CHAPTER I
1. See maps at the end of Gröber'sGrundriss, vol. i.
2.De Vulg. El.I., 8: alii oc, alii oïl, alii si affirmando loquuntur, andVita Nuova, xxv. Dante also knew the term provincialis.
3. Boethius. F. Hündgen, Oppeln, 1884. For Sainte Foy d'Agen, seeRomaniaxxxi., p, 177 ff.
4. P. Meyer inRomaniav., p. 257. Bédier,Les chansons de Croisade, Paris, 1909, p. 16.
5. See P. Maus,Peire Cardenals Strophenbau, Marburg, 1884.
6. See Jeanroy, Origines, etc.
CHAPTER II
7. Provençal has also the femininejoiawith the general meaning of "delight."
8. See Stimming's article in Gröber'sGrundriss.
9. Raynouard,Les Troubadours et les Cours d'Amour, Paris, 1817; see also Diez,Über die Minnehöfe, Berlin, 1825. Pio Rajna,Le Corti d'Amore, Milan, 1890.
10.Annales du Midi, xix. p. 364.
11.Die provenzalische Tenzone, R. Zenker, Leipsic, 1888.
CHAPTER III
12. Girart de Roussillon, translation by P. Meyer, Paris, 1884: see alsoRomania, vii. Diplomatic copies of the MSS. inRomanische StudienV.Le Roman de Flamenca, P. Meyer, Paris, 1901.
13. J. B. Beck,Die Melodien der Troubadours, Strasburg, 1908.La Musique des Troubadours, Paris, 1910, by the same author, who there promised a selection of songs harmonized for performance: this has not yet appeared. See alsoQuatre poésies de Marcabrun, Jeanroy, Dejeanne and Aubry, Paris, 1904, with texts, music, and translations.
14. Schindler,Die Kreuzzüge in der altprovenzalischen und mittelhochdeutschen lyrik., Dresden, 1889. K. Lewent,Das altprovenzalische Kreuzlied, Berlin, 1905.
15. A. Pillet,Studien zur Pastourelle, Breslau, 1902. Römer,Die volkstümlichen Dichtungsarten der altprovenzalischen Lyrik, Marburg, 1884.
16.Quae judicia de litteris fecerint Provinciales. P. Andraud, Paris, 1902.
17. FromSi'm sentis fizels amics, quoted by Dante,De Vulg. El.i. 9.
CHAPTER IV
18. "Paubre motz"; also interpreted as "scanty words," i.e. poems with short lines. On Jaufre Rudel in literature, see a lecture by Carducci, Bologna 1888. The latest theory of his mysterious love is that she was the Virgin Mary; see C. Appel,Archiv für das Studium der neueren Sprachen, cvii. 3-4.
19. Mahn,Gedichte, no. 707. An edition of Bernard de Ventadour's poems is in preparation by Prof. Appel.
20.Cp.Dante,Par.xx. 73.
CHAPTER V
21. Dante,De Vulg. El.ii. 2.
22. "Il Provenzale,"Conv.iv. 11.
23.Purg.xxvi.
24. On his family see Stronski,Folquet de Marseille, p. 15 and 159-172.
25. See G. Paris,La Littérature française au moyen âge, § 128.
CHAPTER VI
26. The best short account of the Albigenses is to be found in vol. i. of H.C. Lea'sHistoire de L'Inquisition au moyen âge, Paris, 1903. This, the French translation, is superior to the English edition as it contains the author's last corrections, and a number of bibliographical notes. The Adoptionist theory is stated in the introduction to F.C. Conybeare'sKey of Truth, Oxford, 1908. TheChanson de la Croisade Albigeoise, P. Meyer, Paris, 1875, 2 vols., is indispensable to students of the subject. In these works will be found much of the extensive bibliography of the heresy and crusade.
27. Eckbertus,Serm. adv. Catharos, Migne, Patr. Lat., tom. 193. p. 73.
28.Cf.Milman,Latin Christianity, Book IX. chap. viii. p. 85.
29. On religious lyric poetry, see Lowinsky,Zeitschrift für französische Sprache und Litteratur, xx. p. 163 ff., and the bibliographical note to Stimming's article in Gröber'sGrundriss, vol. ii. part ii. § 32.
CHAPTER VII
Most histories of Italian literature deal with this subject. See Gaspary'sItalian Literature to the death of Dante: H. Oelsner, Bohn's Libraries. See also the chapter,La poésie française en Italiein Jeanroy'sOrigines. For Dante, seeStoria letteraria d'Italia, scritta di una società di professori, Milan, vol. iii., Dante, by Zingarelli.The Troubadours of Dante, Chaytor, Oxford, 1902. Useful are A. Thomas,Francesco da Barberino et la littérature provençale en Italie au moyen âge, Paris, 1883. O. Schultz,Die Lebensverhältnisse der Italienischen Trobadors, Berlin, 1883.
30. Schultz,Die Briefe des Trobadors Raimbaut de Vaqueiras an Bonifaz I., Halle, 1883.
31. Zingarelli,Intorno a due Trovatori in Italia, Florence, 1899.
CHAPTER VIII
Milà y Fontañals,Los trovadores en España, Barcelona, 1861, remains the best work on the subject. On Portugal, the article in Gröber'sGrundriss, ii. 2, p. 129, by C. Michaelis de Vasconcellos and Th. Braga is admirable: see the bibliographical references there given and the introduction to R. Lang,Das Liederbuch des Königs Denis von Portugal, Halle, 1894.
32. The date of this poem is disputed, see Dr Dejeanne's edition of Marcabrun, p. 235.
33. F. Guessard,Grammaires Provençales, Paris, 1858; E. Stengel,Die beiden ältesten prov. Gram., Marburg, 1878.
CHAPTER IX
Troubadour influence in Germany is discussed at greater or less length in most histories of German literature. See Jeanroy,Origines, p. 270 ff. A. Lüderitz,Die Liebestheorien der Provenzalen bei den Minnesingern der Slauferzeit, Literarhistorische Forschungen, Berlin, 1904.
For France. A. Jeanroy,De nostratibus medii aevi poetis qui primum Aquitaniae carmina imitati sint, Paris, 1889.
For England. Schofield,English Literature from the Norman Conquest to Chaucer, London, 1906. O. Heider,Untersuchungen zur mittelenglischen erotischen Lyrik, Halle, 1905. A. Brandl,Spielmann's verhältnisse in frühmittelenglischer Zeit, Sitzungs-berichte der Königl. preuss., Akademie, 1910.
34. Bédier,Chansons de Croisade, Paris, 1909, p. 112.
35. See introduction to Leo Wiese,Die Lieder des Blondel de Nesle, Dresden, 1904, p. 19 ff.
36.Romania, viii. p. 370.
37. K. Böddeker,Altenglische Dichtungen des MS. Harl.2253, Berlin, 1878.
38. Modern Language Review, vol. 1. p. 285; vol. ii. p. 60, articles by Prof. Skeat.
39. P. Leinig,Grammatik der provenzalischen Leys d'amors verglichen mit der Sprache der Troubadours, Breslau, 1890. M. Gatien. Arnoult,Monuments de la littérature romane, Toulouse, 1841.
40.Histoire critique de l'Académie des Jeux Floraux, by F. de Gélis from the origin to the 17th century will appear shortly in the Bibliothèque meridionale, Toulouse. Useful anthologies of modern Provençal areFlourilège prouvençau, Toulon, 1909:Antologia provenzale, E Portal, Milan, Hoepli, 1911 (Manuali Hoepli).
Alamanon, Bertran d',104Alba,33,128Albigeois,13,23,75, ff.Alcuin,7Alfonso II. of Aragon,51,59,69,74,110,113Alfonso VIII. of Castile,110,113,114Alfonso X. of Castile,118,124André le Chapelain,19,130Aquino, Rinaldo d',82Aquitaine,42Arabs,8,105Aragon,54,71,110—— Pedro II. of,78,83,113Arles,5Aurenga, Raimbaut d',35,85,64Auvergne,3—— Dauphin of,134—— Peire d',36,67,70,135Azalais,71,79Ballata,33Barral,71,79Belenoi, Aimeric de,118Bethune, Conon de,131Bezaudun, Raimon Vidal of,115,122Béziers,50,78Blacatz,103Born, Bertran de,13,57,111,130Bornelh, Giraut de,23,35,37,53,68,86,113Brunei, Uc,113Cabestanh, Guillem de,73Cabreira, Guiraut de,122Caen, Raoul de,6Cairel, Elias,12Calanso, Guiraut de,115,122Calha, Albertet,12Calvo, Bonifacio,100,118Carcassonne,78Cardenal, Peire,11,82,84,92,117,118Castile,54,71—— Sancho III. of,67Catalonia,3,5,71,109,121ff.Cercamon,9,42Chabaneau,20Chanso,23Cigala, Lanfranc,39,100,116Circ, Uc de San,100,113Corbiac, Peire de,93Comjat,23Compostella,109,124Courts of Love,19Cunizza,101Daniel, Arnaut,55Dante,24,53,55,57,63,104,108,131Denis,124Descort,33,97Die, Countess of,11,65Dietmar von Aist,128Dominic,77,80Ebles II.,46Eleanor of Aquitaine,42,46,59,130Escas Amanieu des,121Escondig,33Estampida,33Este,95Ezzelino III.,101Faidit, Gaucelm,99,135Ferdinand III. of Castile,104,116Figueira, Guillem,82,138Flamenca,23Florence,100Frederick II. of Sicily,88,105Friedrich von Hausen,129Galicia,123Gasson,3,9,115Genoa,78,100Gerona, Serveri de,120Guido delle Colonne,106,107Guido Guinicelli,106Guiot de Dijon,132Hautefort,60,111Henry II. of England,47,59,63Henry III. of England,104,117Innocent III.,76,77Inquisition,80Isabella of Angoulême,117Jaime I. of Aragon,85Jaufre, Roman de,23Languedoc,3Lemosin,5Lentino, Jacopo da,82Leys d'Amors,16,23,33,138Limousin,3,4,8,123Louis VII. of France,60,69Louis VIII. of France,89Lyons,5,77Malaspina, Marquis of,100Malmesbury, William of,41Manfred II.,100,102Mantua,101Marcabrun,35,43,68,85,110,135Mareuil, Arnaut de,50,53Marseilles,5,10—— Barral of71,79—— Folquet of,10,13,72,78,91Marie of Champagne,130Marvejols, Bernard Sicart de,84,117,118Mauleon, Savaric de,135Minnesingers,128Miraval, Raímon de,39,83Montanhagol, Guillem de,117Montaudon, Monk of,11,69,79,113—— Beatrice of,97Montpelier, Germonde de,89—— William VII. of,51,79Muret78,114Music,26ff.Narbonne,5,59,67Navarre,54,110—— Guillem de Tudela of,120Nesles, Blondel de,131,134Nostradamus,19Novara,102Orange, William IV. of,96Partimen,130Pastorela,33Pegulhan, Aimeric de,99,107,114,138Perdigon,11Pisa,100Planh,30Poitou,4Poitiers,6,8—— William of,6,41,65,90Portugal, Denis of,124Provence,3—— Beatrice of,102Puegsibot, Gausbert de,14Puy,69Raynouard,19Richard Coeur de Lion,55,58,69,72,134Riquier, Guiraut,92,118Rogier, Peire,66Rovenhac, Bernart de,118Roussillon,3—— Girart de,22Rudel, Jaufre,23,44Rudolf, Count of Neuenberg,82Savoy,96Serena,33Simon de Montfort,78Sirventes,30,135Sordello,96,101,116Stanza,24, ff.Tenso,21,31,130Thibaut IV. of Champagne,131Tor, Guillem de la,100Toronet,79Toulouse,5,13,78,80,84,138—— N'At de Mons of,117—— Peire Raimon of,113—— Raimon V. of,49,50,60,67,111—— Raimon VI. of,78,80,114Tripoli, Countess of,44Trobar clus,34Turin,96Ussel, Gui d',14Vaqueiras, Raimbaut de,96,100Vaudois,76Venice,100Ventadour,11—— Bernart of,11,13,46,68,128,130,133,135Verona,96Vers,23Vidal, Peire,71,95,97,100,112,115,127,138Virgin Mary,15,91Zorzi, Bartolomeo,100,118
Alamanon, Bertran d',104Alba,33,128Albigeois,13,23,75, ff.Alcuin,7Alfonso II. of Aragon,51,59,69,74,110,113Alfonso VIII. of Castile,110,113,114Alfonso X. of Castile,118,124André le Chapelain,19,130Aquino, Rinaldo d',82Aquitaine,42Arabs,8,105Aragon,54,71,110—— Pedro II. of,78,83,113Arles,5Aurenga, Raimbaut d',35,85,64Auvergne,3—— Dauphin of,134—— Peire d',36,67,70,135Azalais,71,79
Alamanon, Bertran d',104
Alba,33,128
Albigeois,13,23,75, ff.
Alcuin,7
Alfonso II. of Aragon,51,59,69,74,110,113
Alfonso VIII. of Castile,110,113,114
Alfonso X. of Castile,118,124
André le Chapelain,19,130
Aquino, Rinaldo d',82
Aquitaine,42
Arabs,8,105
Aragon,54,71,110
—— Pedro II. of,78,83,113
Arles,5
Aurenga, Raimbaut d',35,85,64
Auvergne,3
—— Dauphin of,134
—— Peire d',36,67,70,135
Azalais,71,79
Ballata,33Barral,71,79Belenoi, Aimeric de,118Bethune, Conon de,131Bezaudun, Raimon Vidal of,115,122Béziers,50,78Blacatz,103Born, Bertran de,13,57,111,130Bornelh, Giraut de,23,35,37,53,68,86,113Brunei, Uc,113
Ballata,33
Barral,71,79
Belenoi, Aimeric de,118
Bethune, Conon de,131
Bezaudun, Raimon Vidal of,115,122
Béziers,50,78
Blacatz,103
Born, Bertran de,13,57,111,130
Bornelh, Giraut de,23,35,37,53,68,86,113
Brunei, Uc,113
Cabestanh, Guillem de,73Cabreira, Guiraut de,122Caen, Raoul de,6Cairel, Elias,12Calanso, Guiraut de,115,122Calha, Albertet,12Calvo, Bonifacio,100,118Carcassonne,78Cardenal, Peire,11,82,84,92,117,118Castile,54,71—— Sancho III. of,67Catalonia,3,5,71,109,121ff.Cercamon,9,42Chabaneau,20Chanso,23Cigala, Lanfranc,39,100,116Circ, Uc de San,100,113Corbiac, Peire de,93Comjat,23Compostella,109,124Courts of Love,19Cunizza,101
Cabestanh, Guillem de,73
Cabreira, Guiraut de,122
Caen, Raoul de,6
Cairel, Elias,12
Calanso, Guiraut de,115,122
Calha, Albertet,12
Calvo, Bonifacio,100,118
Carcassonne,78
Cardenal, Peire,11,82,84,92,117,118
Castile,54,71
—— Sancho III. of,67
Catalonia,3,5,71,109,121ff.
Cercamon,9,42
Chabaneau,20
Chanso,23
Cigala, Lanfranc,39,100,116
Circ, Uc de San,100,113
Corbiac, Peire de,93
Comjat,23
Compostella,109,124
Courts of Love,19
Cunizza,101
Daniel, Arnaut,55Dante,24,53,55,57,63,104,108,131Denis,124Descort,33,97Die, Countess of,11,65Dietmar von Aist,128Dominic,77,80
Daniel, Arnaut,55
Dante,24,53,55,57,63,104,108,131
Denis,124
Descort,33,97
Die, Countess of,11,65
Dietmar von Aist,128
Dominic,77,80
Ebles II.,46Eleanor of Aquitaine,42,46,59,130Escas Amanieu des,121Escondig,33Estampida,33Este,95Ezzelino III.,101
Ebles II.,46
Eleanor of Aquitaine,42,46,59,130
Escas Amanieu des,121
Escondig,33
Estampida,33
Este,95
Ezzelino III.,101
Faidit, Gaucelm,99,135Ferdinand III. of Castile,104,116Figueira, Guillem,82,138Flamenca,23Florence,100Frederick II. of Sicily,88,105Friedrich von Hausen,129
Faidit, Gaucelm,99,135
Ferdinand III. of Castile,104,116
Figueira, Guillem,82,138
Flamenca,23
Florence,100
Frederick II. of Sicily,88,105
Friedrich von Hausen,129
Galicia,123Gasson,3,9,115Genoa,78,100Gerona, Serveri de,120Guido delle Colonne,106,107Guido Guinicelli,106Guiot de Dijon,132
Galicia,123
Gasson,3,9,115
Genoa,78,100
Gerona, Serveri de,120
Guido delle Colonne,106,107
Guido Guinicelli,106
Guiot de Dijon,132
Hautefort,60,111Henry II. of England,47,59,63Henry III. of England,104,117
Hautefort,60,111
Henry II. of England,47,59,63
Henry III. of England,104,117
Innocent III.,76,77Inquisition,80Isabella of Angoulême,117
Innocent III.,76,77
Inquisition,80
Isabella of Angoulême,117
Jaime I. of Aragon,85Jaufre, Roman de,23
Jaime I. of Aragon,85
Jaufre, Roman de,23
Languedoc,3Lemosin,5Lentino, Jacopo da,82Leys d'Amors,16,23,33,138Limousin,3,4,8,123Louis VII. of France,60,69Louis VIII. of France,89Lyons,5,77
Languedoc,3
Lemosin,5
Lentino, Jacopo da,82
Leys d'Amors,16,23,33,138
Limousin,3,4,8,123
Louis VII. of France,60,69
Louis VIII. of France,89
Lyons,5,77
Malaspina, Marquis of,100Malmesbury, William of,41Manfred II.,100,102Mantua,101Marcabrun,35,43,68,85,110,135Mareuil, Arnaut de,50,53Marseilles,5,10—— Barral of71,79—— Folquet of,10,13,72,78,91Marie of Champagne,130Marvejols, Bernard Sicart de,84,117,118Mauleon, Savaric de,135Minnesingers,128Miraval, Raímon de,39,83Montanhagol, Guillem de,117Montaudon, Monk of,11,69,79,113—— Beatrice of,97Montpelier, Germonde de,89—— William VII. of,51,79Muret78,114Music,26ff.
Malaspina, Marquis of,100
Malmesbury, William of,41
Manfred II.,100,102
Mantua,101
Marcabrun,35,43,68,85,110,135
Mareuil, Arnaut de,50,53
Marseilles,5,10
—— Barral of71,79
—— Folquet of,10,13,72,78,91
Marie of Champagne,130
Marvejols, Bernard Sicart de,84,117,118
Mauleon, Savaric de,135
Minnesingers,128
Miraval, Raímon de,39,83
Montanhagol, Guillem de,117
Montaudon, Monk of,11,69,79,113
—— Beatrice of,97
Montpelier, Germonde de,89
—— William VII. of,51,79
Muret78,114
Music,26ff.
Narbonne,5,59,67Navarre,54,110—— Guillem de Tudela of,120Nesles, Blondel de,131,134Nostradamus,19Novara,102
Narbonne,5,59,67
Navarre,54,110
—— Guillem de Tudela of,120
Nesles, Blondel de,131,134
Nostradamus,19
Novara,102
Orange, William IV. of,96
Orange, William IV. of,96
Partimen,130Pastorela,33Pegulhan, Aimeric de,99,107,114,138Perdigon,11Pisa,100Planh,30Poitou,4Poitiers,6,8—— William of,6,41,65,90Portugal, Denis of,124Provence,3—— Beatrice of,102Puegsibot, Gausbert de,14Puy,69
Partimen,130
Pastorela,33
Pegulhan, Aimeric de,99,107,114,138
Perdigon,11
Pisa,100
Planh,30
Poitou,4
Poitiers,6,8
—— William of,6,41,65,90
Portugal, Denis of,124
Provence,3
—— Beatrice of,102
Puegsibot, Gausbert de,14
Puy,69
Raynouard,19Richard Coeur de Lion,55,58,69,72,134Riquier, Guiraut,92,118Rogier, Peire,66Rovenhac, Bernart de,118Roussillon,3—— Girart de,22Rudel, Jaufre,23,44Rudolf, Count of Neuenberg,82
Raynouard,19
Richard Coeur de Lion,55,58,69,72,134
Riquier, Guiraut,92,118
Rogier, Peire,66
Rovenhac, Bernart de,118
Roussillon,3
—— Girart de,22
Rudel, Jaufre,23,44
Rudolf, Count of Neuenberg,82
Savoy,96Serena,33Simon de Montfort,78Sirventes,30,135Sordello,96,101,116Stanza,24, ff.
Savoy,96
Serena,33
Simon de Montfort,78
Sirventes,30,135
Sordello,96,101,116
Stanza,24, ff.
Tenso,21,31,130Thibaut IV. of Champagne,131Tor, Guillem de la,100Toronet,79Toulouse,5,13,78,80,84,138—— N'At de Mons of,117—— Peire Raimon of,113—— Raimon V. of,49,50,60,67,111—— Raimon VI. of,78,80,114Tripoli, Countess of,44Trobar clus,34Turin,96
Tenso,21,31,130
Thibaut IV. of Champagne,131
Tor, Guillem de la,100
Toronet,79
Toulouse,5,13,78,80,84,138
—— N'At de Mons of,117
—— Peire Raimon of,113
—— Raimon V. of,49,50,60,67,111
—— Raimon VI. of,78,80,114
Tripoli, Countess of,44
Trobar clus,34
Turin,96
Ussel, Gui d',14
Ussel, Gui d',14
Vaqueiras, Raimbaut de,96,100Vaudois,76Venice,100Ventadour,11—— Bernart of,11,13,46,68,128,130,133,135Verona,96Vers,23Vidal, Peire,71,95,97,100,112,115,127,138Virgin Mary,15,91
Vaqueiras, Raimbaut de,96,100
Vaudois,76
Venice,100
Ventadour,11
—— Bernart of,11,13,46,68,128,130,133,135
Verona,96
Vers,23
Vidal, Peire,71,95,97,100,112,115,127,138
Virgin Mary,15,91
Zorzi, Bartolomeo,100,118
Zorzi, Bartolomeo,100,118