. W. HigginsonDr. R. S. HolmesMr. Hamilton W. MabieMr. S. S. McClureMr. Donald G. MitchellDr. R. G. MoultonMr. Thomas Nelson PageRear Admiral PearyProf. Bliss PerryMiss Agnes RepplierMr. E. J. RidgwayMr. J. Whitcomb RileyMr. E. Thompson SetonMr. Elliott F. ShepardProf. E. E. SlossonJudge A. W. TourgeeDr. Leon H. VincentGen. Lew WallaceDr. Wm. Hayes WardMr. Henry WattersonMrs. Kate D. WigginProf. C. T. Winchester

Miss Jane AddamsMiss Susan B. AnthonyMrs. Mary AntinMrs. Maude B. BoothMrs. Carrie C. CattHon. Everett ColbyMr. Anthony ComstockDr. Kate B. DavisMr. W. R. GeorgeMr. John B. GoughMrs. Julia Ward HoweJudge Ben B. LindseyMrs. Lucia A. MeadMr. John MitchellProf. Scott NearingMr. Thomas M. OsborneProf. Francis PeabodyMrs. P. V. PennybackerMr. Jacob A. RiisMr. Raymond RobinsRev. Anna H. ShawProf. E. A. SteinerRev. Charles StetzleMr. J. G. Phelps StokesMrs. Rose Pastor StokesDr. Josiah StrongProf. Graham TaylorCommander Booth-TuckerMrs. Booth-TuckerHon. Robert WatchornMiss Francis E. WilliardMr. Robert WoodsMr. John G. WoolleyProf. Charles Zeublin

Pres. U. S. GrantPres. R. B. HayesPres. J. A. GarfieldPres. Wm. McKinleyPres. Theodore RooseveltPres. W. H. TaftHon. Geo. W. AlgerGen. Russell A. AlgerGov. G. W. AtkinsonMrs. George BassGov. J. A. BeaverGen. John C. BlackHon. W. J. BryanGov. Geo. A. CarlsonHon. Schuyler ColfaxLieut. Gov. L. S. ChanlerSenator J. P. DolliverGov. Joseph W. FolkGen. John B. GordonGov. H. S. HadleyHon. Murat HalsteadSenator M. A. HannaMiss Mary Garrett HayGov. F. W. HigginsGen. O. O. HowardGov. C. E. HughesJudge W. T. JeromeGov. R. M. LaFolletteGen. John A. LoganMayor J. P. MitchelGov. B. B. OdellGov. R. E. PattisonHon. W. H. PrendergastGov. E. S. StuartGov. R. L. TaylorHon. G. W. WickershamGen. Leonard Wood

Back to Index Next