AAberration of light,503–512;and the apparent movements of stars,504,507;Bradley's discoveries,503;causes,507–511;circles of stars,505–507;dependent upon the velocity of light,511;effect on Draco,505;telescopic investigation,510Achromatic combination of glasses,11Adams, Professor J.C., and the discovery of Neptune,324–327,330–332;and the Ellipse of the Leonids,386Aërolite, the Chaco,398;the Orgueil,399Airy, Sir George,325Alban Mount Meteorites, the,393Alcor,438Aldebaran,209,418,419;spectrum of,480;value of velocity of,484Algol,485,487Almagest, the,7Alphonsus,92Alps, the great valley of the (lunar),88Altair,424Aluminium in the Sun,50Ancients, astronomy of the,2–7Andrews, Professor, and basaltic formation at Giant's Causeway,407Andromeda,414;nebula in,469,489Andromedes, The, shooting star shower, and Biela's comet,390Antares,423Apennines (lunar),83Aphelion,163Aquarius,215,413Aquila, or the Eagle,424Arago,326Archimedes,88Arcturus,358,480;value of velocity of,484Argelander's Catalogue of Stars,431,476Argus,481Ariel,309,559Aristarchus,90Aristillus,88Aristotle, lunar crater named after him,88;credulity respecting his writings,267;the Moon and the tides and,535Asteroids,229–244Astrea,328Astronomers of Nineveh,156Astronomical quantities,558Astronomy, ancient,2–7;Galileo's achievements in,10;the first phenomenon of,2Athenæum, the, and Sir John Herschel's letter on Adams's share in the discovery of Neptune,330Atmosphere, height of the Earth's,100Attraction, between the Moon and the Earth,75;between the planets,148;between the Sun and the planets,144,148;of Jupiter,248,249;producing precession,498Auriga,414,489Aurora borealis,42Autolycus,88Auwers and star distances,449;and the irregularity in movement of Sirius,427Axis, Polar,196,497;precession and nutation of the Earth's,492–502BBacklund, and Encke's comet,349,351Barnard, Professor E.E., and Saturn,271,278,282;and Titan,294;and the comet of 1892,355;and the Milky Way,475Beehive, the,422Belopolsky, M., and Binaries,487,488Benares meteorite, the,392Bessel, and Bradley,501;and the distance of 61 Cygni,446,448,449;and the distances of stars,442;and the irregular movements of Sirius,426;receives gold medal of Royal Astronomical Society,442Betelgeuze,209,418,419,482;value of velocity of,484Biela's comet, and Sir JohnHerschel,357;and the Andromedes,390Binaries, spectroscopic,487Binocular glass,27Biot and the L'Aigle meteorites,392Bode's law,230;list of double stars,435Bond, Professor, and Saturn's satellites,296;and the nebula in Orion,469;and the third ring of Saturn,280Boötes,422Bradley, and nutation,501;and the aberration of light,503;his observations of Uranus,312Bredichin, Professor, and the tails of comets,365,366,367Breitenbach iron, the,397Bristol Channel, tides in the,538Brünnow, Dr., observations on the parallax of 61 Cygni,449Burial of Sir John Moore,72Burnham, Mr., and the orbit of Sirius,427;his additions to the known number of double stars,439Butler, Bishop, and probability,460Butsura meteorite,397CCadmium in the Sun,50Calais, tides at,536Calcium in the Sun,50Campbell, Mr., and Argus,481;and Mars,223Canals on Mars,220Cancri20,154Cancri, ζ,154Cancri, θ,154Canis major,419Canopus,422Cape Observatory,27Capella,414,480,487Carboniferous period,518Cardiff, tides at,538Cassini, J.D., and double stars,434;and Saturn's satellites,294;and the rings of Saturn,278Cassiopeia,412Castor,420,487;a binary star,437;revolution of,437Catalogues of stars,310,311;Messier's,529Catharina,92Centauri, α,422;Dr. Gill's observations of,451;Henderson's measurement of distance of,442,451Ceres,231,232,238;and meteorites,404,405Chaco meteorite, the,398Chacornac, and the lunar crater Schickard,90Challenger, the cruise of the, and magnetic particles in the Atlantic,408Challis, Professor,326;his search for Neptune,327,328,331,332Chandler, Mr., and Algol,485Charles's Wain,28Chepstow, tides at,538Chéseaux, discoverer of comet of 1744,367Chicago, telescope at Yerkes Observatory,16Chladni and the meteorite of Siberia,392Chromium in the Sun,50Chromosphere, the,54Chronometers tested by the Moon,80Clairaut and the attraction of planets on comets,342,343Clavius,91;and Jupiter's satellites,267Clock, astronomical,23Clusters, star,461–464Cobalt in the Sun,50Coggia's comet, 1874,337Colour of light and indication of its source,46Colours, the seven primary,45Columbiad, the,401Columbus,7Comets,112,149,250,336;and the spectroscope,355;attraction from planets,342,360;Biela's,357;Biela's and the Andromedes,390;Clairaut's investigations,342,343;Coggia's,337;Common's (1882),354;connection of, with shooting star showers,388;constitution of,336;containing sodium and iron,356;Donati's (1858),353,358,366;eccentricity of,360;Encke's,344–352;existence of carbon in,356,367;gravitation and,343,348;Halley's investigations about,341–344;head or nucleus of,337;Lexell's,370;mass of,359;movements of,336;Newton's explanations of,338;non-periodic,353–356;of 1531,341;of 1607,341;of 1681,338,339;of 1682,341;of 1744 (Chéseaux's),367;of 1818,345;of 1843,352;of 1866,388;of 1874,337;of 1892,355;origin of,369;parabolic orbits of,338–340,360;periodic return of,338–341;shape of,336;size of,337;tailless,370;tails of,337,361;Bredichin's researches,365;Chéseaux's,367;composition of,365,369;condensation of,369;electricity and,368;gradual growth of,363;law of direction of,362;repelled by the Sun,364;repulsive force of,364,368;various types of,365;Tebbutt's (1881),353;tenuity of,357Common, Dr., constructor of reflectors,21;and the comet of 1882,354;and the nebula in Orion,469Cook, Captain, and the transit of Venus,184Copeland, Dr., and Schmidt's star,489;and the lunar crater, Tycho,92;and the spectra of nebula,473;and the transit of Venus,189Copernicus and Mercury,156;confirmation of his theory by the discovery of Jupiter's satellites,267;his theory of astronomy,7;lunar crater called after him,89Copper in the Sun,50Cor scorpionis,423Corona Borealis,423,488Corona of Sun, during an eclipse,62–64,151Coronium,64Cotopaxi and meteorites,401Crab, the,422Crabtree, and the transit of Venus,180Crape ring of Saturn,281Craters in the Moon,83–85,87–98Critical velocity,103,104,237Crown, the,423Cryptograph of Huyghens, the,277Cygni, β,439Cygni 61, annual parallax of,450;Bessel's measurement of distance of,442,446,447;Brünnow's observations of,449;distance from the Sun of,452;disturbing influence of,452;double,446;Professor A. Hall's measurement of,449;Professor Pritchard's photographic researches concerning,449;proper motion of,446;Struve's observations of,448,449;velocity of,452Cygnus,424Cyrillus,92Cysat, and the Belt of Orion,467DD line in solar spectrum,48Darwin, Professor G.H., and tidal evolution,531Dawes, Professor, and Saturn's third ring,281Day, length of, and the Moon,542;and the tides,541Deimos,226,558Denebola,423Diffraction,56Dione,559Dispersion of colours,47Distances, astronomical,558,559Doerfel, and comets,339Dog star (seeSirius)Dog, the Little,420Donati's comet,353,358;tails,366Double stars,434–440D Q,236Draco, nebula in,470Dragon, the,415Draper, Professor, and the nebula in Orion,469Dunsink Observatory,12,184,447,449Dynamical stability,547;theory of Newton,214Dynamics and the Earth-Moon system,546Dynamics, Galileo the founder of,10EEagle, the,424Earth, The, ancient ideas respecting,3;annual movement of, and the apparent movement of the stars,507,512;attraction of Jupiter,319;attraction of on Encke's comet,350;attraction of, on the Leonids,386;attraction of Saturn,319;attraction of the Moon,75,497;attraction of the Sun,496;axial rotation of,558;carboniferous period on,518;change of climate on,518;composition of,496;contact of atmosphere of, with meteors,377–379;density of,558;diameter of,558;distance of, from Mars,213;distance of, from the Moon,73,558;distance of, from the Sun,31,114,184,240,265,351,512,558;energy from rotation of,540;formerly a molten globe,200,201;geological records and,517;glacial period on,518;gravitation and,204,206,207,497;heat in the interior of,94,197,198,251,514;how it is measured,193–196;its mass increasing owing to the fall of meteoric matter,408;its oceans once vapour,251;once in immediate proximity to the Moon,542;orbit of,114;orbit of, its elliptic form,139;path of deranged by Venus and Mars,319;periodic time of,558;plane of orbit of,309;polar axis of,196,492–502;position of, relatively to the Sun and the Moon,76,77;precession and nutation of axis of,492–502;radius of,193,512;rotation of,75,196,200,494,496;shape of,192,195,197,201,207;size of, compared with Jupiter,119,and with other planets,119;size and weight of, compared with those of the Sun,30,and Moon,74,75;velocity of,115,139,146,512,and periodic time,143;volcanic outbreaks on,197,and the origin of meteorites,405;weight of,202,248,as compared with Saturn,271,272Earthquakes, astronomical instruments disturbed by,24Eccentricity of planetary ellipses,136,211Eclipse of Jupiter's satellites,261,262,265–267Ellipse of the Moon,77–80;of the Sun,53Eclipses, ancient explanations of,6;calculations of the recurrence of,79,80Ecliptic, the,
AAberration of light,503–512;and the apparent movements of stars,504,507;Bradley's discoveries,503;causes,507–511;circles of stars,505–507;dependent upon the velocity of light,511;effect on Draco,505;telescopic investigation,510Achromatic combination of glasses,11Adams, Professor J.C., and the discovery of Neptune,324–327,330–332;and the Ellipse of the Leonids,386Aërolite, the Chaco,398;the Orgueil,399Airy, Sir George,325Alban Mount Meteorites, the,393Alcor,438Aldebaran,209,418,419;spectrum of,480;value of velocity of,484Algol,485,487Almagest, the,7Alphonsus,92Alps, the great valley of the (lunar),88Altair,424Aluminium in the Sun,50Ancients, astronomy of the,2–7Andrews, Professor, and basaltic formation at Giant's Causeway,407Andromeda,414;nebula in,469,489Andromedes, The, shooting star shower, and Biela's comet,390Antares,423Apennines (lunar),83Aphelion,163Aquarius,215,413Aquila, or the Eagle,424Arago,326Archimedes,88Arcturus,358,480;value of velocity of,484Argelander's Catalogue of Stars,431,476Argus,481Ariel,309,559Aristarchus,90Aristillus,88Aristotle, lunar crater named after him,88;credulity respecting his writings,267;the Moon and the tides and,535Asteroids,229–244Astrea,328Astronomers of Nineveh,156Astronomical quantities,558Astronomy, ancient,2–7;Galileo's achievements in,10;the first phenomenon of,2Athenæum, the, and Sir John Herschel's letter on Adams's share in the discovery of Neptune,330Atmosphere, height of the Earth's,100Attraction, between the Moon and the Earth,75;between the planets,148;between the Sun and the planets,144,148;of Jupiter,248,249;producing precession,498Auriga,414,489Aurora borealis,42Autolycus,88Auwers and star distances,449;and the irregularity in movement of Sirius,427Axis, Polar,196,497;precession and nutation of the Earth's,492–502BBacklund, and Encke's comet,349,351Barnard, Professor E.E., and Saturn,271,278,282;and Titan,294;and the comet of 1892,355;and the Milky Way,475Beehive, the,422Belopolsky, M., and Binaries,487,488Benares meteorite, the,392Bessel, and Bradley,501;and the distance of 61 Cygni,446,448,449;and the distances of stars,442;and the irregular movements of Sirius,426;receives gold medal of Royal Astronomical Society,442Betelgeuze,209,418,419,482;value of velocity of,484Biela's comet, and Sir JohnHerschel,357;and the Andromedes,390Binaries, spectroscopic,487Binocular glass,27Biot and the L'Aigle meteorites,392Bode's law,230;list of double stars,435Bond, Professor, and Saturn's satellites,296;and the nebula in Orion,469;and the third ring of Saturn,280Boötes,422Bradley, and nutation,501;and the aberration of light,503;his observations of Uranus,312Bredichin, Professor, and the tails of comets,365,366,367Breitenbach iron, the,397Bristol Channel, tides in the,538Brünnow, Dr., observations on the parallax of 61 Cygni,449Burial of Sir John Moore,72Burnham, Mr., and the orbit of Sirius,427;his additions to the known number of double stars,439Butler, Bishop, and probability,460Butsura meteorite,397CCadmium in the Sun,50Calais, tides at,536Calcium in the Sun,50Campbell, Mr., and Argus,481;and Mars,223Canals on Mars,220Cancri20,154Cancri, ζ,154Cancri, θ,154Canis major,419Canopus,422Cape Observatory,27Capella,414,480,487Carboniferous period,518Cardiff, tides at,538Cassini, J.D., and double stars,434;and Saturn's satellites,294;and the rings of Saturn,278Cassiopeia,412Castor,420,487;a binary star,437;revolution of,437Catalogues of stars,310,311;Messier's,529Catharina,92Centauri, α,422;Dr. Gill's observations of,451;Henderson's measurement of distance of,442,451Ceres,231,232,238;and meteorites,404,405Chaco meteorite, the,398Chacornac, and the lunar crater Schickard,90Challenger, the cruise of the, and magnetic particles in the Atlantic,408Challis, Professor,326;his search for Neptune,327,328,331,332Chandler, Mr., and Algol,485Charles's Wain,28Chepstow, tides at,538Chéseaux, discoverer of comet of 1744,367Chicago, telescope at Yerkes Observatory,16Chladni and the meteorite of Siberia,392Chromium in the Sun,50Chromosphere, the,54Chronometers tested by the Moon,80Clairaut and the attraction of planets on comets,342,343Clavius,91;and Jupiter's satellites,267Clock, astronomical,23Clusters, star,461–464Cobalt in the Sun,50Coggia's comet, 1874,337Colour of light and indication of its source,46Colours, the seven primary,45Columbiad, the,401Columbus,7Comets,112,149,250,336;and the spectroscope,355;attraction from planets,342,360;Biela's,357;Biela's and the Andromedes,390;Clairaut's investigations,342,343;Coggia's,337;Common's (1882),354;connection of, with shooting star showers,388;constitution of,336;containing sodium and iron,356;Donati's (1858),353,358,366;eccentricity of,360;Encke's,344–352;existence of carbon in,356,367;gravitation and,343,348;Halley's investigations about,341–344;head or nucleus of,337;Lexell's,370;mass of,359;movements of,336;Newton's explanations of,338;non-periodic,353–356;of 1531,341;of 1607,341;of 1681,338,339;of 1682,341;of 1744 (Chéseaux's),367;of 1818,345;of 1843,352;of 1866,388;of 1874,337;of 1892,355;origin of,369;parabolic orbits of,338–340,360;periodic return of,338–341;shape of,336;size of,337;tailless,370;tails of,337,361;Bredichin's researches,365;Chéseaux's,367;composition of,365,369;condensation of,369;electricity and,368;gradual growth of,363;law of direction of,362;repelled by the Sun,364;repulsive force of,364,368;various types of,365;Tebbutt's (1881),353;tenuity of,357Common, Dr., constructor of reflectors,21;and the comet of 1882,354;and the nebula in Orion,469Cook, Captain, and the transit of Venus,184Copeland, Dr., and Schmidt's star,489;and the lunar crater, Tycho,92;and the spectra of nebula,473;and the transit of Venus,189Copernicus and Mercury,156;confirmation of his theory by the discovery of Jupiter's satellites,267;his theory of astronomy,7;lunar crater called after him,89Copper in the Sun,50Cor scorpionis,423Corona Borealis,423,488Corona of Sun, during an eclipse,62–64,151Coronium,64Cotopaxi and meteorites,401Crab, the,422Crabtree, and the transit of Venus,180Crape ring of Saturn,281Craters in the Moon,83–85,87–98Critical velocity,103,104,237Crown, the,423Cryptograph of Huyghens, the,277Cygni, β,439Cygni 61, annual parallax of,450;Bessel's measurement of distance of,442,446,447;Brünnow's observations of,449;distance from the Sun of,452;disturbing influence of,452;double,446;Professor A. Hall's measurement of,449;Professor Pritchard's photographic researches concerning,449;proper motion of,446;Struve's observations of,448,449;velocity of,452Cygnus,424Cyrillus,92Cysat, and the Belt of Orion,467DD line in solar spectrum,48Darwin, Professor G.H., and tidal evolution,531Dawes, Professor, and Saturn's third ring,281Day, length of, and the Moon,542;and the tides,541Deimos,226,558Denebola,423Diffraction,56Dione,559Dispersion of colours,47Distances, astronomical,558,559Doerfel, and comets,339Dog star (seeSirius)Dog, the Little,420Donati's comet,353,358;tails,366Double stars,434–440D Q,236Draco, nebula in,470Dragon, the,415Draper, Professor, and the nebula in Orion,469Dunsink Observatory,12,184,447,449Dynamical stability,547;theory of Newton,214Dynamics and the Earth-Moon system,546Dynamics, Galileo the founder of,10EEagle, the,424Earth, The, ancient ideas respecting,3;annual movement of, and the apparent movement of the stars,507,512;attraction of Jupiter,319;attraction of on Encke's comet,350;attraction of, on the Leonids,386;attraction of Saturn,319;attraction of the Moon,75,497;attraction of the Sun,496;axial rotation of,558;carboniferous period on,518;change of climate on,518;composition of,496;contact of atmosphere of, with meteors,377–379;density of,558;diameter of,558;distance of, from Mars,213;distance of, from the Moon,73,558;distance of, from the Sun,31,114,184,240,265,351,512,558;energy from rotation of,540;formerly a molten globe,200,201;geological records and,517;glacial period on,518;gravitation and,204,206,207,497;heat in the interior of,94,197,198,251,514;how it is measured,193–196;its mass increasing owing to the fall of meteoric matter,408;its oceans once vapour,251;once in immediate proximity to the Moon,542;orbit of,114;orbit of, its elliptic form,139;path of deranged by Venus and Mars,319;periodic time of,558;plane of orbit of,309;polar axis of,196,492–502;position of, relatively to the Sun and the Moon,76,77;precession and nutation of axis of,492–502;radius of,193,512;rotation of,75,196,200,494,496;shape of,192,195,197,201,207;size of, compared with Jupiter,119,and with other planets,119;size and weight of, compared with those of the Sun,30,and Moon,74,75;velocity of,115,139,146,512,and periodic time,143;volcanic outbreaks on,197,and the origin of meteorites,405;weight of,202,248,as compared with Saturn,271,272Earthquakes, astronomical instruments disturbed by,24Eccentricity of planetary ellipses,136,211Eclipse of Jupiter's satellites,261,262,265–267Ellipse of the Moon,77–80;of the Sun,53Eclipses, ancient explanations of,6;calculations of the recurrence of,79,80Ecliptic, the,