The Sayners complayne with open mouth, that [33] these drouers worke much preiudice to the Commonwealth of fishermen, and reape thereby small gaine to themselues; for (say they) the taking of some few, breaketh and scattereth the whole schoels, and frayeth them from approaching the shore: neither are those thus taken, marchantable, by reason of their brusing in the meash. Let the crafts-masters decide the controuersie.
The Sayne, is in fashion, like that within harbour, but of a farre larger proportion. To each of these, there commonly belong three or foure boates, carrying about sixe men apeece: with which, when the season of the yeere and weather serueth, they lie houering upon the coast, and are directed in their worke, by a Balker, or Huer, who standeth on the Cliffe side, and from thence, best discerneth the quantitie and course of the Pilcherd: according whereunto, hee cundeth (as they call it) the Master of each boate (who hath his eye still fixed upon him) by crying with a lowd voice, whistling through his fingers, and wheazing certing diuersified and significant signes, with a bush, which hee holdeth in his hand. At his appointment they cast out their Net, draw it to either hand, as the Schoell lyeth, or fareth, beate with their Oares to keepe in the Fish, and at last, either close and tucke it vp in the Sea, or draw the same on land, with more certaine profit, if the ground bee not rough of rockes. After one companie haue thus shot their Net, another beginneth behind them, and so a third, as opportunitie serueth. Being so taken, some, the Countrie people, who attend with their horses and paniers at the Cliffes side, in great numbers, doe buy and carrie home, the larger remainder, is by the Marchant, greedily and speedily seized vpon.
They are saued three maner of wayes: by fuming, pressing, or pickelling. For euery of which, they are first salted and piled vp row by row in square heapes on the ground in some celler, which they terme, Bulking, where they so remaine for fome ten daies, vntil the superfluous moysture of the bloud and salt be soked from them: which accomplished, they rip the bulk, and saue the residue of the salt for another like seruice. Then those which are to be ventred for Fraunce, they pack in staunch hogsheads, so to keepe them in their pickle. Those that serue for the hotter Countries of Spaine and Italie, they vsed at first to fume, by hanging them vp on long sticks one by one, in a house built for the nonce, & there drying them with the smoake of a soft and continuall fire, from whence they purchased the name of Fumados: but now, though the terme still remaine, that trade is giuen ouer: and after they haue bene ripped out of the bulk, reffed vpon sticks, & washed, they pack them orderly in hogsheads made purposely leake, which afterward they presse with great waights, to the end the traine may soke from them into a vessell placed in the ground to receyue it.
In packing, they keepe a iust tale of the number that euery hogshead contayneth, which otherwise may turne to the Marchants preiudice: for I haue heard, that when they are brought to the place of sale, the buyer openeth one hogs-head at aduentures; and if hee finde the same not to answere the number figured on the outside, hee abateth a like proportion in euery other, as there wanted in that. The trayne is well solde, as imployed to diuers vses, and welneere acquiteth the cost in sauing, and the sauing setteth almost an infinite [34] number of women and children on worke, to their great aduantage: for they are allowed a peny for euery lasts carriage (a last is ten thousand) and as much for bulking, washing, and packing them, whereby a lusty huswife may earne three shillings in a night; for towards the euening they are mostly killed.
This commoditie at first carried a very lowe price, and serued for the inhabitants cheapest prouision: but of late times, the deare sale beyond the seas hath so encreased the number of takers, and the takers iarring and brawling one with another, and foreclosing the fishes taking their kind within harbour, so decreased the number of the taken, as the price daily extendeth to an higher rate, equalling the proportion of other fish: a matter which yet I reckon not preiudiciall to the Commonwealth, seeing there is store sufficient of other victuals, and that of these a twentieth part will serue the Countries need, and the other nineteene passe into forraine Realmes with a gainefull vtterance.
The Sayners profit in this trade is vncertayne, as depending upon the seas fortune, which hee long attendeth, and often with a bootlesse trauaile: but the Pilcherd Marchant may reape a speedy, large, and assured benefit, by dispatching the buying, sauing and selling to the transporters, within little more then three moneths space. Howbeit, diuers of them, snatching at wealth ouer-hastily, take mony beforehand, and bind themselues for the same, to deliuer Pilcherd ready saued to the transporter, at an vnder-rate, and so cut their fingers. This venting of Pilcherd enhaunced greatly the price of cask, whereon all other sorts of wood were conuerted to that vse: and yet this scantly supplying a remedie, there was a statute made 35. Eliz. that from the last of Iune 1594. no stranger should transport beyond the seas any Pilcherd or other fish in cask, vnlesse hee did bring into the Realme, for euery sixe tunnes, two hundred of clapboord fit to make cask, and so rateably, vpon payne of forfeyting the sayd Pilcherd or fish. This Act to continue before the next Parliament, which hath reuiued the same, vntill his (yet not knowne) succeeder.
The Pilcherd are pursued and deuoured by a bigger kinde of fish, called a Plusher, being somewhat like the Dog-fish, who leapeth now and then aboue water, and therethrough bewrayeth them to the Balker: so are they likewise persecuted by the Tonny, and he (though not verie often) taken with them damage faisant. And that they may no lesse in fortune, then in fashion, resemble the Flying fish, certaine birds called Gannets, soare ouer, and stoup to prey vpon them. Lastly, they are persecuted by the Hakes, who (not long sithence) haunted the coast in great abundance; but now being depriued of their wonted baite, are much diminished, verifying the prouerb, What we lose in Hake, we shall haue in Herring. These Hakes and diuers of the other forerecited, are taken with threds, & some of them with the boulter, which is a Spiller of a bigger size. Vpon the North coast, where want of good harbours denieth safe road to the fisherboats, they haue a deuice of two sticks filled with corks, and crossed flatlong, out of whose midst there riseth a thred, and at the same hangeth a saile; to this engine, termed a Lestercock, they tie one end of their Boulter, so as the wind comming from the shore, filleth the sayle, and the saile carrieth out the Boulter into the sea, which after the respite of some houres, is drawne in againe [35] by a cord fastned at the neerer end. They lay also certaine Weelyes in the Sea, for taking of Cunners, which therethrough are termed Cunner-pots. Another net they haue long and narrow meashed, thwarted with little cords of wide distance, in which the fish intangleth it selfe, and is so drawne vp.
For Bait they vse Barne, Pilcherd, and Lugges. The Lugge is a worme resembling the Tagworme or Angle-touch, and lying in the Ose somewhat deepe, from whence the women digge them vp, and sell them to the Fishermen: They are descried by their working ouer head, as the Tagworme. And, for lacke of other prouision, the Fishermen sometimes cut out a peece of the new taken Hake, neere his tayle, and therewith baite their hookes, to surprise more of his Canniballian fellowes.
The Seale, or Soyle, is in making and growth, not vnlike a Pigge, vgly faced, and footed like a Moldwarp; he delighteth in musike, or any lowd noise, and thereby is trained to approach neere the shore, and to shew himselfe almost wholly aboue water. They also come on land, and lie sleeping in holes of the Cliffe, but are now and then waked with the deadly greeting of a bullet in their sides.
The Fishermens hookes doe not alwayes returne them good prise: for often there cleaueth to the baite, a certaine fish like a Starre, so farre from good meate, as it is held contagious.
There swimmeth also in the Sea, a round slymie substance, called aBlobber, reputed noysome to the fish.
But you are tired, the day is spent, and it is high time that I draw to harbour: which good counsell I will follow, when I haue onely told you, In what maner the Fishermen saue the most part of their fish. Some are polled (that is, beheaded) gutted, splitted, powdred and dried in the Sunne, as the lesser sort of Hakes. Some headed, gutted, iagged, and dried, as Rayes, and Thornbackes. Some gutted, splitted, powdred, and dried, as Buckhorne made of Whitings, (in the East parts named Scalpions) and the smaller sort of Conger, and Hake. Some gutted, splitted, and kept in pickle, as Whiting, Mackrell, Millet, Basse, Peall, Trowt, Sammon, and Conger. Some, gutted, and kept in pickle, as the lesser Whitings, Pollocks, Eeles, and squarie Scads. Some cut in peeces, and powdred, as Seale and Porpose. And lastly, some boyled, and preserued fresh in Vinegar, as Tonny and Turbet.
Besides these flooting burgesses of the Ocean, there are also certaine flying Citizens of the ayre, which prescribe for a corrodie therein; of whom some serue for food to vs, and some but to feed themselues. Amongst the first sort, we reckon the Dip-chicke, (so named of his diuiug, and littlenesse) Coots, Sanderlings, Sea-larkes, Oxen and Kine, Seapies, Puffins, Pewets, Meawes, Murres, Creysers, Curlewes, Teale, Wigeon, Burranets, Shags, Ducke and Mallard, Gull, Wild-goose, Heron, Crane, and Barnacle.
These content not the stomacke, all with a like sauorinesse, but some carrie a rancke taste, and require a former mortification: and some are good to bee eaten while they are young, but nothing tooth-some, as they grow elder. The Guls, Pewets, and most of the residue, breed in little desert Ilands, bordering on both coastes, laying their Egges on the grasse, without making any [36] nests, from whence the owner of the land causeth the young ones to be fetched about Whitsontide, for the first broode, and some weekes after for the second. Some one, but not euerie such Rocke, may yeeld yeerely towards thirtie dozen of Guls. They are kept tame, and fed fat, but none of the Sea kind will breede out of their naturall place: Yet at Caryhayes, master Treuanions house, which bordereth on the Cliffe, an old Gull did (with an extraordinarie charitie) accustome, for diuers yeeres together, to come and feede the young ones (though perhaps none of his alliance) in the court where they were kept. It is held, that the Barnacle breedeth vnder water on such ships sides, as haue beene verie long at Sea, hanging there by the Bill, vntill his full growth dismisse him to be a perfect fowle: and for proofe hereof, many little things like birds, are ordinarily found in such places, but I cannot heare any man speake of hauing seene them ripe. The Puffyn hatcheth in holes of the Cliffe, whose young ones are thence ferretted out, being exceeding fat, kept salted, and reputed for fish, as comming neerest thereto in their taste. The Burranet hath like breeding, and, after her young ones are hatched, shee leadeth them sometimes ouer-land, the space of a mile or better, into the hauen, where such as haue leasure to take their pastime, chace them one by one with a boate, and stones, to often diuing, vntill, through wearinesse, they are taken vp at the boates side by hand, carried home, and kept tame with the Ducks: the Egges of diuers of these Fowles are good to bee eaten.
Sea-fowle not eatable, are Ganets, Ospray (Plynyes Haliaeetos.) Amongst which, Iacke-Daw (the second slaunder of our Countrie) shall passe for companie, as frequenting their haunt, though not their diet: I meane not the common Daw, but one peculiar to Cornwall, and therethrough termed a Cornish Chough: his bil is sharpe, long, and red, his legs of the same colour, his feathers blacke, his conditions, when he is kept tame, vngratious, in filching, and hiding of money, and such short ends, and somewhat dangerous in carrying stickes of fire.
After hauing marched ouer the land, and waded thorow the Sea, to discouer all the creatures therein insensible, & sensible, the course of method summoneth me to discourse of the reasonable, to wit, the Inhabitants, and to plot downe whatsoeuer, noteworthily, belongeth to their estate, reall, and personall, and to their gouernment, spirituall, and temporall. Vnder their reall state, I comprise all that their industrie hath procured, either for priuate vse, or entercourse, and traffike.
In priuate life, there commeth into consideration, their Tenements, which yeeld them sustinance, and their houses, which afford them a place of abode. Euerie tenement is parcell of the demaynes, or seruices of some Manner. Commonly thirtie Acres make a farthing land, nine farthings a Cornish Acre, and foure Cornish Acres, a Knights fee. But this rule is ouerruled to a greater or lesser quantitie, according to the fruitfulnesse, or barrennesse of the soyle. That part of the demaines, which appertaineth to the Lords dwelling house, they call his Barten, or Berton. The tenants to the rest hold the same either by sufferance, Wil, or custome, or by conuention. The customary tenant holdeth at Wil, either for yeeres, [37] or for liues, or to them and their heires, in diuers manners according to the custome of the Mannour. Customarie Tenants for life, take for one, two, three, or more liues, in possession, or reuersion, as their custome will beare. Somewhere the wiues hold by widdowes estate, and in many places, when the estate is determined by the Tenants death, and either to descend to the next in reuersion, or to returne to the Lord, yet will his Executor, or Administrator detaine the land, by the custome, vntill the next Michaelmas after, which is not altogether destitute of a reasonable pretence.
Amongst other of this customarie Land, there are seuenteene Mannours, appertaining to the Duchie of Cornwall, who doe euerie seuenth yere, take their Holdings (so they terme them) of certaine Commissioners sent for the purpose, & haue continued this vse, for the best part of three hundred yeeres, through which, they reckon, a kind of inheritable estate accrued vnto them. But, this long prescription notwithstanding, a more busie then well occupied person, not long sithence, by getting a Checquer lease of one or two such tenements, called the whole right in question: and albeit God denyed his bad minde any good successe, yet another taking vp this broken title, to salue himselfe of a desperate debt, prosecuted the same so far forth, as he brought it to the iutty of a Nisi prius. Hereon certayne Gentlemen were chosen and requested by the Tenants, to become suiters for stopping this gap, before it had made an irremediable breach. They repayred to London accordingly, and preferred a petition to the then L. Treasurer Burleigh. His L. called vnto him the Chauncellour, and Coise Barons of the Exchequer, and tooke a priuate hearing of the cause. It was there manifestly prooued before them, that besides this long continuance, and the Importance, (as that which touched the vndooing of more then a thousand persons) her Highnesse possessed no other lands, that yeelded her so large a benefit in Rents, Fines, Heriots, and other perquisites. These reasons found fauourable allowance, but could obtaine no thorough discharge, vntill the Gentlemen became suppliants to her Maiesties owne person, who, with her natiue & supernaturall bounty, vouchsafed vs gratious audience, testified her great dislike of the attempter, & gaue expresse order for stay of the attempt: since which time, this barking Dogge hath bene mufled. May it please God to award him an vtter choaking, that he neuer haue power to bite againe.
Herein we were beholden to Sir Walter Raleghs earnest writing, (who was then in the Countrey) to Sir Henry Killigrews sound aduice, and to Master William Killigrews painefull soliciting (being the most kinde patrone of all his Countrey and Countreymens affaires at Court.)
In times past, and that not long agoe, Holdings were so plentifull, and Holders so scarce, as well was the Landlord who could get one to bee his Tenant, and they vsed to take assurance for the rent by 2. pledges of the same Mannour. But now the case is altred: for a farme, or (as wee call it) a bargaine can no sooner fall in hand, then the Suruey Court shal be waited on with many Officers, vying & reuying each on other; nay thei are taken mostly at a ground-hop, before they fall, for feare of comming too late. And ouer and aboue the old yerely rent, they will giue a hundred or two hundred [38] yeeres purchace and vpward at that rate, for a fine, to haue an estate of three liues: which summe commonly amounteth to ten, or twelve yeeres iust value of the land. As for the old rent, it carrieth at the most, the proportion but of a tenth part, to that whereat the tenement may be presently improued, & somewhere much lesse: so as the Parson of the parish can in most places, dispend as much by his tithe, as the Lord of the Mannour by his rent. Yet is not this deare letting euerie where alike: for the westerne halfe of Cornewall, commeth far short of the Easterne, and the land about Townes, exceedeth that lying farther in the Countrey.
The reason of this enhaunsed price, may proue (as I gesse) partly, for that the late great trade into both the Indies, hath replenished these parts of the world with a larger store of the Coyne-currant mettals, then our ancestours enioyed: partly, because the banishment of single-liuing Votaries, yonger mariages then of olde, and our long freedome from any sore wasting warre, or plague, hath made our Countrey very populous: and partly, in that this populousnes hath inforced an industrie in them, and our blessed quietnes giuen scope, and meanes to this industrie. But howsoeuer I ayme right or wide at this, once certayne it is, that for these husbandry matters, the Cornish Inhabitants are in sundry points swayed by a diuerse opinion, from those of some other Shires. One, that they will rather take bargaines, at these excessiue fines, then a tolerable improued rent, being in no sort willing to ouer a penny: for they reckon that, but once smarting, and this, a continuall aking. Besides, though the price seeme very high, yet mostly, foure yeeres tillage, with the husbandmans payne and charge, goeth neere to defray it. Another, that they fal euery where from Commons to Inclosure, and partake not of some Easterne Tenants enuious dispositions, who will sooner preiudice their owne present thrift, by continuing this mingle-mangle, then aduance the Lords expectant benefit, after their terme expired.
The third, that they alwayes preferre liues before yeeres, as both presuming vpon the Countries healthfulnesse, and also accounting their family best prouided for, when the husband, wife, and childe, are sure of a liuing. Neither may I (without wrong) conceyle the iust commendation of most such wiues, in this behalfe: namely, when a bargaine is so taken to these three, it often falleth out, that afterwards the sonne marieth, and deliuereth his yeruing-goods (as they terme it) to his father, who in lieu thereof, by his wiues assent (which in many auncient deeds was formall) departeth to him and his daughter in lawe, with the one halfe of his Holding in hand.
Now, though after the fathers decease, the mother may, during her life, turne them both out of doores, as not bound by her owne word, and much lesse by her husbands: yet I haue seldome or neuer knowne the same put in practise, but true and iust meaning hath euer taken place.
Yet another vnconscionable quirk some haue of late time pried into, viz. in a ioynt-lease to three intended by the taker and payer, to descend successiuely and intirely, one of them passeth ouer his interest to a stranger, who by rigour of law shall hold it during the liues of the other twaine.
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The ordinary couenants of most conuentionary Tenants are, to pay due Capons, doe haruest iournyes, grinde at the Mill, sue to the Court, discharge the office of Reeue and Tithing-man, dwell vpon the Tenement, and to set out no part thereof to tillage, without the Lords licence first obtained. Which conditions are yet enlarged or restrained, according to the Demisors humour.
Vsuall it is for all sorts of Tenants, vpon death, at least, if not surrender, or forfeyture, to pay their best beast for a Heriot: yea, if a stranger, passing thorow the Countrey, chaunce to leaue his carkase behind him, he also must redeeme his buriall, by rendring his best beast, which he hath with him, to the Lord of the soyle: or if he haue none, his best Iewell; or rather then fayle, his best garment then about him, in lieu thereof. But this custome hath beene somewhat shaken, in comming to triall, and laboureth of a dangerous Feuer, though the Cornish Gentlemen vse all possible remedies of almost fas et nefas, by pleading the 11. poynts of the Lawe, to keepe it on liue.
The free Tenants seruices, are ordinary with those of other places, saue that they pay in most places onely fee-Morton releeses, which is after fiue markes the whole Knights fee, (so called of Iohn Earle first of Morton, then of Cornwall, and lastly King of this Land) whereas that of fee-Gloucester is fiue pound. And to accomplish this part, I haue heere inserted a note of the Cornish Knights fees and acres, which I receyued from my learned and religious kinseman Master Robert Moyle.
Record. Feod. Milit. in Cornub. fact.Anno 3. H. 4. vt sequitur.
HEnricus Dei gratia, Rex Anglia & Franciae, & Dominus Hiberniae, dilectis nobis Vicecom. & Escaetori nostris in Com. Cornub. ac Iohanni Colshil, & Iohanni Tremayn seniori collectoribus auxilij 20. solidorum, de quolibet feod. Milit. tento de nob. fine medio in Com. praedicto ad Blanchiam primogenitam filiam nostram maritand. iuxta formam statuti, anno regni Domini Edwardi nuper Regis Angliae, Aui nostri 25. edict. assignat salutem. Quasdam euidentias, quas de libris, rotulis & memorand. Scaccarii nostri exhiberi fecimus pro informations vestra, super captione inquisitionum diuersorum feodorum in Com. praedicto, viz. de rubro libra unam scedulam, & duos rotulos de euidentiis nuper collectoribus auxilii praedicti, auo nostro ad filium suum primogenitum milit. faciend, anno Regni sui 20. concessi vobis mittimus, sub pede sigilli nostri, mandantes, vt inspect. euidenc. praed. vlterius inde tam per easdem euident. quam per Inquisitiones super praemiss. per vos capiend. pro commodo nostro faciatis, quod de iure per vos videatur faciend: Ita quod euidenc. praed, vna cum toto fac. vestro in premiss. & hoc breue ad Scaccarium nostrum super compot. vestrum proxim. de eodem auxilio redend. Baronibus de dictio Scaccario nostro ibidem liberandum habeatis. Teste Iohanne Cokayn apud Westmonast. 30. die Ianua. Anno Regni nostri 3. Rotl. memorum de anno 3. Hillar. record.
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Hundred de Penwith.
Will, de Campo Arnulphi ten. 7 feod. & di.in Luduon trewedryn, Maien & Kelle-meke.Will. Basset ten. 1. feod in Tihidi & Trenalga.Mich. de Bray ten. 2. partes vnius feod. in BrayAlanas Bloighon ten 2. feod. in Tremall.Haeres Marci de Walestbren ten. 2. partes feod. inVeno.Episcop. Exon. ten dimid. feod. in Lauestli.Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. 1. feod. in Gorten.Comes Gloc. ten. 4. part. unius feod. in Drayn-neck.Idem. Comes ten. 1. feod. in Couerton.Idem. Comes ten. 1. feod. in Binnerton.Idem. Comes ten. 5. part. 1. feod. in Loigans.Haeres Ties ten. dimid. feod. in Alwerton.Marchio Dorset. ten. 4. feod. in Trenwel.
Hundred de Lysnewith.
Will, de Botriaux tenet in isto Hundred in Walebreux. 1. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Polruman di. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Wolueston 1. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Tresciward 1. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Worthauale 1. feod.Reginald de Ferrar in ead. Hund. 7. feod.Will, de Witha & Iohan. de Crammon tenent inTrewint & in Westdisart 1. feod.Idem Will. de Campo Arnulphi ten. 1 feod. inHeliset.Idem Will. ten. in Oterham 1. feod.Idem Will, in Donneghny Crugplegh di. feod.Simon Giffard ten. 1. feo. in Donneghny de la Bruer.Henric. de la Pomerey ten. in Lesnewith & Treuyghandi. feod.Rogerus de Crammon ten. in Moteland 1. feod.Omnia praedicta feod. sunt feod. Mortanne.Haeres Iocei Dinan ten.in Ouer rescradeck. & netherrescradeck di. feod.
Hundred de Stratton.
HErbertus de Pyn ten. in Middeland 3. feod.Idem ten. in Bere 1. feod. in Deuon.Idem ten. in Alwington in Deuon 2. feod.Idem ten. Marwonchurch 1. feod.Idem ten. in Pensenteinon, Trethewy & Westory 2.feod.Comes Gloc. ten. 2. magna feod. in Kilkham land.
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Ranulphus de Albo Monasterio tenet in Stratton 1.feod.Thomas de Wamford ten. in Efford 1. feod.Henric. de Killigreu ten. 1. feo. in Orchard mar-ries.Iohannes de Cobbeham in Lancels 1. feod. quod Abbas& conuentus de Hartland tenent in pur. & perpet.elem.Idem ten. in Wiston & Serpeknol 1. feod.Idem ten. in burgo paruo Ponte knol. & Sunondsham 1.feod. quod Abbas & conu. praed. clam, tenere inpura & perpet. elem.Idem ten. 3. part. 1. feod. in Turlebere.Idem ten. 1. feod. & 6. part. 1. feod. in Hilton simulcum Ferewil in Deuon.Rogerus de Carmmon ten. 1. feod. in Hormecot &Rescher.Rex ten. 1. feod. in Bostinne.Idem ten. Lamaylwen 1. feod. quod Oliuerus de Cram-mon ten.Idem ten. in Nantoige 1. feod. di. feod.Iohanna Lengleis ten. i. feod. in Wadfaste.Guilielmus de Campo Arnulphi ten. 1. feod. m Pen-nalim.Idem ten. 1. feod. & 2. partes 1. feod. in Wike.Prior de Lanceston ten. 1/4 1. feod. in Borton.Haluethus Maliuery ten, di. feo. milit. in Tamerton.Omnia praedicta feod. sunt parua feod. prater. 2. feod.in Kilkam lond.
Hundred de East.
IOhanna de Rame ten. 1. fe. magnum de Seniock.Nicholaus Danne ten. 1. partem feod. dict. feod. deMortimer in Tregantle de Modeton.Idem Nich. ten. 1. magnum feod. de Abbate de Ta-uistauk.Idem Nich. ten. 1. mag. feod. in Trecan & Trecurnel& Churleton de praedict. Abbate.Idem Wil. de Bodbrand ten. 2. parua feod. de Mor-teynne in Penhangle de Trematon.Idem Will. ten. 1. paru. feod. dict. feod. de Morteynnin Karkeil de Trematon.Rogerus de Tredenick ten. in Tredenick 5. part. 1.parui feod. prout ibid.Rogerus de Ferrar ten. 2. parua feod. dict. feod. deMortyn in Penpol de Tremerton.Idem ten. 1. paru. feod. in Haston de Tremerton.Idem ten. 1. paru. feod. in Westuenton de Tre-merton.Idem ten. di. paru. feod. dict. feod. de Mortyn in The-lebridge in la rode.Idem ten. 3. part, vnius paru. feod. in Croketon deTremerton.
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Idem Calistock 1. paru. feod. & est in manu regis.Idem aqua de Tamar di. feod. in manu reg. de honorede Tremeton.Idem Rogerus de Inkepenne ten. 2. paru. feo. Mortynnin Halton.Galfrid. de Erth. ten. di. paru. feod. ibid.Idem Galfrid. de Groue ten. 3. part, vnius di. feod.paru. de Mortyn ibid.Idem Nic. de Merton ten. 1. paru. feod. Mortyn inTreualuare & in Trekinward.Will. de Botriaux ten. di. paru. feod. de Mortyn inPenhele de rege.Thomas Lercedekne ten. 4. part. 1. feod. paru. in Treu-ris de rege.Baro de Stafford ten. di. feod. paru. dict. feod. deMortyn de rege in Kallilond.Episcop. Exon. ten. 1. mag. feod. Gloce. de rege.Ric. de Trenaga tenet ibid. paru. feod. de Willi.Botriaux.Regin. de Beuil ten. ibid. paru. feod. in Tredawil deWil. de Botriaux.Idem Prior de Minstre ten. 1. paru. feod. Mort. inPolisant.Idem Nic. Danne ten. 3. part. 1. feod. paru. dict. feod.de Mor. in Legh.
Hundred de West.
CArdynan Penlyn ten. pro duobus feod. paru. dict.feod. de Morteyn in custodia regis.Ric. de Serifeaux ten. 3. paru. feod. de Mort. inLaurethon, Kilgather & Lansalwys.Will. de Bodrigan ten. paru. feod. in Trethim Bes-sant.Manerium de Liskerd est di. paru. feod. Mort. & est inmanu reg.Tho. de Cruptus ten. 2. paru. feod. in Cruphs &Caruaton.Matheus de Trethake ten. 2. par. feod. Mo. in Tre-thake, Lamlewarn, Trelewarn & Denant.Mathilda de Hewisch ten. di. part. feo. in Meuely.Ioh. de Wellington & Reg. Querquius ten. 5. part. 1.feod. in Fawyton.
Hundred de Trigger.
ROb. Thomy ten. di. feod. in Bliston dict. feod.Mortyn.Idem Nico. de Bindon ten. in Penrosburdon di. feod.Mort.Rob. de Cheyndut ten. in Bodannan 4. part. 1. feo.Mort.Ioh. filius Wil. te. in Kinnarght 4. par. 1. feo. Mor.
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Idem ten. in Tregradeck, 4. part. 1. feod. Mor.Henricus Camel ten. in Belionnus, 1. feod. Mor.Polroda.Robert. de Brunn ten. in Delisonbol 1. feod. Mort.Matheus & Agnes de Trehauk ten. in Trehome di.feod. Mort.Robertus Giffard te. in Lannomunnus di. fe. Mor.Robertus de Helligan ten. ibi. 2. feo. dict. fe. Mort.Iohannes de Tinten ten. in Tynten & in Trewinneck1. feod. Mort.Ioh. de Seneschal te. in Helland, 4. part. 1. fe. Mort.Haeres de Walesbren ten. in Lamailwen 4. part. 1. feod.Mort.Ric. de Rescarreck ten. in Rescarretunus 4. part. fe.Mort.Dom. de Lancarsse ten. ib. 5. part. 1. feo. di. fe. Mort.Dom. de Portguin ten. ib. di. feod. Mort.Siluester de Tregamuran ten. in Tregonen 1. feod.magnum.Iohannes Darundle ten. in Treawset, & in Trenbeith 1.feod. Mort.Episcop. Exon. ten. in Eglosel 1. feod. mag.Ioh. Tracy & Hugo Peuerel tenent in Tremscord &Hamatethy, 2. feod. Mort.Ricard. de Serifeaux ten. in Kilkoid 2. feod, & di.Mort.Iohannes de Guillez ten. in Trenderet. 1. feo. Mor.Barth, de Cant. ten. ibid. di. feod. Mort.Ioh. fil. Will. ten. in Haumal di. feod.Alanus Blughon ten. in Polrodon Donnat 2. feo.Mort.
Hundred de Pider.
IOhannes de Vinfrauil ten. ratione Aliciae vxoris fuae,1. mag. feod. in Laherne.Ric. de Hiuoisch ten. ibid. mag. feod. in S. Idy.Rosamunda de la forest ten. ibid. mag. feod. in Tre-ueald.Bartholomeus de Bercle tenet dimid. mag. feod. in Tre-woleck.Iohannes de Tregage tenet dimid. mag. feod. in Tre-nurdre.Episcop. Exon. te. 5. part. mag. feod. in Dinbegh.Rad. de Berthei ten. ibid. 1. paru. feod.Henric. Ties te. 4. part. mag. feod. in Trewarnayl.Item Rex ten. 4. part. 1. mag. feod. in Trewarnayl.Ela de sanct. Colano ten. ibid. di. paru. feo. Mort.Ric. de sanct. Colano ten. ratione Isoldae vxo. eiusibid. di. paru. feod. Mort.Rob. Thomy ten. in Caruaton 4. part. 1. paru. feod.Barth. de Berckle te. in Tremor, di. paru. feo.Ioh. Darundle ten. di. paru, feod. in Treloy.Iohannes Hamelyn te. di. paru. feod. in Trekinnen,Rad. Darundle te. di. paru. feo. in Trekinnen.
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Regin. de Botriaux ten. 5. part. paru. feod. in Cut- fordferle.
Hundred de Powder.
Will. de Campo Arnulphi ten. in Tiwardraith 1.feo. vnde Prior ten. 3. acr. & di. ibi. IdemWill. ten. in Bodrigan Penarth & Cargois 3.feod.Idem Will. ten. in Gouely 1. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Prideas 1. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Lishiestick 1. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Treuerlynwater di. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Bodenda 4. part. 1. feod.Idem Will. ten, in Treuerbindren 5. par. i. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Tronneck 5. part. 1. feod.Idem Will. ten. in Tronalgerthan 4. part. 1. feod.Episcop. Exon. ten. in Caniwerez 1. feod.Idem Episcop. ten. in Trenel 1. feod.Idem Episcop. ten. in Taluren 1. feod.Idem ten. in Fentengullyn di. feod.Idem ten. in Tremnel di. feod.Idem ten. in Trelonck. di. feod.Henr. de la Pomeray ten. 3. part. 1. feo. in Hellarna.Ioh. de Riparys ten. in Mauntayn di. feod.Idem ten. in Trethak 1. feod.Steph. de Belloprato ten. in Treuewith & Trewithy di.feod. paru.Serlo de Lauladro ten. ibid. & in S. Goriann & in paru.Luntyan 1. feod. & di. paru.Rad. de Killigreu ten. ibid. 1. feod. paru.Will, de Bodrigan ten. in Tremodret & in la roche 3.feod. paru.Serlo de Lauladro ten. in Alet 3. part. 1. feod.Will. Stanley & Comes de Riuers ten. 1. feod. mili. Mo.in Elerky.Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. in Eglosroset in Trelewith1. feod.Will. Baillisbury vaca. vxo. fuae ten.in Blanchelond1. feod.Henr. fil. Maugi de Killigreu ten. in Trewyn 3. part.1. feod.Ric. de Hiwisch ten. in Trenasanstel di. feod.Idem ten. in Gloures 1. feod.Haeres Iocei Dynnan ten. in Argallez 1. feod. paru.Idem ten. in Fountomon 3. part. 1. feod. paru.Haeres Thomas de Prideas ten. in Boswyghergy 2. part.1.feod. paru.Mat. de Trethake ten. in Tragameddon 2. feo. par.Rex. ten. aquam de Fawe pro 2. feod. & 3. part, 1.feo.Henricus de la Pomerey ten. 12. feod. in Tregony.
Hundred de Kerier.
WAlter. Wailisbury & Isolda vxor eius te. 3. feod. in Rescronges dicta feod. Mortan.
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Iohannis de Riparys te. in Rosewike 1. feo. Mort.Episcop. Exon. ten di. mag. feod. in Minstre.Rogerus de Carminon ten. 20. part. 1. feo. Mort. extra10. part. illius 20, in Wynnenton, Marthyn & Ta-merton.Thomas Durant ten. in Penzenguans, 1. fe. Mort.Iohannes fil. Will. ten. di. feod. in Arworthel per Car-tam Edwardi quondam Com. Cornub. dict. feod.Mor.
Euidentiae extractae de rubro librade Scaccario, 143.Cornub.
RObertus de Cardinan 71. feod. milit.Reginaldus de Valle torta 59. de honore de Tre-meton.Thomas de Middleton 10. de honore de Midd.Will. de Botterill 12. milit.Robertus fil. Walteri 11. milit. de feod. Ric. de Lustiauunculi sui.Robertus de Peuerel 9. milit. de feod. eiusdem.Ric. fil. Ric. 1. feod. & 3. part, cum haere deRupe.Rad. Bloyon 7.Arehennaund. Flandrensis 7. milit.Robertus de Tintagle 5. milit.Henricus fil. Will. 4. milit.Wil. de Albemarle 5. milit. cum relict, Robert. deBikehat.Radulphus de Treat. 1. milit.Ric. Wallensis 2. milit.Wil. de Bosfco Roardi 2. milit.Iohannes de monte acuto.Henricus de Pomeray.Henricus de Herys 1.Pharanus Warebras 1. milit.Barth. fil. 1. milit.Gilbertus Anglicus 1. milit.Symon Pincerna 1.Ric. filius Iuonis 1.Ric. Buzon. 1.Henricus fil. Com. 1.Huardus de Bekelege 1.Walterius de Dunstan vil. 1. milit.Hastul de Sullinge 4. part.Robertus de Mandeuil 1. milit.Alicia de Valletorta 1. milit.
Seriantes.
PEtrus fil. Ogeri 40. Cabulion per vnam Capamde Gresenge in aduentum dict. Regis in Cornu-biam.Rogerus Cithared 5. pro portanda illa Capa dum Rexfuerit in Cornubia.
[46]
Iohan. de Pencoit vnam acram in Lametyn prec. de 5.s.fac. ibid, custodiam per 40. dies.Rog. de Bodmel 1. acram pro sequela in Com.Rob. Espiakelin duas acras & furuum in Lanceneton, vteat in exercitum cum rege stipendiis ipsius Regis.
Extenta acrarum Cornub. facta coram Salom. deRoss. & Sociis suis Iustic. itinerant, apud Laun-ceston a die Paschae in 3.septimanas anno Reg.Edw. 12.
Hundred de Penwith.
Decunar. de Tihidi. 70. Lanistly 28. Acr.Redwory 14. Acras. Alwarton. 64.Couerton. 45. Trefruss. 3.Treruffe. 1. Marchel. 23.Dreyneck. 5. Trefundryn. 20.Bennerton. 45. Maen. 15.Gurlyn. 15. Bree. 8.Loygans. 9. Kelyneck. 24.Tenent de Tregony. 9. Warewil. 25.Penuerthy. 8. Tredyne. 1.Vthno. 8. Trewannard.Prior Mich. 8. Kelision. 6.Treynwal. 20. Tredeny. 3.Luddeuan. 55.Sum. 532. Acr.
Hundred de Kerier
Talgollon. 6. Carmynow. 18.Pensignans. 6. Wymanton. 12.Kenel 1. di. Trebrabo. 24.Arwothel. 9. S. Mawgan. 9.Restrongas. 21. Helston. 30.Penryn. 21. Methele. 15.Treros. 6. Trenhale. 6.Minster. 12. Godolghan 13. als. Epo. 9.Trewotheck. 6. Pengirsick, 6.Trenaweth. 9. Rogearon. 9.Trelan. 9. Wenna. 9.Rosewike. 30. Trelew. 9. als. 1. Ac. Exo.Lysard. 12. Presprinick. 6.Tredaneck. 6. Trelybey. 9.Tucays. 6. Luceas 31. als. 31. Ac. Ex.Clehar. 6.Sum. 397. Acr. & dimid.
Hundred de Pider.
Deci. de naushike pro. 6. Trewenneck. 3.Kalestek. 4. Trewoleck. 9.Elineas. 24. Bodwenek. 9.Dygimbris. 39. Rialton parua. 57.Treloy. 9. Trenowith. 3.
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S. Ify. 14. Treworder Bilcon. 12.Lanheyl Tinten. 18. Meddeschole. 9.Methean. 2. S. Peran. 3.Trewarnayl. 51. Eliquyn. 6.Carantock. 18. Cargoule. 39.Ryalton. 18. Porthe. 9.Lanhernow. 18. Carnaton. 14.Pawton. 120. Tregennow. 9.Aldennow. 21. Tremblithe. 4.Lantallen. 4. Gluuian. 3.Tremore. 6. Withiel. 15.Banhedrek. 9. Ryalton magna. 57.Retergh. 9. Cotford felle. 15.Trewynnian. 3. Berthey. 24.Meyndy. 6. Cragantallen. 3.Sum. 700. Acr.
Hundred de Powder.
Decuna de Tregaire. 93. Treworeck & Trew. 24.Inde alloc. 20. Ac. pro. do. Tremodreth. 18.Deuon. Treueruen & Poldu. 15.Blanchelond. 11. Eglosros. 3.Argallas. 6. Crogith & Caryheges. 9.Trenoweth. 9. Treuanion. 6.Kestel & Coran. 6. Lanhaddron. 4.Trelueck. 1. Boderdel. 20.Trelewith. 6. Brithion. 8.Tewynton. 33. Lanestek. 6.Tregony Pomeray. 32. Elerky. 42.Tredaek. 20. Werneckbosueleck. 4.Gouily. 9. Cargoul. 8.Pennarth. 9. Tretherf. 3.Trenyeck & Golours. 7. di. Pentewyn. 3.Trethewy. 6. S. Goron. 6.Boswiththe. 20. Beranel. 36.Trenance priour. 12. Trenananstle. 8.Killiuregh. 2. Tregarreck. 14.Landegy. 9. Maresk 36. pro reg. al-Tregamedon. 6. loc. 2.Alet. 12. Bodrugan. 9.Berthey Brune. 3. Treualgarthyn. 3.Growith & Trewithgy. 30. Lauada. 1.Treworeck. 9. Pridiaux. 12.Tybest & Penkeuel. 42. Tywascreth. 36.Treueruyn. 3. Pensentimow. 6.Nantyan. 36. Kenewyn. 1.Sum. 573. Acr. & dimid.
Hundred de Trigg.
Egloshayl. 7. di. Lannousun. 18.Penpout. 21. Bendeuy. 36.
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Namail. 3. Roscarreck Bighan. 3.Hundr. de Trig. 9. Tregradeck. 16.Trelindret. 1. di. Lancarff. 6.Tinten. 12. Pentir. 1. di.Trenesquit. 18. Trewornar. 18.Peterow. 6. Penrosburdon. 12.Boddannan. 27. Killigint. 18.Deliodbol. 6. Tridiseck. 18.Bliston. 33. Heligan. 9.Canta. 1. di. Reskarrekam. 9.Broneyr. 2. Linnoban. 66.Rugog. 9. Bodymel. 12.Delioner. 9. Trehaneck. 6.Polroda. 15. Hellaund. 6.Killigen. 9. Tamitethy. 12.Portligwyn. 1. di. Lanowseynt. i8.Sum. 473. & dimid.
Hundred de Lesnewith.
Hellesland. 57. Cydmonth. 7.Treualga. 18. Powndstock. 9.Treuilla. 3. Donneny. 18.Cracampton. 12. Treseward. 7. di.Dysard. 6. Bochym. 21.Wolueston. 9. Boleny. 8.Treglasta. 35. Ebsett. 21.Mokelound. 8. S. Genys. 10.Treuerueth. 9. Whalsborow. 8.Wortheual. 29. Otterham. 12.Lesnewith. 24. Tremayl. 6.Sum. 337. & dimid.
Hundred de Stratton.
Decena de Middeland. Marwyn-church & extra.2.68. di.Launceles. 20. Loghe. 2.Thurlebere. 12. Corg. 1.Weke. 15. Fanceston. 8.Wadfast. 17. Pennalym. 17.Wyldsworthy. 4. Efford. 21.Tamerton. 8. Bere. 3.Harnacot. 9. di. Hilton. 20.Morton. 2. Forkeston & Brendon. 4.Kilkampton & Allerton. Witston & S. Petnel. 2.68. Boyton & Bradbridge. 9.Stratton. 21. dimid.Bryard. 5.Sum. 341. Acr. & dimid.
[49]
Hundred de East.
Penheal. 36. Landreyn. 3.Item ibid. 1. Clemyslond. 50.Tredawel. 13. Halton. 18.Trelosk. 14. Newton. 16.Tauestok. 27. Trematon. 80.Modeton. 9. Lanrake. 100.Cauilond. 44. Sheuiek. 100.Launcelond. 50. Tregilla. 12.Polisaund 6. Penquite. 11.Trefrys. 18. Carnedon. 8.Lawytton. 80. Rame. 20.Haston. 7. Bennalua. 20.Landilp & leghe. 14. Penhasgar. 26.Killaton. 20. Thorleton. 5.Treuaga. 13. Cranydon. 24.Trenymel. 12. Buysworek. 10.Penpol. 24. S. Germyn. 37.Treuartha. 3. Hamet. 7.Sum. 927.
Hundred de West.
Cardinan. 24. Treuellawan. 15.Breuigon. 6. Lanrethow. 12.Estdraynez. 6. S. Wynow. 4. dimid.Tremethert. 24. Bocunek. 12.Recradock. 9. Treuilias. 3.Lutcot. 24. Trethu. 6.Pendryn. 6. S. Wot. 3.Killigath. 9. Perpol. 24.Plenynt. 9. Losnewith. 6.Manely. 12. Trethewy. 3.Polscoth. 1. dimid. Penquite. 9.Botylet. 9. Boccalawar. 6.Killigoreck. 9. Tallan. 6.Baurylen & Hamiteth. 3. Trethek. 6. dimid.Fowyton. 30. Langonet. 6.Treueruyn. 6. Rathwil. 1. dimid,West Draynez. 6. Brothok. 3.Laskerd. 18. Penfran. 9.Crutour. 9. Colmettyn. 6.Trelowya. 6. Kelly & Mighstow. 3.Trenant. 6.Sum 353.
Sum. tot. 5555. dimid. Acr.
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Nomina Baron. & Militum ex Rotulis de feodisMilitum, vel de Scutagio Solutis RegiRichardo primo : In libro rubeoScaccarii.
Cornubia.
WAlterus Hay 20. M. per Agn. vxoremsuam.Nicholaus filius Galfridi 10. M.Willi. Boterell. 12. M.Alanus Blundus 7. M.Geruasius filius Willi. 5. M.Willi. frater Comitis 4. M.Willi. filius Ric. 5. M.Rad. de Rupe 3. M.Willi. Oliuer. 1. M.Henricus de Tredeleberg. 1. M.Richardus filius Iuo. dim. M.Iohannes de Soleigny.Stephanus Flandrensis. 7. M.Alanus de Dunstauill. 1. M.Rogerus Anglicus. 1. M.Regium de Valletorta 51. M.Secundum quod Lucas filius Bernardi Senescallus euismandauit per litteras Baron. de Scaccar. in Annosexto Regis Richardi.Robertus de Cardin. 71. M.Secundum quod Senescallus eiusdem mandauit Baron.eodem anno 6. R. 1.Galfridus de Lacell. qui habet med. feod. q. fueruntRichard, de Lucy in hoc Com. 9. M. sicut Ric. filiusWilli. Senescallus eius mandauit per breue, Annoregni Regis Richardi octauo.
Cornubia
Anno 40. Henr. tertii.
lllustri viro, Domino Henrico, Dei gratia, Regi Angliae, Domino Hiberniae, Duct Nor. Aquitan. & Com. Andeg. vicecomes Cornubiae, salutem, cum omni reve- rentia & obsequio. Ad mandatum vestrum, nomina illorum qui ten. quindecem libratas terrae vel plus, & tenent per seruitium militare, & milites non sunt, excellentiae vestrae praesentibus transmitto, vide- licet.
THomas de Tracy, cuius terrae in Cornubia valent40. libras & plus.Rogerus de Mesy. 16. li.Stephanus de Bellocampo. 15. li.Henr. filius Henr. de la Pombre. 30. li.Robertus de Carmeneu. 16. li.Willi. filius Roberti. 15. li.Marc. le Flamanc. 16. li.
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Willi. Wise. 16. li.Iordanus de Hacumb. 14. li.Robertas de Draenas. I5. li.Philippus de Valletorta. 40. li.Richard. de Grenuile. 50. li.Henricus de Dones. 15. li.
Nomina Militum, & aliorum hominum adArma, Anno Regni RegisEdw. filii RegisEdw 17.
IOhannes de Treiagu vicecomes.
Nomina militum de Com. Cornubiae, taminfra libertates quamextra.
WIlli. de Botriaux.Reginaldus de Botriaux.Rad. de Albo Monasterio,Richard. de Campo Arnulphi.Henricus de Campo Arnulphi.
Le Petit.
THomas Lercedekne est in Vascoma in sericiumRegis.Iohannes de Alneto.Iohannes de Tynten.Willi. de Ferrers.Robertus Bendyn.Reginaldus de Mohun.Robertus filius Willi. impotens miles coronator DominiRegis.Iohannes de Carmenou.Otto de Bodrugan peregrinatus est ad San. Iacobum li-centia Domini Regis.
Nomina hominum ad Arma InCom. Cornubiae.
IOhannes de Dynham.Rad. de Bloyen.Willi. Basset.Oliuerus de Carminou.Henricus de Peng.Rogerus de Reskymmer.Iohannes de Lambron.Iohannes le Scor. de Taluran.
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Richardus de Cerefeaux iunior.Iohannes de Pyn.Rogerus Pridyas.Rad. de Bello Prato, peregrinatus est cum Ottone deBodrugan, cum licentia regis pro se & duobus va-lectis.
Isti praenominati habent 40. libr. terrae & redditusper annum.Alii multi Armigeri desunt, nomina eorum dilace-rata, non possunt legi in originali.
EDwardus Dei gratia, Rex Angliae, Dominus Hiberniae, & Dux Aquit.vicecomiti Cornub. salutem. Cum nuper tibi praeceperimus, quod omnes & singulos de balliua tua in- fra libertates & extra, tam illos qui viginti libratas terrae & redditus per annum habent, quam illos similiter qui plus habent, de quocunq; teneant sine delatione rogares, & speci- aliter requireres ex parte nostra, fermiterq, iniungentes eis- dem, quod essent ad nos Londini die dominica prox. post octa- vas Sci. Iohannis Bapt. proximo futuras, cum equis & Ar- mis, videlicet, quilibet eorum prout decuerit statum suum, parati transfretare cum corpore nostro, partes transmarinas, ad Dei nostri & ipsorum honorem, ut speramus, & pro sal- uatione & communi utilitate regni nostri, tibi praecipimus, firmiter iniungentes, quod mandato nostro praedicto diligenter & celeriter executo, nos de nominibus omnium illorum de balliua tua quos sit rogaueris ad dictam diem dominie. dis- tincte & aperte, sub sigillo tuo certiores reddere non omittas: Remittens nobis tunc hoc breue. Teste meipso apud Portes- mouth, 24. die Maii, Anno regni nostri vicesimo quinto.
Nomina eorum qui habent viginti libratasterrae, seu redditus vel amplius,in Com. Cornubiae.
DOminus Oliuerus de Denham.Dominus Willi. de Boteraus Senior.Dominus Willi. de Boteraus maior.Dominus Willi. de Campo Arnulphi.Dominus Thomas de Kan.Dominus Stepha. de Bello Prato.Dominus Rogerus de Carminou.Dominus Thomas de Pridias.Dominus Hugo Peuerell.Dominus Iohannes de Lambron.Dominus Rad. Bloyhon.Dominus Iohannes filius Willi.Dominus Osbertus le Sor.Dominus Robertus Gifford.Dominus Richardus de Huwyse.Dominus Reg. de Beuill.Dominus Richardus de Reskymer,Dominus Henricus de la Pomerey.Dominus Petrus de Fysac.Dominus Roulandus de Quoykyn.Dominus Richardus de Greneuyle.Dominus Walterus de Cornubia.
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Dominus Reginaldus de Botreaus.Thomas le Erchideakene.Serlo de Lansladeron.Walterus de Trem.Steph. de Trewythen.Odo de la Roche.Willi. del Estre.Rad. filius Oliueri de Arundell.Willi. de Bret.Mich. le Petit.Iohannes de Kellerion.Henricus de Kymyell.Iohannes de Arundell.Rogerus le Flemming.Richardus le Ceariseus.Iohannes de Tynton.Rad. de Cheyndut.Robertus le Brun.Stephanus de Trewynt.Robertus filius Willi.Thomas de Waunford.Rogerus Cola.Rogerus de Meules.Iohannes de Kylgat.Richardus de Trenaga.Philip. de San. Wynnoko,Iohannes de Thurlebere.
NOW to weaue on our former web. The ancient maner of Cornish building, was to plant their houses lowe, to lay the stones with morter of lyme and sand, to make the walles thick, their windowes arched and little, and their lights inwards to the court, to set hearths in the midst of the roome, for chimneyes, which vented the smoake at a louer in the toppe, to couer their planchings with earth, to frame the roomes not to exceede two stories, and the roofes to rise in length aboue proportion, and to bee packed thick with timber, seeking therethrough onely strength and warmenesse; whereas now-adayes, they seat their dwellings high, build their walles thinne, lay them with earthen morter, raise them to three or foure stoaries, mould their lights large, and outward, and their roofes square and slight, coueting chiefly prospect and pleasure. As for Glasse and Plaister for priuate mens houses, they are of late yeeres introduction.
The poore Cotager contenteth himselfe with Cob for his wals, and Thatch for his couering: as for Brick and Lath walles, they can hardly brooke the Cornish weather: and the vse thereof being put in triall by some, was found so vnprofitable, as it is not continued by any.
It resteth, that after the Cornish Inhabitants reall priuate estate, I speake of their entercourse and traffike, and so step forth to their personal.
This entercourse is obtayned by high wayes and Bridges: for highwayes, the Romanes did not extend theirs so farre: but those layd out of later times, are in the Easterne part of Cornwall, vneasy, by reason either of their mire or stones, besides many vp-hils and downe-hils. [54] The Westerne are better trauaileable, as lesse subiect to these discommodities: generally, the statute 18. Eliz. for their amendement, is reasonably wel executed.
Bridges, the riuer Tamer hath Polston, Gresham, Horse, and New Bridge.Lyner, that at Noddetor, Seton, and Loo, two bridges of the same name.Foy riuer, Reprin, Lostwithiel, S. Nighton, or Niot. Fala riuer,Grampord, Tregny. Loo riuer, Helston. On the North coast, vponCamel, Wade, Dilland & Helland. Vpon Deuon, Trywartheuy, &c. forthey are worth no curious enquiry.
For maintenance of traffike by buying and selling, there are weekely markets kept: In the Hundred of East, at Saltash, Launceston, and Milbrook. In west H. at Loo, and Liskerd. In Stratton H. at the Towne of the same name. In Lesnewith H. at Bottreaux Castle, and Camelford. In Powder H. at Foy, Lostwithiel, Grampord, Tregny, and Truro. In Trig H. at Bodmin. In Kerier Hun. at Helston, and Perin. And in Penwith Hundred, at Pensants, and at S. Ies. Of these, Bodmyn and Launceston are the greatest: this as placed in the broadest, that in the middle part of the Countie.
Fayres there are many, some of which here ensue.
March 13. at Bodmyn, Helston, S. Michaels mount.April 24. at Loo.25. at S. Columbs, S. Probus.May 1. at Launceston, Perin.Iune 11. at Minhinet,24. at Launceston, Pelint, Probus, ColombsIuly, on S. Margets day, at S. Stephens.S. Thomas transl, at Camelford.On S. Iames day, at Golsinni, Saltash.August 1. at S. Germaines.On S. Laurence day, at S. Laurence.On the Assumption of our Lady, at Lalant,September, on S. Mathews day, at Liskerd,on S. Bartholmews, at Lostwithiel,on the Natiuitie of our Lady, at Kellington, S. Marie weeke,and Marcasiow.October, on S. Dionise day, at Treuenna in Tintagel,Nouember, on S. Katherins day, at S. Thomas.On S. Leonards day, at Launceston and Tregny.December, on S. Nicholas day, at Bodmyn.
And because traffike cannot bee exercised without waights and measures, a word or two of them.
Touching wayghts, the statute 12. H. 7. which made a generall ordinance therein, did specially exempt those appertayning to the cunnage, in Deuon and Cornwall, viz. that they should be priuiledged to continue their former vsage.
In measures the Shire varieth, not only from others, but also in it selfe: for they haue a land-measure, and a water-measure: the water-measure, of things sold at the ships side (as salt and peason) by the Inhabitants, is sixteene gallons the bushell; by strangers, betweene 18. and 24. The land-measure differeth in diuers places, from 18. to 24. gallons the bushell, being least in the East parts, and increasing to the Westwards, where they measure Oates by the hogshead.
The Iustices of peace haue oftentimes indeuoured to reduce this variance to a certaintie of double Winchester: but though they raysed the lower, they cannot abate the higher to this proportion: and yet from the want of this reformation, there ensue many inconueniences; for the Farmer that hath the greatest bushell at the market, maketh a price for the lesser to follow with little, (or at least) no rateable deduction. Besides, they sell at home to their neighbours, the [55] rest of the weeke, by the smaller meafure, as was payd in the market for the bigger.
There are also some Ingrossers, who buy Wheat of the husbandman, after 18. gallons the bushell, and deliuer it to the transporting Marchant, for the same summe, at 16.
So doth their Pearch exceed that of other Countries, which amounteth vnto 18. foote. And it is likewise obserued by strangers, that the Cornish miles are much longer then those about London, if at least the wearinesse of their bodies (after so painefull a iourney) blemish not the coniecture of their mindes. I can impute this generall enlargement of saleable things, to no cause sooner, then the Cornish mans want of vent and money, who therethrough, to equall others in quality of price, is driuen to exceed them in quantitie of measure.
Touching the personall estate of the Cornish Inhabitants, to begin with their name in generall, I learne by master Camden (who, as the Arch-antiquarie Iustus Lipsius testifieth of him, Britanniae nebulas claro ingenij sole illustrauit) that Ptolomey calleth them Damnonii, Strabo Ostidamnii, and Aretemidorus, Cossini.
Touching their particular denominations; where the Saxons haue not intruded their newer vsances, they partake in some sort with their kinsmen the Welsh: for as the Welshmen catalogize ap Rice, ap Griffin, ap Owen, ap Tuder, ap Lewellin, &c. vntill they end in the highest of the stock, whom their memorie can reach vnto: So the Westerne Cornish, by alike, but more compendious maner, intitle one another with his owne & his fathers christen name, and conclude with the place of his dwelling; as Iohn, the sonne of Thomas, dwelling at Pendaruis, is called Iohn Thomas Pendaruis. Rich. his yonger brother is named, Richard Thomas Pendaruis, &c. Through which meanes, diuers Gent. and others haue changed their names, by remoouing their dwellings, as Trengoue to Nance, Bonithon, to Carclew, two brethren of the Thomasses, the one to Carnsew, the other to Rescrowe, and many other.
Most of them begin with Tre, Pol, or Pen, which signifie a Towne, a Top, and a head: whence grew the common by-word.
By Tre, Pol, and Pen,You shall know the Cornishmen.
Neither doe they want some signification, as Godolfin, alias Godolghan, a white Eagle: Chiwarton, the greene Castle on the hill: which Gentlemen giue such Armes; Reskimer, the great Dogges race, who beareth a Wolfe passant. Carnsew, alias, Carndew, a black rock: his house Bokelly, which soundeth the lost Goat: and a Goate he beareth for his coate: Carminow, a little Citie: Cosowarth, the high Groue, &c.
And as the Cornish names hold an affinity with the Welsh, so is their language deduced from the same source, and differeth onely in the dialect. But the Cornish is more easie to bee pronounced, and not so vnpleasing in sound, with throat letters, as the Welsh.
A friend of mine, one master Thomas Williams, discoursed once with mee, that the Cornish tongue was deriued from, or at least had some acquayntance with the Greeke: and besides diuers reasons which hee produced to proue the same, he vouched many wordes of one sence in both; as for example :
[56]
Greeke Cornish English
Teino Tedna DrawMamma Mamm MotherEpiscopos Escoppe BishopKlyo Klowo HeereDidaskein Dathisky To teachKyon Kye DoggeKentron Kentron SpurreMethyo Methow DrinkScaphe Scapth BoatRonchos Ronche Snorting, &c.
This language is stored with sufficient plenty to expresse the conceits of a good wit, both in prose and rime: yet they can no more giue a Cornish word for Tye, then the Greekes for Ineptus, the French for Stand, the English for Emulus, or the Irish for Knaue.
Others they have not past two or three naturell, but are fayne to borrow of the English: mary, this want is releeuved with a flood of most bitter curses, and spitefull nick-names.
They place the adiective after the substantive, like the Grecians and Latines, as Father ours, March guiddn, horse white, &c.
1 2 3 4In numbring they say, Wonnen, Deaw, Tre, Pidder,5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12Pimp, Whey, Zith, Eath, Naw, Deag, Ednack, Dowthack,13 14 15 16 17 18Tarnack, Puzwarthack, Punthack, Wheytack, Zitack, Itack,19 20 40 100. 1000. 10000.Naunzack, Eygganz, Deaw Egganz, Cans, Mille, Molla.
Durdatha why, is Good morrow to you.Trenestatha, Good night.Fatlugan a why: How do you?Da durdalathawhy: Wel I thanke you.Betha why Iawanneck: Be you mery.Benetugana: Farewell.
A sister, they call Whoore: a whoore, whorra: a priest, coggaz: a partridge, grigear: a Mare, cazock.
Relauta: by my troth.Warrasay: by my fayth.Molla tuenda laaz, ten thousand mischiefs in thy guts.Mille vengeance warna thy, a thousand vengeances take thee.Pedn ioll, deuils head:Pedn brauze, great head:pedn mowzack, stinking head:and so in Infinitum.
Which termes, notwithstanding thogh they witnes their spite on the one side, yet retayne they as great a proofe of their deuotion on the other: for the Lords Prayer, the Apostles Creed, and the ten commaundements, haue beene used in Cornish beyond all remembrance. But the principall loue and knowledge of this language, liued in Doctor Kennall the Ciuilian, and with him lyeth buryed: for the English speach doth still encroche vpon it, and hath driuen the same into the vttermost skirts of the shire. Most of the Inhabitants can no word of Cornish; but very few are ignorant of the English: and yet some so affect their owne, as to a stranger they will not speake it: for if meeting them by chance, you inquire the way or any such matter, your answere shal be, Meea nauidua cowzasawzneck, I can speake no Saxonage. The English which they speake, is good and pure, as receyuing it from the best hands of their owne Gentry, and the Easterne Marchants: but they disgrace it, in part, with a broad and rude accent, and eclipsing (somewhat like the Somersetshire men) specially in pronouncing the names: as Thomas they call, Tummas & Tubby: Mathew, Mathaw: Nicholas, Nichlaaz: Reginald, Reinol: David, Daaui: Mary, Maari: Frauncis, [57] Frowncis: Iames, Iammez: Walter, Watty: Robert, Dobby: Rafe, Raw: Clemence, Clemmcowe, &c. holding herein a contrary course of extension to the Italians abridgement, who terme Frauncis, Cecco: Dominick, Beco : Lawrence, Renzo: as also to the Turks, who name Constantinople, Stampoli: Adrianople, Adrina: an Olifant, Fil: and the Sicilians, who curtayle Nicholas, to Cola.
Besides these, they haue taken vp certayne peculiar phrases, which require a speciall Dictionarie for their interpretation: of which kinde are,
Tis not 'bezibd' (fortuned) to me: Thou hast no 'road' (ayme), he will never 'scrip' (escape) it, he is nothing 'pridy' (handsome), 'boobish' (lubberly), 'dule' (comfort), 'lidden' (by-word), 'shune' (strange), 'thew' (threaten), 'skew' (shunne), 'hoase' (forbeare).
To reproue one of lazines, they will say, Doest thou make Idle a coate? that is, a coate for idlenes? In coniecturing what number may effect a thing, they adde, or same: as two, or some: ten, or some: twentie, or some: id est, thereabouts.
The other rude termes, wherewith Deuon and Cornish men are often twyted, may plead in their defence, not onely the prescription of antiquitie, but also the title of proprietie, and the benefit of significancy: for most of them take their source from the Saxon, our naturall language, and continue in vse amongst the Dutch: as Nimme commeth of Nimpt: Vang, of Fieng: the one importing a taking by ones selfe: the other by deliuery: both which we now confound. Ich to Ick, Cund to Cundigen, Lading, to Geladen: eruing goods, to Erbnuss. So Thwyting, is properly the cutting of little chippes from a stick. Pilme, the dust which riseth: Brusse, that which lyeth: which termes, as they expresse our meaning more directly, so they want but another Spencer, to make them passable.
The number of Cornish Inhabitants, though it cannot directly bee summed, may yet proportionably be gessed at by the musters taken of the able men (hereafter set downe) which wee will value at a third part of the whole, in ensuing Bodins rate.
But another question falleth sometimes into scanning, namely, whether Cornwall haue heretofore beene better stored with people, then it is now. Some holde the affirmatiue, and vouch to prooue it, the generall decay of Inland townes, where whole streets, besides particular houses, pay tribute to Comdowne Castle, as also the ruines yet resting in the wilde Moores, which testifie a former inhabitance. Others incline againe to the negatiue, alleadging the reasons heretofore touched, in the deare price of farmes or bargaines, by which mine assent is rather swayed: for I suppose that those waste grounds were inhabited, and manured, when the Saxons and Danes continual inuasions draue them to abandon the sea coasts, saue in such townes, as were able to muster, vpon any sodaine occasion, a sufficient number for their owne defence. The residue retired into the heart of the land, where, vpon a longer warning, they might sooner assemble from all sides, to make head, and the enemie in so far a march and retrait, should aduenture a greater hazard to bee distressed by the way. Which policy the French were driuen vnto, in Edward the thirds time, vpon the Englishmens [58] often roades, and the Spaniards make vse of at this day, in their Indies. Touching the decayed Inland townes, they are counteruayled with a surplusage of increase of those on the coast, and the desolate walks in the Mores, haue begotten a seuen-fold race of cotages neere the sea side. And thus much of Cornwall compared with it selfe: now, if you match it with other champion Shires, methinks, I may gather the same to be better inhabited, within a like circuit of miles, because the plenty of hils & valleys, afford a large quantity of ground thereunto. He that cannot conceiue this, may read Polibius in his 9 booke, where it is written, that for this reason, Lacedemon, being but fourty eight furlongs in compasse, contayneth more dwellings then Megalopolis, which extendeth vnto fiftie. My last proofe is grounded on this, that where the most part of the shire is seuered into inclosures, you cannot easily make choyce to stand in any one of them, aboue a quarter of a mile distance from some dwelling house.