moment of momentum of,554;motion of,271;orbit of,117,118;path of, perturbed by the attraction of Jupiter,316;periodic time of,558;period of revolution of,269;picturesqueness of,291;position of, in the solar system,269;rings of,269;rings, Bonds discovery,280;rings, Cassini's discovery,278;rings, consistency,286;rings, Dawes's discovery,281;rings, Galileo's discovery,273,274;rings, Hadley's observations,282;rings, Herschel's researches,279;rings, Huyghens' discovery,275–278;rings, Keeler's measurement of the rotation,288;rings, Maraldi's researches,279;rings, rotation of,285,288;rings, spectrum of,291;rings, Trouvelot's drawing,278;satellites of,293,294,295,296,559;size of, compared with other planets,119,269,272;spectrum of,291;unequal in appearance to Mars and Venus,269;velocity of,271;weight of, compared with the Earth,272Savary and binary stars,436Schaeberle, Mr., and Mars,224Scheiner, and the values of velocity of stars,483;observations on Sun-spots,36Schiaparelli, Professor, and Mars,220;and the connection between shooting-star showers and comets,388;and the rotation of Mercury,165Schickard,90Schmidt, and Nova Cygni,454,489;and the crater Linné,87;and the Leibnitz Mountains,93Schröter, and the crater Posidonius,87Schwabe, and Sun-spots,40Seas in the Moon,82Secchi, and stellar spectra,479Shoal of shooting stars,377;dimensions,377Shooting stars (seeStars,shooting)Sickle, the,421Sidereal aggregation theory of Sir W. Herschel,529Siderite, Rowton,395Sinus Iridum,83Sirius, change in position of,425;companion of,427,428;exceptional lustre of,110;irregularities of movement of,426;larger than the Sun,110;most brilliant star,419;periodical appearances of,157;proper motion of,425;spectrum of, 479;velocity of,426;weight of,427Smyth, Professor C.P.,493Sodium, colour of flame from,49;in the Sun,50Solar corona, prominences etc. (see underSun)Solar system,107–121;Copernican exposition of the,7;influence of gravitation on,149;information respecting, obtained by observing the transit of Venus,174;island in the universe,121;minor planets,229–244;moment of momentum,554;movement of, towards Lyra,457;origin of, as suggested by the nebular theory,526;position of Saturn and Uranus in,297,305South, Sir James,12Spectra of stars,479Spectro-heliograph,58Spectroscope,43–56;detection of iron in the Sun by the,50Spectroscopic binaries,487Spectrum analysis,47;dark lines,49,50;gaseous nebulæ,474;line D,48,49Speculum, the Rosse,20Spica,423,487Spider-threads for adjusting the micrometer,86;for sighting telescopes,22Spots on the Sun,36–43;connection with magnetism,42;cycles,41;duration,41;epochs of maximum,42;motion,36;period of revolution,40;Scheiner's observations,36;zones in which they occur,39Star clusters,461–464;in Hercules,462;in Perseus,462Stars, apparent movements due to precession, nutation, and aberration,504;approximate number of,28;attraction inappreciable,316;catalogues of,310,311,409,431;charts of,325,328;circular movement of,505–507Stars, distances of,441;Bessel's labours,442–449;Henderson's labours,442;method of measuring,443–445;Struve's work,442,448,449;parallactic ellipse,444–449Stars, double,434;Bode's list,435;Burnham's additions,439;Cassini,434;Herschel,435,436;measurement,435,436;revolution,436;Savary,436;shape of orbit,436;variation in colour,438Stars, elliptic movement of,506;gravitation and,149;how distinguished from planets,111;physical nature of,477;probability of their possessing a planetary system,121;real and apparent movements of,504;really suns,32,121Stars, shooting, attractions of the planets,386;connection with comets,388–390;countless in number,372;dimensions of shoal,377;features of,373;length of orbit,387;orbit,378;orbit, gradual change,386;period of revolution,384;periodic return,378,379;shower of November, 1866,377,379–380;shower of November, 1866, and Professor Adams,384,386;shower of November, 1866, radiation of tracks from Leo,380;shower of November, 1872,389;showers,376;showers and Professor Newton,377;track,377;transformed into vapour by friction with the Earth's atmosphere,374,376;velocity,373,386Stars, spectra of,479;teaching of ancients respecting,3;temperature of,515;temporary,430,488;values of velocity of,484;variable,429Stoney, Dr. G.J.,387Strontium, flame from,46;in the Sun,50Struve, Otto, and the distance of Vega,442,447;and the distance of 61 Cygni,448,449Sun, The, and the velocity of light,265;apparent size of, as seen from the planets,117,118;as a star,32;axial rotation of,558;compared with the Earth,29;connection of, with the seasons,4;corona of, during eclipse,62–64;density of,65,558;diameter of,558;distance of, from Mars,213;distance of, from Saturn,271;distance of, from the Earth,31,114,184,240,558;eclipse of,6,53;ellipticity of,558;faculæ on surface of,37;focus of planets' orbits,138;gradually parting with its heat,95;granules on surface of,34;heat of, and its sources,515–526;heat of, thrown on Jupiter,256;minor planets and,240;movement of, towards Lyra,457;nebular theory of its heat,526;photographed,34;precession of the Earth's axis,497;prominences of,53–59;relation of, to the Moon,71;rising and setting of,2;rotation of,40,201;size of,29;spectrum of,48;spots on,36–43;spots, connection with magnetism,42;storms and convulsions on,42,43;surface of, gaseous matter,34;surface of, mottled,34;teaching of early astronomers concerning,3–7;temperature of,30,31,516;texture of,34;tides on,530;velocity of,484;weight of, compared with Jupiter,250,350;zodiacal light and,67;zones on the surface of,39Sunbeam, revelations of a,44Swan, the,424,439,445Sword-handle of Perseus,462Syrtis major,222TTaurus, constellation of,231,419Tebbutt's comet,353Telescope, construction of the first,10;equatorial (Dunsink),12–14,185;Greenwich,26;Herschelian,19;Lick,16,19;Paris,22,23;reflecting,19,21;refracting,11,14;Rosse,19,20,468,470;sighting of a,23;structure of the eye illustrates the principle of the,10;Vienna,14–16;Washington,226;Yerkes,16Temporary stars,430,488Tethys,559Theophilus,92Tides, The, actual energy derived from the Earth,539;affected by the law of gravitation,149,535;affected by the Moon,70,535–537;at Bay of Fundy,538;at Cardiff,538;at Chepstow,538;at London,538;at St. Helena,538;excited by the Sun,537;formation of currents,538;in Bristol Channel,538;in Mediterranean,537;in mid-ocean,538;Jupiter and,552;length of the day and,541;lunar,548,549;moment of momentum and,552;neap,537;rotation of the Earth, and revolution of the Moon,549;satellites of Mars,551;solar,550;spring,537;variations in,538;waste of water power,538;work effected,539Tin in the Sun,50Titan,294,295,559Titania,309,559Transit of Mercury,152,163,164Transit of Venus,152;Captain Cook,184;Copeland's observations of,189;Crabtree's observations of,180;Gassendi's observations of,178;Halley's method,180,181;Horrocks' observations of,179,180;importance of,173;Kepler's prediction of,163;observations of, at Dunsink,184–188Transit of Vulcan,152–153Triesnecker,84,93Trouvelot, Mr. L., and Saturn's rings,278Tschermak, and the origin of meteorites,400,401Tycho (lunar crater),91Tycho Brahe, and the Observatory of Uraniborg,9,10,430UUmbra of Sun-spot,51Umbriel,309,559Unstable dynamical equilibrium,543Uraniborg, Observatory of,10Uranus,112;attraction of Saturn,322;Bradley's observations of,312;composition of,308;density of,558;diameter of,308,558;diameter of orbit of,305;disc of,308;discovery of, by Herschel,305,308;distance from Sun of,558;ellipse of,313;first taken for a comet,304;Flamsteed's observations of,311,312;formerly regarded as a star,311,312;investigations to discover a planet outside the orbit,323–324;irregular motion of,314,323;Lemonnier's observations of,312;Leonids and,386;Mayer's observations of,312;moment of momentum of,554;orbit of,117,310;periodic time of,558;period of revolution of,312;rotation of,308;satellites of,559;satellites, discovery by Herschel,308;satellites, movement nearly circular,309;satellites, periodical movements,309;satellites, plane of orbits,309,310;size of compared with the Earth,308;and with other planets,119;subject to another attraction besides the Sun,314Ursa major (seeGreat Bear)VVariable Stars,429Vega,414,423,424,479;Struve's measurement of,442Velocity, of light,261,262,265;of light, laws dependent upon,511;of planets,140–143,146,237;of stars, values of,483–4Venus, ancient study of,6;aspects of,171;atmosphere of,189;brilliancy of,168;density of,558;diameter of,191,558;distance of, from the Sun,191,558;habitability of,173;movement of,168;neighbour to the Earth,109;orbit of,114,135;orbit form of,139,191;periodic time of,558;a planet or "wanderer,"111;rotation of,191;shape of,169;size of, compared with other planets,116,169;surface of,171;transit of,152,176–190;transit, importance of,173;transit predicted by Kepler,163;velocity and periodic time of,142,143,191;view of the ancients about,157Vesta,233,238Victoria,242Vienna telescope,14–16Virgo,423Vogel and Algol,485;and Spica,486,487;and the spectra of the stars,479,483Volcanic origin of meteorites,400;
moment of momentum of,554;motion of,271;orbit of,117,118;path of, perturbed by the attraction of Jupiter,316;periodic time of,558;period of revolution of,269;picturesqueness of,291;position of, in the solar system,269;rings of,269;rings, Bonds discovery,280;rings, Cassini's discovery,278;rings, consistency,286;rings, Dawes's discovery,281;rings, Galileo's discovery,273,274;rings, Hadley's observations,282;rings, Herschel's researches,279;rings, Huyghens' discovery,275–278;rings, Keeler's measurement of the rotation,288;rings, Maraldi's researches,279;rings, rotation of,285,288;rings, spectrum of,291;rings, Trouvelot's drawing,278;satellites of,293,294,295,296,559;size of, compared with other planets,119,269,272;spectrum of,291;unequal in appearance to Mars and Venus,269;velocity of,271;weight of, compared with the Earth,272Savary and binary stars,436Schaeberle, Mr., and Mars,224Scheiner, and the values of velocity of stars,483;observations on Sun-spots,36Schiaparelli, Professor, and Mars,220;and the connection between shooting-star showers and comets,388;and the rotation of Mercury,165Schickard,90Schmidt, and Nova Cygni,454,489;and the crater Linné,87;and the Leibnitz Mountains,93Schröter, and the crater Posidonius,87Schwabe, and Sun-spots,40Seas in the Moon,82Secchi, and stellar spectra,479Shoal of shooting stars,377;dimensions,377Shooting stars (seeStars,shooting)Sickle, the,421Sidereal aggregation theory of Sir W. Herschel,529Siderite, Rowton,395Sinus Iridum,83Sirius, change in position of,425;companion of,427,428;exceptional lustre of,110;irregularities of movement of,426;larger than the Sun,110;most brilliant star,419;periodical appearances of,157;proper motion of,425;spectrum of, 479;velocity of,426;weight of,427Smyth, Professor C.P.,493Sodium, colour of flame from,49;in the Sun,50Solar corona, prominences etc. (see underSun)Solar system,107–121;Copernican exposition of the,7;influence of gravitation on,149;information respecting, obtained by observing the transit of Venus,174;island in the universe,121;minor planets,229–244;moment of momentum,554;movement of, towards Lyra,457;origin of, as suggested by the nebular theory,526;position of Saturn and Uranus in,297,305South, Sir James,12Spectra of stars,479Spectro-heliograph,58Spectroscope,43–56;detection of iron in the Sun by the,50Spectroscopic binaries,487Spectrum analysis,47;dark lines,49,50;gaseous nebulæ,474;line D,48,49Speculum, the Rosse,20Spica,423,487Spider-threads for adjusting the micrometer,86;for sighting telescopes,22Spots on the Sun,36–43;connection with magnetism,42;cycles,41;duration,41;epochs of maximum,42;motion,36;period of revolution,40;Scheiner's observations,36;zones in which they occur,39Star clusters,461–464;in Hercules,462;in Perseus,462Stars, apparent movements due to precession, nutation, and aberration,504;approximate number of,28;attraction inappreciable,316;catalogues of,310,311,409,431;charts of,325,328;circular movement of,505–507Stars, distances of,441;Bessel's labours,442–449;Henderson's labours,442;method of measuring,443–445;Struve's work,442,448,449;parallactic ellipse,444–449Stars, double,434;Bode's list,435;Burnham's additions,439;Cassini,434;Herschel,435,436;measurement,435,436;revolution,436;Savary,436;shape of orbit,436;variation in colour,438Stars, elliptic movement of,506;gravitation and,149;how distinguished from planets,111;physical nature of,477;probability of their possessing a planetary system,121;real and apparent movements of,504;really suns,32,121Stars, shooting, attractions of the planets,386;connection with comets,388–390;countless in number,372;dimensions of shoal,377;features of,373;length of orbit,387;orbit,378;orbit, gradual change,386;period of revolution,384;periodic return,378,379;shower of November, 1866,377,379–380;shower of November, 1866, and Professor Adams,384,386;shower of November, 1866, radiation of tracks from Leo,380;shower of November, 1872,389;showers,376;showers and Professor Newton,377;track,377;transformed into vapour by friction with the Earth's atmosphere,374,376;velocity,373,386Stars, spectra of,479;teaching of ancients respecting,3;temperature of,515;temporary,430,488;values of velocity of,484;variable,429Stoney, Dr. G.J.,387Strontium, flame from,46;in the Sun,50Struve, Otto, and the distance of Vega,442,447;and the distance of 61 Cygni,448,449Sun, The, and the velocity of light,265;apparent size of, as seen from the planets,117,118;as a star,32;axial rotation of,558;compared with the Earth,29;connection of, with the seasons,4;corona of, during eclipse,62–64;density of,65,558;diameter of,558;distance of, from Mars,213;distance of, from Saturn,271;distance of, from the Earth,31,114,184,240,558;eclipse of,6,53;ellipticity of,558;faculæ on surface of,37;focus of planets' orbits,138;gradually parting with its heat,95;granules on surface of,34;heat of, and its sources,515–526;heat of, thrown on Jupiter,256;minor planets and,240;movement of, towards Lyra,457;nebular theory of its heat,526;photographed,34;precession of the Earth's axis,497;prominences of,53–59;relation of, to the Moon,71;rising and setting of,2;rotation of,40,201;size of,29;spectrum of,48;spots on,36–43;spots, connection with magnetism,42;storms and convulsions on,42,43;surface of, gaseous matter,34;surface of, mottled,34;teaching of early astronomers concerning,3–7;temperature of,30,31,516;texture of,34;tides on,530;velocity of,484;weight of, compared with Jupiter,250,350;zodiacal light and,67;zones on the surface of,39Sunbeam, revelations of a,44Swan, the,424,439,445Sword-handle of Perseus,462Syrtis major,222TTaurus, constellation of,231,419Tebbutt's comet,353Telescope, construction of the first,10;equatorial (Dunsink),12–14,185;Greenwich,26;Herschelian,19;Lick,16,19;Paris,22,23;reflecting,19,21;refracting,11,14;Rosse,19,20,468,470;sighting of a,23;structure of the eye illustrates the principle of the,10;Vienna,14–16;Washington,226;Yerkes,16Temporary stars,430,488Tethys,559Theophilus,92Tides, The, actual energy derived from the Earth,539;affected by the law of gravitation,149,535;affected by the Moon,70,535–537;at Bay of Fundy,538;at Cardiff,538;at Chepstow,538;at London,538;at St. Helena,538;excited by the Sun,537;formation of currents,538;in Bristol Channel,538;in Mediterranean,537;in mid-ocean,538;Jupiter and,552;length of the day and,541;lunar,548,549;moment of momentum and,552;neap,537;rotation of the Earth, and revolution of the Moon,549;satellites of Mars,551;solar,550;spring,537;variations in,538;waste of water power,538;work effected,539Tin in the Sun,50Titan,294,295,559Titania,309,559Transit of Mercury,152,163,164Transit of Venus,152;Captain Cook,184;Copeland's observations of,189;Crabtree's observations of,180;Gassendi's observations of,178;Halley's method,180,181;Horrocks' observations of,179,180;importance of,173;Kepler's prediction of,163;observations of, at Dunsink,184–188Transit of Vulcan,152–153Triesnecker,84,93Trouvelot, Mr. L., and Saturn's rings,278Tschermak, and the origin of meteorites,400,401Tycho (lunar crater),91Tycho Brahe, and the Observatory of Uraniborg,9,10,430UUmbra of Sun-spot,51Umbriel,309,559Unstable dynamical equilibrium,543Uraniborg, Observatory of,10Uranus,112;attraction of Saturn,322;Bradley's observations of,312;composition of,308;density of,558;diameter of,308,558;diameter of orbit of,305;disc of,308;discovery of, by Herschel,305,308;distance from Sun of,558;ellipse of,313;first taken for a comet,304;Flamsteed's observations of,311,312;formerly regarded as a star,311,312;investigations to discover a planet outside the orbit,323–324;irregular motion of,314,323;Lemonnier's observations of,312;Leonids and,386;Mayer's observations of,312;moment of momentum of,554;orbit of,117,310;periodic time of,558;period of revolution of,312;rotation of,308;satellites of,559;satellites, discovery by Herschel,308;satellites, movement nearly circular,309;satellites, periodical movements,309;satellites, plane of orbits,309,310;size of compared with the Earth,308;and with other planets,119;subject to another attraction besides the Sun,314Ursa major (seeGreat Bear)VVariable Stars,429Vega,414,423,424,479;Struve's measurement of,442Velocity, of light,261,262,265;of light, laws dependent upon,511;of planets,140–143,146,237;of stars, values of,483–4Venus, ancient study of,6;aspects of,171;atmosphere of,189;brilliancy of,168;density of,558;diameter of,191,558;distance of, from the Sun,191,558;habitability of,173;movement of,168;neighbour to the Earth,109;orbit of,114,135;orbit form of,139,191;periodic time of,558;a planet or "wanderer,"111;rotation of,191;shape of,169;size of, compared with other planets,116,169;surface of,171;transit of,152,176–190;transit, importance of,173;transit predicted by Kepler,163;velocity and periodic time of,142,143,191;view of the ancients about,157Vesta,233,238Victoria,242Vienna telescope,14–16Virgo,423Vogel and Algol,485;and Spica,486,487;and the spectra of the stars,479,483Volcanic origin of meteorites,400;