XVIII.

Perhaps you have seen the zebra.If you have, you must have noticed its stripes.The first horse-like creatures were probably striped in much the same way.These animals never ate hay and oats; and, at first, they did not eat much grass.There was little, if any, grass at that time.These horse-like creatures lived on marshes and in swamps bordering streams and lakes.They probably ate stems and leaves of plants that grew on the marshy lands.They did not run as horses do to-day, but they plodded along on the soft ground.They spread out their toes as they walked along, so as to keep from sinking.When the dry land began to be covered with grass, little by little they left the marshes.They went to the grassy highlands to live, and became more and more like horses.Some of the cat-like creatures went to the highlands, but they did not go for the grass.They were becoming more and more like tigers, and they went to hunt the wild horses.The timid horses ran when their enemies came, for there was no place in which to hide.When they ran they stepped on the tips of their toes.They used the third toe so much more than the others that it became larger and larger.Its hoof became hard and strong.The first and fifth toes were used so little that after thousands of years they disappeared.Meanwhile the horses had learned to run fast.When a pack of wolves chased them, they galloped away.They found rich grass on the highlands.Colts grew to be larger than their mothers.By the time they were as large as ponies they used only the third toe.Two side toes hung like the dew-claws of a dog, but they did not reach the ground.When the Tree-dwellers lived, little bones beneath the skin were all that was left to show where the side toes had been.The hoof had become round and hard.The wild horses ran very fast.They outran all other creatures.When surprised, they struck hard blows with their hoofs, and they bit with their sharp teeth.But if there was a chance to get away, they always ran when they were attacked.THINGS TO DOName all the animals you know that can climb trees. What kind of feet do they have?Name all the animals you know that have hoofs. Tell all you can about these hoofs.Notice the foot of a horse, a cow, a dog, or a cat, and model it in clay.What pet do you have that is like a wolf?XVIII.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTWhat tools do you know how to use?What do you use them for?How do you think that people did their work before they had tools?What tools do you think the Tree-dwellers needed?How do you think they learned to make them?How Bodo Learned to Make Tools and WeaponsBodo did not have any tools or weapons.Nobody knew how to make them.But he had learned to use his hands.He used them to catch small animals.He knew how to creep up softly.He knew how to wait patiently.He knew just when to grasp the animal.Bodo used his hands to gather berries and nuts.He used them to pull up roots.He used them to rake the acorns together.see caption“Sometimes Bodo threw stones”He used them to scoop small things up from the ground.Bodo knew how to strike with his fists.He knew how to kick with his feet.Sometimes he threw stones.Sometimes he threw sticks.see captionThestickBodousedSometimes he struck with a stick in his hand.He could strike harder blows with a stick than he could when he struck with his fist.Sometimes it hurt him when he struck with his fist.It did not hurt him when he struck with a club.Bodo had many enemies.He had to take care of himself.He felt safer when he had a club in his hand.THINGS TO DOShow what Bodo used for a rake.Show what he used for a scoop.Show how he caught wild animals.Draw a picture of Bodo catching a squirrel.XIX.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTHave you ever used a hammer?What are our hammers made of?How do you think people learned to make hammers?Why did Bodo need a hammer?What do you do with your knife?How many kinds of knives have you seen?How do you think people cut their food before they had knives?What do you think they used for their first knives?Bodo’s Hammer and KnifeBodo had never had a warm dinner.He had no fire to cook his food.Much of his food was hard and tough.He had not learned to soften it with fire.He had not learned to crush or grind it with stones.His teeth did all of this work.The teeth of all the Tree-dwellers were large and strong.They were fitted to cut and grind tough food.They were fitted to crack the shells of nuts.Bodo often cracked nuts with his teeth.But sometimes he found nuts that he could not crack.He had never seen or heard of a hammer, so he threw a hard nut against a rock.The nut did not crack.So he kept on trying different ways.At last he struck the nut with a stone.Its hard shell broke.How glad Bodo was!He ate the kernel and then cracked some more nuts with the stone.This stone was his first hammer.Sometimes he used a rough stone.Its rough edges hurt his hand, so he hunted for a smooth stone.At other times he wrapped one end of a rough stone in grass.The grass protected his hand.This was the first handle to his hammer.Bodo liked to use this hammer.He liked to use smooth hammer-stones.But sometimes the smooth stone slipped or bounded back and jarred his hand.see caption“Bodo cracked nuts with a stone”One day he found a smooth stone that had a little pit on either side.He put his thumb and finger into the pits and cracked a hard nut with the stone.This was just what he needed.It neither slipped nor jarred his hand.Some of the other Tree-dwellers tried it.They wanted one like it, so they began to hunt for pitted stones.They could not always find such stones, but they never thought of making the pits.People lived many years before they learned to do that.Tree-dwellers simply used things that they found on the spot.They seldom changed their shape.see captionThe chipped pebbleWe have only a few weapons that we know they made.They were found years ago deep down in some gravel.They had lain there many long years.Here is a picture of one.It is only a chipped pebble.Such a weapon is used nowadays only in play, but then it was used in real work.For a long time the Tree-dwellers did not have even this.They used their teeth and nails instead.see captionAn antler used as a wedgeSome animals had larger and sharper teeth.The Tree-dwellers found such teeth in the sand.They found sharp claws there, too.They often found sharp bones and horns.They used such things for cutting for many long years, but at last they made a knife.It happened when Bodo was cracking a bone.In some way he broke his hammer.He picked up the pieces and looked at them.They were sharp enough to cut with, but the edges hurt his hand.So he found a smooth pebble and chipped flakes from one end.Before long he had a sharp point.He never hafted it; but he left one end smooth, so that it would not hurt his hand.It was such a weapon as this that was found in the gravel.You can see that it is something like a spear-head.Bodo used it when he hunted small animals.He used it to skin them and to hack off strips of flesh.Many things had been used as knives before, but this was the first knife that we know man made.THINGS TO DOHunt for some smooth hammer-stones. If you can find one with pits on either side, try both kinds and find out which one works the better.See if you can find a good stone for a knife.Strike the edge to see if it crumbles.Find one that will not crumble.Do you know whether stones have names?What stones have you that you would like named?XX.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTHave you ever seen wild animals protect their little ones?How do they do it?When the mother goes away, in what kind of a place does she leave them?Do you know whether the young animals mind their mothers?What Bodo and One-Ear Found in the AldersBodo grew to be a large boy.He made many friends among the Tree-dwellers, but he liked One-Ear best of all.The boys liked to hunt together.When they had enough to eat they liked to play.One night as they were watching a herd of wild cattle, a young cow caught their eye.She was running down toward the marsh.The boys wondered why she was going.They chased her down the trail.When the cow saw what the boys were doing she started off through the underbrush.It was no longer safe to follow, so the boys gave up the chase.Darkness came on.The boys dropped their clubs and climbed a tree, where they spent the night.They slept until the break of day.As they were rubbing their sleepy eyes, they heard a queer sound close by.“What is that?” said Bodo.The boys listened.All was still.But they were sure that some animal was near.There was a clump of alders within a stone’s throw.Perhaps a bear was hiding there.The boys were eager to find out, but they knew better than to rush into danger.So they waited and listened.All was quiet.Bodo threw a stick.see caption“They crept up softly and peeped into the alders”Not a sound could be heard.He called out.Still there was no sound.The boys slipped down the tree and picked up their clubs.They crept up softly and peeped into the alders.“There’s nothing there,” said One-Ear.Bodo knew better.He noticed a hump among the leaves.He reached out his hand and touched it.It was a little calf that had been hid there by its mother.It scarcely moved as Bodo touched it.Its mother had taught it to lie still.Many people might have passed it by.But Bodo had sharp eyes, and besides he was very hungry.So the boys killed the calf and began to eat the raw flesh.They ate until they were satisfied.Then they played among the trees.THINGS TO DOChoose somebody to be Bodo and somebody to be One-Ear, and let them show how the boys found the calf.Model a calf in clay.XXI.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTWhy were all of the animals afraid of the rhinoceros?How could the little hyenas hunt the big-nosed rhinoceros?What could the Tree-dwellers learn by watching the wild animals hunt?How the Hyenas HuntedOne day Bodo and One-Ear climbed a fir tree near the edge of a cliff.They were watching a big-nosed rhinoceros.It had just rooted up an oak tree with its twin-tusked snout.Now it was tearing the trunk into strips as we tear a stalk of celery.The boys watched it grinding the wood with its great teeth.see captionThe big-nosed rhinocerosThey were glad that they were safe in the fir tree.They watched the creature in silence.Suddenly Bodo gave One-Ear a nudge.One-Ear looked up.Bodo put his finger on his lips, then pointed toward the underbrush.One-Ear stared with open mouth.A whole pack of hyenas was on the cliff.They were sneaking along toward the rhinoceros.What hungry-looking creatures they were!How their eyes gleamed!The boys wondered what the hyenas would do.They watched to see.The big-nosed rhinoceros went stupidly browsing along the edge of the cliff.He did not see the hyenas.The hyenas had learned that the rhinoceros could not see far away, and now they were taking advantage of this.They were too cowardly to risk a fair fight.Even the mammoth and sabre-tooth did not like to encounter the big-nosed rhinoceros.Even they could not pierce his thick, heavy skin.Even they feared his twin-tusked snout.The hyenas crept softly from bush to bush.They kept their eyes fastened upon the rhinoceros.As he stepped on the very edge of the cliff they sprang out and began to growl.see caption“He tossed one of the hyenasover the cliff”The rhinoceros turned fiercely upon them.He tossed one of the hyenas over the cliff.As he did this he lost his footing.The huge creature stumbled and fell.He rolled down the steep cliff and was dashed upon the rocks.The hyenas were no longer afraid.They feasted upon the carcass.They dragged the bones to their caves.They gnawed them until they left the marks of their teeth.The bones stayed in the caves for many years.Not long ago some one found them there.He sent them to a museum, where they may be seen to-day.Perhaps you will go to the museum some time.If you do, be sure and look at these bones.Perhaps you will be able to help your friends read the story they tell.THINGS TO DOThink of the rhinoceros as he was rooting up the tree.Think of him as he was tearing the wood into strips.Draw one of the pictures.Think of the high cliff with the caves at its foot.Model the cliff and caves in your sand box.XXII.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTCan you think how a fire might have been started before people knew how to make it?What did the Tree-dwellers think the fire was?Why did they fear it?What else did they fear?Frightened by FireOne day there was a great storm on the wooded hills.The lightning struck a tree in the forest.It set it on fire.At once the flames spread to the neighboring trees.The Tree-dwellers were driven to the ground.They had never been so frightened before.They were afraid of thunder and lightning.They were afraid of beasts of prey.Only when they were up in a tree did they feel that they were safe.But now the trees were on fire.They thought that the fire was a wild animal.They thought that it was an animal that ate wood.They had seen the rhinoceros and the mammoth eat parts of trees, but this creature devoured all the trees in its path..·.Several years passed by.Once again a fire broke out on the wooded hills.Once again the wild animals ran.The Tree-dwellers ran, for they still were afraid.Bodo ran; for he, too, was afraid.But he soon stopped and looked at the fire.see caption“Bodo stood and watched it a moment”He was almost full grown now.He was learning every day.He was curious about many things, and now he wanted to see what the red monster was doing.So he stood and watched it a moment.It seemed to be chasing him.So he ran to find a hiding-place.He ran around through the underbrush until at last he found a safe place.The fire ran away from him now.He stood and gazed at the red flames.The wind blew.The fire monster spread its great red wings and leaped from tree to tree.The branches groaned, and cracked, and fell.Bodo was filled with terror.He did not know what to do.After a little it began to rain.The fire monster became smaller and smaller.In a few moments it was gone.Bodo wondered where it went.THINGS TO DOThink of the Tree-dwellers and the animals running away from the forest fire.Draw the picture.Show how Bodo tried to find out more about the fire.Draw a picture of him as he was watching the fire.XXIII.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTWhy would the Tree-dwellers want to use fire?How would they learn to take care of it?Why could they live in a better way after they had fire?How People Got Their First HomesThe Tree-dwellers still thought that the fire was alive.The red monster still frightened them.Whenever they saw it they ran away.Bodo, too, was afraid of the fire.So he tried to be good to it and thus make it his friend.He gave it wood to eat.He learned to go near it without getting hurt.He learned to carry a burning branch.Once he carried a firebrand to the old oak.He put it in the hollow of the tree.Then he gave it dry sticks that he found close by, and he watched it while it ate them.As he stood looking at the fire, the sound of footsteps fell upon his ear.He looked up to see who was passing.It was Sharptooth.She was coming to the old oak tree.As soon as she saw the fire, she ran.Bodo called to her.He asked her to come back.Sharptooth was trembling, so that she could scarcely walk.Bodo took her by the hand.He led her to the fire.He told her how he had made friends with it.She listened to what he said, but she still seemed afraid.Bodo wished to show that he was not afraid.He looked puzzled a moment and then he said, “I am not going to sleep in the trees any more.”For a moment Sharptooth was speechless.At length she opened her lips and spoke.“The cave-bears will get you,” was what she said.But Bodo had thought of the bears.“I am not afraid of the bears,” he said.“They run when they see me with fire. I am going to sleep at the foot of this tree.”Then Sharptooth was troubled.She was anxious about Bodo.She had taught him the best that she could.But now he seemed to be risking his life.She wondered how he could do it.As it grew dark she climbed into a neighboring tree.She was afraid to sleep in the old oak that night.Bodo stayed on the ground beside the fire.Sharptooth did not close her eyes.She kept watch from a branch of the tree.She knew the wild animals were out of their dens.She saw their shadows among the trees.When they saw the fire they turned and ran.But Bodo stayed by the fire.He was a brave boy, yet he could not sleep.As long as he was awake he felt safe.But he was afraid of what might happen if he went to sleep.So he kept awake and fed the fire.Sharptooth still kept watch from the tree.At last she came down.“Let me feed the fire, Bodo, while you sleep,” she said.Bodo had been yawning for some time.He was glad to have a chance to rest.So he slept while Sharptooth took his place.She watched the fire cautiously at first.Then she fed it and found that it did not hurt her.see caption“They lived by fire at the foot of the tree”She liked the warmth that it gave.She enjoyed the pleasant firelight.She saw that it was their friend.After that Sharptooth and Bodo did not sleep in trees.They lived by the fire at the foot of a tree.Sometimes their home was by the old oak.Sometimes it was in other places.But it was always where they carried the fire.THINGS TO DOTell how to make a fire.What does a fire need in order to burn?Put a tumbler over a lighted candle and watch to see what happens.Why does the light go out?Light the candle again and see if you can find out what it is that burns.XXIV.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTWhat do you think the other Tree-dwellers did when they heard of the fire Sharptooth and Bodo had?Does fire ever do any harm nowadays? Why do we need to be careful in using fire?How the Tree-dwellers Formed a ClanThe next night One-Ear stayed with Sharptooth and Bodo at the foot of the old oak.Then other Tree-dwellers came.At first they were afraid just as Sharptooth had been.But they, too, soon learned that the fire was their friend.So they sat around the fire each evening.They talked about the wild animals they had seen.As long as they sat by the fire, they felt safe.So they came to the fireplace each night.They began to live together.They formed a clan.Their clan was the fire clan.The women with babies stayed near the fire.All the others went farther away.Each one hunted for his own food.Each ate what he found on the spot.But all came back to the fireplace at night.see caption“They talked about the wild animals they had seen”All were tired and needed to rest.Since they had no chairs they squatted on the ground.They talked and they played in the firelight.When they got drowsy they fell asleep.But Sharptooth kept watch of the fire.Her sisters helped, but she was the clan mother.It was she who took charge of the fire.She knew how the fire became their friend.She knew that it needed care.She knew that it gave them their first home.So she taught the people to worship the fire.THINGS TO DOPlay that you are Tree-dwellers just beginning to form a clan.Plan how you will divide your work.Choose sides and let those on one side tell a story of the Tree-dwellers before they had fire. Let those on the other side tell a story of the Tree-dwellers after they had fire.Look at the picture on page 100 and tell such a story about it as you think the tree-dwellers would tell after they had seen such a fight.XXV.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTHow were the Tree-dwellers sheltered from the wind and rain?How did they keep warm after they used fire?How did they find shelter from the rain?What trees offer the best shelter from the rain?Where is the rain that falls on those trees carried?Do you know what kind of roots those trees have?What trees do not give a good shelter from the rain? Why?What trees would give the best shelter in the winter? Why?How did the fire clan find shelter from the cold winds?If they were living in places that were not well sheltered, what kind of a shelter do you think they might make?How the Women Made a ShelterWhen people slept in trees, they did not need to make a shelter.They were sheltered by the trees.Long after they began to sleep on the ground, the trees still sheltered them.The leaves of the trees kept off the rain.The thick underbrush kept off the cold winds.When the fire clan moved to a new place, it was always Sharptooth who chose the spot for the fire.She knew the best sheltered places.Sometimes she chose a spot near an oak or a birch.Their tops were well thatched with leaves.They shed rain almost as well as a roof.But when the oak and the birch trees dropped their leaves, Sharptooth carried her fire to a fir or a spruce.These evergreen trees had needle-like leaves.They gave some protection from the rain and the snow.But sometimes a drizzling rain kept up for many days.Sometimes the cold winds blew.Then the fire clan shivered with the wet and the cold.Mothers were anxious about their children.They wanted to keep them safe from harm.So they tried to keep off the cold wind and the rain.They had not yet learned many ways of working, but they long had known how to weave cradles of vines.So the women now tried to weave a shelter.They broke off large armfuls of evergreens.They carried them to some saplings that grew near the fire.Then they bent down the tops of the small growing saplings.They tied them together and began to weave.They wove branches of evergreens among them.They piled larger branches against the wall.At last the shelter was done.It was the first shelter that they had made.There was not one like it on the wooded hills.see caption“So the women now tried to weave a shelter”THINGS TO DOMake a playhouse that will shelter you from the wind and the rain.Find trees that give a good shelter from the sun and the rain.Notice trees that do not give good shelter. See if you can find out why some trees give a better shelter than others.When do oaks and birches drop their leaves?Do evergreen trees ever drop their leaves?Find out why we call them evergreen trees.XXVI.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTWhat do we use baskets for?What are they made of?Do you think that the Tree-dwellers made baskets before they had fire?When do you think that they would first need baskets?How do you think that they might have made them?How Sharptooth Made a BasketBefore the Tree-dwellers had fire they did not need baskets.For a long time afterwards they did not make them.They ate fruits from the trees and cracked the nuts where they found them.Each night they came home one by one.Sharptooth still had charge of the fire.She ate wild roots that grew near.She cracked nuts that she found in the trees close by.She ate berries in a neighboring patch.But she never went far away, and she never stayed away long.The blueberries were now ripe, so she went to the patch.How she wished she might stay a long time!But as soon as she had eaten a few, she hurried home to the fire.As she scrambled over the fallen trees, she broke off a handful of bushes.They were loaded with ripe blueberries.She carried them home to the children.She told the women and children about the patch.They all wanted to go.So they piled broken branches upon the fire.Then Sharptooth told one of the women to stay at home and take charge of the fire.The women left their babies and little children in charge of this woman, too.How disappointed the little children were!They watched the women and older children until they had passed out of sight among the trees.Sharptooth led the way to the patch.In a few moments they found it.It was almost blue with berries.The children ate as fast as they picked.The women ate, too, for a while.But they remembered their little ones at home.So they picked heaping handfuls of berries.They wanted to carry more berries, so hunted for something to hold them.One woman had a rabbit skin.The other women helped her fill it with berries.Another woman made a basket of oak leaves.They filled that with berries.see captionsee captionThe bottom of the basket“She bent the rushes andtied the ends together”Sharptooth gathered some rushes from a marshy place and tried still another way.She sat down upon the grass and began to weave.The bottom of the basket was soon made.Then she bent the rushes and tied the ends together.After that she wove round and round.When the basket was deep enough she fastened the ends.Then the basket was done.It did not have a rim.Sharptooth did not miss the rim, for this was her first basket.She called the women and children around her.They ran up to see what she had made.see captionsee caption“She wove round and round”“When the basket was deep enoughshe fastened the ends”Every one wanted to take it.It did not take long to fill the basket with berries.Sharptooth took them home to the children.How glad the little ones were when they saw the women and children!They were glad to eat the berries.While they were smacking their lips, Sharptooth showed them the basket.That night as the fathers and mothers came home, the children ran out to meet them.Each time they told what Sharptooth had made.Each time they showed the rush basket.It was not many days before each of the older children had made one like it.THINGS TO DOLook at the pictures in this lesson and see how Sharptooth’s basket was made.Gather tough grasses or rushes and make a basket of your own.Show how the children ran to meet the fathers and mothers as they came home at night. Draw the picture.XXVII.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTDo you think that the fire clan used fire in as many ways as we do?What do we use it for?How many uses do you think that the fire clan made of it?Can you think how people learned to cook food?see caption“Sabre-tooth was large and fierce”How Bodo Used FireAll the Tree-dwellers now knew that the fire was their friend.They found it useful in many ways.It guarded the spot where they slept at night, and it helped them all through the day.They no longer swung from branch to branch.When they carried a firebrand, it was safe to walk on the ground.Their hands were at last free.When Bodo started out with his firebrand the wild animals ran to their dens.Sometimes Bodo pursued them.He chased some of the animals home to their dens, but he never went to the caves.Sabre-tooth and the cave-bear were too large and fierce.The hyenas were small, but they lived in packs.So Bodo learned to let them alone.see caption“Bodo would build a fire at the mouth of the hole”But he was not afraid of the gophers and badgers.He chased them to their holes and tried to smoke them out.He would build a fire at the mouth of a hole.see captionBodo’sclubThen he would stand with a club in his hand and watch.He would watch until the animal came out.Sometimes he had to wait a long time.But in the end he nearly always got meat to eat.One day he was hunting squirrels.He chased a squirrel to its hole in a tree.Then he tried to smoke it out.He waited a long time in vain, so at last he set fire to the tree.But the rain soon came and his fire went out.So Bodo struck the tree with his club.The trunk gave way.Bodo peeped into the hollow tree.He wanted to find the squirrel.see caption“He put in his hand andpulled the squirrel out”It lay there perfectly still.He put in his hand and pulled it out.It had been killed by the fire and smoke.He began to eat the warm flesh.He wondered why it was so hot and tender.Bodo did not know then that the flesh had been roasted.This was the first time that he had ever eaten cooked food.Not long afterward all the people learned to roast meat.THINGS TO DODraw a picture of Bodo hunting with a firebrand.See if you can find trees that have hollows in them.How do you think that the hollows were made?Find out whether there are any animals near you that live in hollow trees.XXVIII.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTDo you think that the people of the fire clan would help one another in time of danger?Can you think why people began to work together instead of hunting alone?How Bodo Saved One-Ear’s LifeOne day One-Ear was hunting gophers on the grassy upland.His torch went out.So he tried to get back to the wooded hills without being seen.At first he crept through the tall grass.But he soon came to a place where the grass did not cover him.He hurried on as fast as he could.He had almost reached the wooded hills when a cave-bear crossed his path.The bear saw him.One-Ear shouted for help, and then ran as he had never run before.see caption“They saw Bodo rush up to the cave-bear and wave a torch in his face”But the cave-bear overtook him.He soon had One-Ear in his embrace.One-Ear remembered nothing more, but the men who heard him saw what happened.They saw the cave-bear grasp him with his huge paws.Then they saw Bodo rush up to the cave-bear and wave a torch in his face.The cave-bear let go his hold.The frightened beast ran off to his cave.The men came up in time to help Bodo raise One-Ear from the ground.They helped him back to the wooded hills.His wounds were soon healed, but he always carried the marks of that cave-bear.That was the day that he lost his ear.We have called him One-Ear before, but the fire clan never called him One-Ear until after that day.THINGS TO DOFind a stick that will make a good torch and make one.Draw a picture of One-Ear and the cave-bear.XXIX.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTHow do you think the fire clan spent the evening?If they could not say what they wished to say, how do you think they would make themselves understood?How do you think that they learned to hunt together?How People Learned to Hunt Large AnimalsFor many days the men talked about One-Ear’s narrow escape.They acted the whole thing over again.One man would show what One-Ear did.Another would take the part of the cave-bear.Then some one would play he was Bodo and rush up with a make-believe torch.Others showed how the men came up to the spot and helped One-Ear home.They played this over and over again.They learned to work together.They learned to play other plays as well.They learned it in this way: They watched the wild animals all through the day.see captionA leaderAt night they showed what they had seen.At last they made plans for hunting them.They did it the way children make a new game.First they chose a leader for the play.Then the leader asked them all to help.He showed them what to do.They all did as the leader said.They learned to play together.This play was their hunting dance.It helped the people to hunt together.It helped the brave men to lead in the hunt.It helped all the people to do their part.Only brave men were given a chance to lead the hunting dance.Each one led the best that he could.The people always chose the man that they thought led the best.This man led them all in the hunt the next day.THINGS TO DOLet any one who would like to lead in a hunt, lead in a hunting dance.When all have led who wish to do so, let the class choose the one who led the best.XXX.THINGS TO THINK ABOUTWhy do you think the Tree-dwellers liked their brave men best?How do you think they helped them to become more brave?Can you think why people had not yet learned to wear clothing?Why would they care more for ornaments at first?Have you ever heard any one speak of “a feather in one’s cap”?Can you tell what is meant by it?What kind of ornaments do you like to wear?Do you know how to make them?Can you make such ornaments as the Tree-dwellers wore?Why People Began to Wear Ornaments

Perhaps you have seen the zebra.If you have, you must have noticed its stripes.The first horse-like creatures were probably striped in much the same way.These animals never ate hay and oats; and, at first, they did not eat much grass.There was little, if any, grass at that time.These horse-like creatures lived on marshes and in swamps bordering streams and lakes.They probably ate stems and leaves of plants that grew on the marshy lands.They did not run as horses do to-day, but they plodded along on the soft ground.They spread out their toes as they walked along, so as to keep from sinking.When the dry land began to be covered with grass, little by little they left the marshes.They went to the grassy highlands to live, and became more and more like horses.Some of the cat-like creatures went to the highlands, but they did not go for the grass.They were becoming more and more like tigers, and they went to hunt the wild horses.The timid horses ran when their enemies came, for there was no place in which to hide.When they ran they stepped on the tips of their toes.They used the third toe so much more than the others that it became larger and larger.Its hoof became hard and strong.The first and fifth toes were used so little that after thousands of years they disappeared.Meanwhile the horses had learned to run fast.When a pack of wolves chased them, they galloped away.They found rich grass on the highlands.Colts grew to be larger than their mothers.By the time they were as large as ponies they used only the third toe.Two side toes hung like the dew-claws of a dog, but they did not reach the ground.When the Tree-dwellers lived, little bones beneath the skin were all that was left to show where the side toes had been.The hoof had become round and hard.The wild horses ran very fast.They outran all other creatures.When surprised, they struck hard blows with their hoofs, and they bit with their sharp teeth.But if there was a chance to get away, they always ran when they were attacked.

Perhaps you have seen the zebra.

If you have, you must have noticed its stripes.

The first horse-like creatures were probably striped in much the same way.

These animals never ate hay and oats; and, at first, they did not eat much grass.

There was little, if any, grass at that time.

These horse-like creatures lived on marshes and in swamps bordering streams and lakes.

They probably ate stems and leaves of plants that grew on the marshy lands.

They did not run as horses do to-day, but they plodded along on the soft ground.

They spread out their toes as they walked along, so as to keep from sinking.

When the dry land began to be covered with grass, little by little they left the marshes.

They went to the grassy highlands to live, and became more and more like horses.

Some of the cat-like creatures went to the highlands, but they did not go for the grass.

They were becoming more and more like tigers, and they went to hunt the wild horses.

The timid horses ran when their enemies came, for there was no place in which to hide.

When they ran they stepped on the tips of their toes.

They used the third toe so much more than the others that it became larger and larger.

Its hoof became hard and strong.

The first and fifth toes were used so little that after thousands of years they disappeared.

Meanwhile the horses had learned to run fast.

When a pack of wolves chased them, they galloped away.

They found rich grass on the highlands.

Colts grew to be larger than their mothers.

By the time they were as large as ponies they used only the third toe.

Two side toes hung like the dew-claws of a dog, but they did not reach the ground.

When the Tree-dwellers lived, little bones beneath the skin were all that was left to show where the side toes had been.

The hoof had become round and hard.

The wild horses ran very fast.

They outran all other creatures.

When surprised, they struck hard blows with their hoofs, and they bit with their sharp teeth.

But if there was a chance to get away, they always ran when they were attacked.

Name all the animals you know that can climb trees. What kind of feet do they have?Name all the animals you know that have hoofs. Tell all you can about these hoofs.Notice the foot of a horse, a cow, a dog, or a cat, and model it in clay.What pet do you have that is like a wolf?

Name all the animals you know that can climb trees. What kind of feet do they have?

Name all the animals you know that have hoofs. Tell all you can about these hoofs.

Notice the foot of a horse, a cow, a dog, or a cat, and model it in clay.

What pet do you have that is like a wolf?

What tools do you know how to use?What do you use them for?How do you think that people did their work before they had tools?What tools do you think the Tree-dwellers needed?How do you think they learned to make them?

What tools do you know how to use?

What do you use them for?

How do you think that people did their work before they had tools?

What tools do you think the Tree-dwellers needed?

How do you think they learned to make them?

Bodo did not have any tools or weapons.Nobody knew how to make them.But he had learned to use his hands.He used them to catch small animals.He knew how to creep up softly.He knew how to wait patiently.He knew just when to grasp the animal.Bodo used his hands to gather berries and nuts.He used them to pull up roots.He used them to rake the acorns together.see caption“Sometimes Bodo threw stones”He used them to scoop small things up from the ground.Bodo knew how to strike with his fists.He knew how to kick with his feet.Sometimes he threw stones.Sometimes he threw sticks.see captionThestickBodousedSometimes he struck with a stick in his hand.He could strike harder blows with a stick than he could when he struck with his fist.Sometimes it hurt him when he struck with his fist.It did not hurt him when he struck with a club.Bodo had many enemies.He had to take care of himself.He felt safer when he had a club in his hand.

Bodo did not have any tools or weapons.

Nobody knew how to make them.

But he had learned to use his hands.

He used them to catch small animals.

He knew how to creep up softly.

He knew how to wait patiently.

He knew just when to grasp the animal.

Bodo used his hands to gather berries and nuts.

He used them to pull up roots.

He used them to rake the acorns together.

see caption

“Sometimes Bodo threw stones”

He used them to scoop small things up from the ground.

Bodo knew how to strike with his fists.

He knew how to kick with his feet.

Sometimes he threw stones.

Sometimes he threw sticks.

Sometimes he struck with a stick in his hand.

He could strike harder blows with a stick than he could when he struck with his fist.

Sometimes it hurt him when he struck with his fist.

It did not hurt him when he struck with a club.

Bodo had many enemies.

He had to take care of himself.

He felt safer when he had a club in his hand.

Show what Bodo used for a rake.Show what he used for a scoop.Show how he caught wild animals.Draw a picture of Bodo catching a squirrel.

Show what Bodo used for a rake.

Show what he used for a scoop.

Show how he caught wild animals.

Draw a picture of Bodo catching a squirrel.

Have you ever used a hammer?What are our hammers made of?How do you think people learned to make hammers?Why did Bodo need a hammer?What do you do with your knife?How many kinds of knives have you seen?How do you think people cut their food before they had knives?What do you think they used for their first knives?

Have you ever used a hammer?

What are our hammers made of?

How do you think people learned to make hammers?

Why did Bodo need a hammer?

What do you do with your knife?

How many kinds of knives have you seen?

How do you think people cut their food before they had knives?

What do you think they used for their first knives?

Bodo had never had a warm dinner.He had no fire to cook his food.Much of his food was hard and tough.He had not learned to soften it with fire.He had not learned to crush or grind it with stones.His teeth did all of this work.The teeth of all the Tree-dwellers were large and strong.They were fitted to cut and grind tough food.They were fitted to crack the shells of nuts.Bodo often cracked nuts with his teeth.But sometimes he found nuts that he could not crack.He had never seen or heard of a hammer, so he threw a hard nut against a rock.The nut did not crack.So he kept on trying different ways.At last he struck the nut with a stone.Its hard shell broke.How glad Bodo was!He ate the kernel and then cracked some more nuts with the stone.This stone was his first hammer.Sometimes he used a rough stone.Its rough edges hurt his hand, so he hunted for a smooth stone.At other times he wrapped one end of a rough stone in grass.The grass protected his hand.This was the first handle to his hammer.Bodo liked to use this hammer.He liked to use smooth hammer-stones.But sometimes the smooth stone slipped or bounded back and jarred his hand.see caption“Bodo cracked nuts with a stone”One day he found a smooth stone that had a little pit on either side.He put his thumb and finger into the pits and cracked a hard nut with the stone.This was just what he needed.It neither slipped nor jarred his hand.Some of the other Tree-dwellers tried it.They wanted one like it, so they began to hunt for pitted stones.They could not always find such stones, but they never thought of making the pits.People lived many years before they learned to do that.Tree-dwellers simply used things that they found on the spot.They seldom changed their shape.see captionThe chipped pebbleWe have only a few weapons that we know they made.They were found years ago deep down in some gravel.They had lain there many long years.Here is a picture of one.It is only a chipped pebble.Such a weapon is used nowadays only in play, but then it was used in real work.For a long time the Tree-dwellers did not have even this.They used their teeth and nails instead.see captionAn antler used as a wedgeSome animals had larger and sharper teeth.The Tree-dwellers found such teeth in the sand.They found sharp claws there, too.They often found sharp bones and horns.They used such things for cutting for many long years, but at last they made a knife.It happened when Bodo was cracking a bone.In some way he broke his hammer.He picked up the pieces and looked at them.They were sharp enough to cut with, but the edges hurt his hand.So he found a smooth pebble and chipped flakes from one end.Before long he had a sharp point.He never hafted it; but he left one end smooth, so that it would not hurt his hand.It was such a weapon as this that was found in the gravel.You can see that it is something like a spear-head.Bodo used it when he hunted small animals.He used it to skin them and to hack off strips of flesh.Many things had been used as knives before, but this was the first knife that we know man made.

Bodo had never had a warm dinner.

He had no fire to cook his food.

Much of his food was hard and tough.

He had not learned to soften it with fire.

He had not learned to crush or grind it with stones.

His teeth did all of this work.

The teeth of all the Tree-dwellers were large and strong.

They were fitted to cut and grind tough food.

They were fitted to crack the shells of nuts.

Bodo often cracked nuts with his teeth.

But sometimes he found nuts that he could not crack.

He had never seen or heard of a hammer, so he threw a hard nut against a rock.

The nut did not crack.

So he kept on trying different ways.

At last he struck the nut with a stone.

Its hard shell broke.

How glad Bodo was!

He ate the kernel and then cracked some more nuts with the stone.

This stone was his first hammer.

Sometimes he used a rough stone.

Its rough edges hurt his hand, so he hunted for a smooth stone.

At other times he wrapped one end of a rough stone in grass.

The grass protected his hand.

This was the first handle to his hammer.

Bodo liked to use this hammer.

He liked to use smooth hammer-stones.

But sometimes the smooth stone slipped or bounded back and jarred his hand.

see caption

“Bodo cracked nuts with a stone”

One day he found a smooth stone that had a little pit on either side.

He put his thumb and finger into the pits and cracked a hard nut with the stone.

This was just what he needed.

It neither slipped nor jarred his hand.

Some of the other Tree-dwellers tried it.

They wanted one like it, so they began to hunt for pitted stones.

They could not always find such stones, but they never thought of making the pits.

People lived many years before they learned to do that.

Tree-dwellers simply used things that they found on the spot.

They seldom changed their shape.

We have only a few weapons that we know they made.

They were found years ago deep down in some gravel.

They had lain there many long years.

Here is a picture of one.

It is only a chipped pebble.

Such a weapon is used nowadays only in play, but then it was used in real work.

For a long time the Tree-dwellers did not have even this.

They used their teeth and nails instead.

see caption

An antler used as a wedge

Some animals had larger and sharper teeth.

The Tree-dwellers found such teeth in the sand.

They found sharp claws there, too.

They often found sharp bones and horns.

They used such things for cutting for many long years, but at last they made a knife.

It happened when Bodo was cracking a bone.

In some way he broke his hammer.

He picked up the pieces and looked at them.

They were sharp enough to cut with, but the edges hurt his hand.

So he found a smooth pebble and chipped flakes from one end.

Before long he had a sharp point.

He never hafted it; but he left one end smooth, so that it would not hurt his hand.

It was such a weapon as this that was found in the gravel.

You can see that it is something like a spear-head.

Bodo used it when he hunted small animals.

He used it to skin them and to hack off strips of flesh.

Many things had been used as knives before, but this was the first knife that we know man made.

Hunt for some smooth hammer-stones. If you can find one with pits on either side, try both kinds and find out which one works the better.See if you can find a good stone for a knife.Strike the edge to see if it crumbles.Find one that will not crumble.Do you know whether stones have names?What stones have you that you would like named?

Hunt for some smooth hammer-stones. If you can find one with pits on either side, try both kinds and find out which one works the better.

See if you can find a good stone for a knife.

Strike the edge to see if it crumbles.

Find one that will not crumble.

Do you know whether stones have names?

What stones have you that you would like named?

Have you ever seen wild animals protect their little ones?How do they do it?When the mother goes away, in what kind of a place does she leave them?Do you know whether the young animals mind their mothers?

Have you ever seen wild animals protect their little ones?

How do they do it?

When the mother goes away, in what kind of a place does she leave them?

Do you know whether the young animals mind their mothers?

Bodo grew to be a large boy.He made many friends among the Tree-dwellers, but he liked One-Ear best of all.The boys liked to hunt together.When they had enough to eat they liked to play.One night as they were watching a herd of wild cattle, a young cow caught their eye.She was running down toward the marsh.The boys wondered why she was going.They chased her down the trail.When the cow saw what the boys were doing she started off through the underbrush.It was no longer safe to follow, so the boys gave up the chase.Darkness came on.The boys dropped their clubs and climbed a tree, where they spent the night.They slept until the break of day.As they were rubbing their sleepy eyes, they heard a queer sound close by.“What is that?” said Bodo.The boys listened.All was still.But they were sure that some animal was near.There was a clump of alders within a stone’s throw.Perhaps a bear was hiding there.The boys were eager to find out, but they knew better than to rush into danger.So they waited and listened.All was quiet.Bodo threw a stick.see caption“They crept up softly and peeped into the alders”Not a sound could be heard.He called out.Still there was no sound.The boys slipped down the tree and picked up their clubs.They crept up softly and peeped into the alders.“There’s nothing there,” said One-Ear.Bodo knew better.He noticed a hump among the leaves.He reached out his hand and touched it.It was a little calf that had been hid there by its mother.It scarcely moved as Bodo touched it.Its mother had taught it to lie still.Many people might have passed it by.But Bodo had sharp eyes, and besides he was very hungry.So the boys killed the calf and began to eat the raw flesh.They ate until they were satisfied.Then they played among the trees.

Bodo grew to be a large boy.

He made many friends among the Tree-dwellers, but he liked One-Ear best of all.

The boys liked to hunt together.

When they had enough to eat they liked to play.

One night as they were watching a herd of wild cattle, a young cow caught their eye.

She was running down toward the marsh.

The boys wondered why she was going.

They chased her down the trail.

When the cow saw what the boys were doing she started off through the underbrush.

It was no longer safe to follow, so the boys gave up the chase.

Darkness came on.

The boys dropped their clubs and climbed a tree, where they spent the night.

They slept until the break of day.

As they were rubbing their sleepy eyes, they heard a queer sound close by.

“What is that?” said Bodo.

The boys listened.

All was still.

But they were sure that some animal was near.

There was a clump of alders within a stone’s throw.

Perhaps a bear was hiding there.

The boys were eager to find out, but they knew better than to rush into danger.

So they waited and listened.

All was quiet.

Bodo threw a stick.

see caption

“They crept up softly and peeped into the alders”

Not a sound could be heard.

He called out.

Still there was no sound.

The boys slipped down the tree and picked up their clubs.

They crept up softly and peeped into the alders.

“There’s nothing there,” said One-Ear.

Bodo knew better.

He noticed a hump among the leaves.

He reached out his hand and touched it.

It was a little calf that had been hid there by its mother.

It scarcely moved as Bodo touched it.

Its mother had taught it to lie still.

Many people might have passed it by.

But Bodo had sharp eyes, and besides he was very hungry.

So the boys killed the calf and began to eat the raw flesh.

They ate until they were satisfied.

Then they played among the trees.

Choose somebody to be Bodo and somebody to be One-Ear, and let them show how the boys found the calf.Model a calf in clay.

Choose somebody to be Bodo and somebody to be One-Ear, and let them show how the boys found the calf.

Model a calf in clay.

Why were all of the animals afraid of the rhinoceros?How could the little hyenas hunt the big-nosed rhinoceros?What could the Tree-dwellers learn by watching the wild animals hunt?

Why were all of the animals afraid of the rhinoceros?

How could the little hyenas hunt the big-nosed rhinoceros?

What could the Tree-dwellers learn by watching the wild animals hunt?

One day Bodo and One-Ear climbed a fir tree near the edge of a cliff.They were watching a big-nosed rhinoceros.It had just rooted up an oak tree with its twin-tusked snout.Now it was tearing the trunk into strips as we tear a stalk of celery.The boys watched it grinding the wood with its great teeth.see captionThe big-nosed rhinocerosThey were glad that they were safe in the fir tree.They watched the creature in silence.Suddenly Bodo gave One-Ear a nudge.One-Ear looked up.Bodo put his finger on his lips, then pointed toward the underbrush.One-Ear stared with open mouth.A whole pack of hyenas was on the cliff.They were sneaking along toward the rhinoceros.What hungry-looking creatures they were!How their eyes gleamed!The boys wondered what the hyenas would do.They watched to see.The big-nosed rhinoceros went stupidly browsing along the edge of the cliff.He did not see the hyenas.The hyenas had learned that the rhinoceros could not see far away, and now they were taking advantage of this.They were too cowardly to risk a fair fight.Even the mammoth and sabre-tooth did not like to encounter the big-nosed rhinoceros.Even they could not pierce his thick, heavy skin.Even they feared his twin-tusked snout.The hyenas crept softly from bush to bush.They kept their eyes fastened upon the rhinoceros.As he stepped on the very edge of the cliff they sprang out and began to growl.see caption“He tossed one of the hyenasover the cliff”The rhinoceros turned fiercely upon them.He tossed one of the hyenas over the cliff.As he did this he lost his footing.The huge creature stumbled and fell.He rolled down the steep cliff and was dashed upon the rocks.The hyenas were no longer afraid.They feasted upon the carcass.They dragged the bones to their caves.They gnawed them until they left the marks of their teeth.The bones stayed in the caves for many years.Not long ago some one found them there.He sent them to a museum, where they may be seen to-day.Perhaps you will go to the museum some time.If you do, be sure and look at these bones.Perhaps you will be able to help your friends read the story they tell.

One day Bodo and One-Ear climbed a fir tree near the edge of a cliff.

They were watching a big-nosed rhinoceros.

It had just rooted up an oak tree with its twin-tusked snout.

Now it was tearing the trunk into strips as we tear a stalk of celery.

The boys watched it grinding the wood with its great teeth.

see caption

The big-nosed rhinoceros

They were glad that they were safe in the fir tree.

They watched the creature in silence.

Suddenly Bodo gave One-Ear a nudge.

One-Ear looked up.

Bodo put his finger on his lips, then pointed toward the underbrush.

One-Ear stared with open mouth.

A whole pack of hyenas was on the cliff.

They were sneaking along toward the rhinoceros.

What hungry-looking creatures they were!

How their eyes gleamed!

The boys wondered what the hyenas would do.

They watched to see.

The big-nosed rhinoceros went stupidly browsing along the edge of the cliff.

He did not see the hyenas.

The hyenas had learned that the rhinoceros could not see far away, and now they were taking advantage of this.

They were too cowardly to risk a fair fight.

Even the mammoth and sabre-tooth did not like to encounter the big-nosed rhinoceros.

Even they could not pierce his thick, heavy skin.

Even they feared his twin-tusked snout.

The hyenas crept softly from bush to bush.

They kept their eyes fastened upon the rhinoceros.

As he stepped on the very edge of the cliff they sprang out and began to growl.

The rhinoceros turned fiercely upon them.

He tossed one of the hyenas over the cliff.

As he did this he lost his footing.

The huge creature stumbled and fell.

He rolled down the steep cliff and was dashed upon the rocks.

The hyenas were no longer afraid.

They feasted upon the carcass.

They dragged the bones to their caves.

They gnawed them until they left the marks of their teeth.

The bones stayed in the caves for many years.

Not long ago some one found them there.

He sent them to a museum, where they may be seen to-day.

Perhaps you will go to the museum some time.

If you do, be sure and look at these bones.

Perhaps you will be able to help your friends read the story they tell.

Think of the rhinoceros as he was rooting up the tree.Think of him as he was tearing the wood into strips.Draw one of the pictures.Think of the high cliff with the caves at its foot.Model the cliff and caves in your sand box.

Think of the rhinoceros as he was rooting up the tree.

Think of him as he was tearing the wood into strips.

Draw one of the pictures.

Think of the high cliff with the caves at its foot.

Model the cliff and caves in your sand box.

Can you think how a fire might have been started before people knew how to make it?What did the Tree-dwellers think the fire was?Why did they fear it?What else did they fear?

Can you think how a fire might have been started before people knew how to make it?

What did the Tree-dwellers think the fire was?

Why did they fear it?

What else did they fear?

One day there was a great storm on the wooded hills.The lightning struck a tree in the forest.It set it on fire.At once the flames spread to the neighboring trees.The Tree-dwellers were driven to the ground.They had never been so frightened before.They were afraid of thunder and lightning.They were afraid of beasts of prey.Only when they were up in a tree did they feel that they were safe.But now the trees were on fire.They thought that the fire was a wild animal.They thought that it was an animal that ate wood.They had seen the rhinoceros and the mammoth eat parts of trees, but this creature devoured all the trees in its path..·.Several years passed by.Once again a fire broke out on the wooded hills.Once again the wild animals ran.The Tree-dwellers ran, for they still were afraid.Bodo ran; for he, too, was afraid.But he soon stopped and looked at the fire.see caption“Bodo stood and watched it a moment”He was almost full grown now.He was learning every day.He was curious about many things, and now he wanted to see what the red monster was doing.So he stood and watched it a moment.It seemed to be chasing him.So he ran to find a hiding-place.He ran around through the underbrush until at last he found a safe place.The fire ran away from him now.He stood and gazed at the red flames.The wind blew.The fire monster spread its great red wings and leaped from tree to tree.The branches groaned, and cracked, and fell.Bodo was filled with terror.He did not know what to do.After a little it began to rain.The fire monster became smaller and smaller.In a few moments it was gone.Bodo wondered where it went.

One day there was a great storm on the wooded hills.

The lightning struck a tree in the forest.

It set it on fire.

At once the flames spread to the neighboring trees.

The Tree-dwellers were driven to the ground.

They had never been so frightened before.

They were afraid of thunder and lightning.

They were afraid of beasts of prey.

Only when they were up in a tree did they feel that they were safe.

But now the trees were on fire.

They thought that the fire was a wild animal.

They thought that it was an animal that ate wood.

They had seen the rhinoceros and the mammoth eat parts of trees, but this creature devoured all the trees in its path.

.·.

Several years passed by.

Once again a fire broke out on the wooded hills.

Once again the wild animals ran.

The Tree-dwellers ran, for they still were afraid.

Bodo ran; for he, too, was afraid.

But he soon stopped and looked at the fire.

see caption

“Bodo stood and watched it a moment”

He was almost full grown now.

He was learning every day.

He was curious about many things, and now he wanted to see what the red monster was doing.

So he stood and watched it a moment.

It seemed to be chasing him.

So he ran to find a hiding-place.

He ran around through the underbrush until at last he found a safe place.

The fire ran away from him now.

He stood and gazed at the red flames.

The wind blew.

The fire monster spread its great red wings and leaped from tree to tree.

The branches groaned, and cracked, and fell.

Bodo was filled with terror.

He did not know what to do.

After a little it began to rain.

The fire monster became smaller and smaller.

In a few moments it was gone.

Bodo wondered where it went.

Think of the Tree-dwellers and the animals running away from the forest fire.Draw the picture.Show how Bodo tried to find out more about the fire.Draw a picture of him as he was watching the fire.

Think of the Tree-dwellers and the animals running away from the forest fire.

Draw the picture.

Show how Bodo tried to find out more about the fire.

Draw a picture of him as he was watching the fire.

Why would the Tree-dwellers want to use fire?How would they learn to take care of it?Why could they live in a better way after they had fire?

Why would the Tree-dwellers want to use fire?

How would they learn to take care of it?

Why could they live in a better way after they had fire?

The Tree-dwellers still thought that the fire was alive.The red monster still frightened them.Whenever they saw it they ran away.Bodo, too, was afraid of the fire.So he tried to be good to it and thus make it his friend.He gave it wood to eat.He learned to go near it without getting hurt.He learned to carry a burning branch.Once he carried a firebrand to the old oak.He put it in the hollow of the tree.Then he gave it dry sticks that he found close by, and he watched it while it ate them.As he stood looking at the fire, the sound of footsteps fell upon his ear.He looked up to see who was passing.It was Sharptooth.She was coming to the old oak tree.As soon as she saw the fire, she ran.Bodo called to her.He asked her to come back.Sharptooth was trembling, so that she could scarcely walk.Bodo took her by the hand.He led her to the fire.He told her how he had made friends with it.She listened to what he said, but she still seemed afraid.Bodo wished to show that he was not afraid.He looked puzzled a moment and then he said, “I am not going to sleep in the trees any more.”For a moment Sharptooth was speechless.At length she opened her lips and spoke.“The cave-bears will get you,” was what she said.But Bodo had thought of the bears.“I am not afraid of the bears,” he said.“They run when they see me with fire. I am going to sleep at the foot of this tree.”Then Sharptooth was troubled.She was anxious about Bodo.She had taught him the best that she could.But now he seemed to be risking his life.She wondered how he could do it.As it grew dark she climbed into a neighboring tree.She was afraid to sleep in the old oak that night.Bodo stayed on the ground beside the fire.Sharptooth did not close her eyes.She kept watch from a branch of the tree.She knew the wild animals were out of their dens.She saw their shadows among the trees.When they saw the fire they turned and ran.But Bodo stayed by the fire.He was a brave boy, yet he could not sleep.As long as he was awake he felt safe.But he was afraid of what might happen if he went to sleep.So he kept awake and fed the fire.Sharptooth still kept watch from the tree.At last she came down.“Let me feed the fire, Bodo, while you sleep,” she said.Bodo had been yawning for some time.He was glad to have a chance to rest.So he slept while Sharptooth took his place.She watched the fire cautiously at first.Then she fed it and found that it did not hurt her.see caption“They lived by fire at the foot of the tree”She liked the warmth that it gave.She enjoyed the pleasant firelight.She saw that it was their friend.After that Sharptooth and Bodo did not sleep in trees.They lived by the fire at the foot of a tree.Sometimes their home was by the old oak.Sometimes it was in other places.But it was always where they carried the fire.

The Tree-dwellers still thought that the fire was alive.

The red monster still frightened them.

Whenever they saw it they ran away.

Bodo, too, was afraid of the fire.

So he tried to be good to it and thus make it his friend.

He gave it wood to eat.

He learned to go near it without getting hurt.

He learned to carry a burning branch.

Once he carried a firebrand to the old oak.

He put it in the hollow of the tree.

Then he gave it dry sticks that he found close by, and he watched it while it ate them.

As he stood looking at the fire, the sound of footsteps fell upon his ear.

He looked up to see who was passing.

It was Sharptooth.

She was coming to the old oak tree.

As soon as she saw the fire, she ran.

Bodo called to her.

He asked her to come back.

Sharptooth was trembling, so that she could scarcely walk.

Bodo took her by the hand.

He led her to the fire.

He told her how he had made friends with it.

She listened to what he said, but she still seemed afraid.

Bodo wished to show that he was not afraid.

He looked puzzled a moment and then he said, “I am not going to sleep in the trees any more.”

For a moment Sharptooth was speechless.

At length she opened her lips and spoke.

“The cave-bears will get you,” was what she said.

But Bodo had thought of the bears.

“I am not afraid of the bears,” he said.

“They run when they see me with fire. I am going to sleep at the foot of this tree.”

Then Sharptooth was troubled.

She was anxious about Bodo.

She had taught him the best that she could.

But now he seemed to be risking his life.

She wondered how he could do it.

As it grew dark she climbed into a neighboring tree.

She was afraid to sleep in the old oak that night.

Bodo stayed on the ground beside the fire.

Sharptooth did not close her eyes.

She kept watch from a branch of the tree.

She knew the wild animals were out of their dens.

She saw their shadows among the trees.

When they saw the fire they turned and ran.

But Bodo stayed by the fire.

He was a brave boy, yet he could not sleep.

As long as he was awake he felt safe.

But he was afraid of what might happen if he went to sleep.

So he kept awake and fed the fire.

Sharptooth still kept watch from the tree.

At last she came down.

“Let me feed the fire, Bodo, while you sleep,” she said.

Bodo had been yawning for some time.

He was glad to have a chance to rest.

So he slept while Sharptooth took his place.

She watched the fire cautiously at first.

Then she fed it and found that it did not hurt her.

see caption

“They lived by fire at the foot of the tree”

She liked the warmth that it gave.

She enjoyed the pleasant firelight.

She saw that it was their friend.

After that Sharptooth and Bodo did not sleep in trees.

They lived by the fire at the foot of a tree.

Sometimes their home was by the old oak.

Sometimes it was in other places.

But it was always where they carried the fire.

Tell how to make a fire.What does a fire need in order to burn?Put a tumbler over a lighted candle and watch to see what happens.Why does the light go out?Light the candle again and see if you can find out what it is that burns.

Tell how to make a fire.

What does a fire need in order to burn?

Put a tumbler over a lighted candle and watch to see what happens.

Why does the light go out?

Light the candle again and see if you can find out what it is that burns.

What do you think the other Tree-dwellers did when they heard of the fire Sharptooth and Bodo had?Does fire ever do any harm nowadays? Why do we need to be careful in using fire?

What do you think the other Tree-dwellers did when they heard of the fire Sharptooth and Bodo had?

Does fire ever do any harm nowadays? Why do we need to be careful in using fire?

The next night One-Ear stayed with Sharptooth and Bodo at the foot of the old oak.Then other Tree-dwellers came.At first they were afraid just as Sharptooth had been.But they, too, soon learned that the fire was their friend.So they sat around the fire each evening.They talked about the wild animals they had seen.As long as they sat by the fire, they felt safe.So they came to the fireplace each night.They began to live together.They formed a clan.Their clan was the fire clan.The women with babies stayed near the fire.All the others went farther away.Each one hunted for his own food.Each ate what he found on the spot.But all came back to the fireplace at night.see caption“They talked about the wild animals they had seen”All were tired and needed to rest.Since they had no chairs they squatted on the ground.They talked and they played in the firelight.When they got drowsy they fell asleep.But Sharptooth kept watch of the fire.Her sisters helped, but she was the clan mother.It was she who took charge of the fire.She knew how the fire became their friend.She knew that it needed care.She knew that it gave them their first home.So she taught the people to worship the fire.

The next night One-Ear stayed with Sharptooth and Bodo at the foot of the old oak.

Then other Tree-dwellers came.

At first they were afraid just as Sharptooth had been.

But they, too, soon learned that the fire was their friend.

So they sat around the fire each evening.

They talked about the wild animals they had seen.

As long as they sat by the fire, they felt safe.

So they came to the fireplace each night.

They began to live together.

They formed a clan.

Their clan was the fire clan.

The women with babies stayed near the fire.

All the others went farther away.

Each one hunted for his own food.

Each ate what he found on the spot.

But all came back to the fireplace at night.

see caption

“They talked about the wild animals they had seen”

All were tired and needed to rest.

Since they had no chairs they squatted on the ground.

They talked and they played in the firelight.

When they got drowsy they fell asleep.

But Sharptooth kept watch of the fire.

Her sisters helped, but she was the clan mother.

It was she who took charge of the fire.

She knew how the fire became their friend.

She knew that it needed care.

She knew that it gave them their first home.

So she taught the people to worship the fire.

Play that you are Tree-dwellers just beginning to form a clan.Plan how you will divide your work.Choose sides and let those on one side tell a story of the Tree-dwellers before they had fire. Let those on the other side tell a story of the Tree-dwellers after they had fire.Look at the picture on page 100 and tell such a story about it as you think the tree-dwellers would tell after they had seen such a fight.

Play that you are Tree-dwellers just beginning to form a clan.

Plan how you will divide your work.

Choose sides and let those on one side tell a story of the Tree-dwellers before they had fire. Let those on the other side tell a story of the Tree-dwellers after they had fire.

Look at the picture on page 100 and tell such a story about it as you think the tree-dwellers would tell after they had seen such a fight.

How were the Tree-dwellers sheltered from the wind and rain?How did they keep warm after they used fire?How did they find shelter from the rain?What trees offer the best shelter from the rain?Where is the rain that falls on those trees carried?Do you know what kind of roots those trees have?What trees do not give a good shelter from the rain? Why?What trees would give the best shelter in the winter? Why?How did the fire clan find shelter from the cold winds?If they were living in places that were not well sheltered, what kind of a shelter do you think they might make?

How were the Tree-dwellers sheltered from the wind and rain?

How did they keep warm after they used fire?

How did they find shelter from the rain?

What trees offer the best shelter from the rain?

Where is the rain that falls on those trees carried?

Do you know what kind of roots those trees have?

What trees do not give a good shelter from the rain? Why?

What trees would give the best shelter in the winter? Why?

How did the fire clan find shelter from the cold winds?

If they were living in places that were not well sheltered, what kind of a shelter do you think they might make?

When people slept in trees, they did not need to make a shelter.They were sheltered by the trees.Long after they began to sleep on the ground, the trees still sheltered them.The leaves of the trees kept off the rain.The thick underbrush kept off the cold winds.When the fire clan moved to a new place, it was always Sharptooth who chose the spot for the fire.She knew the best sheltered places.Sometimes she chose a spot near an oak or a birch.Their tops were well thatched with leaves.They shed rain almost as well as a roof.But when the oak and the birch trees dropped their leaves, Sharptooth carried her fire to a fir or a spruce.These evergreen trees had needle-like leaves.They gave some protection from the rain and the snow.But sometimes a drizzling rain kept up for many days.Sometimes the cold winds blew.Then the fire clan shivered with the wet and the cold.Mothers were anxious about their children.They wanted to keep them safe from harm.So they tried to keep off the cold wind and the rain.They had not yet learned many ways of working, but they long had known how to weave cradles of vines.So the women now tried to weave a shelter.They broke off large armfuls of evergreens.They carried them to some saplings that grew near the fire.Then they bent down the tops of the small growing saplings.They tied them together and began to weave.They wove branches of evergreens among them.They piled larger branches against the wall.At last the shelter was done.It was the first shelter that they had made.There was not one like it on the wooded hills.

When people slept in trees, they did not need to make a shelter.

They were sheltered by the trees.

Long after they began to sleep on the ground, the trees still sheltered them.

The leaves of the trees kept off the rain.

The thick underbrush kept off the cold winds.

When the fire clan moved to a new place, it was always Sharptooth who chose the spot for the fire.

She knew the best sheltered places.

Sometimes she chose a spot near an oak or a birch.

Their tops were well thatched with leaves.

They shed rain almost as well as a roof.

But when the oak and the birch trees dropped their leaves, Sharptooth carried her fire to a fir or a spruce.

These evergreen trees had needle-like leaves.

They gave some protection from the rain and the snow.

But sometimes a drizzling rain kept up for many days.

Sometimes the cold winds blew.

Then the fire clan shivered with the wet and the cold.

Mothers were anxious about their children.

They wanted to keep them safe from harm.

So they tried to keep off the cold wind and the rain.

They had not yet learned many ways of working, but they long had known how to weave cradles of vines.

So the women now tried to weave a shelter.

They broke off large armfuls of evergreens.

They carried them to some saplings that grew near the fire.

Then they bent down the tops of the small growing saplings.

They tied them together and began to weave.

They wove branches of evergreens among them.

They piled larger branches against the wall.

At last the shelter was done.

It was the first shelter that they had made.

There was not one like it on the wooded hills.

see caption

“So the women now tried to weave a shelter”

Make a playhouse that will shelter you from the wind and the rain.Find trees that give a good shelter from the sun and the rain.Notice trees that do not give good shelter. See if you can find out why some trees give a better shelter than others.When do oaks and birches drop their leaves?Do evergreen trees ever drop their leaves?Find out why we call them evergreen trees.

Make a playhouse that will shelter you from the wind and the rain.

Find trees that give a good shelter from the sun and the rain.

Notice trees that do not give good shelter. See if you can find out why some trees give a better shelter than others.

When do oaks and birches drop their leaves?

Do evergreen trees ever drop their leaves?

Find out why we call them evergreen trees.

What do we use baskets for?What are they made of?Do you think that the Tree-dwellers made baskets before they had fire?When do you think that they would first need baskets?How do you think that they might have made them?

What do we use baskets for?

What are they made of?

Do you think that the Tree-dwellers made baskets before they had fire?

When do you think that they would first need baskets?

How do you think that they might have made them?

Before the Tree-dwellers had fire they did not need baskets.For a long time afterwards they did not make them.They ate fruits from the trees and cracked the nuts where they found them.Each night they came home one by one.Sharptooth still had charge of the fire.She ate wild roots that grew near.She cracked nuts that she found in the trees close by.She ate berries in a neighboring patch.But she never went far away, and she never stayed away long.The blueberries were now ripe, so she went to the patch.How she wished she might stay a long time!But as soon as she had eaten a few, she hurried home to the fire.As she scrambled over the fallen trees, she broke off a handful of bushes.They were loaded with ripe blueberries.She carried them home to the children.She told the women and children about the patch.They all wanted to go.So they piled broken branches upon the fire.Then Sharptooth told one of the women to stay at home and take charge of the fire.The women left their babies and little children in charge of this woman, too.How disappointed the little children were!They watched the women and older children until they had passed out of sight among the trees.Sharptooth led the way to the patch.In a few moments they found it.It was almost blue with berries.The children ate as fast as they picked.The women ate, too, for a while.But they remembered their little ones at home.So they picked heaping handfuls of berries.They wanted to carry more berries, so hunted for something to hold them.One woman had a rabbit skin.The other women helped her fill it with berries.Another woman made a basket of oak leaves.They filled that with berries.see captionsee captionThe bottom of the basket“She bent the rushes andtied the ends together”Sharptooth gathered some rushes from a marshy place and tried still another way.She sat down upon the grass and began to weave.The bottom of the basket was soon made.Then she bent the rushes and tied the ends together.After that she wove round and round.When the basket was deep enough she fastened the ends.Then the basket was done.It did not have a rim.Sharptooth did not miss the rim, for this was her first basket.She called the women and children around her.They ran up to see what she had made.see captionsee caption“She wove round and round”“When the basket was deep enoughshe fastened the ends”Every one wanted to take it.It did not take long to fill the basket with berries.Sharptooth took them home to the children.How glad the little ones were when they saw the women and children!They were glad to eat the berries.While they were smacking their lips, Sharptooth showed them the basket.That night as the fathers and mothers came home, the children ran out to meet them.Each time they told what Sharptooth had made.Each time they showed the rush basket.It was not many days before each of the older children had made one like it.

Before the Tree-dwellers had fire they did not need baskets.

For a long time afterwards they did not make them.

They ate fruits from the trees and cracked the nuts where they found them.

Each night they came home one by one.

Sharptooth still had charge of the fire.

She ate wild roots that grew near.

She cracked nuts that she found in the trees close by.

She ate berries in a neighboring patch.

But she never went far away, and she never stayed away long.

The blueberries were now ripe, so she went to the patch.

How she wished she might stay a long time!

But as soon as she had eaten a few, she hurried home to the fire.

As she scrambled over the fallen trees, she broke off a handful of bushes.

They were loaded with ripe blueberries.

She carried them home to the children.

She told the women and children about the patch.

They all wanted to go.

So they piled broken branches upon the fire.

Then Sharptooth told one of the women to stay at home and take charge of the fire.

The women left their babies and little children in charge of this woman, too.

How disappointed the little children were!

They watched the women and older children until they had passed out of sight among the trees.

Sharptooth led the way to the patch.

In a few moments they found it.

It was almost blue with berries.

The children ate as fast as they picked.

The women ate, too, for a while.

But they remembered their little ones at home.

So they picked heaping handfuls of berries.

They wanted to carry more berries, so hunted for something to hold them.

One woman had a rabbit skin.

The other women helped her fill it with berries.

Another woman made a basket of oak leaves.

They filled that with berries.

The bottom of the basket

“She bent the rushes andtied the ends together”

Sharptooth gathered some rushes from a marshy place and tried still another way.

She sat down upon the grass and began to weave.

The bottom of the basket was soon made.

Then she bent the rushes and tied the ends together.

After that she wove round and round.

When the basket was deep enough she fastened the ends.

Then the basket was done.

It did not have a rim.

Sharptooth did not miss the rim, for this was her first basket.

She called the women and children around her.

They ran up to see what she had made.

“She wove round and round”

“When the basket was deep enoughshe fastened the ends”

Every one wanted to take it.

It did not take long to fill the basket with berries.

Sharptooth took them home to the children.

How glad the little ones were when they saw the women and children!

They were glad to eat the berries.

While they were smacking their lips, Sharptooth showed them the basket.

That night as the fathers and mothers came home, the children ran out to meet them.

Each time they told what Sharptooth had made.

Each time they showed the rush basket.

It was not many days before each of the older children had made one like it.

Look at the pictures in this lesson and see how Sharptooth’s basket was made.Gather tough grasses or rushes and make a basket of your own.Show how the children ran to meet the fathers and mothers as they came home at night. Draw the picture.

Look at the pictures in this lesson and see how Sharptooth’s basket was made.

Gather tough grasses or rushes and make a basket of your own.

Show how the children ran to meet the fathers and mothers as they came home at night. Draw the picture.

Do you think that the fire clan used fire in as many ways as we do?What do we use it for?How many uses do you think that the fire clan made of it?Can you think how people learned to cook food?

Do you think that the fire clan used fire in as many ways as we do?

What do we use it for?

How many uses do you think that the fire clan made of it?

Can you think how people learned to cook food?

see caption

“Sabre-tooth was large and fierce”

All the Tree-dwellers now knew that the fire was their friend.They found it useful in many ways.It guarded the spot where they slept at night, and it helped them all through the day.They no longer swung from branch to branch.When they carried a firebrand, it was safe to walk on the ground.Their hands were at last free.When Bodo started out with his firebrand the wild animals ran to their dens.Sometimes Bodo pursued them.He chased some of the animals home to their dens, but he never went to the caves.Sabre-tooth and the cave-bear were too large and fierce.The hyenas were small, but they lived in packs.So Bodo learned to let them alone.see caption“Bodo would build a fire at the mouth of the hole”But he was not afraid of the gophers and badgers.He chased them to their holes and tried to smoke them out.He would build a fire at the mouth of a hole.see captionBodo’sclubThen he would stand with a club in his hand and watch.He would watch until the animal came out.Sometimes he had to wait a long time.But in the end he nearly always got meat to eat.One day he was hunting squirrels.He chased a squirrel to its hole in a tree.Then he tried to smoke it out.He waited a long time in vain, so at last he set fire to the tree.But the rain soon came and his fire went out.So Bodo struck the tree with his club.The trunk gave way.Bodo peeped into the hollow tree.He wanted to find the squirrel.see caption“He put in his hand andpulled the squirrel out”It lay there perfectly still.He put in his hand and pulled it out.It had been killed by the fire and smoke.He began to eat the warm flesh.He wondered why it was so hot and tender.Bodo did not know then that the flesh had been roasted.This was the first time that he had ever eaten cooked food.Not long afterward all the people learned to roast meat.

All the Tree-dwellers now knew that the fire was their friend.

They found it useful in many ways.

It guarded the spot where they slept at night, and it helped them all through the day.

They no longer swung from branch to branch.

When they carried a firebrand, it was safe to walk on the ground.

Their hands were at last free.

When Bodo started out with his firebrand the wild animals ran to their dens.

Sometimes Bodo pursued them.

He chased some of the animals home to their dens, but he never went to the caves.

Sabre-tooth and the cave-bear were too large and fierce.

The hyenas were small, but they lived in packs.

So Bodo learned to let them alone.

see caption

“Bodo would build a fire at the mouth of the hole”

But he was not afraid of the gophers and badgers.

He chased them to their holes and tried to smoke them out.

He would build a fire at the mouth of a hole.

Then he would stand with a club in his hand and watch.

He would watch until the animal came out.

Sometimes he had to wait a long time.

But in the end he nearly always got meat to eat.

One day he was hunting squirrels.

He chased a squirrel to its hole in a tree.

Then he tried to smoke it out.

He waited a long time in vain, so at last he set fire to the tree.

But the rain soon came and his fire went out.

So Bodo struck the tree with his club.

The trunk gave way.

Bodo peeped into the hollow tree.

He wanted to find the squirrel.

It lay there perfectly still.

He put in his hand and pulled it out.

It had been killed by the fire and smoke.

He began to eat the warm flesh.

He wondered why it was so hot and tender.

Bodo did not know then that the flesh had been roasted.

This was the first time that he had ever eaten cooked food.

Not long afterward all the people learned to roast meat.

Draw a picture of Bodo hunting with a firebrand.See if you can find trees that have hollows in them.How do you think that the hollows were made?Find out whether there are any animals near you that live in hollow trees.

Draw a picture of Bodo hunting with a firebrand.

See if you can find trees that have hollows in them.

How do you think that the hollows were made?

Find out whether there are any animals near you that live in hollow trees.

Do you think that the people of the fire clan would help one another in time of danger?Can you think why people began to work together instead of hunting alone?

Do you think that the people of the fire clan would help one another in time of danger?

Can you think why people began to work together instead of hunting alone?

One day One-Ear was hunting gophers on the grassy upland.His torch went out.So he tried to get back to the wooded hills without being seen.At first he crept through the tall grass.But he soon came to a place where the grass did not cover him.He hurried on as fast as he could.He had almost reached the wooded hills when a cave-bear crossed his path.The bear saw him.One-Ear shouted for help, and then ran as he had never run before.see caption“They saw Bodo rush up to the cave-bear and wave a torch in his face”But the cave-bear overtook him.He soon had One-Ear in his embrace.One-Ear remembered nothing more, but the men who heard him saw what happened.They saw the cave-bear grasp him with his huge paws.Then they saw Bodo rush up to the cave-bear and wave a torch in his face.The cave-bear let go his hold.The frightened beast ran off to his cave.The men came up in time to help Bodo raise One-Ear from the ground.They helped him back to the wooded hills.His wounds were soon healed, but he always carried the marks of that cave-bear.That was the day that he lost his ear.We have called him One-Ear before, but the fire clan never called him One-Ear until after that day.

One day One-Ear was hunting gophers on the grassy upland.

His torch went out.

So he tried to get back to the wooded hills without being seen.

At first he crept through the tall grass.

But he soon came to a place where the grass did not cover him.

He hurried on as fast as he could.

He had almost reached the wooded hills when a cave-bear crossed his path.

The bear saw him.

One-Ear shouted for help, and then ran as he had never run before.

see caption

“They saw Bodo rush up to the cave-bear and wave a torch in his face”

But the cave-bear overtook him.

He soon had One-Ear in his embrace.

One-Ear remembered nothing more, but the men who heard him saw what happened.

They saw the cave-bear grasp him with his huge paws.

Then they saw Bodo rush up to the cave-bear and wave a torch in his face.

The cave-bear let go his hold.

The frightened beast ran off to his cave.

The men came up in time to help Bodo raise One-Ear from the ground.

They helped him back to the wooded hills.

His wounds were soon healed, but he always carried the marks of that cave-bear.

That was the day that he lost his ear.

We have called him One-Ear before, but the fire clan never called him One-Ear until after that day.

Find a stick that will make a good torch and make one.Draw a picture of One-Ear and the cave-bear.

Find a stick that will make a good torch and make one.

Draw a picture of One-Ear and the cave-bear.

How do you think the fire clan spent the evening?If they could not say what they wished to say, how do you think they would make themselves understood?How do you think that they learned to hunt together?

How do you think the fire clan spent the evening?

If they could not say what they wished to say, how do you think they would make themselves understood?

How do you think that they learned to hunt together?

For many days the men talked about One-Ear’s narrow escape.They acted the whole thing over again.One man would show what One-Ear did.Another would take the part of the cave-bear.Then some one would play he was Bodo and rush up with a make-believe torch.Others showed how the men came up to the spot and helped One-Ear home.They played this over and over again.They learned to work together.They learned to play other plays as well.They learned it in this way: They watched the wild animals all through the day.see captionA leaderAt night they showed what they had seen.At last they made plans for hunting them.They did it the way children make a new game.First they chose a leader for the play.Then the leader asked them all to help.He showed them what to do.They all did as the leader said.They learned to play together.This play was their hunting dance.It helped the people to hunt together.It helped the brave men to lead in the hunt.It helped all the people to do their part.Only brave men were given a chance to lead the hunting dance.Each one led the best that he could.The people always chose the man that they thought led the best.This man led them all in the hunt the next day.

For many days the men talked about One-Ear’s narrow escape.

They acted the whole thing over again.

One man would show what One-Ear did.

Another would take the part of the cave-bear.

Then some one would play he was Bodo and rush up with a make-believe torch.

Others showed how the men came up to the spot and helped One-Ear home.

They played this over and over again.

They learned to work together.

They learned to play other plays as well.

They learned it in this way: They watched the wild animals all through the day.

At night they showed what they had seen.

At last they made plans for hunting them.

They did it the way children make a new game.

First they chose a leader for the play.

Then the leader asked them all to help.

He showed them what to do.

They all did as the leader said.

They learned to play together.

This play was their hunting dance.

It helped the people to hunt together.

It helped the brave men to lead in the hunt.

It helped all the people to do their part.

Only brave men were given a chance to lead the hunting dance.

Each one led the best that he could.

The people always chose the man that they thought led the best.

This man led them all in the hunt the next day.

Let any one who would like to lead in a hunt, lead in a hunting dance.When all have led who wish to do so, let the class choose the one who led the best.

Let any one who would like to lead in a hunt, lead in a hunting dance.

When all have led who wish to do so, let the class choose the one who led the best.

Why do you think the Tree-dwellers liked their brave men best?How do you think they helped them to become more brave?Can you think why people had not yet learned to wear clothing?Why would they care more for ornaments at first?Have you ever heard any one speak of “a feather in one’s cap”?Can you tell what is meant by it?What kind of ornaments do you like to wear?Do you know how to make them?Can you make such ornaments as the Tree-dwellers wore?

Why do you think the Tree-dwellers liked their brave men best?

How do you think they helped them to become more brave?

Can you think why people had not yet learned to wear clothing?

Why would they care more for ornaments at first?

Have you ever heard any one speak of “a feather in one’s cap”?

Can you tell what is meant by it?

What kind of ornaments do you like to wear?

Do you know how to make them?

Can you make such ornaments as the Tree-dwellers wore?

Back to IndexNext