Chapter 11

188.W. D. Babington,Fallacies of Race Theories as Applied to National Characteristics(Longmans, Green & Co., 1895).

189.N. Y., Scribner, 1893, 290 pp.

190.For the rôle of the physical milieu in American history,cf.also: Justin Winsor,The Mississippi Basin, The Struggle in America between England and France: 1697–1763(Boston & N. Y., 1898) [influence of geography over history during colonization and settlement]; Frederick Jackson Turner,Rise of the New West: 1819–1829 (N. Y. & London: Harper & Brothers, 1906) [vol. 14 ofThe American Nation, A History, ed. by A. B. Hart, in 27 vols. In the Author’s Preface, p. XVII, Turner remarks: “In the present volume I have kept before myself the importance of regarding American development as the outcome of economic and social as well as political forces.” And, he should have added, of geographical environment.Videespecially the first half of his book for the working out of his milieu idea]; James Bryce,The American Commonwealth, (2 vols., new ed., completely revised, N. Y.: Macmillan, 1910–11) [see vol. 2, ch. 91 (pp. 449–68), “The home of the nation,” for a statement of the influence of physical conditions on American history]; E. C. Semple,American History and Its Geographic Conditions(Boston & N. Y.: Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1903, 435 pp.) [regarded, I believe, as one of the best treatises on the subject]; A. P. Brigham,Geographic Influences in American History(Boston: Ginn, 1903, 355 pp.) [a concrete essay; has much physiography; includes present conditions]; A. M. Simons,Social Forces in American History(N. Y.: Macmillan, 1914, 325 pp.) [a discussion of the effect of the industrial and economic environment on social institutions in America]; perhaps it may be added here that some American universities offer a course on the relation of geography to American history.

191.See Ripley, “Geography and Sociology” (1895), p. 637; and Ripley,The Races of Europe(1899), pp. 4 ff.; for titles of their writings on this subject,cf.ibid., pp. 4–6 nn., and “Geogr. and Soc.,” pp. 654 f.

192.8 vols., N. Y., Dodd, Mead & Co., 1902–7.

193.See Bryce’s article in Helmolt’sHist. of the World, vol. 1, p. XL.

194.“Anderseits wieder hat ja Helmolt in seinem geschichtlichen Sammelwerke im Geiste Ratzels den Versuch gemacht, ein Gesamtgeschichtsbild auf geographischer Grundlage aufzubauen, so daß kein Teil der Ökumene aus der Weltgeschichte ausgeschlossen bleibt.”—L. Gumplowicz, DerRassenkampf(2 .... Aufl., 1909), p. 403 (Anhang).

195.“... die bisherigen Weltgeschichten waren gar keine Geschichte der Welt oder auch nur unserer Welt, sondern einzig eine solche der Kulturnationen. Mit dieser Gepflogenheit hat Helmolts Werk in ebenso glücklicher wie origineller Weise gebrochen, indem es zum ersten Male die Länder- und Völkerkunde in den Dienst der Weltgeschichtsdarstellung hineinzog.”—From a review of the first ed. ofHelmolts Weltgeschichte(1899) in the “Braunschweigische Landeßeitung” (February 4, 1908), quoted in the prospectus of the second German edition.

196.History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century(London, 1913).

197.Second ed., Oxford, The Clarendon Press, 1903, 288 pp.

198.George,l.c., p. V (Preface).

199.Ibid., pp. 111 f.—George cites no authorities or sources; he has no bibliography; he does not quote a single book in his discussion; he has noAuseinandersetzungwith his predecessors in the field; and finally, he gives no clue as to the origin of his data.—Chaps. 1–8 (pp. 1–110) are the general part of the book; chaps. 9–20 (pp. 111–282) deal with: The Outlines of Europe, The British Islands, France, The Spanish Peninsula, Italy, The Alpine Passes, Switzerland, The Rhineland, The Baltic Region, The Danube Basin, Theatres of European War, The Mediterranean Basin.

200.A. W. Small,General Sociology(Chicago, 1905), p. 53.

201.The distinguished Italian historian is the son-in-law of the late eminent Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso.

202.VideJean Brunhes,La Géographie Humaine(2eéd., Paris, 1912), p. 721.—For references to historical works dealing with history on a geographical basis,cf.ibid.(1eéd., Paris, 1910), ch. X, 1: L’esprit géographique dans les sciences économiques, sociales et historiques(pp. 739 ff., esp. 774 ff. [Michelet, Vidal de la Blache, Th. Reinach, A. Leroy-Beaulieu, C. Jullian, A. Harnack, H. F. Helmolt, G. Ferrero, E. C. Semple, Erwin Hanslick, & o.]).

203.Die geographischen Grundlagen der österreichisch-ungarischen Monarchie u. ihrer Außenpolitik(Leipzig u. Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1915).

204.See the review of Sieger’s book by Edwin Rollett in theÖsterreichische Rundschau, Bd. 43, H. 4 (15. Mai 1915), pp. 188 f.

205.Boston & N. Y., Houghton, Mifflin & Co., 1907.

206.Cf. esp. ch. 18 (pp. 359–85) for a summary of conclusions.

207.Videe.g.James Harvey Robinson’sThe New History, Essays Illustrating the Modern Historical Outlook(N. Y.: Macmillan, 1912), for references to the theory of milieu,cf.esp. p. 64, 73, 76 f., 92 f., 97 f., 124–6, 144, 145 f., 247, 253–7, and ch. 3 (pp. 70 ff.): The new allies of history. Or take for choice the title of a recent book by Charles A. Beard:An Economic Interpretation of American Politics(Macmillan, 1916), to be further persuaded of the attention bestowed by historians on the milieu. Or, see works by Seligman and J. T. Shotwell.

208.VideC. Vallaux,Géographie Sociale, Le Sol et L’État(Paris, 1911), p. 23.—Such economists as Blanqui, Bastiat, and J.—B. Say, brought to light the geographical bases of the material life of societies. The sociologists themselves, “bien que leur science soit jeune, n’ont pas toujours oublié le cadre naturel et la position terrestre des agrégats qu’ils étudient. Par tous ces chercheurs de tendances diverses, la géographie humaine et la géographie politique ont progressé tout autant que par les efforts des géographes proprement dits.”—Ibid.

209.E. Bernheim,Lehrbuch der historischen Methode(5. u. 6. Aufl., Leipzig, 1908), p. 316; 636.—Cf. also E. Fr. Th. Lindner,Geschichtsphilosophie, das Wesen der geschichtlichen Entwicklung(2. erweiterte u. umgearb. Aufl., Stuttg. u. Berlin: Cotta, 1904, 241 pp.), 2. Abschnitt (pp. 23–34): Die Veränderung, but more esp. 10. Abschnitt (pp. 217–41): Die Ursachen u. die Weise der Entwicklung.

210.For orientation and literature on views opposing the naturalistic interpretation of history,cf.L. Stein,Philosophische Strömungen der Gegenwart(Stuttgart, Verl. v. F. Enke, 1908), pp. 430 ff.

211.See G. P. Gooch,History and Historians in the Nineteenth Century(London & N. Y.: Longmans, Green & Co., 1913), p. 573; see ch. 28 (pp. 573–94): “The History of Civilisation;” alsoThe Cambridge Modern History[ed. by A. W. Ward and others, Cambridge: The Univ. Press, 1910], vol. 12:The Latest Age, ch. 26 (pp. 816 ff.: “The Growth of Historical Science” by G. P. Gooch).

212.Economic Geography(N. Y.: Macmillan,s.a.—1915?—; not earlier than 1910, for statistics for that year are given in the text; 560 pp.), p. 1.

213.“Since his [Buckle’s] time much more has been done, not only in studying, as Buckle himself did, the immediate influence of climate and soil, but also in explaining the allied field of the effect of the fauna and the flora on social development. The subject of the domestication of animals, for instance, and its profound effect on human progress has not only been investigated by a number of recent students [especially E. Hahn,Die Haustiere u. ihre Beziehung zur Wirtschaft des Menschen, 1896], but has been made the very basis of the explanation of early American civilization by one of the most brilliant and most learned of recent historians [Payne,History of the New World called America; esp. vol. 1, bk. II]. A Russian scholar has shown in detail the connection between the great rivers and the progress of humanity, and the whole modern study of economic geography is but an expansion on broader lines of the same idea.”—Edwin R. A. Seligman,The Economic Interpretation of History(N. Y.: The Columbia Univ. Press, 1902, 166 pp.), pp. 13 f.

214.See Wm. Morris Davis,Geographical Essays, ed. by D. W. Johnson (Ginn & Co.: Boston,s.a., copyright 1909), esp. the first two essays: “An inductive study of the content of geography” (1906), pp. 3–22, and “The progress of geography in the schools” (1902), pp. 23–69.

215.In an address delivered at the dedication of Julius Rosenwald Hall, printed inThe University of Chicago Magazine(vol. VII, No. 6—April, 1915—, pp. 175–8) under the title “Some Matters of History.” See p. 177.

216.Felix Lampe, inGroße Geographen(Leipzig, 1915), has a rather brief chapter (pp. 281–7) on “Die wissenschaftliche Geographie der Gegenwart.”

217.See the Introductory Essay by the Right Hon. [now Viscount] James Bryce in Helmolt’sHist. of the World, vol. 1, pp. I-LX, esp. pp. XXV-XLI.

218.A. J. Herbertson and F. D. Herbertson,Man and his Work, an Introduction to Human Geography(London: Black, 1909, 132 pp.), p. 6.

219.N. Y., G. P. Putnam’s Sons, 1908, 363 pp.

220.“In the chapters on the life of man in the different zones, I have made liberal use of Ratzel’sAnthropogeographie(2d ed., Stuttgart, 1899).”—Ward,op. cit., p. VI.

221.Ward,op. cit., p. V.

222.N. Y. and London, 1911. See ch. 4, pp. 94–129.

223.Paris, 1911, 420 pp.

224.Vide supra, p. 27.

225.“Die soziale Geographie, hauptsächlich von Bastian und Ratzel tiefer begründet, wird gegenwärtig immer sorgsamer ausgebaut und hat namentlich in dem Wiener Erwin Hanslick einen eifrigen Förderer, der auf die Ermittlung von geographischen Kulturgrenzen ausgeht. In andrer Weise nimmt von ihr Willy Hellpach seinen Ausgang, der Geographie, Psychologie und Soziologie zu einem neuen Gebiet zu vereinigen sucht.”—Rudolf Goldscheid, “Soziologie” inDas Jahr 1913, Ein Gesamtbild der Kulturentwicklung, herausgegeben von D. Sarason (Leipzig und Berlin: B. G. Teubner, 1913), p. 432.

226.Leipzig, W. Engelmann, 1911, 368 pp.—“Hier [in Hellpach’s book] wird alles zusammengefaßt, was über den Einfluß von ‘Wetter, Klima und Landschaft’ auf das Seelenleben bekannt ist.”—Otto Schlüter, “Anthropogeographie” inDas Jahr 1913, etc., p. 401.

227.See Hellpach,op. cit., p. 4.—Chiefly with those of the atmosphere; he devotes nine pages (98–107) to the telluric elements of the weather, and 87 pages (230–317) to the third main part of the book: “Landschaft und Seelenleben.” For soil as a co-factor,cf.also the ch. “Klimawechsel” in Part II (pp. 118–38). Hellpach defines Landschaft (p. 230) as follows: “Unter Landschaft verstehen wir densinnlichenGesamteindruck, der von einem Stück der Oberfläche und dem dazu gehörigen Abschnitt des Himmelsgewölbes in uns erweckt wird. ... dassichtbare Landschaftsbild bildet unter allen Umständen den Kern dessen, was wir Landschaft nennen ...[And he adds that for an investigation of the effect of Landscape upon the human soul]sind die nicht-optischen sinnlichen Eigenschaften der Landschaft von unentbehrlicher Bedeutung: Töne und Geräusche, Düfte und Gerüche und eine höchst verwickelte Summe von Affizierungen der Berührungs-, Temperatur-, ja zuweilen der Schmerzempfindlichkeit erst bilden mit Farben und Formen zusammen das natürliche Ganze, das wir in seelischen Wirkungen alsLandschafterleben.”

228.Vide,e.g., p. 8.

229.Hellpach himself testifies (p. 318) that his book is a “Sammlung der Tatsachen.” Cf. also Schlüter’s opinion cited above in note no. 226.

230.Manifestly, this is to be understood as a virtue in Hellpach, and not as a fault, since this conviction is gained only by dint of Hellpach’s clear delimitation of the scope of his work; it constitutes one of the results of his own labor.

231.See Schlüter’s art. inDas Jahr 1913, p. 402.

232.Paris, 1910; 2nd ed. 1912.

233.For a statement of principles (theoretical exposition),cf.the first two chaps. (pp. 1–92); for a summary,cf.ch. X, section 2 (pp. 780–9): “Le facteur psychologique dans les phénomènes naturels et l’activité humaine,” and section 3 (pp. 790–807): “L’adaptation humaine aux conditions géographiques.” In the preface to the second ed., there are quoted seven pages from a review of the first ed. of Brunhes’ work by Paul Mantoux, wherein the scope, content, and import of the first ed. are succinctly summarized.

234.N. Y., 1911, 637 pp.

235.VideWm. J. Thomas,Source Book for Social Origins(Chicago and London, 1909), p. 138 (Bibliogr. to Part I).—Without fear of contradiction, it may be said that the best two recent treatises on human geography are those by Brunhes and Semple.—For a brief concrete anthropo-geographical sketch, besides the works previously cited,cf.alsoW. Ule,Grundriß der Allgemeinen Erdkunde(2. verm. Aufl., Leipzig: S. Hirzel, 1915, 487 pp.), pp. 361 ff.See also the brief résumé in G. Schmoller’sGrundr. d. Allgem. Volkswirtschaftslehre(Leipzig, 1901), pp. 144 ff.

236.“Unverkennbar ist es, daß die Naturgewalten in ihren bedingenden Einflüssen auf das Persönliche der Völkerentwicklung immer mehr und mehr zurückweichen mußten, in demselben Maße wie diese vorwärts schritten. Sie übten im Anfange der Menschengeschichte als Naturimpulse über die ersten Entwicklungen in der Wiege der Menschheit einen sehr entscheidenden Einfluß aus, dessen Differenzen wir vielleicht noch in dem Naturschlage der verschiedenen Menschenrassen oder ihrer physisch verschiedenen Völkergruppen aus einer gänzlich unbekannten Zeit wahrzunehmen vermochten. Aber dieser Einfluß mußte abnehmen, ... Die zivilisierte Menschheit entwindet sich nach und nach, ebenso wie der einzelne Mensch, den unmittelbar bedingenden Fesseln der Natur und ihres Wohnortes. Die Einflüsse derselben Naturverhältnisse und derselben tellurischen Weltstellungen der erfüllten Räume bleiben sich also nicht durch alle Zeiten gleich.” Ritter,l.c.; see Achelis,op. cit., p. 74et seq.

237.“Man ist in Nachfolge C. Ritters vielfach geneigt, anzunehmen, daß die Natureinflüsse sich mit zunehmender Kultur immer weniger geltend machen.”—E. Bernheim,Lehrb. d. hist. Methode(Leipzig, 1908), p. 642.

238.Theo. Waitz,Anthropologie der Naturvölker, I (Leipzig, 1859), p. 341; see Achelis,op. cit., p. 185.

239.“Die Einteilung der Menschheit war nur geographisch-historisch möglich. Denn der Mensch steht in fester Abhängigkeit, in engstem Verbande zu der Natur, aus und an welcher er sich entwickelt hat, zur Natur der Erde, welcher letzteren kleiner, aber integrierender Teil er ist. Auch seine Entwicklung ist noch im Steigen, aber nur im Bereiche seines inneren, geistigen Lebens ... je höher der Mensch steigt, um so mehr macht er sich von dem zwingenden Einfluß der Erde frei; und wenn er demselben auch nie ganz entgehen wird, da er Nahrung braucht, von der Schwere sich nicht loslösen kann, so ist dennoch diese immer wachsende Freiheit ... eine stärkende ... Aussicht für die Zukunft ...”—Anthropologische Beiträge, 1. Bd. (Halle, 1875), p. 423; see Achelis,op. cit., p. 227.

240.Principles of Sociology, I, sec. 21.

241.Vide Ripley, “Geography and Sociology,” p. 649.

242.Contributions to the Theory of Natural Selection, p. 319; cited by E. B. Tylor in the article “Anthropology,”Ency. Brit.(11th ed.), vol. 2, p. 114.

243.Réclus,op. cit., (1879); quoted by Achelis,l.c., pp. 86 f.

244.“... je crois, que la civilisation dans son premier stade dépend bien plus du milieu physique et tellurique, qu’aux époques suivantes.”—Aug. Matteuzzi,Les Facteurs de l’Évolution des Peuples(Paris, 1900), p. 29. “... Tout ceci nous amène à affirmer ce fait, que les premières civilisations, dans des milieux favorables, eurent une relation étroite avec la culture du sol; et que dans un développement ultérieur, ce rapport se relâcha ...”—Ibid., p. 25. For best summaries of immense material collected on the relation of primitive human life to environment, see the five papers in theSmithsonian Reportfor 1895: “Relation of Primitive Peoples to Environment” by J. W. Powell (pp. 625 ff.); “Influence of Environment upon Human Industries or Arts” by O. T. Mason (pp. 639 ff.); “The Japanese Nation—A Typical Product of Environment” by G. G. Hubbard (pp. 667 ff.); “The Tusayan Ritual: A Study of the Influence of Environment on Aboriginal Cults” by J. W. Fewkes (pp. 683 ff.); and, probably the best of the five, “The Relation of Institutions to Environment” by the eminent ethnologist W. J. McGee (pp. 701 ff.).

245.Anthropogeogr., I2: “Der Mensch und die Umwelt” (pp. 41–65).

246.“Geogr. and Sociol.,” p. 650.

247.See his presidential address on the Origin of Man before the Section of Anthropology (Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, 1912; London, 1913), p. 576.

248.The Positive Philosophy of Aug. Comte, Freely Translated and Condensed by Harriet Martineau(In 2 vols., 3rd ed., London, 1893—the original appeared from 1830–42), vol. 2, p. 96.

249.Aug. Comte’s Positive Philosophie im Außug von I. Rig, Übersetzt von Kirchmann(2 Bde, Heidelberg, 1883), S. 94 ff.; Achelis,op. cit., p. 130.

250.A System of Logic(New Impression; London: Longmans, Green & Co., 1911—first published in 1843), p. 572.

251.A. Schäffle,Bau und Leben des sozialen Körpers, Tübingen, 1875, 2. Aufl., 1881; Achelis,op. cit., p. 161.

252.“Post’s general attitude is best seen in his ‘Introduction to the Study of Ethnological Jurisprudence,’ which was published in 1886, and in his ‘African Jurisprudence’ of 1887.”—John L. Myres, “The Influence of Anthropology on the Course of Political Science” (Presidential address to the Anthropological Section of the British Assoc. for the Advancement of Science),Report Brit. Assoc., 1909(London, 1910), p. 613.

253.Myres,ibid., pp. 613 f.

254.See Rob. DeC. Ward,op. cit., p. 231.

255.See the 4th ch. of hisGéographie Sociale(Paris, 1911): “Agents et Caractères Physiques Considérés Isolément” (pp. 92–144).

256.“... as political and legal institutions are indissolubly bound up with social and religious, it follows inevitably that the political and legal institutions of a race cradled in Northern Europe are exceedingly ill adapted for the children of the equator. Accordingly in any wise administration of these regions it must be a primary object to study the native institutions, to modify ... them ..., but never to seek to eradicate and supplant them. Any attempt to do so will be but vain, for these institutions are as much part of the land as are its climate, its soil, its fauna, and its flora. ‘Naturam expellas furca, tamen usque recurret.’”—The Application of Zoological Laws to Man, inRep. Brit. Assoc, f. the Adv. of Sci., 1908(London, 1909), p. 843.

257.Rob. DeC. Ward,op. cit., pp. 310et seq.

258.Videpp. 141–75 inDer Weltkrieg im Unterricht, Vorschläge u. Anregungen, etc. (Gotha: F. A. Perthes), esp. pp 163–5; he also discusses other phases of the relation between physical environment and the present war.

259.I:Deutsche Rundschau, April, 1915, pp. 78–91, and II (Schluß):ibid., May, 1915, pp. 207–17.

260.InMonatshefte für den Naturwissenschaftlichen Unterricht, 1. Kriegsheft von Bastian Schmid (Leipzig: B. G. Teubner, 1915).

261.Cf. Gooch,op. cit., pp. 585et seq.

262.See his Introduction to Dexter’sWeather Influences(N. Y., 1904), p. XXIV.

263.Les Facteurs de L’Évolution des Peuples(Paris, 1900), p. 25, 29, 27.—“C’est dans l’intensité de l’effort dirigé par les groupes sociaux contre les résistances du milieu, que réside la première impulsion vers la civilisation.”—Ibid., p. 27.

264.But he adds, “... no disturbing causes, acting on social development, could do more than to affect its rate of progress. This is true of the operation of influences from the inorganic world, as of all others. In our view of biology we saw that the human being cannot be modified indefinitely by exterior circumstances; that such modifications can affect only the degrees of phenomena, without at all changing their nature; and again, that when the disturbing influences exceed their general limits, the organism is no longer modified, but destroyed.”—The Positive Philosophy of Aug. Comte, tr. by Harriet Martineau, vol. 2, p. 98; 97.

265.See Ripley,Races of Europe(1899), p. 11;cf.the references given there, and in the note on the same page.—Cf. also Ellsworth Huntington’sPalestine and its Transformation(1910), and his suggestive articles on “Changes of Climate and History” (inThe American Historical Reviewfor January, 1913, vol. 18, pp. 213–32) [for references to other writings on the subject by the same author,—and by A. T. Olmstead—cf.p. 214 n.]; on “Climate and Civilization” (inHarper’s Magazinefor February, 1915, vol. 130, pp. 367–73); on “Is Civilization Determined by Climate?” (ibid.May, 1915, pp. 943–51); a new book of his, entitledCivilization and Climate(333 pp.), is announced for publication by the Yale Univ. Press.

266.Rob. DeC. Ward,op. cit., pp. 280et seq.

267.“... cetera [Mattiaci] similes Batavis, nisi quod ipso adhuc terrae suae solo et caelo acrius animantur.”—F. Ritter,P. C. Taciti Opera(1864), p. 643.InRömische Prosaiker in neuen Übersetzungen(hg. v. C. N. von Osiander und G. Schwab, 51. Bändchen, Stuttg., 1852, S. 123)this is rendered as follows: “Im ganzen gleichen sie [die Mattiaker] den Batavern, nur daß Boden und Klima ihres Landes sie noch kriegerischer macht.”

268.Cesare Lombroso,Crime, Its Causes and Remedies(Boston, 1911), pp. 3 f.

269.Rob. DeC. Ward,op. cit., p. 282.

270.VideFlint,l.c., pp. 582et seq.

271.Haddon & Quiggin,Hist. of Anthropology(London, 1910), pp. 84et seq.

272.Cesare Lombroso,Crime, etc., p. 2.

273.N. S. Shaler, Nature and Man in America (N. Y., 1893), p. 288.

274.InAbhandlungen der Königl. Preuss. Akademie der Wissenschaften, Phil.-hist. Classe, 1912, p. 13: “In einer Wendung, die an Distinktionen Schleiermachers erinnert, hat er [Dilthey] in seiner letzten größeren Arbeit erklärt, daß unser wissenschaftliches Denken von zwei großen Tendenzen beherrscht sei. Der Mensch finde sich auf der einen Seite bestimmt von der physischen Welt, in der die seelischen Vorgänge nur wie Interpolationen erscheinen.[The other is:das Leben(life),das Erlebnis(experience).]”

275.Ridgeway,l.c., p. 843.

276.Rob. DeC. Ward,op. cit., pp. 258et seq.—For the effect of physical environment on the Jews in Palestine,cf.Friedrich Otto Hertz,Rasse und Kultur(Leipzig, 1915, 421 pp.), pp. 162 ff.; and “Soziale Grundlagen des Monotheismus u. Polytheismus” (pp. 170 ff.) and the literature there cited. Cf. alsoibid., “Natürliche u. Soziale Grundlagen der indischen Entwicklung” (pp. 198 ff.).

277.Rob. DeC. Ward,op. cit., pp. 309et seq.

278.VidehisWeather Influences, An Empirical Study of the Mental and Physiological Effects of Definite Meteorological Conditions, with Introduction by Cleveland Abbe (N. Y.: Macmillan, 1904, 277 pp.).

279.I saw somewhere that exception had been taken to his results, but I failed at the time to make a note thereof and have been unable to find the passage again.

280.Ibid., p. 266; 269; 272 f.—The fifth and last is not cited here.

281.Ward,op. cit., p. 310; 335, where ref. is also made to F. A. Cook’s article on “Some Physiological Effects of Arctic Cold, Darkness and Light” (MED. REC., June 12, 1897, pp. 833–36).

282.London and N. Y., 1892.

283.Ibid., p. 90.

284.Ibid., pp. 113–5.

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